Index

I am indebted for this index to the careful scholarship of Mr. Herbert Winer. The diacritical marks follow Webster’s Dictionary.—W. D.

Aahmes (ä’-mēz) II, King of Egypt (reigned 570–526 B.C.), 173

Aaron (ā’-rŏn), 583

abacus, 338

Abdera Image, 69, 149, 157, 352, 354, 358

Abélard, Pierre, French philosopher (1079–1142), 643

abortion, 287, 468, 567

Abydos Image, 135, 156, 544, 575, 663

Academus Image, 511

Academy, 226, 473, 474, 479, 486, 500, 501, 511–513, 524, 525, 553, 640, 641, 642, 644, 651

Acanthus Image, 158

Acarnania Image, 105, 106, 542

Acco (ä’-kō), 580, 584

Achaea Image, 86, 88, 89, 198, 560, 569, 665

Achaean League, 560–561, 570, 585, 613, 666

Achaeans, 21*, 23, 37–38, 40, 42, 44–55, 62, 63, 64, 89, 106, 108, 128, 151, 160, 180, 203, 311, 613

Achaemenidae Image, 563

Achaeus Image, 39

Acharnae Image, 108

Acharnians Image, The (Aristophanes), 417, 422, 428

Achelous (ăk’-ě-lō’-ŭs), 106

Acheron (ăk’-ēr-ŏn), 67

Achilles Image, 36, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 56, 58–59, 61, 150, 171, 183, 193, 208–209, 220, 302, 405, 406, 538, 541, 544, 546, 548, 551, 620, 660

Achilles and Briseis, 620*

Achilles and Penthesilea Image, 315

Acontius Image, 608

Acragas Image, 130, 170, 171, 172, 327, 339, 342, 355, 357, 438

Acre (ä’-kēr), 580, see also Acco

Acrocorinthus Image, 62, 89, 560

Acron Image, physician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 342

Acropolis Image (Athens), 108, 120, 122, 178, 226, 251, 325, 330–331, 365, 377, 450, 543, 623

Acropolis (Pergamum), 623

Actium Image, 89†

actors, 232, 379, 380–381, 383, 606

Adana (ä’-dä-nä), 576

Adasa Image, 584

Adeimantus Image, 520

Aden (ä’-děn), 575, see also Adana

Admetus (ăd-mē’-tŭs), 402

Adonia Image, 185*

Adonis Image, 13, 69, 178, 185, 467, 566

Adrastus Image, 41, 232

Adriatic Sea, 67, 159, 660

adultery, in Homeric society, 51; in Sparta, 84; in Athens, 117, 305

Advokatenrepublik, 483

Aegaleus (ē’-gă-lē’-ŭs), Mt., 241

Aegean (ē-jē’-ăn) Islands, 3–4, 6, 8, 22, 27, 33, 59, 62, 70, 127, 128, 134, 158, 233, 234, 245, 441, 528, 570

Aegean Sea, 4, 5, 6, 10, 33, 70, 71, 106, 109, 128, 274, 275, 439, 445, 451, 463, 477, 571, 572, 578, 665

Aegeus (ē’-jŭs), 23

Aegina Image, 29, 30, 72, 95, 240, 253, 279, 322, 342, 439

Aegira Image, 89

Aegisthus Image, 59, 386, 387, 388, 389, 409

Aegium Image, 89, 560

Aegospotami Image, 295, 331, 450

Aegyptus Image, 49

Aenea Image, 60

Aeneas Image, 58

Aeneas Tacticus Image, writer (4th century B.C.), 503

Aeneid Image, The (Virgil), 609*

Aeniania Image, 105, 106

Aenus (ē’-nŭs), 157

Aeolia Image, 71, 128, 150, 151, 203, 238; dialect, 204

Aeolian League, 128

Aeolus (ē’-ō-lŭs), 177

Aerope (ă-ěŕ-ŏ-pē), 386

Aeschines Image, orator (389-314 B.C.), 279, 381, 479, 483, 484–485, 486

Aeschines, philosopher (5th century B.C.), 364

Aeschylus Image, tragic poet (525-456 B.C.), 189, 196, 201, 211, 233, 236, 267, 270, 303, 312, 317, 337, 361, 376, 377, 379, 381, 383–391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 401, 404, 412, 427, 438, 601

Aeson (ē’-sŭn), 43

Aesop (ē’-sŏp), fabulist (fl. 560 B.C.), 104, 142

Aesop and the Fox, 315

Aethlius Image, 88

Aetolia Image, 88, 105, 106, 128, 542, 560, 663, 664

Aetolian League, 560-561, 570, 585, 662, 664

Afghanistan, 234, 238, 575–576

Africa, 3, 4, 31, 67, 68, 129, 165, 170, 173–174, 241, 486, 590, 613, 637, 666, 667, 669

afterlife, in Crete, 14

in Mycenae, 32

in Egypt, 68

according to Pythagoras, 165

according to Bacchoi, 187–188

in Athens, 311–312

according to Empedocles, 357

according to Plato, 517

Against the Sophists (Isocrates), 363, 485

Agamemnon Image, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 36, 39, 42, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61–62, 77, 107, 177, 193, 208, 223, 302, 311, 386–388, 389, 404–405, 406, 409, 410, 480, 544, 620

Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 387–388

Agariste Image, mother of Pericles, 248

Agatharchus, painter (5th century B.C.), 317, 378

Agathocles Image, tyrant of Syracuse (361?-289 B.C.), 598, 612

Agathocles, musician (5th century B.C.), 374

Ageladas Image, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 323, 324

Agathon Image, tragic poet (ca. 448–400 B.C.), 370, 514

Agave Image, 418

aged, treatment of, 310–311

Agelaus Image, statesman (3rd century B.C.), 662

Agesander Image, sculptor (fl. 1st century B.c), 622, 624

Agesilaus Image II, King of Sparta (ca. 444–361 B.C.), 75, 201, 295, 461, 467, 489

Agias Image, 498

Agis Image II, King of Sparta (reigned 427–398 B.C.), 447

Agis IV, King of Sparta (reigned 244–240 B.C.), 569

Agnonides, Athenian (4th century B.C.), 641

agnosticism, 371

Agoracritus Image, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 326

Agraulos Image, 290

agriculture, in Achaean society, 45

in Athens, 268–269, 562

in Egypt, 588

Agrigentum Image, 172, see also Acragas

Agylla Image, 472

Ahhijava Image, 37, 39

Ahmose II, see Aahmes II

Aietes (ī-ē’-tēz), 43

Aigyptiaka Image (Manetho), 612

“Airs, Waters, Places” (Hippocrates), 344

Ajax (ā’-jăks), 57, 58, 109, 297

Ajax (Sophocles), 392

Akaiwasha Image, 37

Albania, 660

Albertinum (Dresden), 498

Alcaeus (ăl-sē’-ŭs), lyric poet (620-580 B.C.), 76*, 151–152, 153, 155, 156

alcaics, 152

Alcamenes (ăl-kăm’-ě-nēz), sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324, 326, 328

Alcander, 78

Alcestis Image, 42, 307, 402, 414

Alcestis (Euripides), 401–402, 416

Alcibiades Image, politician and general (450-404 B.C.), 36, 184, 227, 237, 253, 272, 281, 282, 302, 308, 364, 365, 366, 370, 433, 443–448, 449–451, 452, 485, 514, 535

Alcibiades (Aeschines of Sphettos), 364

Alcidamas Image, philosopher and rhetorician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 280

Alcinous Image, 48*, 52, 53, 60, 61

Alcisthenes Image of Sybaris, 160

Alcmaeon (ălk-mē’-ŏn), 342, 345

Alcmaeonids Image, 104, 124, 444

Alcman (ălk’-măn), lyric poet (7th century B.C.), 66, 76–77, 230, 301, 377

Alcmene (ălk-mē’-ně), 41, 180, 182, 401

Aldobrandini Wedding, The, 620

Alexander I, King of Macedonia (d. 455 B.C.), 375

Alexander III the Great, King of Macedonia (356-323 B.C.), 35†, 52, 67, 70, 160, 211, 245, 266, 281, 291, 308, 377, 461, 468, 471, 476, 477, 480–481, 491, 492, 493, 497, 498, 501, 503, 507, 525, 528, 538–554, 557, 558, 563, 565, 571, 572, 573, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 581, 585, 591, 592, 593, 607, 620–621, 627, 634, 637, 642, 646, 656, 660, 666

