Plants are indexed by both local name and binomial. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
açaí (Euterpe oleracea), 41–43
Acateyahualco, xv (map), 112–117
agave, 111–112
monitoring wild populations of, 115–117
size classes, 114. See also mescal
agriculture: expansion into forest areas, 2, 22, 87, 90
slash-and-burn, 65
swidden, 159
aguaje (Mauritia flexusoa), 39–41
alebrijes, 84, 85–87. See also Bursera glabrifolia; copal
Amazonia, xvi (map), 6, 27–33, 35–47, 93–99
Amazonian rivers: classification, 164n2
antivenin, 96
Arenga pinnata, 60, 166n2 (chap. 6)
aril, 166n12
Artocarpus heterophyllus, 53, 165n6
Aung San Suu Kyi, 141
Bachiga, 80
Bactris brongniartii, 34
Bahasa Indonesia (language), 60, 166n1 (chap. 6)
bamboo walls, 148
cultural role, 20
papel amate, 21
production of, 20–21
species used, 21–22. See also jonote; Trema micrantha
bark regeneration, 24–25, 164n4 (chap. 2)
basal area prism, 103
basket weaving, 80
Batwa, 81
bicycle, 99
Borneo, xvii (map), 50. See also West Kalimantan
botanical resources. See forest resources
Bothrops spp., 96, 168n1 (chap. 10)
boxing and firing, 165n4
Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA), 94
breadfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), 53, 60
Brosi, Berry, 88
Brosimum alicastrum, 8, 9, 162n2
aggregation near Maya ruins, 9, 15
pollination, 15
population density, 10–11
reproductive dynamics, 13–14, 16
seed dispersal, 14
buffer zone, 122, 132, 136, 138, 140, 143, 154
Bursera glabrifolia, 86, 167n1 (chap. 9)
conservation status, 87
estimating wood volume of, 88–89
sustainable harvest level, 89
use, 86. See also alebrijes
Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Reserve, xxi (map), 77–83
history of occupation, 79
caboclo communities, 93
calabash (Crescentia cujete), 115, 168n5
Calamus hukaungensis, 146
Calamus nambariensis, 170n4
Calophyllum papuanum, 72, 167n6
Cambodia, xviii (map)
new species of rattan, 170n5 (chap. 14)
participating communities in, 137
Camellia sinensis, 161n1
camera trap, 142
camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia), 26, 27–33, 43
Caste War, 107
cempadak (Artocarpus integer), 53
certification, 102, 109, 138, 170n7. See also Forest Stewardship Council
Chelonoidis denticulate, 168n2 (chap. 10)
chicle (Manilkara zapota), 107, 162n1 (chap. 1)
China, xix (map), Langde village, 118, 127
Qiandongnan Autonomous Prefecture, 118, 121
shifting forest policies, 120, 123–124, 126–127
southwestern region, 119–127
Codex Mendoza, 20
Colossoma macropomum, 163n6
community forestry, 43, 68–69, 71, 102, 167n5 (chap. 7)
Cambodia, 137
extent of, 159
Myanmar, 141–155 (see also village management area)
Vietnam, 132–136
community forestry certificate (Myanmar), 152, 154
community forests (China), 122–124, 127
computer simulations, 37–39, 89, 164n3
conservation: forest, 82, 90, 153
protected areas, 2, 77, 101, 130, 132
through sustainable forest use, 3, 45–46, 121, 134–135, 153–154. See also community forestry
copal (Bursera glabrifolia), 85–91
Crescentia cujete, 168n5
Cunningham, Tony, 79
Cunninghamia lanceolata, 120, 169n2 (chap. 13)
cultivation, 126
obtaining for house construction, 124–125
population density, 124
use, 124
Daemonorops jenkinsiana, 128
damar, 165n4
Dayak, 49, 52, 58–61, 63, 65, 71, 166n5
dbh. See diameter measurement
deforestation, alternatives to, 6
demography, 11
dendrometer bands, 12, 96, 100, 103–104
