1. Jacob Burckhardt, Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, 1905, p. 147, quoted in Johan Huizinga, The Autumn of the Middle Ages, translated by Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 174.
2. Sam Harris, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), chap. 2.
1. F. Berenbaum, Osteoarthritis: Epidemiology, Pathology and Pathogenesis. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, 12th ed. (Atlanta: Arthritis Foundation, 2001).
2. Centers for Disease Control, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2003.
3. L. Ala-Kokko, C. T. Baldwin, et al., “Single base mutation in the type II pro-collagen gene (COL2A1) as a cause of primary osteoarthritis associated with a mild chondrodysplasia,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87, no. 17 (1990): 6565–6568.
4. R. G. Knowlton, et al., “Genetic linkage of a polymorphism in the type II pro-collagen gene (COL2A1) to primary osteoarthritis associated with a mild chondrodysplasia,”New England Journal of Medicine 322, no. 8 (1990): 526–530.
5. M. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher, et al., “Effect of joint motion on experimental calcium pyrophosphate dehydrated crystal induced arthritis,”Journal of Rheumatology 17 (1990): 644–655.
6. M. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher, et al., “Effect of joint motion on experimental calcium pyrophosphate dehydrated crystal induced arthritis,”Journal of Rheumatology 17 (1990): 644–655. M. Garfinkel, “Yoga as a complementary therapy,”Geriatrics Aging 9, no. 3 (2006): 190–194. M. Garfinkel and H. R. Schumacher, “Yoga,”Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 26, no. 1 (February 2000): 125–132, x.
7. R. C. Lawrence, C. Helmick, et al., “Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States,”Arthritis and Rheumatism 41, no. 5 (1998): 778–789.
8. M. Renoux, P. Hilliquin, et al., “Cellular activation products in osteoarthritis synovial fluid,”International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 15, no. 4 (1995): 135–138.
9. R. C. Lawrence, C. Helmick, et al., “Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States,”Arthritis and Rheumatism 41, no. 5 (1998): 778–789.
10. R. Zenz, R. Eferl, et al., “Psoriasis-like skin disease and arthritis caused by inducible epidermal deletion of Jun proteins,”Nature 437 (September 15, 2005): 369–375.
11. Ibid.
12. National Psoriasis Foundation Web site at www.psoriasis.org.
13. I. B. Lobov, S. Rao, et al., “WNT7b mediates macrophage-induced programmed cell death in patterning of the vasculature,”Nature 437 (September 15, 2005): 417–421.
14. D. S. Pisetsky and S. F. Trien, The Duke University Medical Center Book of Arthritis (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991).
15. R. C. Lawrence, C. Helmick, et al., “Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States,”Arthritis and Rheumatism 41, no. 5 (1998): 778–789.
16. H. K. Choi, K. Atkinson, et al., “Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men,”New England Journal of Medicine 350, no. 11 (2004): 1093–1103.
17. H. K. Choi, K. Atkinson, et al., “Obesity, weight change, hypertension, diuretic use, and risk of gout in men: The health professionals follow-up study,”Archives of Internal Medicine 165, no. 7 (2005): 742–748.
18. Sp. Johnsen, H. Larsson, et al., “Risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction among uses or rofecoxib, celecoxib and other NSAIDs: A population-based case-control study,”Archives of Internal Medicine 165, no. 9 (2005): 978–984. J. Hippisley-Cox and C. Coupland, “Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Population based case-control analysis,”BMJ 330, no. 7504 (2005): 1366. P. Emery, A. Moore, and D. Hawkey, “Increased risk of cardiovascular events with coxibs and NSAIDs,”Lancet 365, no. 9470 (2005): 1538.
19. D. J. Felson, Y. Zhang, et al., “Weight loss reduces the risk of symptomatic knee arthritis in women. The Framingham Study,”Annals of Internal Medicine 116, no. 7 (1992): 598–599.
20. D. S. Pisetsky and S. F. Trien, The Duke University Medical Center Book of Arthritis (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991). M. A. Minor, J. E. Hewett, et al., “Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis,”Arthritis and Rheumatism 32 (1989): 1397–1405. M. Munneke, et al., “Effect of a high-intensity weight-bearing exercise program on radiologic damage progression of the large joints in subgroups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis,”Arthritis and Rheumatism 53, no. 3 (2005): 410–417. M. A. Melikoglu, S. Karatay, et al., “Association between dynamic exercise therapy and IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis,”Rheumatology International 4 (February 26, 2006): 309–313. L. Maxwell and P. Tugwell, “High-intensity exercise for rheumatoid arthritis was associated with less joint damage of the hands and feet than physical therapy,”American College of Physicians Journal Club 142, no. 3 (2005): 73. C. H. Van Gool, B. W. Penninx, et al., “Effects of exercise adherence on physical function among overweight older adults with knee osteoarthritis,”Arthritis and Rheumatism 53, no. 1 (2005): 24–32.
