MOST REFERENCES CITED HERE ARE AVAILABLE ONLINE, BUT URLS CHANGE frequently and articles are best searched for by their titles. Journal names are indicated by standard abbreviations; if the full name is not obvious, it can be found by typing the abbreviation into a search engine.
Chapter 1. The Food Industry and Nutrition
1. “Following the links from Russian hackers to the U.S. election,” NY Times, Jan 6, 2017; Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Intelligence Community Assessment: Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections, ICA 2017-01D, Jan 6, 2017. For the DC Leaks archives, see the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Food Industry Documents Library, available online as of Nov 15, 2018. The site identifies each email by a unique code number attached to its URL, www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/food/docs/. See, for example, Capricia Marshall to Michael Goltzman, Subject: TCCC Invoice, May 29, 2016, www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/food/docs/ppcl0226.
2. Greene R, Berger R, “Hillary Clinton campaign officials helped Coca-Cola fight soda tax,” The Russells, Oct 12, 2016; Pfister K, “Leaked: Coca-Cola’s worldwide political strategy to kill soda taxes,” Medium.com, Oct 14, 2016; Andrea Mortensen to Michelle Carfrae, Subject: Nestle presentation, Jan 28, 2016, in: Michael Goltzman to Adrian Ristow, Amanda Lin, Capricia Penavic Marshall, et al., Subject: FW: INFORM—Marion Nestle’s South Pacific tour.… Jan 28, 2016, UCSF ID: llcl0226; Strom M, “Coca-Cola’s secret plan to monitor Sydney University academic Lisa Bero,” Sydney Morning Herald, Oct 22, 2016.
3. Ben Sheidler to Sonya Soutus, Subject: INFORM: AP Story on RDs, Mar 13, 2015, in: Michael Goltzman to Adrian Ristow, Alexander ‘Sandy’ Chapman, Capricia Penavic Marshall, et al., Subject: FW: INFORM: AP Story on Registered Dieticians, Mar 13, 2015, UCSF ID: zldl0226.
4. Choi C, “Coke as a sensible snack? Coca-Cola works with dietitians who suggest cola as snack,” AP, Mar 16, 2015.
5. Karyn Harrington to Matt Echols, Subject: INFORM: WSJ Philadelphia Tax Story, May 6, 2016, in: Michael Goltzman to Adrian Ristow, Brian Michael Frere, Capricia Penavic Marshall, et al., Subject: FW: INFORM: WSJ Philadelphia Tax Story, May 19, 2016, UCSF ID: lqcl0226.
6. Amanda Rosseter to Joanna Price, May 26, 2016. Price’s reply is also dated May 26, 2016. In: Michael Goltzman to Darlene Hayes, Missy Owens, Elaine Bowers Coventry, et al., Fwd: INFORM: Pending AP Story on Corporate Funding of Nutrition Research, May 27, 2016, UCSF ID: qpcl0226.
7. Choi C, “AP Exclusive: How candy makers shape nutrition science,” AP, Jun 2, 2016.
8. Kate Loatman to ICBA [International Council of Beverage Associations], Subject: U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC), Feb 19, 2015, in: Michael Goltzman to Adrian Ristow, Alexander “Sandy” Chapman, Capricia Penavic Marshall, et al., FW: U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC)—Report and ABA Statement, Feb 19, 2015, UCSF ID: gpdl0226.
9. Ryan Guthrie to April Jordin, Ben Deutsch, Ben Sheidler, et al., Subject: INFORM: Dietary Guidelines Article, May 28, 2015, in: Michael Goltzman to Adrian Ristow, Alexander “Sandy” Chapman, Capricia Penavic Marshall, et al., FW: INFORM: Dietary Guidelines Article, May 28, 2015, UCSF ID: qjdl0226.
10. US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015–2020, 8th ed., Dec 2015.
11. Huehnergarth NF, “Monsanto and the organics industry pay to train journalists: What could go wrong?” Forbes, May 31, 2016.