Alexander Balas, King of Syria (reigned 150, 146 B.C.), 579

Alexander’s Feast (Dryden), 377*

Alexandria, 45, 68, 76, 134, 149, 174, 189, 192, 207, 209, 226, 545, 562, 575, 576, 578, 579, 580, 585, 586–587, 589, 590, 591, 592–595, 597, 509, 601, 602, 603, 606, 607, 608, 609, 616, 618, 623, 627, 628, 636, 638, 639, 641, 669

Alexis Image of Thurii, comic dramatist (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 483, 607

algebra, 164, 338

Alighieri, Dante, Italian poet (1265–1321), 119, 436, 523

Almagest (ăl’-mă-jěst) (Ptolemy), 635

alphabet, Cretan, 14–15

Greek, 14, 205

Phoenician, 15

Pelasgian, 31

Semitic, 68

Euboean, 106

Alpheus (ăl-fē’-ŭs) River, 41†, 88

Alpine man, 8*, 63

Alps, 67, 430, 614

Altar of Zeus, 618, 623

Altis Image, 88

Alyattes Image, King of Lydia (617-560 B.C.), 91, 150

Amaryllis Image, 611

Amasis Image II, see Aahmes II

Amazon, 322

Amazons, 41†, 220, 333, 494

Ambracia Image, 542, 575

Ameinias Image, brother of Aeschylus, 390

Amenhotep (ä’-měn-hō’-těp) IV, King of Egypt (reigned 1375?-1358? B.C.), 21, 653

America, 157, 449, 513, 576, 669

American Revolution, 449

Amisus Image, 156, 575

amixia, 594

Ammon (ām’-ŏn), 377, 467, 481, 544, 548, 549, 551

Amoebeus Image, musician, 230

Amorgos Image, 131, 272

Amphictyonic Image, Council, 316, 477, 542

Amphictyonic League, 198, 216, 477

Amphipolis Image, 157, 365, 432, 443, 477

Amphissa Image, 105

Amphitryon Image, 41

Ampurias Image, 3, 67, 169

amulets, 5, 20

Amyclae Image, 29, 87*, 222

Amyntas Image II, King of Macedonia (reigned 393–369 B.C.), 524, 525

Anabasis Image (Xenophon), 460, 489

Anacharsis Image, scholar (fl. 6th century B.C.), 117, 365

Anacreon Image, poet (560-475 B.C.), 76, 123, 130, 142, 148–149, 193, 223

Anaphlystus Image, 109

Anatolia Image, 15, 593

anatomy, 345, 502–503, 531, 638–639

Anaxagoras Image, philosopher (500?-428 B.C.), 150, 177, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 317, 337, 339–341, 348, 355, 358, 367, 401, 424, 456, 669

Anaximander Image, philosopher (ca. 610–546 B.C.), 71, 136, 138–139, 140, 145

Anaximenes Image, philosopher (fl. 6th century B.C.), 139, 339, 416

ancestor worship, 177, 180

Anchises (ăn-kī’-sēz), 185

andreia Image, 206

Andromache Image, 25, 46, 57, 211, 307, 316, 406–408

Andromache (Euripides), 401*

Andromeda Image, 28

Andromeda (Euripides), 416

Andronicus Image of Rhodes, Greek philosopher in Rome (fl. 1st century B.C.), 526, 601

Andros (ăn’-drŏs), 131, 153, 449

Androtion Image, historian (4th century B.C.), 466

anesthesia, 342, 638

animal worship, in Crete, 13, 20

in Mycenae, 32

in Grecian religion, 177, 179

animism, 139, 177, 193

Anniceris Image of Cyrene, philosopher (4th century B.C.), 473, 510

Antaeus (ăn-tē’-ŭs), 220

Antalcidas Image, Spartan statesman (fl. 387 B.C.), 461

Antenor (ăn-tē’-nôr), sculptor (fl. 6th century B.C.), 221

Anthesteria Image, 180, 199–200

Anthesterion Image, 199

anthropomorphism, 176, 177, 179

Antibes (än’-tēb), 169, see also Antipolis

Anticychera Image, 321

Antigone Image, 307, 311, 394–397

Antigone (Sophocles), 303*, 396–397

Antigonids, 575, 656

Antigonus Image I Cyclops, King of Asia (382-301 B.C.), 558, 572

Antigonus II Gonatas, King of Macedonia (319-239 B.C.), 560, 651

Antigonus III Doson, King of Macedonia (d. 220 B.C.), 561, 570, 571

Antimenes Image of Rhodes, banker (4th century B.C.), 562–563

Antioch Image, 562, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 580, 621, 627

Antiochus Image, I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 280–261 B.C.), 572, 573, 612

Antiochus II Theos, King of Syria (reigned 261–246 B.C.), 573

Antiochus III the Great, King of Syria (reigned 224–187 B.C.), 573, 578, 581, 587, 664

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria (200?-164 B.C.), 572, 573–574, 581, 582, 583, 584, 605

Antiochus, Athenian general (d. 407 B.C.), 450

Antiochus of Syracuse, historian (fl. 420 B.C.), 160*

Antiope Image, 402, 623

Antipater Image, Regent of Macedonia (?-319 B.C.), 480, 544, 553, 554, 558

Antiphanes Image, comic dramatist (fl. 4th century B.C.), 212, 483, 513

Antiphon Image of Athens, orator (480-411 B.C.), 361, 363, 369, 430

Antipolis Image, 169

anti-Semitism, 582–584, 594

Antisthenes Image of Cyrene, philosopher (444-365 B.C.), 369, 372, 505–506, 508, 644, 651

Antisthenes, banker (5th century B.C.), 274

Antonines, 88

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and philosopher (121–180), 136, 560, 656

Antonius, Marcus, Roman general (83-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602

Anytus Image, politician (fl. 5th century B.C.), 271, 370, 373, 426, 452, 454, 455, 511

Apamea Image, 156, 575, 576

apella, see Assembly (Sparta)

Apelles Image, painter (fl. 330 B.C.), 134, 300, 492–494, 498

Apelles, envoy of Antiochus IV, 583

Apellicon of Teos, bibliophile (d. 84 B.C.), 601

Aphaea Image, 95

Aphetae Image, 240

Aphidna Image, 75, 108

“Aphorisms” (Hippocrates), 343

Aphrodisia Image, 91, 185

Aphrodisias (city), 157

Aphrodite Image, 13, 34, 51, 56, 58, 69, 83, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 105*, 133, 159, 178, 184, 185, 319, 402, 494, 565, 610, 620, 624, 650

Kallipygos, 185

Pandemos, 116, 185, 300, 497

Urania, 185

Aphrodite (Praxiteles), 495

Aphrodite (Scopas), 498

Aphrodite Anadyomene (Apelles), 300, 493

Aphrodite of Melos, 133, 624

Aphrodite of the Gardens (Alcamenes), 326

Apocrypha Image, 603, 604

Apollo Image, 23*, 56, 58, 73, 87*, 92, 96, 104–105, 118, 131, 141, 159, 161, 169, 179, 180, 182–183, 184, 188, 193, 198, 199, 200, 216, 218, 227, 228, 245, 274, 326, 328, 355, 376, 389, 401, 409, 410, 416, 472, 559, 570, 574, 618

Lyceus, 525

Apollo (Scopas), 498

Apollo Belvedere, 624

Apollo Citharoedus, 498

Apollo of Sunium, 222

Apollo of Tenea, 222

Apollo Sauroctonus (sō-rŏk’-tŏ-nŭs) (Praxiteles), 496

Apollo Smintheus (Scopas), 497

Apollodorus Image, painter (fl. 5th century B.C.), 317

Apollodorus, historian and mythographer (2nd century B.C.), 163

Apollodorus, Macedonian revolutionary (3rd century B.C.), 559, 560

Apollonia Image, 157, 580

Apollonius Image of Alexandria, grammarian (fl. 1st century A.D.), 601

Apollonius of Miletus, physician (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 639

Apollonius of Perga, geometer (3rd century B.C.), 338, 627, 628

Apollonius of Rhodes, poet and grammarian (3rd century B.C.), 42, 601, 608–609

Apollonius of Tralles, sculptor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 623

Apollonius of Tyre, 650

Apoxyomenos (ăp-ŏk’-sē-ŏm’-ě-năs) (Lysippus), 292, 498

Apology (Plato), 371, 417*, 513*

Appius Claudius, see Claudius, Appius

aqueducts, 121, 142

Arabia, 161, 234, 238, 276, 551, 576, 580, 590, 593, 629, 667

Aral Sea, 575

Aramaic, 603

Aratus Image of Sicyon, statesman (271-213 B.C.), 560–561, 569–570, 612, 619

Aratus of Soli, didactic poet (315-245 B.C.), 560, 635

Arbela Image, 56, 234, 540, 545

Arbitrants, The (Menander) 607–608

arboriculture, in Cyprus, 34, 133; in Chios, 150; in Attica, 269, 463; in Egypt, 588