diameter measurement, 72, 103–104. See also baseline data; size class; stock
dioecy, 164n7
Dipterocarp, 60, 166n3 (chap. 6)
double transplant rice, 166n14
durian (Durio zibethinus), 53–57, 60, 61–64, 166n12
Durio zibethinus, 165n6
collection rights, 62
management of, 57, 61, 63 (see also tembawang)
odor, 53
pollination, 55
shopping for in Pontianak, 54
ecological impact, 2, 43, 69, 77, 80, 89, 120, 130, 138
of fruit collection, 32, 38, 40–42
elephants (Myanmar), 144, 145, 154
elephants, African (Loxodonta africana), 79, 80, 167n3 (chap. 8)
Eleusina indica, 80, 167n4 (chap. 8)
Eonycteris spelaea, 55–56, 166n9. See also Durio zibethinus
Eugenia inundata, 32, 164n9 (chap. 3)
Eusideroxylon zwageri, 61, 166n4 (chap. 6)
Euterpe oleracea, 41, 42, 164n8 (chap. 4)
Euterpe precatoria, 41, 42, 164n8 (chap. 4)
extractive reserve, 43, 93–94, 101
factorial experiment, 163n4 (chap. 2)
fanache (Eugenia inundata), 32
fermented beverages, xiii, 111
field guide to rattans, 133, 138
effect on tree growth, 97–98
use in damar collection, 165n4
flooded forest, 29, 33, 36, 37, 43, 44, 66. See also Amazonian rivers
flower and fruit production. See litter traps
forest inventory, xiv, 45, 66, 71, 94, 96
field equipment, 115, 133 (see also transect rope)
methods, 29, 71, 149, 167n5 (chap. 7)
participatory protocols, 63, 72, 82, 95, 96
forest management: commercial, 69, 112, 120
indigenous, 16, 61, 70, 101, 117, 126, 158 (see also tembawang)
sustainable, 3, 4–5, 102, 134–135, 138
barks, xiii, 19–25, 36, 44, 51
commercial exploitation, 21, 32, 33, 42, 43, 87, 111
existing demand for, 45, 55, 80, 86, 121, 130, 138
fruits, 1, 9, 26, 27, 35–47, 49–57, 60
latexes, xv, 1, 9, 46, 60, 162n1 (chap. 1)
medicines, 1, 44, 51, 120, 129, 147, 150
scattered distribution and low abundance of, 42
subsistence use, 65, 79, 120, 129, 154
timber, 72, 101–109, 120, 148, 152
vines, xiii, 80, 129–139, 161n2. See also stock; supply and demand; yield
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 102, 170n7
forest use, xiii–xv, 1–3, 47, 121, 154
forest valuation, 45–47. See also Nature commentary
frugivorous bats, 14, 55. See also Eonycteris spelaea
fruits, edible, 1, 9, 26, 27, 35–47, 49–57, 60
diversity in local markets, 36, 53
gamitana (Colossoma macropomum), 163n6. See also Myrciaria dubia
Garcinia mangostana, 53, 165n6
impact of harvesting, 45
use as body paint, 44
Gentry, Al, 45
gorilla, mountain (Gorilla beringei), 76, 78
Gorilla beringei, 167n2 (chap. 8)
habituation, 81–82
Grain for Green program (China), 125–126
Greater Mekong Region, xviii (map)
Cambodia, 137
field guide, 138
Vietnam, 130–136
World Wildlife Fund, 136
computer simulations, 38–39
fruit predation, 37
growth form, 37
population density, 36
use, 36
growth: annual rate of, xiv, 3, 97, 105, 135, 136
sample trees, 103, 105, 106, 108
strategies, 10
studies, 87, 97, 102, 106, 150, 155, 169n3 (chap. 14)
growth bands. See dendrometer bands
gynodioecious, 162n6. See also sexual expression
Hammond, Elysa, 166n13
harvest: control of, xiv, 3, 42, 117, 138
sustainable, 46, 98, 134–136, 138, 146, 155
Henderson, Andrew, 130, 137, 143
herbarium specimens, 63, 64, 142, 145, 169n3 (chap. 14)
Hernández-Apolinar, Mariana, 88, 89
Hevea brasiliensis, 58
Ho Chi Minh trail, 131
Hoolock gibbons, 151
Hoolock leuconedys, 151, 170n6 (chap. 15)
household surveys, xiv, 121–122, 125–126, 143, 148, 152. See also baseline data
supply and demand
howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra), 107