12. O’Connor A, “Coca-Cola funds scientists who shift blame for obesity away from bad diets,” NY Times, Aug 9, 2015.
13. Nestle M, “Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: A conflict of interest?” Public Health Nutr. 2001, 4(5):1015–1022.
14. Shook RP, Hand GA, Drenowatz C, et al., “Low levels of physical activity are associated with dysregulation of energy intake and fat mass gain over 1 year,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 102(6):1332–1338.
15. Lee Y, Berryman CE, West SG, et al., “Effects of dark chocolate and almonds on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals: A randomized controlled-feeding trial,” J Am Heart Assoc. 2017, Nov 29, 6(12):pii:e005162.
16. Besley JC, McCright AM, Zahry NR, et al., “Perceived conflict of interest in health science partnerships,” PLoS One 2017, 12(4):e0175643; Kroeger CM, Garza C, Lynch CJ, et al., “Scientific rigor and credibility in the nutrition research landscape” Am J Clin Nutr. 2018, 107(3):484–494; Miller D, Harkins C, “Corporate strategy and corporate capture: Food and alcohol industry and lobbying and public health,” Crit Soc Policy 2010, 30:564–589.
17. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, “Food availability (per capita) data system,” updated Jan 17, 2018; Mialon M, Swinburn B, Allender S, Sacks G, “‘Maximising shareholder value’: A detailed insight into the corporate political activity of the Australian food industry,” Aust N Z J Public Health 2017, 41(2):165–171.
18. Pollan M, In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto, Penguin Press, 2008.
19. Krimsky S, Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted Medical Research? Rowman and Littlefield, 2004; Lo B, Field MJ, Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice, National Academies Press, 2009; Oreskes N, Conway EM, Merchants of Doubt, Bloomsbury Press, 2010; Freudenberg N, Lethal but Legal: Corporations, Consumption, and Protecting Public Health, Oxford University Press, 2014; Miller D, Harkins C, Schlögl M, Montague B, Impact of Market Forces on Addictive Substances and Behaviours, Oxford University Press, 2018.
20. Marks JH, Thompson DB, “Shifting the focus: Conflict of interest and the food industry,” Am J Bioeth. 2011, 11(1):44–46; Marks JH, “Toward a systemic ethics of public-private partnerships related to food and health,” Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2014, 24(3):267–299.
21. Barnoya J, Nestle M, “The food industry and conflicts of interest in nutrition research: A Latin American perspective,” J Public Health Pol. 2016, 37(4):552–559 [retracted]; Nestle M, “A retraction and apology,” FoodPolitics.com, Nov 25, 2015; “Retraction published for nutrition researcher Marion Nestle,” RetractionWatch.com, Dec 31, 2015.
22. Feed the Truth, “KIND snacks founder & CEO creates new organization to promote public health over special interests,” PRNewswire.com, Feb 15, 2017.
23. Choi C, “Millions to fight food industry sway, from a snack bar CEO,” Wash Post, Feb 15, 2017.
24. Wood SF, Podrasky J, McMonagle MA, et al., “Influence of pharmaceutical marketing on Medicare prescriptions in the District of Columbia,” PLoS One 2017, 12(10):e0186060.
25. World Health Organization World Health Assembly, International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes, May 1981; Richter J, Public-Private Partnerships and International Health Policy-Making: How Can Public Interests Be Safeguarded? Hakapaino Oy (Finland), 2004; Nestlé Public Affairs, Nestlé Policy and Instructions for Implementation of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes, Jul 2010; Changing Markets Foundation, Busting the Myth of Science-Based Formula: An Investigation into Nestlé Infant Milk Products and Claims, Feb 2018.
26. Adams PJ, Moral Jeopardy: Risks of Accepting Money from the Alcohol, Tobacco and Gambling Industries, Cambridge University Press, 2016; Room R, “Sources of funding as an influence on alcohol studies,” Int J Alcohol Drug Res. 2016, 5(1):15–16.