Arcadia Image, 41†, 86, 87, 89, 133, 178, 194, 226, 462, 499*, 570, 613

Arcesilaus Image, philosopher (316-241 B.C.), 636, 643, 657

Archeanassa Image, courtesan, 300

Archelaus (ăr’-kě-lā’-ŭs), King of Macedonia (reigned 413–399 B.C.), 291, 418, 437, 475

Archelaus of Miletus, philosopher (fl. 5th century B.C.), 367, 371

Archeological Museum (Constantinople), 623, 625

Archeological Museum (Florence), 219

archeology, 5–6, 24–27, 34–35, 44

Archermus Image, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 150, 222

Archestratus (ăr’-kě-strā’-tŭs), banker (5th century B.C.), 274

Archestratus, poet (fl. 330 B.C.), 649

Archestratus, tyrant of Sicyon, 619

Archidamus Image, King of Sparta, 81, 82

Archilochus Image, lyric poet (714?-676 B.C.), 132, 152, 157, 193, 229

Archimedes Image, scientist (287?-212 B.C.), 265, 501, 588, 598–599, 627, 628–634, 640, 669, 671

Archippe, courtesan, 300

architecture, in Crete, 7, 11–12, 18–19

in Tiryns, 27–28

in Mycenae, 28–30

in Troy, 34–35

in Homeric society, 52–53

in Athens, 122, 308

in Sicily, 171, 172

in 7th and 6th centuries, 223–226

in Periclean age, 327–336

in 4th century, 491–492

in Hellenistic age, 617–618

archon basileus, 109, 117, 263–264

archon eponymos, 109

archon polemarchos, 109

archon thesmothetai, 109*, in, 258

archonship, 23, 108, 109–110, 115–116, 121, 249–250, 263–264

Archytas, philosopher and scientist (428-347 B.C.), 166, 500, 501, 510

Arctic Circle, 637

Arctonnesus Image, 156

arenas, see stadiums

Areopagiticus Image (Isocrates), 487–488

Areopagus Image, 110, 115, 124, 125, 247, 255, 257, 258, 259, 264, 390, 488

Ares (ā’-rēz), 50, 57, 58, 182, 184, 185

Ares (Scopas), 497

Arete Image, daughter of Aristippus, 505

arete, 298, 372

Arginusae Image, 311, 450, 455

Argo (är’-gō), 43

Argolic Image Gulf, 31, 96

Argolis Image), 72, 542

Argonautica (Apollonius of Rhodes), 609

Argonauts (är’-gō-nŏts), 42–43, 44, 189, 403

Argos (är’-gŏs), 23, 27, 39, 41, 50*, 55, 56, 61, 62, 64, 70–72, 79, 86, 89, 90, 125*, 165, 178, 200, 221, 231, 239, 246, 322, 378, 441, 466, 497, 569, 570, 661, 665

Argus (är’-gŭs), 28, 72

Ariadne Image, 6, 15, 23, 229

Ariana, 546

Arion Image, poet of Lesbos (7th century B.C.), 91, 230, 232

Aristaeus Image, mathematician (4th century B.C.), 628

Aristagoras Image, Regent of Miletus (d. 497 B.C.), 234–235

Aristander Image, soothsayer (4th century B.C.), 540

Aristarchus Image of Samos, astronomer (fl. 280–264 B.C.), 502, 634, 635, 636, 658, 669

Aristarchus of Samothrace, grammarian and critic (220-143 B.C.), 209, 601, 602

Aristeas, 595*

Aristides Image, statesman and general (?-468? B.C.), 236–237, 245, 246, 294

Aristides of Thebes, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Aristion, stela of, 69, 223

Aristippus Image of Cyrene, philosopher (435?-356? B.C.), 173, 290, 301, 302, 369, 467, 504–505, 506, 510, 644

Aristo Image of Chios, Stoic philosopher (fl. 250 B.C.), 652*

Aristocles Image, see Plato

Aristocles, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 223

Aristocles, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

aristocracy, in Sparta, 79–80

in Corinth, 91; in Attica, 108

in Miletus, 134; in Athens, 281–282

Aristodama Image of Smyrna, poetess (4th century B.C.), 567

Aristodemus Image, King of Messenia (8th century B.C.), 73

Aristogeiton Image, tyrannicide 6th century B.C.), 123–124, 221, 298, 301

Aristomenes Image, 73

Aristophanes Image, comic dramatist (448?-380? B.C.), 108, 130, 178, 199, 231, 252–253, 266, 273, 283, 293, 307, 337, 363, 364, 370, 373, 390, 401, 415, 417, 420–429, 439, 453, 467, 469, 482, 489, 514, 606

Aristophanes of Byzantium, grammarian and critic (257-180? B.C.), 132, 205*, 601, 602, 607

Aristotle Image, philosopher (384-322 B.C.), 5, 56, 95, in, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 136, 137, 158, 160, 166, 167, 172, 174, 196, 204, 207, 228*, 229, 230, 231, 245, 247, 249, 278*, 280, 287, 289, 293, 302, 303, 310, 321, 340, 353, 356, 363, 364, 368, 373, 381, 398, 411, 431, 442, 449, 459, 463, 465, 467, 468, 469, 486, 488, 501, 512, 513, 515, 524–537, 538, 539, 547, 550, 553, 586, 601, 607, 617, 638, 640, 641, 642, 644, 656, 657, 669

Aristotle (Grote), 532 *

Aristoxenus Image of Tarentum, philosopher and writer on music (fl. 4th century B.C.), 364, 617, 669

arithmetic, 163–164, 337–338, 500, 627, 630

Arkalochori (ăr’-kō-lō-kôr’-ē), 6

Ark of the Covenant, 583

Arles, 169

Armenia, 238, 460, 578

army, in Crete, 23

in Homeric society, 54–55

in Sparta, 77, 80, 81, in Athens, 264–265

in Macedonia, 476–477

army equipment, 264–265, 471, 476–477

tactics, in Sparta, 81

in Athens, 265

in Thebes, 462

in Macedonia, 476–477

Arnold, Matthew, English critic (1822–1888), 579

Arretophoria Image, 200

Arrian, Flavius, historian (100?-170?), 502, 548, 549, 550*

Arsaces Image, founder of kingdom of Parthia (248? B.C.), 578

Arsinoë Image, Queen of Egypt (285 B.C.), 586, 593

Arsinoë (city), 576

Artaxerxes (är’-tăk-sûrk’-sēz) I, King of Persia (d. 425 B.C.), 234, 246, 343

Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (d. 361 B.C.), 460, 461

Artaxerxes III, King of Persia (reigned 359–338 B.C.), 542, 547

Artemis Image, 58, 108, 142, 143, 175, 178, 181, 182, 183, 185, 200, 226, 322, 326, 402, 410, 411, 577

Orthia Image, 82, 194

Artemisia Image, consort of Mausolus, Prince of Caria (fl. 350 B.C.), 134, 494

Artemisium Image, 239–240, 245, 383

arts, in Crete, 8–10, 16–20

in Tiryns and Mycenae, 30–33

in Homeric society, 52–53

after Dorian invasion, 63

in Sparta, 74–77, 87

in Corinth, 91–92

in Athens, 122

in 7th and 6th centuries, 217–233

in Periclean age, 313–336

in Syracuse, 438

in 4th century, 491–499

in Judea, 580

in Hellenistic age, 616–626

arts, patronage of, 10, 251–252, 472

Aryans, 35

Ascalaphus Image, 41†

Ascalon Image, 580

asceticism, 85, 191, 192, 509

Asclepiads Image, 96, 342

Asclepiodorus Image, painter (4th century B.C.), 492

Asclepius Image, 96, 179, 180, 182, 327, 342, 346

Ascra Image, 98, 100

Asculum, 660

Ashdod, 580, see Azotus

Asia, 4, 20, 34, 35, 55, 59, 62, 63, 127, 140, 165, 174, 437, 461, 467, 477, 480, 486, 525, 543, 544, 545, 547, 551, 557, 558, 562, 565, 571, 572, 575–577, 578, 579, 617, 625, 637, 644, 645, 664

Asia Minor, 3, 20, 25, 42, 55, 68, 70, 98, 128, 151, 158, 170, 234, 499, 551, 557, 558, 559, 572, 573, 578, 601, 613, 667

Aspasia Image of Miletus, consort of Pericles (470?-410 B.C.), 251, 252–253, 254, 289, 300, 337, 348, 439, 442, 450

Assembly (Athens), 115–116, 119–120, 121, 125, 126, 237, 240, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255–256, 257, 263, 264, 266, 298, 358, 360, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 466, 469, 479, 483, 554, 645, 651

