Subject Index
abuse, as trigger for SM 17
academic achievement 64
adolescents see teenagers
adults, SM in 272–5
Advisory Centre for Educational Advice (ACE) 248
Afasic (Association for all Speech Impaired Children) 76, 248
anger 29–30
animals 167–8
antihistamines 136
anxiety
definition of 263
development of 25
medication for 131–6
SM as anxiety disorder 21, 44–5, 100, 218–9, 263–4
‘aphasia voluntaria’ 35
apps (to download) 293
art therapy 58
assessment 41–3, 51–2, 92–4, 175–9
see also diagnosis
Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) 108
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) 108
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 204–5
assessment of 106–9
co-existence with SM 101–3, 109–11
recognition of 99–100
similar symptoms to SM 103–6
avoidance, role of 29
‘babbling’ stage, revisiting 216
Baxter, Biddy 79
bedwetting 91
behavioural approach 22–4, 45, 48, 59
behavioural desensitization 59
Belgium 193–4
benzodiazepines 134–5
bilingual children 55
see also other languages/countries; second language acquisition
biopsychosocial/cultural model 91–2
birth order 55
body posture 105
bribes/rewards 164–5
Brindley, Julie 74
buspirone 136
Can I tell you about Selective Mutism? (Johnson and Wintgens 2012) 17, 110
care pathways
developed for SM good practice 172–4, 182–8
discharge criteria 189
Ealing Hospital NHS Trust 186
East Sussex 176
EKHUFT 184
multi-modal approach 175–9, 191
Suffolk 177
Cat that Unlocked a Boy’s Heart: Jessi-Cat (Dillon and Malony 2013) 168
change, wariness of 104
character see personality; temperament of child
child development
delay co-morbid with SM 88
effect of SM on 30–2
see also confidence
Children Act (1989) 53
Children and Families Act (2014) 237–40
‘Circle of Friends’ approach 257–8
citalopram 136
classroom
change of 47
SM child in 20
talking style in 232–4
see also school; teachers
cleft palate 158–60
Cline, Dr Tony 79
co-morbidity
multiple conditions 90–2
in SM adults 274–5
see also autism spectrum disorder (ASD); communication disorders; stammering
cognitive behavioural therapy 58, 114, 266
communication
modern day changes in 37
SM strategies used 62–3
communication disorders
pragmatic language impairment 31, 85–6
prevalence of 82–3
as risk factor 88–9
speech and language disorders 83–4
treating simultaneously with SM 94–5
voice 85
Communication Opportunity Group (COG) 223, 225–6, 232–3
community settings 148–52, 187–8
‘Complex Selective Mutism’ 101
confidence
building 229–31
definition 223–4
development of 224–6
in others 229
self-confidence 226–31
in teenagers 222–3, 227, 233–6
Connexions Personal Advisers 148–52
conversational skills 31–2
crime, children who may have committed a 247–8
cultural differences 38
see also migrant families
decision see choice
definitions of SM 34–7
development
see also child development; speech and language development
diagnosis
formal recommendations 21
importance of early 19, 22, 95–6, 183
informal 20–1
legal importance of 237
research study results 56–7
see also assessment
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) 21, 78
diazepam 134–5
disability
defining SM as 240–1
Equality Act (2010) 237, 241–5
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 245–6
discrimination 242–5
duty of care 246–7
DVD: Silent Children: Approaches to Selective Mutism 74, 104, 169
early diagnosis 19, 22, 95–6, 183
Eastern Kentucky (USA) 38
Education, Health and Care Plans (EHC) 239
EKHUFT SLT service 181
‘elective mutism’ 35
electronic communication 63
Elizabeth Swendsen Trust for Children and Donkeys 168
emotions chart 58
employment 148–52
environmental adaptation 183–4
Equality Act (2010) 237, 241–5
ethnic minority families 19, 39, 89–90, 93
European Convention on the Rights of the Child 246
explicit self-confidence 228–9
extending contact group 153–5, 158–67, 169–71, 184–6, 219–20, 259–60
eye contact 105
Facebook group 77–8
fading technique (sliding-in) 23, 58, 124, 185, 215–6
family
effects of SM on 65–7
problems in 24
shyness patterns in 55, 265, 267
family therapy 58
Foreman, Dr Nigel 72
From Timid to Tiger 267
gender differences 19, 55, 89, 114, 273
genetic factors 44, 160, 264–5, 273
Germany 194–201
gradual approach 153–5, 158–67, 169–71, 184–6, 219–20, 259–60
group sessions 153–5
harassment 242
Harrison, Margaret 79
healer (research study results) 59
hearing testing 93
Help me to Speak television documentary 125–7
helplines 294–5
herbal remedy 164
Herbert, Professor Martin 72, 79
home
–school transition 37–9, 87, 121–3, 156–7
effects of SM at 65–7
treatment based in 187
home education (research study results) 58
homeopathy 59
hypnotherapy 59
ICD 10 (International Classification of Disabilities) 21, 78
implicit self-confidence 228–9
incentives 164–5
incidence of SM 52
Independent Panel for Special Education Advice (IPSEA) 248
intelligence 19
Intensive Interaction 139
internet
Facebook group 77–8
resources on 289-95
SMIRA website 76–7
iSpeak 272
KCHT SLT service 181
Laban Movement 139
language
child learning new 21
speech and language development 86–9
speech and language disorders 83–4
see also other languages/countries
larynx, paralysis of 18
law
Children Act (1989) 53
Children and Families Act (2014) 237–40
children who may have committed a crime 247–8
children as witnesses 247
discrimination 242–5
duty of care 246–7
Equality Act (2010) 237, 241–5
European Convention on the Rights of the Child 246
harassment 242