27. Cohen PA, “The supplement paradox: Negligible benefits, robust consumption,” JAMA 2016, 316(14):1453–1454; Kantor ED, Rehm CD, Du M, et al., “Trends in dietary supplement use among US adults from 1999–2012,” JAMA 2016, 316(14):1464–1474.
28. Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, et al., “Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies,” Int J Obes. 2016, 40(3):381–394; Pase MP, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, et al., “Sugar-and artificially sweetened beverages and the risks of incident stroke and dementia: A prospective cohort study,” Stroke 2017, 48:1139–1146.
29. Krimsky S, Gruber J, eds., The GMO Deception: What You Need to Know about the Food, Corporations, and Government Agencies, Skyhorse Publishing, 2014; Lipton E, “Food industry enlisted academics in G.M.O. lobbying war, emails show,” NY Times, Sep 5, 2015; Hakim D, “Scientists loved and loathed by an agrochemical colossus,” NY Times, Jan 2, 2017; Gilliam C, Whitewashed: The Story of a Weed Killer, Cancer, and the Corruption of Science, Island Press, 2017.
30. Karasu SR, “Interests conflicted: A ‘wicked’ problem in medical research,” Psychol Today, Oct 12, 2016; McCoy MS, Emanuel EJ, “Why there are no ‘potential’ conflicts of interest,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1721–1722.
Chapter 2. A Cautionary Tale: Drug Company Influence
1. Gomes FS, “Conflicts of interest in food and nutrition,” Cad Saúde Pública 2015, 31(10):2039–2046; Madureira Lima J, Galea S, “Corporate practices and health: A framework and mechanisms,” Global Health 2018, 14(1):21.
2. Oreskes N, Conway EM, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, Bloomsbury Press, 2010; Brownell KD, Warner KE, “The perils of ignoring history: Big Tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is Big Food?” Milbank Q. 2009, 87(1):259–294; Moodie AR, “What public health practitioners need to know about unhealthy industry tactics,” Am J Public Health 2017, 107(7):1047–1049.
3. Thompson DF, “Understanding financial conflicts of interest,” N Engl J Med. 1993, 329(8):573–576; White J, Bandura A, Bero LA, “Moral disengagement in the corporate world,” Account Res. 2009, 16(1):41–74.
4. American Diabetes Association, Advance program, 65th scientific sessions, San Diego, Jun 10–14, 2005.
5. Yki-Järvinen H, “Type 2 diabetes: Remission in just a week,” Diabetologia 2011, 54:2477–2478; Ades PA, Savage PD, Marney AM, et al., “Remission of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus with weight loss and exercise,” J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2015, 35(3):193–197.
6. Silverman MM, Lee PR, Pills, Profits and Politics, University of California Press, 1974; Angell M, The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It, Random House, 2004.
7. Sah S, Fugh-Berman A, “Physicians under the influence: Social psychology and industry marketing strategies,” J Law Med Ethics 2013, 41(3):665–672; Katz D, Caplan AL, Merz JF, “All gifts large and small: Toward an understanding of the ethics of pharmaceutical industry gift-giving,” Am J Bioeth. 2003, 3(3):39–46; Lo B, Grady D, “Payments to physicians: Does the amount of money make a difference?” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1719–1720.
8. Association of American Medical Colleges and Baylor College of Medicine, The Scientific Basis of Influence and Reciprocity: A Symposium, Jun 12, 2007.
9. Lo B, “The future of conflicts of interest: A call for professional standards,” J Law Med Ethics 2012, 40(3):441–451; US Department of Health and Human Services, Medicare, Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Programs; Transparency Reports and Reporting of Physician Ownership or Investment Interests; Final Rule, Fed Reg. 2013, 78(27):9458–9528; Thacker PD, “Consumers deserve to know who’s funding health research,” Harvard Business Rev., Dec 2, 2014; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, “The facts about Open Payments data,” for 2016, Jan 17, 2018.
10. Orlowski JP, Wateska L, “The effects of pharmaceutical firm enticements on physician prescribing patterns: There’s no such thing as a free lunch,” Chest 1992, 102:270–273; Wazana A, “Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry: Is a gift ever just a gift?” JAMA 2000, 283(3):373–380.