Assembly (Sparta), 79, 80, 447, 452

Assembly (Syracuse), 474

Assus, 327, 524, 525, 652

Assumption, feast of the, 183

Assyria, 30, 68, 69, 224, 238, 572, 603

Astacus Image, 156

Astarte (ăs-tär’-tē), 178

astrology, 137, 566, 653

astronomy, 15, 69, 135, 137, 163–164, 339, 501–502, 566, 631, 634–637

Astyanax Image, 57, 316, 406–409

asylum, right of, 192–193, 262

Atalanta Image, 43, 105, 497

Atalanta in Calydon (Swinburne), 105*

ataraxia, 644

Atarissyas Image, King of the Ahhijavas, 39

Atarneus Image, 524, 578

Athamus Image, 42

atheism, 644–645

Athena Image, 26, 40, 49, 50*, 58, 59, 61, 87*, 101, 120, 122, 167, 175, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199, 227, 273, 323, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 389, 431, 492, 622, 650

Athena (Scopas), 497

Athena and Marsyas (Myron), 323

Athenaeus (ăth’-ē-nē’-ŭs), grammarian (fl. 2nd century), 91, 149, 160†, 218, 278*, 301, 349, 370*, 390, 435, 561, 593, 617, 640

Athene Parthenos Image (Pheidias), 179, 221, 253, 266, 324, 325, 329

Athene Polias, 330, 331

Athene Promachos (prō’-mă-kŏs) (Pheidias), 325

Athenian Confederacy, 439–440, 442, 469, 470, 487

Athenis Image, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

Athenodorus Image, sculptor (2nd? century B.C.), 622

Athens (ăth’-ěnz), 5, 23*, 40, 42, 50*, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81, 82, 86, 87, 90, 98–126, 127, 131, 135, 149, 151, 157, 172, 173, 174, *75, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207, 208, 215, 219, 221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–237, 238, 239–241, 242, Chapters XI, XII, XIII, and XIV passim, 337, 339, 341, 342, 349, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363, 368–369, 372, 375, 381, 430, 433, 436, 437, 439–456, 459, 461, 463–470, 477, 478–480, 481, 485–488, 489, 491, 497, 503, 507, 509, 510, 514, 519, 523, 524, 525, 542, 543, 552–554, 558, 560, 561–562, 563, 565, 566, 570, 573, 574, 586, 591, 600, 601, 606–607, 608, 612, 616, 617, 623, 625, 638, 640, 641, 643, 644, 645, 650, 651, 652, 662, 666

Athens Museum, 212, 222, 223, 321, 322, 331, 499.

athletics, in Homeric society, 48

in Sparta, 82–83; in social structure, 211–217

Athos (ăth’-ŏs), Mt., 239, 545*

Atlantic Ocean, 3, 637

Atlantis, 118

Atlas (ăt’-lăs), 41†, 328–329

Atman (ät’-màn), 654

atomic theory, 342, 352, 353–354, 646–647

Atossa Image, daughter of Cyrus the Great, and wife of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Hystaspis (6th century B.C.), 342

Atreus Image, 26, 27, 29, 39, 42, 386

Attalus Image I, King of Pergamum (reigned 241–197 B.C.), 578, 623, 627

Attalus II Philadelphus, King of Pergamum (reigned 159–138 B.C.), 481, 549

Attalus, Macedonian general (4th century B.C.), 481, 549

Atthis Image, 154

Attica Image, 17, 27, 30, 40, 62, 74, 75, 77, 103, 106, 107–126, 128, 129, 134, 178, 188, 189, 200, 212, 220, 226, 231, 250, Chapter XII passim, 320, 322, 323, 324, 329–335, 440, 441, 447, 470, 562, 568; dialect, 204

Attic pottery, 219–220

Attis Image, 13, 178, 467

Atys Image, see Attis

Augeas (ô -jē’-ăs), 41†

Augustine, Saint (354–430), 455*, 523

Augustus (Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus), Roman emperor (63 B.C–A.D. 14), 89†, 121, 149, 499, 552, 598

auletrides, 299–300

Aulis Image, 56, 107, 386, 410

Aurelius, Marcus, see Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius

Austria, 62*, 602

Azotus (à-zō’-tŭs), 580

B

Babylon Image, 294, 431, 507, 545, 549, 551, 575, 577, 587, 605, 612, 627, 634

Babylonia Image, 68–69, 72, 135, 178, 203, 238, 460, 557, 558, 566, 572, 578, 635

Babylonians, The (Aristophanes), 421

Bacchae (băk’-ē), The (Euripides), 401, 411, 418

Bacchanalia Image, 583, 587

Bacchante (Scopas), 498

Bacchantes (bă-kăn’-tēz), 418

Bacchiadae Image, 90, 92

Bacchoi (bă’-koi), 187

Bacchus (băk’-ŭs), 625, see also Dionysus

Bacchylides Image, poet (ca. 505–450 B.C.), 76*, 131, 375, 438

Bach, Johann Sebastian, German composer (1685–1750), 375, 400

back-to-nature movement, 372, 509

Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, English philosopher (1561–1626), 353, 644

Bactria Image, 238, 552, 557, 573, 575, 576, 578, 616, 617

Bactriana, 546

Baer, Karl Ernst von, Estonian naturalist and embryologist (1792–1876), 529

Baghdad Image, 572

Balaustion’s Adventure (Browning), 402*

Balkans, 35, 127, 157, 486, 559

ball games, 212

Baluchistan Image, 547, see also Gedrosia

banking, 274, 464, 562–563, 575, 590

Banquet (Xenophon), 364

barbarian (in Greek sense), defined, 70

Barberini Faun, 625

barbers, 291

barter, 47, 575

Basilica Image, 168

bas-relief, in Crete, 16–17, 19–20

in 7th and 6th century, 222–223

in Periclean age, 319

in 4th century, 494

Bassae, 327–328

Baths of Caracalla, 623*

Baths of Titus, 622

Bathycles Image of Magnesia, sculptor (fl. 550 B.C.), 87*

Batis Image, general of Gaza (4th century B.C.), 541

Battle of Issus, 620–621

Battle of Marathon (Panaenus), 317

Bayle, Pierre, French philosopher and critic (1647–1706), 432

beauty contests, 218

Beethoven, Ludwig van, German composer (1770–1827), 326, 401

Beirut Image, 575, see also Berytus

Bellerophon (bě-lŏr’-ō-fŏn), 25

Bendis Image, 467, 566

Beneventum, 661

Beni-Hasan Image, 68, 224

Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809), 616*

Bentley, Richard, English critic and classical scholar (1662–1742), 210

Berenice (běr’-ě-nī’-sē), Queen of Egypt (28?-70), 587

Bergson, Henri, French philosopher, 147, 657

Berkeley, George, Irish metaphysician (1685–1753), 531†

Berlin Museum, 26, 315, 618

Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect (1598–1680), 622†

Berosus (bě-rō’-sŭs), Chaldean priest and chronicler (fl. 3rd century B.C.), 612

Berytus Image, 575

Bessus, satrap of Bactria under Darius III (fl. 331 B.C.), 546

Bias (bī’-ăs) of Priene, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 570 B.C.), 141, 261

Bible, 36, 135, 206, 210, 211, 594–595, 603, 628

biblos, 206

biology, 139, 502, 528–531

Bios Hellados Image (Dicaear-chus), 488

Birds, The (Aristophanes), 338, 378, 428

birth control, 287, 468, 567–568

Birth of Aphrodite, The, 319

Bisanthe Image, 157

Bithynia Image, 450, 557, 578

black-figure ware, 219–220

Black Sea, 3, 4, 36, 43, 44, 55, 70, 128, 129, 135, 156, 157, 158, 219, 234, 245, 275, 276, 430, 437, 440, 441, 460, 559, 575, 578, 667

Blegen, Carl W., American archeologist, 35*

Blepyrus Image, 283

Boar Hunt, 31

Boedromion Image, 199

Boeon (bē’-ŏn), Mt., 103

boeotarch, 462

Boeotia Image, 27, 33, 40–42, 61*, 98–103, 106, 107, 108, 128, 198, 227, 238, 437, 440, 441, 462, 463, 477, 495, 569, 666

Boeotian Confederacy, 103, 437, 462

Boethus, (bō-ē’-thŭs) of Sidon, philosopher (1st century B.C.), 652

Boethus, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 625

Boghaz Keui (bō-gäz’ kû-ē), 37

Bokhara Image, 546

Book of the Law, 581, 582, 583, 594

Book of the Dead, 190

books, 206–207, 600–606

Boreas (bō’-rē-ăs), 177

Borghese Gallery (Rome), 625

Bosanquet, Robert Carr, English archeologist, 6

Bosporus (bŏs’-pô r-ŭs), 4*, 92, 156, 157, 234, 242, 449

Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, French bishop of Meaux, and pulpit orator (1627–1704), 432