huito (Genipa americana), 44, 45
Hurricane Dean, 108–109
illipe nuts, 49, 50–52, 62, 64, 65. See also Shorea atrinervosa
indigenous communities, xiv, 1, 67, 68, 79, 142
indigenous forest management: areal extent, 159
examples of, 61, 65, 90, 117, 138
Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), 28
Instituto de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bióticos (INIREB), 10
Institut Pertanian Bogor, 65
ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri), 61
jackfruit (Artocarpus altilis), 53, 64
jonote (Trema micrantha), 18, 19, 22–25
Kachin, xix (map)
Independence Organization (KIO), 150
kalofilum (Calophyllum papuanum), 72
Kikori-Pacific, 69
Kikori River Basin, xx (map), 66, 67, 68
kwila (Intsia bijuga), 72
langsat (Lansium domesticum), 56, 57, 64
Laos, xviii (map), 130, 131, 136, 138
Bolikhamxay Province, 138
new species of rattan, 170n5 (chap. 14)
participating communities, 137
Ledecq, Thibault, 136
Ledo Road, 144, 146, 149, 170nn1,2
leeches, 133
litter traps, 12
Livistonia jenkinsiana, 149, 170n3
Loesneriella apocynoides, 80, 167n5 (chap. 8)
longhouse, 61
Loxodonta africana, 79, 167n3 (chap. 8)
Lysiloma latisiliquum, 100, 101
maguey papalote (Agave cupreata), 112
mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), 102, 105, 108
managed forest orchards. See tembawang
management plan, 3, 14, 67, 68, 73, 94, 114, 152
for carving wood, 87, 88, 89, 90
for forest certification, 102, 109
mango (Mangifera spp.), 15, 53, 60, 64, 65, 78
mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), 53, 166n12
mangrove cedar (Xylocarpus granatum), 72
mangroves (Sonneratia alba), 55, 56. See also Eonycteris spelaea
Manilkara zapota, 107, 162n1 (chap. 1), 168n3 (chap. 11)
market involvement, impact on species diversity, 2, 63
Martin, Meredith, 32
matrix models, 164n3
Mauritia flexuosa, 39, 40, 41, 164n4
Maya: buried pyramids, 106, 107
forest management systems, 16, 101
selection of genotypes, 15, 16
use of ramón seeds, 10
meristematic cells, 23, 24, 164n10
mescaleros, 110, 111, 113, 115
Metroxylon sagu, 70, 166n3 (chap. 7)
Mexico, xv (map)
Acateyahualco, 111–117
Chichanhá, 107–108
increasing violence, 117
Papantla, 11
San Juan Bautista Jayacatlán, 85, 87
Selva Maya, 101, 102, 106, 108, 109
Tenochtitlán, 20, 162n1 (chap. 2)
Miao, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 169n1 (chap. 13)
mile 18 camp (Myanmar), 146
Minzu University, 120
monitoring, 37, 114, 115, 117, 138. See also baseline data; management plan; stock; yield
monoecious, 162n9
Myanmar, xix (map)
extent of tropical forest, 141
Forest Department, 147, 152, 153, 154
Hukaung Valley, 143–147, 149, 155, 170n1
kindness of villagers, 147
Naga Hills, 151–152
Naga Self-Administered Zone, 151
Nam Sabi, 140, 141, 143, 154, 155
new rattan species, 156
palm systematics, 142–143, 145
political unrest, 143, 150–151
Tikon, 151
Vacant, Fallow, and Virgin Lands Management Law, 170n5 (chap. 15)
Myint Thein, 155
harvest, 26, 27, 31, 32, 163n3 (chap. 3)
use, 27–28
vitamin C content, 31
Naga Hills, 151–152
Naga Self-Administered Zone, 151
Nam Sabi, xix (map), 140, 141, 143, 154, 155
National Crusade Against Hunger (Mexico), 168n6
Nature commentary, 45–47
Naw Aung, 150
Nay Pyi Taw, 153
ñejilla (Bactris brongniartii), 34, 35
net present value, 45–46. See also Nature commentary
non-timber forest products, 47, 130
Nuquini, xvi (map), 92, 93–96, 98–99
Nyi Nyi Kyaw, 153