21. S. L. Kolasinski, M. Garfinkel, et al., “Iyengar yoga for treating symptoms of the knees: A pilot study,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 4 (August 11, 2005): 689–693. M. Garfinkel and H. R. Schumacher Jr., “Yoga,”Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 26, no. 1 (February 2000): 125–132, x. M. S. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher Jr., et al., “Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands,”Journal of Rheumatology 21, no. 12 (December 1994): 2341–2343.
1. Alistair Shearer (trans.), The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali (New York: Bell Tower, 1982), p. 24.
2. “Yoga in America,”Harris Interactive Service Bureau, February 5, 2005, at www.yogajournal.com, accessed April 16, 2006.
3. Georg Feuerstein, The Yoga Tradition (Prescott, Ariz.: Hohm Press, 1998), pp. 80–85.
4. A. Cushman, “New Light on Yoga,”Yoga Journal (July/August 1999): 44–49.
5. I. K. Taimni, The Science of Yoga (Wheaton, Ill.: Theosophical Publishing House, 1972), pp. 6–10.
6. L. Long, A. Huntley, and E. Ernst, “Which complementary and alternative therapies benefit which conditions? A survey of the opinions of 223 professional organizations,”Complementary Therapies in Medicine 9, no. 3 (September 2001): 178–185.
7. B. S. Oken, S. Kishiyama, et al., “Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis,”Neurology 62, no. 11 (June 8, 2004): 2058–2064.
8. M. S. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher Jr., et al., “Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands,”Journal of Rheumatology 21, no. 12 (December 1994): 2341–2343. M. Garfinkel, “Yoga as a complementary therapy,”Geriatrics Aging 9, no. 3 (2006): 190–194.
9. M. S. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher Jr., et al., “Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands,”Journal of Rheumatology 21, no. 12 (December 1994): 2341–2343. M. Garfinkel, “Yoga as a complementary therapy,”Geriatrics Aging 9, no. 3 (2006): 190–194. S. L. Kolasinski, A. G. Tsai, et al., “Iyengar yoga for treating symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knees: A pilot study,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 4 (August 2005): 689–693.
10. M. S. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher Jr., et al., “Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands,”Journal of Rheumatology 21, no. 12 (December 1994): 2341–2343. M. Garfinkel, “Yoga as a complementary therapy,”Geriatrics Aging 9, no. 3 (2006): 190–194. S. L. Kolasinski, A. G. Tsai, et al., “Iyengar yoga for treating symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knees: A pilot study,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 4 (August 2005): 689–693. M. Garfinkel and H. R. Schumacher Jr., “Yoga,”Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 26, no. 1 (February 2000): 125–132, x. M. S. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher Jr., et al., “Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands,”Journal of Rheumatology 21, no. 12 (December 1994): 2341. I. Haslock, R. Monro, et al., “Measuring the effects of yoga in rheumatoid arthritis,”British Journal of Rheumatology 33, no. 8 (August 1994): 787–788.
11. S. Cooper, J. Oborne, et al., “Effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) in asthma: A randomised controlled trial,”Thorax 58, no. 8 (August 2003): 674–679. S. C. Jain, A. Uppal, et al., “A study of response pattern of non-insulin dependent diabetes to yoga therapy,”Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 19 (1993): 69–74.
12. S. Telles, B. H. Hanumanthaiah, et al., “Plasticity of motor control systems demonstrated by yoga training,”Indian Journal of Physiological Pharmacology 38, no. 2 (April 1994): 143–144.
13. S. W. Lazar, C. E. Kerr, et al., “Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness,”Neuroreport 16, no. 17 (November 2005): 1893–1897.
14. C. Peng, I. C. Henry, et al., “Heart rate dynamics during three forms of meditation,”International Journal of Cardiology 95, no. 1 (May 2004): 19–27.