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 17, 499

botany, 637–638

boule Image, 54, 110, 115, 256–257, 263

bouleuterion, 257

Bouphonia Image, 200

Bourbons, 451

Boxers’ Vase, 17

boxing, 12, 214–215

Bozzaris, Marco, Greek patriot (1788–1823), 105

Brahman (brä-măn), 654

Brahmans, 612, see also India

Branchidae (brăn-kī’-dē), 222, 226, 546

Brasidas Image, Spartan general (?-422 B.C.), 443

Brauron, 108, 411

Brauronia Image, 108, 200

Brazen Race (Theogony), 102

Brennus, Gaulish leader, invader of Italy (fl. 390 B.c.), 472

Brennus, Gaulish leader (fl. 279), 559

Brentesium Image, 159

bridges, 238–239, 272–273

Brindisi, 159, see also Brentesium

Briseis Image, 56, 58, 208, 302, 620

British Isles, 590

British Museum, 29, 68*, 134, 222, 322*, 492, 494*, 499, 616*, 622‡

British School of Athens, 33

Bronze Age, in Crete, 7

in Mycenae, 28

in Cyprus, 33

in Achaean society, 64

in Melos, 133

bronzework, in Crete, 16

in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 77

in Samos, 143

in 7th and 6th centuries, 221

in Periclean age, 314–315

Browning, Robert, English poet (1812–1889), 402*

Brucheum Image, 592, 593

Bruttium Image, 614

Brutus, Marcus Junius, Roman politician (85-42 B.C.), 124*, 541

Bryaxis Image, sculptor (fl. 350 B.C.), 494

Brygus (brī’-gŭs), potter, (fl. 5th century B.C.), 315

Bucephalus Image, 493, 538, 621

Bucharest, 542

Buddha, 357

Bug River, 157

building trade, 18–19, 122, 272

Bularchus, painter (8th century B.C.), 316

Bulis, Spartan envoy (5th century B.C.), 238

bullfights, 12–13, 32

Buonarotti, Michelangelo, Italian artist (1475–1564), 400, 497, 622, 623*, 669

Bupalus (bŭ’-pă-iŭs), sculptor (6th century B.C.), 144, 150

Burgas, 157, see also Apollonia

burial, in Crete, 14

in Mycenae, 32

in Homeric society, 48

in Athens, 311–312

Burke, Edmund, English statesman and orator (1729–1797), 488*

Burnouf, Eugene, French Orientalist (1801–1852), 26

burnt offerings, 194–195

Butades Image of Sicyon, first Greek modeler in clay (7th century B.C.), 222

Buthrotum (bŭ-thrō’-tŭm), 660*

Butrinto, see Buthrotum

Byron, George Gordon, Baron, English poet (1788–1824), 105, 156, 386, 412, 497

Byzantine Empire, 231, 667

Byzantium Image, 92, 157, 275, 449, 470, 489, 498, 557, 559, 562, 566, 575, 576

Byzas (bī’-zăs), supposed founder of Byzantium (fl. 657 B.C.), 157*

C

Cadmeia Image, 40, 462, 543, 553

Cadmus (kăd’-mŭs), 40, 68, 418, 462

Cadmus of Miletus, logographer (fl. 550 B.C.), 140

Caesar, Caius Julius, Roman general, statesman, and historian (100-44 B.C.), 67, 70, 106, 169, 493, 540, 552, 574, 580, 598, 602, 612

Calamis, Athenian sculptor (5th century B.C.), 324

Calauria Image, 199, 553

Calaurian Amphictyony, 199

Caledonia, 376

calendar, Minoan, 15

Athenian, 199–200, 341

Callias Image, statesman and profligate (fl. 371 B.C.), 281*, 517

Callicles Image, Sophist (5th century B.C.), 295

Callicrates Image, architect (fl. 5th century B.C.), 331, 332

Callimachus Image, Athenian sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 327, 332

Callimachus of Cyrene, poet and grammarian (320?-240? B.C.), 598, 602, 608–609, 636

Callinus (kă-lī’-nŭs) of Ephesus, elegiac poet (fl. 700 B.C.), 143

Calliope (kă-lī’-ō-pē), 186

Callipolis Image, 157

Callisthenes Image, philosopher and historian (ca. 360–327 B.C.), 550

Callon, sculptor (5th century B.C.), 322

Calvinism, 656

Calydon Image, 105

Calypso Image, 59, 60, 61

Camarina Image, 438

Cambridge Ancient History; The, 532*

Cambridge University, 670

Camirus (kă-mī’-rŭs), 134, 571

Canachus Image, sculptor (6th century B.C.), 322

canals, 575, 589

Candia Image, 5

Candaules, King of Lydia, (8th century B.C.), 316

Canetha Image, 580

Cannae (kăn’-ē), 234, 662

Canopus Image, 173

Canova, Antonio, Italian sculptor (1757–1822), 334

Capitoline Museum (Rome), 321*, 495, 623, 624†

Capitoline Venus, 624

Cappadocia Image, 13, 557, 578

caprification, 269

Captivity, 605

Caria Image, 20, 30, 34, 134, 238, 276, 450, 494, 576, 623

Carneades Image, orator and philosopher (213-129 B.C.), 351, 503, 598, 643, 657

Carneia Image, 75

Carrel, Alexis, American surgeon, born in France, 516*

Carthage Image, 67, 70, 169, 170, 171, 173, 241–242, 272, 438–439, 471, 472, 474, 557, 561, 575, 598, 599, 602, 613, 660–661, 662, 666

Caryatids Image, Porch of the, 332

Carystus Image, 503

Caspian Sea, 551, 575

Cassander, King of Macedonia (ca. 350–297 B.C.), 558

Cassandra (kă-săn’-drá), 180, 301, 307, 388, 406

Cassius Longinus, Caius, Roman politician (d. 42 B.C.), 124

Castalian Spring, 104

Castor Image, 105*

Catalogue of Women (Hesiod), 100–102

Catana Image, 77, 167*, 170, 171

Categories (Aristotle), 526*

Catholicism, 217, 594

Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), Roman statesman (234-149 B.C.), 643

Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Younger), Roman statesman (95-46 B.C.), 656

Caucasus, 384

Causes (Callimachus), 608

Causes of Plants, The (Theophrastus), 637

Cayster (kī-stěr) River, 143

Caystrian Gulf, 143

Cecrops (sē’-krŏ;ps), 40, 50*, 331

celibacy, 83

Cellini, Benvenuto, Italian artist in metal and writer (1500–1571), 32, 332, 630

Celts, 37, 559, see also Gaul

censorship, 117, 523

centaurs, 328, 333

Ceos (kě’-ōs), 129–131

Cephallenia (kyě’ fäl-yē-nē’-ä), 159

Cephalus Image, Athenian businessman (fl. 5th century B.C.), 272

Cephesus (sē-fī’-sŭs) River, 269

Cephisodotus Image, sculptor, and father of Praxiteles (fl. 400 B.C.), 495

Cephisodotus, sculptor, and son of Praxiteles (fl. 4th century B.C.), 621

ceramics, in Crete, 6–7, 16–17

in Mycenae, 31

in Cyprus, 34

in Troy, 35

after Dorian invasion, 63

in Sparta, 77

in Samos, 143

in 7th and 6th centuries, 218–220

in Peri-clean age, 315; in Hellenistic age, 616

Ceramicus Image, 219, 220, 315, 464

Cercidas Image, philosopher of Megalopolis (3rd century B.C.), 569

Ceres (sē’-rēz), 168, see also Demeter

Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count, Italian-American archeologist (1832–1904), 33*