11. Tringale KR, Marshall D, Mackey TK, et al., “Types and distribution of payments from industry to physicians in 2015,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1774–1784; Yeh JS, Franklin JM, Avorn J, “Association of industry payments to physicians with the prescribing of brand-name statins in Massachusetts,” JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(6):763–768; Hadland SE, Krieger MS, Marshall BDL, “Industry payments to physicians for opioid products, 2013–2015,” Am J Public Health 2017, 107(9):1493–1495.
12. Robertson C, Rose S, Kesselheim AS, “Effect of financial relationships on the behaviors of health care professionals: A review of the evidence,” J Law Med Ethics 2012, 40(3)l:452–466; Larkin I, Ang D, Steinhart J, et al., “Association between academic medical center pharmaceutical detailing policies and prescription prescribing,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1785–1795; DeJong C, Aguilar T, Tseng C-W, et al., “Pharmaceutical industry–sponsored meals and physician prescribing patterns for Medicare beneficiaries,” JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(8):1114–1122; Ornstein C, “Public disclosure of payments to physicians from industry,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1749–1750.
13. Campbell EG, Rao SR, DesRoches CM, et al., “Physician professionalism and changes in physician-industry relationships from 2004 to 2009,” Arch Intern Med. 2010, 170(20):1820–1826; Huston L, “Dollars for heart docs: 2015 edition,” Cardio/Brief, Aug 24, 2016; Ornstein C, Jones RG, Tigas M, “New analysis shows relationship between drug company payments, prescription rates,” ProPublica, Boston Globe, Mar 17, 2016; Miller DT, “Commentary: Psychologically naïve assumptions about the perils of conflicts of interest,” in: Moore DA, Cain DM, Loewenstein G, Bazerman MH, eds., Conflicts of Interest: Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 126–129.
14. Sah S, “Conflicts of interest and your physician: Psychological processes that cause unexpected changes in behavior,” J Law Med Ethics 2012, 40(3):482–487; Sah S, Loewenstein G, “Effect of reminders of personal sacrifice and suggested rationalizations on residents’ self-reported willingness to accept gifts,” JAMA 2010, 304(11):1204–1211.
15. Krimsky S, “The ethical and legal foundations of scientific ‘conflict of interest,’” in: Lemmens T, Waring DR, eds., Law and Ethics in Biomedical Research: Regulation, Conflict of Interest, and Liability, University of Toronto Press, 2006, 63–81; Steinbrook R, “Financial conflicts of interest and the Food and Drug Administration’s advisory committees,” N Engl J Med. 2005, 353(2):116–118.
16. US Food and Drug Administration, “Advisory committees”; US Food and Drug Administration, “Advisory committees: Financial conflicts of interest overview,” undated; Steinbrook R, “Disclosing the conflicts of interest of US Food and Drug Administration advisory committee members,” JAMA Intern Med. 2017, 177(7):919–920.
17. Pham-Kanter G, “Revisiting financial conflicts of interest in FDA advisory committees,” Milbank Q. 2014, 92(3):446–470; Califf RM, “FDA advisory committees: Independent, informed, essential, and evolving,” FDA Voice, Jan 18, 2017.
18. Mitchell AP, Basch EM, Dusetzina SB, “Financial relationships with industry among National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline authors,” JAMA Oncol. 2016, 2(12):1628–1631; Jones DJ, Barkun AN, Lu Y, et al., “Conflicts of interest ethics: Silencing expertise in the development of international clinical practice guidelines,” Ann Intern Med. 2012, 156(11):809–816.
19. Rose SL, Highland J, Karafa MT, et al., “Patient advocacy organizations, industry funding, and conflicts of interest,” JAMA Intern Med. 2017, 177(3):344–350; Kopp E, Lupkin S, Lucas E, “Patient advocacy groups take in millions from drugmakers. Is there a payback?” Kaiser Health News, Apr 6, 2018.
20. US Senate Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee, minority staff report, “Fueling an epidemic, report two: Exposing the financial ties between opioid manufacturers and third party advocacy groups.” US Senate, 2018.