importance of diagnosis in 237
legal definition of disability 240–1
local authority’s responsibilities 244
Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED) 243–4
school’s responsibilities 243–4, 265–6
SEND Code of Practice 238–40
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 52
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 245–6
victimization 242
literacy skills 84
local authority’s responsibilities 244
location 59
lorazepam 134–5
Manners, Elizabeth 20
‘meaningful moments’ 208–13
medication
antihistamines 136
for anxiety 131–6
benzodiazepines 134–5
buspirone 136
citalopram 136
diazepam 134–5
herbal remedy 164
lorazepam 134–5
as part of therapeutic package 131, 133
pregabalin 136
research study results 58
sertraline 136
SSRIs 135–6
used in behavioural approach (injections) 48–9
venlafaxine 136
migrant families 19, 39, 89–90, 93
multi-modal team 92, 107, 175–9, 191
Music Interaction 139
music therapy
aim of 208
case studies 208–21
musical ‘conversations’ 215, 217
research into (SM children) 206–7
theoretical framework 213–20
NHS Choices A-Z 173
NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) Guidelines 21, 78, 173
‘no pressure to speak’ approach 58, 219
nurseries, incidence of SM in 37
one-to-one teaching 58
only children 55
other languages/countries
Belgium 193–4
Germany 194–201
Switzerland 195
panic attacks 129
Parent Partnership 248
parents
description of child by 18, 179
effects of SM on 65–7, 251–2, 255
National Parents’ Meetings 74–5
relationship with school 24
see also family
perfectionism 105
personality 60–1
see also temperament of child
pets 167–8
phobia, SM as expression of 36, 85
physical activities 216–7
physical fitness 132
play interaction approach 138–47
play therapy, research study results 58
playgroups, at SMIRA meetings 74–5
posture 105
pragmatic language impairment 31, 85–6
pregabalin 136
psychodynamic theory 22
Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED) 243–4
puppets 198
questions (open/closed) 106
‘reading to the teacher’ 124
recommendations 268–71
recording
equipment suppliers 295
Help me to Speak television documentary 125–7
of voice 62–3
recovery testimonies 250–60
referral
along care pathway 176
by childcare worker 96
by GP 18–9
rejection, silence as 29–30, 268
research
changes in focus of 45
deficiencies of SM 53
literature review 53
methodology 53–4
results 55–69
sample 54–5
rewards/bribes 164–5
rights see law
Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) 173
school
change in role of 39–40
effects of having SM in 63–4
good practice in 57
legal responsibilities of 243–4, 265–6
transition from home to 37–9, 87, 121–3, 156–7
transition to secondary 128–9
treatment based in 184–6
working relationship with parents 24
see also classroom; teachers
second language acquisition 89–90
secondary school, transition to 128–9
Selective Mutism in Children 73, 207
Selective Mutism Information & Research Association (SMIRA) 71–9, 189–90
Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ) 189
Selective Mutism Resource Manual (2001) 101, 103, 124, 141, 154, 182, 207
‘Selective Mutism’ (use of term) 35–6
self-concept 225
self-confidence 226–31
self-image 225
SEND Code of Practice 238–40
sertraline 136
settings see community settings; home; school
shaping technique 23, 58, 215–6
Sharma, Jyoti 138
shyness, in family 55, 265, 267
silence
use of 36
Silent Children: Approaches to Selective Mutism DVD 74, 104, 169
Silent Children (Sage and Sluckin) 141
‘silent period’ 89
sliding-in technique 23, 58, 124, 185, 215–6
social effects of SM 64–5, 85–6
social functioning, progress determined by 188–9
social isolates 38–9
social skills acquisition 31, 104
social skills group 58
speech bubbles 198–9
speech delay 19
speech and language development 86–9
speech and language disorders 83–4
speech and language therapists (SLTs)
classed as ‘educational need’ 237
research results 58
SM within remit of 173
‘speech phobia’ 36
‘stage fright’ 28
stammering 112–5
step-by-step approach 153–5, 158–67, 169–71, 184–6, 219–20, 259–60
stuttering 112–5
‘Summary Grid’ 41–3
support groups
access to 189–90
directory of 289–93
iSpeak 272
Selective Mutism Information & Research Association (SMIRA) 71–9, 189–90
Switzerland 195
‘Talking Map’ 41
Targeted Mental Health in Schools Project (2008) 265
teachers
change of 47
problems with 20, 60, 124–5, 218, 253, 268
taking silence as rejection 29–30, 268
see also classroom; school
technology
changes in treatment 47–50
see also electronic communication; recording
teenagers
confidence in 222–3, 227, 233–6
girls discerning intention 31
language use of 32
temperament of child 19, 44, 160
see also personality
therapy, changing technology of 47–50
training
assessment of SM during 179
Communication Opportunity Groups 233
list of courses 294
in play interaction approach 139
provision of 180–1
University College London 102, 181, 294
‘Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication Handicapped Children’ (TEACCH) 139
trigger events 17, 55, 119–20, 252, 273
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 52
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 245–6
venlafaxine 136
victimization 242
video recording
Silent Children: Approaches to Selective Mutism 74, 104, 169
Wales, awareness campaign in 75
Wheel of Wellness 227–8
whispering 63
Whittington, Lindsay 72–5
witnesses, children as legal 247
‘Your Selectively Mute Child’ (2000) 73