Ceylon, 564

Chaerephon Image, Athenian, 367

Chaeronea Image, 29, 103, 104, 442, 479, 480, 488, 541, 558

Chalcedon (kăl’-sē-dŏn), 156, 449

Chalcidice Image, 157–158, 441

Chalcis (kăl’-sis), 30, 106, 107, 157, 169, 219, 275, 141, 553, 562, 573, 575

alphabet, 205

Chaldeans, 135, 161, 653

Chamaizi (kă-mī’-zē), 6

Champollion, jean François, French Egyptologist (1790–1832), 8

Chance, see Tyche

Chandragupta Maurya Image, King of Magadha (321-296 B.C.), 6l2

Chaos, 69, 99

Characters (Theophrastus), 196–197, 641

Charaxus (kăr’-ăk-sús), brother of Sappho (fl. 600 B.C.), 153

Chares (kā’-rēz), 68*

Chares of Lindus, sculptor (fl. 280 B.C.), 621

Charilaus Image, King of Sparta (9th? centuryB.C.), 78

Charioteer of Delphi, 143, 217, 221

chariot races, 48, 212, 215

charity, 294, 563

Charlemagne, see Charles I

Charles I, King of France and Emperor of the West (742–814), 29

Charmides (kăr-mī’-dēz), philosopher (5th centuryB.C.), 366, 452, 510

Charmides (Plato), 513*

Charon (kā’-rŏn), 311

Charondas Image, Sicilian lawgiver (fl. 6th centuryB.C.), 77, 170, 258

Charybdis Image, 61, 167

Chasidim Image, 581, 582, 583, 584, 604, 605

chemistry, 589

Cheops (kē’-ŏps), King of Egypt (fl. ca. 3700 B.C.), 432

Chersonese (kûr’-sō-nēz) in Taurus, 108

Chersonese in Thrace, 470

Chigi vase, 219

children, position of, in Homeric society, 47, 51–52

in Sparta, 82–83

in Athens, 287–288 Chilon (kī’-lŏn) of Sparta, one of the Seven Sages (fl. ca. 6th centuryB.C.), 141

Chilonis Image, wife of Cleombrotus III (3rd centuryB.C.), 569

China, 36, 135*, 180, 220, 575, 590, 637, 669

Chios (kī’-ŏs), 150, 193, 207, 275, 279, 470, 499, 567

Chloe (klō’-ē), 171

Choephoroe (kō-ěf’-ō-rē) (Aeschylus), 388–389

Choerilus Image, tragic poet (fl. 524 B.C.), 233

Choiseul-Gouffier (shwä-zěl gouf-yā) Apollo, 222

choragus 379, 482

choral ode, 77

choral singing, 228–229, 230

chorus, in drama, 232, 379, 412

Chremonides Image, statesman (3rd centuryB.C.), 560

Christ, 188, 191, 321, 566, 595

Christianity, 26, 68, 131, 139, 147, 176, 178*, 183, 189, 191, 192, 195, 311, 373, 523, 577, 583, 595, 640, 653, 657, 658

Chronicles, Books of, 603

Chronographia (Eratosthenes), 636

Chrysa Image, 497

Chryseis, (krī-sē’-ís), 56, 302

Chryseis Queen of Macedonia (3rd century B.C.), 571

Chryses (krī’-sēz), 56

Chrysippus Image, Stoic philosopher (ca. 280–206 B.C.), 643, 649, 652, 655*, 656

Chrysopolis, 156

chthonic worship, 38, 177, 179–180, 188, 194–195

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman orator and man of letters (106-43 B.C.), 70, 80, 107, 118, 130, 356, 432, 488*, 491, 526, 541, 612, 631*, 649

Cilicia Image, 118*, 238, 576

Cimon (sī’-mŏn), Athenian statesman and general (510-449B.C.), 236, 245, 247, 279, 316, 420, 535

Cineas Image of Thessaly, minister of Pyrrhus (fl. 280 B.C.), 660

Circe (sûr’-sē), 60

circumcision, 582, 584

Cirrha Image, 104*

Cithaeron Image, Mt., 98

Citium Image, 34, 650

citizenship, in Sparta, 79–80, 570; in Athens, 110, 116, 124–125, 250, 254

city planning, 330, 592, 617

city-state, 71, 174, 203–204, 554

Cius (kē’-ŭs), 156

Cladeus (klă’-dā-ŭs) River, 88

clans, in Crete, 10

in Homeric society, 45, 53–54

in Attica, 108

abolishment of, in Athens, 124, 268

classes, in Homeric society, 46

in Sparta, 73–74

in Athens, 110–111, 276–280

see also metics, slaves, freemen, etc.

class war, in Homeric society, 47

in Athens, 112–114, 280–286, 465–467

in 4th and 3rd centuries, 562–564

in Sparta, 569–570

Claudius, Appius, Roman statesman (fl. 300 B.C.), 660

Claudius Ptolemy, see Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus)

Clazomenae (klā-zŏm’-ē-nē), 150, 219, 339

Cleanthes (klē-ăn’-thēz), Stoic philosopher (300?-220?B.C.), 136, 634, 652, 653–654, 655, 658

Cleinias Image, father of Alcibiades (d. 447 B.C.), 444

Cleinias, friend of Xenophon, 302

Cleis, daughter of Sappho, 153

Cleisthenes, (klīs’-thē-nēz) of Athens, statesman (fl. ca. 507 B.C.), 79, 108, 110, 124–126, 237, 248, 249, 469, 487

Cleisthenes tyrant of Sicyon (6th century B.C.), 79, 89, 124†, 160, 231

Cleitus, Macedonian general (d. 328 B.C.). 538, 544, 550

Cleobolus (klē’-ō-bū’-lŭs) of Lindus in Rhodes, one of the Seven Sages (fl. 6th century B.C.), 141

Cleombrotus (klē’-ŏm-brō’-tus) II, King of Sparta (reigned 380–371B.C.), 462

Cleombrotus III, King of Sparta (reigned 243–240 B.C.), 569

Cleomenes (klē-ŏm’-ē-nēz) I, King of Sparta (reigned 520–490 B.C.), 85

Cleomenes III, King of Sparta (reigned 235–220 B.C.), 569–570

Cleon (klē’-ŏn), Athenian demagogue and general (d. 422 B.C.), 255, 271, 341, 421–422, 423, 429, 433, 440, 441, 442–443

Cleonae (klē-ō’-nē), 158

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt (69-30 B.C.), 89†, 593, 602

Cleophon (klē’-ō-fŏn), Athenian demagogue (fl. 411–404 B.C.), 255, 450

Clepsydra Image, courtesan, 300

cleruchies, 250, 588

climate, 3, 21, 107

Clio (klí’-ō), 186

Clitias Image, potter, (fl. 560 B.C.), 219

clothing, in Crete, 9

of Achaeans, 37, 45

in Homeric society, 51

in Sparta, 85

in Athens, 292–293

Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 339*, 369, 381, 424–428, 429

clubs 255, 282–283, 310

Clymene Image, 103*

Clytaemnestra Image, 29, 32, 36, 39, 51, 56, 59, 386–389, 404–405, 409

Cnidian Sentences (Euryphron), 342

Cnidus (nī’-dŭs), 62, 105, 133–134, 141, 171, 342, 461, 491, 495, 497, 499, 501, 564

Cnossus (nŏs’-ŭs), 5–8, 10–13, 15, 18–23, 28, 29, 33, 35, 44, 47

Codrus, legendary King of Athens (fl. 1068 B.C.), 109, 113

coinage, in Lydia, 69

in Argos, 72

in Corinth, 90

in Aegina, 95, 114

in Athens, 114, 121, 273–274, 314

in Syracuse, 314

in Elis, 314

in Seleucid Empire, 575

Colchis Image, 43, 55, 157, 238, 403

Collection of Lemmas (Archimedes), 629

colonization, 3, 34, 59, 70–71, 106, 121, 127–129, 133–135, 156–158, 159–160, 168–169, 170, 173

Colonus (kŏ-lō’-nŭs), 180, 391

Colophon (kŏl’-ŏ-fōn), 148, 645

Colossus of Rhodes, 143*, 177

Colotes (kō-lō’-tēz) of Lampsacus, philosopher (3rd century B.C.), 649

Columbus, Christopher, Genoese explorer (1446?-1506), 27

columniation, 68, 169, 221, 224–225, 327, 492, 617–618

Coma Berenices, 587

comedy, 230–231, 420–429, 482–483, 606–608

Commentaries (Pythagoras), 163

common land, see property, community

common mess, in Crete, 23; in Sparta, 83, 84–85

communication, in Homeric society, 46–47; in Egypt, 589–590

communism, in Pythagorean society, 166

in Lipari Islands, 170, 171

in plays of Aristophanes, 283

in Athens, 465

in philosophy of Plato, 509–510, 520

Concord, temple of, 172

concubinage, in Homeric society, 48, 50

in Athens, 304–305

in 4th century, 467

in Hellenistic age, 567

Confucius, Chinese philosopher (551-478 B.C.), 371, 376, 473

Congress (United States of America), 256

Congreve, William, English dramatist (1670–1729), 607

Conies (Apollonius of Perga), 627, 628

Conies (Euclid), 628

Conon (kō’-nŏn), Athenian general (fl. 400 B.C.), 461

conscription in army, 264

Conservatori, Palace of, 625

Constanta, 157, see also Istrus

Constantine the Great, Roman emperor (272–337), 575, 649, 667*

Constantinople, 155, 157, 571, 577, 667*, see also Byzantium

constitutional law, in Sparta, 79–81, 86

in Athens, under Draco, 111–112, under Solon, 114–118

Constitution of Athens, The (Aristotle), 526*, 534*

contraception, 468

contracts, 259

cooking, in Homeric society, 51; in Athens, 309

Copais (kō’-pīs), Lake, 103

Copernicus, Nikolaus, Polish astronomer (1473–1543), 340, 502, 634, 635, 669

Corax of Syracuse, rhetorician (fl. 466 B.C.), 430

Corcyra Image, 60, 90–91, 159, 246, 284, 440–441, 662

Corfu Image, 60, 159, 662, see also Corcyra

Corinna Image, lyric poetess (fl. 5th century B.C.), 107, 374, 376

Corinth Image, 38, 62, 64, 79, 89–92, 105, 159, 172, 185, 200, 211, 216, 219, 221, 272, 275, 279, 315, 375, 439, 440–441, 474, 480, 504, 507, 510, 542, 560–561, 562, 569, 575, 662, 663, 666