15. G. R. Deckro, K. M. Ballinger, et al., “The evaluation of a mind/body intervention to reduce psychological distress and perceived stress in college students,”Journal of American College Health 50, no. 6 (May 2002): 281–287. R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I—Neurophysiologic model,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 1 (February 2005): 189–201. Erratum in: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 2 (April 2005): 383–384.
16. M. DiBenedetto, K. E. Innes, et al., “Effect of a gentle Iyengar yoga program on gait in the elderly: An exploratory study,”Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86 (September 2005): 1830–1837.
17. P. Raghuraj and S. Telles, “Effect of yoga-based and forced uninostril breathing on the autonomic nervous system,”Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 1 (February 2003): 79–80.
18. K. A. Williams, J. Petronis, et al., “Effect of Iyengar yoga therapy for chronic low back pain,”Pain 115, nos. 1–2 (May 2005): 107–117. D. C. Cherkin, J. Erro, et al., “Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain: A randomized trial,”Annals of Internal Medicine 143 (2005): 849–856.
19. A. L. Williams, P. A. Selwyn, et al., “A randomized controlled trial of meditation and massage effects on quality of life in people with late-stage disease: A pilot study,”Journal of Palliative Medicine 5 (October 2005): 939–952.
20. S. Cooper, J. Oborne, et al., “Effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) in asthma: A randomised controlled trial,”Thorax 58, no. 8 (August 2003): 674–679. G. R. Deckro, K. M. Ballinger, et al., “The evaluation of a mind/body intervention to reduce psychological distress and perceived stress in college students,”Journal of American College Health 50, no. 6 (May 2002): 281–287.
21. L. Long, A. Huntley, and E. Ernst, “Which complementary and alternative therapies benefit which conditions? A survey of the opinions of 223 professional organizations,”Complementary Therapies in Medicine 9, no. 3 (September 2001): 178–185.
22. Hatha Yoga Pradipika, chapter IV, verse 30, quoted in B. K. S. Iyengar, Light on Yoga (New York: Schocken Books, 1966), p. 45.
23. T. S. Elliot, The Waste Land: A Norton Critical Edition, edited by Michael North and Werner Sollors (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000).
24. Georg Feuerstein, The Deeper Dimension of Yoga (Boston: Shambala Publications, 2003), p. 349.
25. Ibid.
26. Sally Kempton, The Heart of Meditation: Pathways to a Deeper Experience (South Fallsburg, N.Y.: SYDA Foundation, 2002), p. 6.
27. Ibid., p. 20.
28. A. Cushman, “New Light on Yoga,”Yoga Journal (July/August 1999): 44–49.
1. J. P. Vedel and J. Mouillac-Baudevin, “Etude fonctionnelle du controle de l’activite des fibres fusimotrices dynamiques et statiques par les formations reticulees mesencephalique, pontique et bulbaire chez le chat,”Experimental Brain Research 9 (1969): 325–345. R. Granit and B. Holmgren, “Two pathways from brain stem to gamma ventral horn cells,”Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 35 (1955): 93–108. R. Granit, Receptors and Sensory Perception (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955). P. H. Ellaway and J. R. Trott, “Autogenetic reflex action onto gamma motoneurons by stretch to triceps surae in the decerebrated cat,”Journal of Physiology (London) 276 (1978): 49–66. V. S. Gurfinkel, M. I. Lipshits, et al., “The state of stretch reflex during quiet standing in man,”Progress in Brain Research 44 (1976): 473–486. S. Gilman, J. S. Leiberman, and L. A. Marco, “Spinal mechanisms underlying the effects of unilateral ablation of areas 4 and 6 in monkeys,”Brain 97 (1974): 49–64.
2. J. P. Vedel and J. Mouillac-Baudevin, “Etude fonctionnelle du controle de l’activite des fibres fusimotrices dynamiques et statiques par les formations reticulees mesencephalique, pontique et bulbaire chez le chat,”Experimental Brain Research 9 (1969): 325–345. R. Granit and B. Holmgren, “Two pathways from brain stem to gamma ventral horn cells,”Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 35 (1955): 93–108. P. H. Ellaway and J. R. Trott, “Autogenetic reflex action onto gamma motoneurons by stretch to triceps surae in the decerebrated cat,”Journal of Physiology (London) 276 (1978): 49–66. V. S. Gurfinkel, M. I. Lipshits, et al., “The state of stretch reflex during quiet standing in man,”Progress in Brain Research 44 (1976): 473–486.