21. US Food and Drug Administration, “FDA approves first treatment for sexual desire disorder,” press release, Aug 18, 2015.
22. Spencer PH, Cohen IG, Adashi EY, Kesselheim AS, “Influence, integrity, and the FDA: An ethical framework,” Science 2017, 357:876–877; Moynihan R, “Evening the score on sex drugs: Feminist movement or marketing masquerade?” BMJ 2014, 349:g6246; Schulte B, Dennis B, “FDA approves controversial drug for women with low sex drives,” Wash Post Aug 18, 2015.
23. Thomas K, “Loyalties split, patient groups skip drug price debate,” NY Times, Sep 28, 2016.
24. Ross JS, Gross CP, Krumholz HM, “Promoting transparency in pharmaceutical industry–sponsored research,” Am J Public Health 2012, 102(1):72–80.
25. Krimsky S, “Do financial conflicts of interest bias research? An inquiry into the ‘funding effect’ hypothesis,” Sci Tech Human Values 2012, 38(4):566–587; Stelfox HT, Chua G, O’Rourke K, Detsky AS, “Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists,” N Engl J Med. 1998, 338(2):101–106; Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross CP, “Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: A systematic review,” JAMA 2003, 289(4):454–465.
26. Bero L, Oostvogel F, Bacchetti P, Lee K, “Factors associated with findings of published trials of drug-drug comparisons,” PLoS Med. 2007, 4(6):e184; Yank V, Rennie D, Bero LA, “Financial ties and concordance between results and conclusions in meta-analyses: Retrospective cohort study,” BMJ 2007, 7631:1202–1205; Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, et al., “Industry sponsorship and research outcome,” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 12:MR000033; Ridker PM, Torres J, “Reported outcomes in major cardiovascular clinical trials funded by for-profit and not-for-profit organizations: 2000–2005,” JAMA 2006, 295(19):2270–2274; Cho MK, Bero LA, “The quality of drug studies published in symposium proceedings,” Ann Intern Med. 1996, 124(5):485–489; DeAngelis CD, “Conflict of interest and the public trust,” JAMA 2000, 284(17):2237–2238.
27. White J, Bero LA, “Corporate manipulation of research,” Stan Law and Pol Rev. 2010, 21:105–134; Fineberg HV, “Conflict of interest: Why does it matter?” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1717–1718; Liu JJ, Bell CM, Matelski JJ, et al., “Payments by US pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers to US medical journal editors: Retrospective observational study,” BMJ 2017, 359:j4619.
28. Dana J, Loewenstein G, “A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry,” JAMA 2003, 290(2):252–255.
29. Lichter AS, “Conflict of interest and the integrity of the medical profession,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1725–1726; Relman AS, “Dealing with conflicts of interest,” New Engl J Med. 1984, 310(18):1192–1193, and 1985, 313(12):749–751; Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association, “Gifts to physicians from industry,” JAMA 1991, 265(4):501.
30. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, “Objectivity in research,” Federal Register 1995, 60(132):35810–35819.
31. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals, Feb 2, 2017 (originally published in 2009).
32. Kassirer JP, “A piece of my mind: Financial indigestion,” JAMA 2000, 284(17):2156–2157.
33. Korn D, Carlat D, “Conflicts of interest in medical education: Recommendations from the Pew Task Force on Medical Conflicts of Interest,” JAMA 2013, 310(22):2397–2398; Steinbrook R, “Industry payments to physicians and prescribing of brand-name drugs,” JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(8):1123.
34. Silverman E, “Vermont probes whether drug makers violated its gift ban,” Stat, Nov 9, 2017; Silverman E, “Medical groups push to water down requirements for disclosing industry ties,” Stat, Jul 21, 2016.