Corinth, Gulf of, 62, 89, 104

Corinth, Isthmus of, 31, 62

Corinthian order (architecture), 122, 224, 327, 492, 617

Corinthians I (St. Paul), 91

Coronea Image, 103, 215, 440, 444, 461, 489

Coronis Image, 96

Corpus Hippocraticum, 343–345

Corsica, 150, 661

Corydon Image, 611

Cos (kōs), 62, 134, 272, 342, 343, 470, 495, 609, 639

cosmetics, 292

cosmogony, 98–103, 135, 137, 138, 139, 144–145, 168

cosmology, in philosophy of Thales, 137

of Anaximander, 138–139

of Heracleitus, 144–145

of Pythagoras, 164

of Anaxagoras, 339–340

of Parmenides, 350

of Leucippus, 353

of Empedocles, 356–357

of Epicurus, 646

of Stoics, 652–653

cosmopolitanism, 362, 562, 600

Cossutius Image, Roman architect (2nd century B.C.), 617

Council of Athens, see boule

Council of Elders (Judea), 579–580

Council of Five Hundred, 256, 263, 264, 290

Council of 501, 125, 126

Council of Five Thousand, 449

Council of Four Hundred (6th century), 115, 121, 125

Council of Four Hundred (411 B.C.), 449

Council of Thirty, 451–452, 510, 554

courtesans, see hetairai, also concubinage, also prostitution

courts, in Crete, 11; in Athens, 116, 125, see also heliaea

Crannon (kră’-ŭn), 106, 553

Crates (krā’-tēz) of Thebes, Cynic philosopher (4th century B.C.), 509, 650–651

Cratinus Image, comic dramatist (ca. 520–423 B.C.), 420, 429

Cratylus Image (Plato), 371, 513*

credit system, 464

cremation, 311

Creon (krē’-ŏn) of Corinth, 403–404

Creon of Thebes, 41, 396–397, 398

Cresilas Image, sculptor (fl. 450 B.C.), 322

Crete (krēt), 5–23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47, 54, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 75, 78, 128, 133, 170, 179, 203, 218, 231, 301, 566, 585

crime, in Sparta, 83

in Athens, 116–117, 258

Crimea, 157

Crisaea Image, 104

Critias Image, Athenian orator, politician, and author (d. 403 B.C.), 368, 370, 373, 451–452, 510

Critius, sculptor (fl. 5th century B.C.), 324

Crito (krī’-tō), Athenian, 260*, 365, 369, 454–455

Crito (Plato), 513*

Croesus (krē’-sŭs), King of Lydia (fl. 560 B.C.), 118–119, 141, 142, 143, 575

Croiset, Alfred (1845–1923) and Maurice, French classical scholars, 453*

Cronia, 199

Cronus (krō’-nŭs), 99, 102, 121, 181, 565

Crotona Image, 142, 160, 161, 166, 167, 169, 172, 203, 318, 327, 342

Crotone (krō-tō’-nē), 161, see also Crotona

Crouching Venus, 499

Crusoe, Robinson, 59*

Ctesias Image, physician and historian (fl. 5th century B.C.), 134

Ctesibius Image of Alexandria, inventor (fl. 2nd century B.C.), 588, 616, 633

Ctesicles Image of Ephesus, painter (3rd century B.C.), 619

Ctesiphon Image Athenian orator (4th century B.C.), 484–485

Cumae (kū’-mē), 107, 160, 169, 197, 205, 668

Cunaxa Image, 460, 489

Cupbearer, 10, 20

Cupid of Centocelle, 495†

currents, around Aegean Islands, 4

in Bosporus, 4*

curriculum, of Pythagorean school, 163–164

in Athenian schools, 289

in Academy, 511–512

custom, in religion, 193

in Athens (law), 257–258

in morality, 295–296

Cuvier, Georges, Baron, French naturalist (1769–1832), 8

Cybele Image, 13, 20, 69, 76, 143, 178, 227, 467, 507

Cyclades Image, 5, 10*, 21, 33, 96, 106, 128, 129–133, 235, 246, 585

Cyclopes (sī-klō’-pēz), 27†, 60

Cydippe Image, 608

Cyme (sī-mē) in Aeolia, 98

Cyme in Euboea, 169

Cynicism, 280, 369, 372, 503, 506–509, 644, 650–651

Cynosarges (sén’-ō-sär’-jēz), 506

Cynoscephalae Image, 663

Cyprus (sī’-prŭs), 4, 15, 21, 33–34, 70, 118, 133, 185, 193, 219, 234, 238, 247, 272, 275, 437, 461, 558, 585, 589, 650

Cypselus Image, tyrant of Corinth (fl. 655–625 B.C.), 90, 92, 218, 221

Cyrenaic School, 173, 504–505, 586, 644

Cyrene (sī-rē’-ně), 3, 68, 105, 128, 133, 173, 275, 430, 504, 510, 575, 585, 598

Cyrnus (sēr’-nŭs), 92–95

Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 490–491

Cyrus the Great, King of Persia (d. 529 B.C.), 119, 141, 245, 490, 546

Cyrus the Younger, Persian prince (d. 401 B.C.), 460, 461, 489

Cythera Image, 159

Cyzicus Image, 135, 156, 449, 501, 575

D

Daedalus Image, 6, 15, 17, 19, 22, 229

Dalmatia, 159, 662

Damascus, 150, 544, 575, 576, 579, 580

Damo (dā;’-mō), daughter of Pythagoras, 163

Damocles (dăm-ō-klēz), 558*

Damon (dā’-mŏn) of Athens, musician and Sophist (fl. 5th century B.C.), 248

Damon of Syracuse, Pythagorean (4th century B.C.), 471*

Damophon of Messene, sculptor (2nd century B.C.), 621

Danae (dăn’-ă-ē), courtesan, 300

Danaus (dăn’-ă-ŭs), 68, 72

dancing, in Crete, 13, 15

in Homeric society 48, 51

in Sparta, 83

contests, 212

in 7th and 6th centuries, 229–230

in drama, 232

Dancing Woman, 15

Daniel, Book of, 603, 605

Dante, see Alighieri, Dante

Danube River, 33, 36, 40, 157, 431, 543

Daphnis Image, 171, 610

Daphnis, architect, 618

Dardanelles Image, 3, 121

Dardani Image, 35, 36

Dardanus Image, 35‡

Darius Image I, King of Persia (558?-486? B.C.), 234, 235, 237, 238, 342, 589

Darius III, King of Persia (reigned 336–331 B.C.), 245, 541, 544, 545, 546, 547, 551, 621

Darkness (deity), 99

Darwin, Charles Robert, English naturalist (1809–1882), 147, 340, 529

Dascylium Image, 156

Datis Image, Persian satrap (5th century B.C.), 235

Daughters of Pelias, The (Euripides), 401

Dawkins, Richard MacGillivray, English archeologist, 6

Day (deity), 99

Dead Amazon, 623

Death, see Thanatos

debts, cancellation of, 113–114, 569

Deceleia Image, 108, 400, 447, 448

decimal system, 338

Deianeira Image, 254, 392

Deinarchus (dī’-năr’-kŭs), orator (361-291 B.C.), 483

Delian Confederacy, 131, 245, 251, 276

Delium Image, 365, 444

Delos (dē’-lŏs), 23*, 33, 105, 131, 182, 183, 200, 222, 236, 245, 251, 279, 562, 570, 574, 575, 580, 591, 617, 618, 665

Delphi (dēl’-fī), 29, 68*, 78, 104–105, 118, 124, 132, 141, 142, 179, 180, 182, 183, 188, 198, 200, 211, 216, 274, 316, 317, 321, 472, 477, 559