3. J. P. Vedel and J. Mouillac-Baudevin, “Etude fonctionnelle du controle de l’activite des fibres fusimotrices dynamiques et statiques par les formations reticulees mesencephalique, pontique et bulbaire chez le chat,”Experimental Brain Research 9 (1969): 325–345.
4. J. P. Vedel and J. Mouillac-Baudevin, “Etude fonctionnelle du controle de l’activite des fibres fusimotrices dynamiques et statiques par les formations reticulees mesencephalique, pontique et bulbaire chez le chat,”Experimental Brain Research 9 (1969): 325–345. P. H. Ellaway and J. R. Trott, “Autogenetic reflex action onto gamma motoneurons by stretch to triceps surae in the decerebrated cat,”Journal of Physiology (London) 276 (1978): 49–66. V. S. Gurfinkel, M. I. Lipshits, et al., “The state of stretch reflex during quiet standing in man,”Progress in Brain Research 44 (1976): 473–486.
5. J. P. Vedel and J. Mouillac-Baudevin, “Etude fonctionnelle du controle de l’activite des fibres fusimotrices dynamiques et statiques par les formations reticulees mesencephalique, pontique et bulbaire chez le chat,”Experimental Brain Research 9 (1969): 325–345. R. Granit and B. Holmgren, “Two pathways from brain stem to gamma ventral horn cells,”Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 35 (1955): 93–108. P. H. Ellaway and J. R. Trott, “Autogenetic reflex action onto gamma motoneurons by stretch to triceps surae in the decerebrated cat,”Journal of Physiology (London) 276 (1978): 49–66. V. S. Gurfinkel, M. I. Lipshits, et al., “The state of stretch reflex during quiet standing in man,”Progress in Brain Research 44 (1976): 473–486.
6. R. Granit, Receptors and Sensory Perception (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955).
7. J. P. Vedel and J. Mouillac-Baudevin, “Etude fonctionnelle du controle de l’activite des fibres fusimotrices dynamiques et statiques par les formations reticulees mesencephalique, pontique et bulbaire chez le chat,”Experimental Brain Research 9 (1969): 325–345. R. Granit and B. Holmgren, “Two pathways from brain stem to gamma ventral horn cells,”Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 35 (1955): 93–108.
8. L. C. Junqueira and J. Carneiro, Basic Histology, 10th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), p. 136.
9. M. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher, et al., “Effect of joint motion on experimental calcium pyrophosphate dehydrated crystal induced arthritis,”Journal of Rheumatology 17 (1990): 644–655. M. Garfinkel, “Yoga as a complementary therapy,”Geriatrics Aging 9, no. 3 (2006): 190–194. M. Garfinkel and H. R. Schumacher, “Yoga,”Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 26, no. 1 (February 2000): 125–132, x.
10. L. C. Junqueira and J. Carneiro, Basic Histology, 10th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003), p. 136.
11. G. W. Thorn, R. D. Adams, et al., Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977), p. 2071.
12. G. W. Thorn, R. D. Adams, et al., Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977), p. 2071. G. Tardif, J. P. Pelletier, et al., “Differential regulation of the bone morphogenic protein antagonist chordin in human normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes,”Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 65, no. 2 (February 2006): 261–264. M. Renoux, P. Hilliquin, et al., “Cellular activation products in osteoarthritis synovial fluid,”International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 15, no. 4 (1995): 135–138. K. Masuko-Hongo, T. Sato, and K. Nishioka, “Chemokines differentially induce matrix metalloproteinase-3 and prostaglandin E2 in human articular chondrocytes,”Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 23, no. 1 (January–February 2005): 57–61. J. A. Hannafin, E. A. Attia, et al., “Effect of cyclic strain and plating matrix on cell proliferation and integrin expression by ligament fibroblasts,”Journal of Orthopaedic Research 24, no. 2 (February 2006): 149–158.
13. G. Tardif, J. P. Pelletier, et al., “Differential regulation of the bone morphogenic protein antagonist chordin in human normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes,”Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 65, no. 2 (February 2006): 261–264. M. Renoux, P. Hilliquin, et al., “Cellular activation products in osteoarthritis synovial fluid,”International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 15, no. 4 (1995): 135–138. K. Masuko-Hongo, T. Sato, and K. Nishioka, “Chemokines differentially induce matrix metalloproteinase-3 and prostaglandin E2 in human articular chondrocytes,”Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 23, no. 1 (January–February 2005): 57–61.