Chapter 3. The Unusual Complexity of Nutrition Research
1. McCollum EV, A History of Nutrition: The Sequence of Ideas in Nutrition Investigations, Houghton Mifflin, 1957.
2. Van Helvoort T, email to author, Jan 12, 2017; Nestlé, “Research & development,” 2016, www.nestle.com/randd; Unilever, “Working in Unilever R&D,” 2016, www.unilever.com/about/innovation/working-in-unilever-r-and-d/index.html.
3. Bandler DK, Holland RF, Food Science at Cornell University… A Century of Excellence, 1902–2002, Cornell eCommons, 2002.
4. Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Food Science, “About us,” foodscience.cals.cornell.edu/about-us.
5. Nesheim MC, The Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University: A History and Personal Reflections, Cornell eCommons, 2010; Cornell University Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, www.human.cornell.edu/dns.
6. Pierce JP, Natarajan L, Caan BJ, et al., “Influence of a diet very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat on prognosis following treatment for breast cancer: The Women’s Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) randomized trial,” JAMA 2007, 298(3):289–298.
7. John Pierce, emails to author, Dec 27, 2016.
8. Pierce JP, Faerber S, Wright FA, et al., “A randomized trial of the effect of a plant-based dietary pattern on additional breast cancer events and survival: The Women’s Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study,” Cont Clin Trials 2002, 23:728–756; Pierce JP, Stefanick ML, Flatt SW, et al., “Greater survival after breast cancer in physically active women with high vegetable-fruit intake regardless of obesity,” J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25(17):2345–2351; Women’s Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) Study, Bibliography, updated Jan 2016, downloadable at https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb2493244b, digital collections, University of California, San Diego, Library, Jan 2016.
9. Romano C, letter to researchers from the California Table Grape Commission, Oct 26, 2017 (author’s copy).
10. Yogurt in Nutrition, “Grant application 2016: Call for research proposals,” Jun 20, 2016 (author’s copy).
11. California Strawberry Commission, letter to strawberry nutrition researchers, Mar 5, 2018 (author’s copy).
12. Sacks G, personal communication, used with permission.
13. Wallace M, “Aspartame NutraSweet,” 60 Minutes News Segment, Dec 29, 1996, available on YouTube, Jun 9, 2011; Walton RG, “Survey of aspartame studies: Correlation of outcome and funding sources,” unpublished paper, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, 1996, summary available at www.lightenyourtoxicload.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dr-Walton-survey-of-aspartame-studies.pdf.
14. Levine J, Gussow JD, Hastings D, Eccher A, “Authors’ financial relationships with the food and beverage industry and their published positions on the fat substitute Olestra,” Am J Public Health 2003, 93(4):664–669; Nestle M, “The selling of Olestra,” Public Health Rep. 1998, 113:508–520. See also Nestle M, “Selling the ultimate techno-food: Olestra,” in: Food Politics, University of California Press, 2002, 338–357.
15. US Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Section 172.867 “Olestra”; Gentilviso C, “The 50 worst inventions,” Time, May 27, 2010.
16. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL, “Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: A prospective, observational analysis,” Lancet 2001, 357:505–508.
17. Lesser LI, Ebbeling CB, Goozner M, et al., “Relationship between funding source and conclusion among nutrition-related scientific articles,” PLoS Med. 2007, Jan, 4(1):e5; Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD, “Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Am J Public Health 2007, 97(4):667–675; Bes-Rastrollo M, Schulze MB, Ruiz-Canela M, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, “Financial conflicts of interest and reporting bias regarding the association between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: A systematic review of systematic reviews,” PLoS Med. 2013, 10(12):e1001578; Massougbodji J, Le Bodo Y, Fratu R, De Wals P, “Reviews examining sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight: Correlates of their quality and conclusions,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2014, 99(5):1096–1104.
18. Schillinger D, Tran J, Mangurian C, Kearns C, “Do sugar-sweetened beverages cause obesity and diabetes? Industry and the manufacture of scientific controversy,” Ann Intern Med. 2016, 165(12):895–897.
19. Litman EA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, Ludwig DS, “Source of bias in sugar-sweetened beverage research: A systematic review,” Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21(12):2345–2350.
20. Chartres N, Fabbri A, Bero LA, “Association of industry sponsorship with outcomes of nutrition studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(12):1769–1777.