Delphi Museum, 221, 498

Delphic Amphictyony, 263, 477, 560

Delphic oracle, 41, 73, 75, 78, 96, 167, 182, 198, 361, 367, 376

Delphis Image, 567, 611

Demades Image, orator and demagogue (380-318 B.C.), 483

demagogy, 281, 442

Demaratus (dě’-măr-ā’-tŭs), King of Sparta (reigned 510–491 B.C.), 86

demes, 40, 124, 259

Demesne (dē-mān’) (King’s Commons), 46

Demeter (dē-mē’-tēr), 32, 50*, 68, 69, 109, 170, 175, 178, 179, 182, 188, 189, 198, 231, 232, 319, 329, 426, 471, 622

Thesmophoros, 199

Demeter, 134, 499, 622‡

Demeter, Persephone, and Artemis (Damophon), 621

Demetrius, priest (fl. 540 B.C.), 143

Demetrius I Soter, King of Syria (reigned 162–150 B.C.), 579

Demetrius II Nicator, King of Syria (reigned 146–142 and 128–125 B.C.), 584

Demetrius Phalereus Image, Attic orator (345?-283? B.C.), 278*, 483, 558, 561, 586, 594, 641

Demetrius I Poliorcetes Image, King of Macedonia (337-283 B.C.), 503, 558, 560, 567, 571, 619, 624§

demiurgoi, 110

Democedes (dě-mŏ’-sě-dēz), physician (fl. 522 B.C.), 342, 346

democracy, in Sparta, 80

in Athens, 121, 123–126, 246–248, 554

in Syracuse, 172

under Pericles, 248–267, 276–286

in philosophy of Plato, 519–520

in philosophy of Aristotle, 535

Democritus Image, philosopher (460?-362? B.C.), 68, 69, 136, 157, 202, 317, 337, 338, 339, 343, 352–355, 358, 361, 527, 529, 644, 646–647, 657, 669

Demodocus (dē-mŏd’-ŏ-kŭs), 52

Demosthenes (dē-mos’-thě-nēz), orator and statesman (384?-322 B.C.), 158, 272, 278, 301, 304, 468–469, 476, 478–480, 483–485, 512, 542, 543, 553, 626

De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 441*

Descartes, René, French philosopher (1596–1650), 669

Desmoulins, Camille, French revolutionist (1760–1794), 89*

Deucalion Image, 39

deus ex machina Image, 340, 368, 379, 397, 412

Devils’ Club, 361

Diadochi (dī-ăd’-ŏ-kē), 558

Diadumenos Image (Polycleitus), 322, 498

Diagoros (dī-ăg’-ō-răs) of Melos, poet and philosopher (5th century B.C.), 337

dialectics, 351, 367–368, 503

dialects, 15, 204

Dialogues (Plato), 364, 513–515, 517

Dialogues of the Dead (Lucian), 549*

Diana, 183, see Artemis

Diasia Image, 179, 199

Dibre Soferim Image, 580

Dicaearchus (dī’-sē-ärk’-ŭs), Peripatetic philosopher (fl. 320 B.C.), 108, 488, 502

Dicaeopolis Image, 108

Dickens, Charles, English novelist (1812–1870), 428

dictatorship, in Argos, 72

in Sicyon, 89

in Corinth, 90

of Peisistratus, 119–123

in Miletus, 134

in Samos, 142

in Lesbos, 151

in Sicily, 172–173

in philosophy of Plato, 520

in philosophy of Aristotle, 535

Dido (dī’-dō), 67

Didyma Image, 549, 618

diet, of Athenians, 270

Dike (dī’-kē), 186, 201

Dinocrates Image, architect (4th century B.C.), 492, 545, 592

Dinostratus Image, mathematician (4th century B.C.), 501

Dio Chrysostom, Sophist and rhetorician (40–115), 326

Diocles (dī’-ō-klēz) of Carystus, physician (fl. 4th century B.C.), 502–503

Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus), Roman emperor (245–313), 576

Diodorus Siculus (dī’-ō-dō’-rŭs sīk’-ŭ-lŭs), historian (fl. 1st century B.C.), 41*, 42*, 160, 187*, 189, 241, 242*, 455

Diogenes (dī’-ŏj’-ē-nēz), Cynic philosopher (412?-323 B.C.), 156, 201, 295, 301, 506–509, 526, 644

Diogenes Apolloniates, natural philosopher (fl. 460 B.C.), 345

Diogenes Laertius, writer (2nd century A.D.), 118*, 138, 148, 163, 164, 168, 261, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359, 364, 455, 472, 489, 524, 526, 640, 641, 645, 650, 652

Diogenes of Seleucia (the Babylonian), Stoic philosopher (2nd century B.C.), 652

Diolcos, 89

Diomedes (dī’-ō-mē’-dēz), 41†, 49, 57, 58

Dion (dī’-ōn), tyrant of Syracuse (408-353 B.C.), 473–474, 510

Dione (dī-ō’-nē), 181

Dionysia Image, 178, 188, 200, 229, 232, 233, 379*, 381, 392, 418, 420, 435, 525

Dionyskn Artists, 380

Dionysius Image I, tyrant of Syracuse (430?-367 B.C.), 160, 426, 439, 465, 470–473, 505, 510, 535, 659

Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (fl. 367 B.C.), 473–475, 511, 522

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historian (54?-7? B.C.), 652

Dionysus (dī’-ō-nī’-sŭs), 69, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186–188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199–200, 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 273, 321, 330, 375, 378, 379, 400, 413, 418–419, 427, 432, 467, 496, 566*, 583, 587

Dionysus, 321

Dionysus (Scopas), 497

Dionysus, Theater of, 15, 232, 251, 255, 377–383, 391, 401, 491

Dioscuri Image, 316, see also Castor and Pollux

Dioscurias Image, 135, 157

Diotima Image, courtesan, 300

Dipoenus Image, Cretan sculptor (fl. 580 B.C.), 23, 221, 322

Dipolia Image, 200

Dipylon Image, 219, 269

Dirce (dûr’-sē), 623

Discobolos Image see Discus Thrower

Discus Thrower (Myron), 143, 323

discus throwing, 48, 214

Dium (dē’-ŭm), 580

divination, 175, 197, 198

Divine Fire, 144–147, 651

divine rule, 11, 577, 595

Divine Word, 147

division of labor, 275

divorce, in Sparta, 84

in Sicily, 170

in Athens, 305

Dnieper River, 157

Dniester River, 157

Dodecapolis Image (Ionian), 128, 134–151

Dodona Image, 67, 180, 198, 660

Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, German archeologist, 26, 27, 34, 35*, 159

dokimasia, 263

Dolon (dō’-lōn), 49

Dorian Image invasion, 5, 14, 29–30, 47, 62–64, 90, 106, 127, 133–134, 218, 223

Dorians, 23, 35‡, 42, 44, 62–64, 70, 71, 73, 77, 88, 89, 95, 108, 109, 127, 128, 133–134, 173, 180, 203, 305, 311, 523, 660

dialect, 204

Doric Image mode (music), 74, 228*, 518

Doric order (architecture), 68, 88, 92, 105, 122, 168, 171, 223, 224–225, 226, 327, 328, 329, 331, 333, 491–492, 617

Doricha Image, courtesan, 153

Doris Image, 198, 477, 580

Dorus (dō’-rŭs), 35‡, 207

Doryphoros Image, see Spear Bearer

Dostoevski, Feodor Mikhailovich, Russian novelist (1821–1881), 524

double ax, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 32

drachma, 114, 273–274

Draco (drā’-kō), Athenian lawgiver (7th century B.C.), 77, in, 114, 117, 258, 304

drainage system, in Crete, 7, 19

in Athens. 269

in Near East, 576

in Egypt, 588

drama, in Argos, 72

in Athens, 122

in religion, 178, 189, 193, 200

origins of, 230–233

in Golden Age, 379–429

in 4th century, 482–483

in Hellenistic age, 606–608

Draped Venus, 326*

Dream, see Oneiros

Drimachus Image, revolutionary (6th century B.C.), 150

drinking, by Achaeans, 45

in Sparta, 82

in Athens, 270, 310

drought, 3

drunkenness, in Sparta, 82

in Athens, 270 Drunken Silenus, 625

Dryden, John, English poet and dramatist (1631–1700), 377*

Dumas, Alexandre, fils, French dramatist and novelist (1824–1895), 607

Durazzo, 67, 575, 662, see also Epidamnus

Dying Gaul, The, 623

Dyme (dī’-mē), 560

Dyrrachium Image, 67, see also Epimamnus