14. C. J. Wolff and M. W. Salter, “Neuronal plasticity: Increasing the gain in pain,”Science 288 (2000): 1765–1768.
15. H. Ollar and P. Cesaro, “Pharmacology of neuropathic pain,”Clinical Neuropharmacology 18 (1995): 391–404.
16. These studies are particularly relevant to yoga therapy:
S. Gilman, J. S. Leiberman, and L. A. Marco, “Spinal mechanisms underlying the effects of unilateral ablation of areas 4 and 6 in monkeys,”Brain 97 (1974): 49–64.
M. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher, et al., “Effect of joint motion on experimental calcium pyrophosphate dehydrated crystal induced arthritis,”Journal of Rheumatology 17 (1990): 644–655.
M. Garfinkel, “Yoga as a complementary therapy,”Geriatrics Aging 9, no. 3 (2006): 190–194.
M. Garfinkel and H. R. Schumacher, “Yoga,”Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 26, no. 1 (February 2000): 125–132, x.
R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I—Neurophysiologic model,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 1 (February 2005): 189–201.
Erratum in: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 2 (April 2005): 383–384.
D. C. Cherkin, J. Erro, et al., “Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain: A randomized trial,”Annals of Internal Medicine 143 (2005): 849–856.
S. Cooper, J. Oborne, et al., “Effect of two breathing exercises (Buteyko and pranayama) in asthma: A randomised controlled trial,”Thorax 58, no. 8 (August 2003): 674–679.
G. R. Deckro, K. M. Ballinger, et al., “The evaluation of a mind/body intervention to reduce psychological distress and perceived stress in college students,”Journal of American College Health 50, no. 6 (May 2002): 281–287.
M. DiBenedetto, K. E. Innes, et al., “Effect of a gentle Iyengar yoga program on gait in the elderly: An exploratory study,”Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86 (September 2005): 1830–1837.
L. M. Fishman and C. A. Ardman, Relief Is in the Stretch: End Back Pain through Yoga (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005).
L. Fishman, C. Konnot, and A. Polesin. “Headstand for rotator cuff: sirsasana or surgery,”Journal of the International Association of Yoga Therapists 16 (October 2006).
L. M. Fishman and C. Konnoth, “Role of headstand in the management of rotator cuff syndrome,”American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83, no. 3 (March 2004): 8, Abstract.
M. S. Garfinkel, H. R. Schumacher Jr., et al., “Evaluation of a yoga based regimen for treatment of osteoarthritis of the hands,”Journal of Rheumatology 21, no. 12 (December 1994): 2341–2343.
I. Haslock, R. Monro, et al., “Measuring the effects of yoga in rheumatoid arthritis,”British Journal of Rheumatology 33, no. 8 (August 1994): 787–788.
S. C. Jain, A. Uppal, et al., “A study of response pattern of non-insulin dependent diabetes to yoga therapy,”Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 19 (1993): 69–74.
S. L. Kolasinski, A. G. Tsai, et al., “Iyengar yoga for treating symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knees: A pilot study,”Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11, no. 4 (August 2005): 689–693.
S. W. Lazar, C. E. Kerr, et al., “Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness,”Neuroreport 16, no. 17 (November 2005): 1893–1897.
B. S. Oken, S. Kishiyama, et al., “Randomized controlled trial of yoga and exercise in multiple sclerosis,”Neurology 62, no. 11 (June 8, 2004): 2058–2064.
C. Peng, I. C. Henry, et al., “Heart rate dynamics during three forms of meditation,”International Journal of Cardiology 95, no. 1 (May 2004): 19–27.
P. Raghuraj and S. Telles, “Effect of yoga-based and forced uninostril breathing on the autonomic nervous system,”Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 1 (February 2003): 79–80.
S. Telles, B. H. Hanumanthaiah, et al., “Plasticity of motor control systems demonstrated by yoga training,”Indian Journal of Physiological Pharmacology 38, no. 2 (April 1994): 143–144.
J. Wolff, The Law of Bone Remodeling (Berlin: Springer, 1986) (translation of the German 1892 edition).
K. A. Williams, J. Petronis, et al., “Effect of Iyengar yoga therapy for chronic low back pain,”Pain 115, nos. 1–2 (May 2005): 107–117.
1. Medical Care 41, no. 12 (2003): 1367–1375. [Data Source: 1997 National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS)]
1. Renee Cailliet, The Feet and Ankles (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1986).
2. Ibid.