21. Bero L, “Systematic review: A method at risk for being corrupted,” Am J Public Health 2017, 107(1):93–96; Diels J, Cunha M, Manaia C, et al., “Association of financial or professional conflict of interest to research outcomes on health risks or nutritional assessment studies of genetically modified products,” Food Policy 2011, 36(2):197–203.
22. Myers EF, Parrott JS, Cummins DS, Splett P, “Funding source and research report quality in nutrition practice-related research,” PLoS One 2011, 6(12):e28437.
23. Center for Media and Democracy, SourceWatch, “International Life Sciences Institute,” www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/International_Life _Sciences_Institute.
24. Kaiser KA, Cofield SS, Fontaine KR, et al., “Is funding source related to study reporting quality in obesity or nutrition randomized control trials in top-tier medical journals?” Int J Obes. 2012, 36(7):977–981; Thomas O, Thabane L, Douketis J, et al., “Industry funding and the reporting quality of large long-term weight trials,” Int J Obes. 2008, 32(10):1531–1536.
25. Odierna DH, Forsyth SR, White J, Bero LA, “The cycle of bias in health research: A framework and toolbox for critical appraisal training,” Account Res. 2013, 20(2):127–141.
26. Fabbri A, Chartres N, Scrinis G, Bero LA, “Study sponsorship and the nutrition research agenda: Analysis of randomized controlled trials included in systematic reviews of nutrition interventions to address obesity,” Public Health Nutr. 2017, 20(7):1306–1313.
27. Bero L, “Essays on health: How food companies can sneak bias into scientific research,” The Conversation, Nov 1, 2016.
28. Katan M, “Does industry sponsorship undermine the integrity of nutrition research?” PLoS Med. 2007, 4(1):e6.
29. Marks JH, “Toward a systemic ethics of public-private partnerships related to food and health,” Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 2014, 24(3):267–299; Marks JH, “What’s the big deal? The ethics of public-private partnerships related to food and health,” Edmond J. Safra Working Papers, no. 11, May 23, 2013.
Chapter 4. How Sweet It Is: Sugar and Candy as Health Foods
1. Lustig R, Schmidt LA, Brindis CD, “Public health: The toxic truth about sugar,” Nature 2012, 482:27–29; Taubes G, The Case Against Sugar, Knopf, 2016; Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al., “Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association,” Circulation 2009, 120(11):1011–1020; Vos MB, Kaar JL, Welsh JA, et al., “Added sugars and cardiovascular disease risk in children: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association,” Circulation 2016, 135(19):e1017–1034; World Health Organization, Sugars Intake for Adults and Children: Guideline, 2015; US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015–2020, 8th ed., Dec 2015.
2. Gornall J, “Sugar: Spinning a web of influence,” BMJ 2015, 350:h231; Goldman G, Carlson C, Bailin D, et al., “Added sugar, subtracted science: How industry obscures science and undermines public health policy on sugar,” Union of Concerned Scientists, Jun 2014.
3. Kearns CE, Glantz SA, Schmidt LA, “Sugar industry influence on the scientific agenda of the National Institute of Dental Research’s 1971 National Caries Program: A historical analysis of internal documents,” PLoS Med. 2015, 12(3):e1001798.
4. Tenenbaum JS, Venable, Baetjer, Howard and Civiletti, LLP, letter to author, Mar 27, 2002.
5. Western Sugar Coop, et al. v. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., et al., US District Court for the Central District of California, 2015 US dist. LEXIS 21448, Feb 13, 2015.
6. Goldman G, Carlson C, Bailin D, et al., “Added sugar, subtracted science: How industry obscures science and undermines public health policy on sugar,” Union of Concerned Scientists, Jun 2014.