oligarchic forests, 43, 164n11
omujega (Loesneriella apocynoides), 80
history, 20
papermaking technology, 18, 19, 22
oxbow lake, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 163n4 (chap. 3)
palm hearts, 41, 42. See also forest resources
palms, 11, 53, 65, 70, 164n10, 167n5 (chap. 7), 168n1 (chap. 12)
growth form, 41
thatch, 1, 149, 150, 159. See also Arenga pinnata; Euterpe oleracea; Euterpe precatoria; Mauritia flexuosa; Metroxylon sagu
boundary disputes, 70–71
community forestry, 67–75
land tenure, 67
local timber markets, 74
logging pressure, 67–68
peat, 56–57
Iquitos, 40–42, 44–46, 53, 163n2 (chap. 3)
phloem, 23–24, 164n10, See also meristematic cells; xylem
Pinus massoniana, 124, 169n4 (chap. 13)
Plantago palmata, 80, 167n4 (chap. 8); plant demography. See demography
post-and-beam construction, 125
private forests (China), 124
protected areas, 2, 83, 87, 101, 131, 136, 138, 143
Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, 132
buffer zone, 122, 132, 136, 138, 141, 143, 154
Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Reserve, 77
Dakrong Nature Reserve, 132
extractive reserve, 43, 93, 94, 101
Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary, 143, 151, 154–155
Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, 142
Leigongshan Nature Preserve, 121
Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, 132
Phong Dien Nature Reserve, 132
Raya-Pasi Nature Reserve, 51, 52
Sao La Nature Reserve, 132
Song Thanh Nature Reserve, 132, 169n3 (chap. 14)
Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve, 94, 99
Purata, Silvia, 87
rambutan (Nephelium spp.), 53, 57, 60, 64, 65, 166n12
ramón (Brosimum alicastrum), 8, 9–17
random sampling, 11, 71, 133. See also forest inventory
rattan, 60, 70, 128, 129, 137, 142, 151
annual growth rate, 135
certification, 138
constraints to sustainable exploitation of, 130, 132
growth as a function of size, 135
growth strategy, 131
harvest quotas, 130
international trade, 129–131
inventory, 132–134, 143–144, 146
new species of, 146, 170n5 (chap. 14)
sample size for growth studies, 135, 136, 169n2 (chap. 14)
sampling strategy for, 133, 135, 136
uncontrolled exploitation of, 130, 138, 148
regeneration, xiv, 25, 32, 33, 78, 89, 112
plots, 11
rate of, 16, 43, 86, 115. See also forest inventory
report of activities, 147, 153
reproductive biology, 14. See also sexual expression
resource management. See forest management
rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), 58, 59, 94
sacha mangua (Grias peruviana), 36–39, 43
sago palm (Metroxylon sagu), 70
Sahua cocha, 26, 27, 163n5 (chap. 3)
San Juan Bautista Jayacatlán, xv (map), 85, 87
San Pablito, xv (map), 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
sawmill, portable, 68, 125, 166n2 (chap. 7)
Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), 88, 90
seed dispersal, 14
seedling, 15, 25, 37, 62, 127, 166n14
density, 11, 29, 38, 40, 51, 113
establishment, 33, 38, 45, 50, 63, 144
Selva Maya, 101–102, 106, 108, 109
sequential hermaphroditism, 13, 16. See also sexual expression
sexual expression: dioecy, 164n7
female trees, 13, 14, 40, 41, 162n6
gynodioecious, 162n6
hermaphroditic trees, 13, 162n6
monoecious, 162n9
shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata), 120, 123–127
Shinlonga, xix (map), 141, 143, 147, 149, 150
Shorea atrinervosa, 51, 165n1. See also illipe nuts
silviculture, 7, 15. See also forest management; indigenous forest management
size-specific fruit production, 30, 37. See also yield
specific gravity, 89, 167n4 (chap. 9)
spherical densiometer, 103
Spondias mombin, 43, 44, 45, 164n12
spray paint, 135
stainless-steel springs, 104, 105, 150. See also dendrometer bands
state forests (China), 123, 124
stinky bean (Parkia speciosa), 53
study area, 4–5
Acateyahualco, xv (map), 112–117
Kikori River Basin, xx (map), 66, 67, 68
Nam Sabi, xix (map), 140, 141, 143, 154, 155
Nuquini, xvi (map), 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99
Sahua cocha, 26, 27, 163n5 (chap. 3)
San Juan Bautista Jayacatlán, xv (map), 85, 87
Selva Maya, 101–102, 106, 108, 109
Shinlonga, xix (map), 143, 147, 149–150
sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), 60
sustainable harvest, 46, 98, 146, 155
baseline data for, 134–136, 138
Swietenia macrophylla, 102, 168n2 (chap. 11)
Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve, 94, 99
tawhtan (Livistonia jenkinsiana), 149. See also thatch
tea (Camellia sinensis), 161n1
comparative inventory of, 63
creation, 61
fruit collection in, 62
profits from, 64
tengkawang (Shorea atrinervosa), 48, 49, 51. See also illipe nuts
tequila, 112, 168n3 (chap. 12)
thatch, 1, 3, 129, 147, 148, 149, 150
Thu, Tran Van, 169n3 (chap. 14)
population density, 142
tracks, 155
Tikal, xv (map), 15, 16, 162n8
tortoise (Chelonoidis denticulate), 96
traditional knowledge, 113
transect, xiv, 73, 77, 79, 80, 115, 124
results, 72, 134, 145, 146, 148, 150, 155
tree planting, 6, 25, 62, 120, 126, 127
Trema micrantha, 18, 19, 22, 163n3 (chap. 2)
tropical dry forests, 86–87, 90–91
tropical forests, xiii, xv, 3, 6, 11, 157
areal extent of, 101, 141, 159
conservation and sustainable use of, xiv, xv, 2, 46, 102, 155, 158, 159
local knowledge about, xiv, 2, 158
management implications of high diversity in, 42, 43
owned by local communities, 67, 166n1 (chap. 7)
“pristine” or untouched, xv, 6, 17, 158
resource depletion in, xiii, 2, 159
structure and composition of, xiv, xv, 1, 10, 29, 159
tropical regions: Africa, 77–83
Central America, 9–17, 19–25, 85–91, 101–109, 111–117
South America, 27–33, 35–47, 93–99
Southeast Asia, 49–57, 59–65, 67–75, 119–127, 129–139, 141–155
tropical timber, xiii, 2, 46, 51, 67
certification, 102
international trade, 67, 74, 108
tzalam (Lysiloma latisiliquum), 100, 101
adaptions, 35
flood dynamics, 33
Uganda, xxi (map), 77, 78, 80, 81
Union of Forestry Communities in Ixtlán-Etla Oaxaca (IXETO), 88, 167n3 (chap. 9)
uvos (Spondias mombin), 43, 44, 45
Vietnam, xviii (map), 130, 133, 135, 136
Central Truong Son Mountains, 129–132, 134
Forestry Law, 132
Hanoi, 134
Ho Chi Minh trail, 131
illegal rattan harvest, 131
Kon Tum Province, 132
new rattan species, 137, 170n5 (chap. 14)
participating communities, 137
Quang Nam Province, 132
Quang Tri Province, 132
Thua Thien Hue Province, 132
village management area, 140, 141, 143, 154
vines, xiii
weeding, selective, 2, 62, 63, 127, 159
West Kalimantan, xvii (map), 50, 51, 55, 56, 59, 63, 65
Bagak Sahwa, 51, 52, 61, 62, 64, 166n5
Raya-Pasi Nature Reserve, 51, 52
Sungei Penyuh, 59
Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), 141, 143
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 136
xylem, 23, 164n10. See also meristematic cells; phloem
Xylocarpus granatum, 72, 167n6
Yang Chenghua, 123
extension growth, 135
recommended sample sizes to estimate, 136
studies, 137