7. Nestle M, “Sugar v. HFCS: How I got involved in this lawsuit,” FoodPolitics.com, Feb 12, 2014.
8. Lipton E, “A war over sweetener market share,” NY Times, Feb 11, 2014.
9. Bocarsly ME, Powell ES, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, “High-fructose corn syrup causes characteristics of obesity in rats: Increased body weight, body fat and triglyceride levels,” Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2010, 97(1):101–106; Nestle M, “HFCS makes rats fat? ” FoodPolitics.com, Mar 24, 2010; Erickson A, email exchange with J. Justin Wilson, Mar 26, 2010, p. 14, in: Lipton E, “A war over sweetener market share. Using Marion Nestle,” NY Times, Feb 11, 2014.
10. Ventura EE, Davis JN, Goran MI, “Sugar content of popular sweetened beverages based on objective laboratory analysis: Focus on fructose content,” Obesity 2011, 19(4):868–874.
11. Martosko D to Audrae Erickson, email, Oct 30, 2010, in: Lipton E, “A war over sweetener market share. Bury the data,” p. 11, NY Times, Feb 11, 2014.
12. Brady B to Bonnie E. Raquet, email, Dec 8, 2008, in: Lipton E, “A war over sweetener market share. Bury the data,” p. 6, NY Times, Feb 11, 2014; Hamburger T, “‘Soft lobbying’ war between sugar, corn syrup shows new tactics in Washington influence,” Wash Post, Feb 12, 2014.
13. Erickson A to Alan Willits and Jeff Cotter at Cargill, email, Sep 25, 2009, in: Lipton E, “A war over sweetener market share. Keeping it a secret,” p. 7, NY Times, Feb 11, 2014.
14. Rippe JM to Audrae Erickson, email, Jul 16, 2009, in: Lipton E, “A war over sweetener market share. Dr. Rippe’s Work,” pp. 27–29, NY Times, Feb 11, 2014.
15. Rippe JM, “The metabolic and endocrine response and health implications of consuming sugar-sweetened beverages: Findings from recent randomized controlled trials,” Adv Nutr. 2013, 4(6):677–686; Angelopoulos TJ, Lowndes J, Sinnett S, Rippe JM, “Fructose containing sugars at normal levels of consumption do not effect adversely components of the metabolic syndrome and risk factors for cardiovascular disease,” Nutrients 2016, 8(4):179.
16. DiNicolantorio JJ, O’Keefe JH, Lucan SC, “Added fructose: A principal driver of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences,” Mayo Clin Proc. 2015, 90(3):372–381; Malik VS, Hu FB, “Fructose and cardiometabolic health,” J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015, 66(14):1615–1624.
17. Sievenpiper JL, “Sickeningly sweet: Does sugar cause chronic disease? No,” Can J Diabetes 2016, 40:287–295; Choo VL, Ha V, Sievenpiper JL, “Sugars and obesity: Is it the sugars or the calories?” Nutr Bull. 2015, 40:88–96; Kahn R, Sievenpiper J, “Dietary sugar and body weight: Have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? We have, but the pox on sugar is overwrought and overworked,” Diabetes Care 2014, 37:957–962.
18. Jamnik J, Rehman S, Mejia SB, et al., “Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies,” BMJ Open 2016, 6:e013191; Jayalath VH, de Souza RJ, Ha V, et al., “Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 102(4):914–921.
19. Sievenpiper JL quoted in Gornell J, “Sugar’s web of influence 2: Biasing the science,” BMJ 2015, 350:h215.
20. Ioannidis JPA, “The mass production of redundant, misleading, and conflicted systematic reviews and meta-analyses,” Milbank Q. 2016, 94(3):485–514.
21. Ohmenhaeuser M, Monakhova YB, Kuballa T, Lachenmeier DW, “Qualitative and quantitative control of honeys using NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics,” ISRN Anal Chem. 2013:1–9; US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, National Honey Board, “About the NHB,” www.honey.com/about-the-nhb.
22. Raatz SK, Johnson LK, Picklo MJ, “Consumption of honey, sucrose, and high-fructose corn syrup produces similar metabolic effects in glucose-tolerant and-intolerant individuals,” J Nutr. 2015, 145(10):2265–2272.
23. National Confectioners Association, “The economic impact and leadership of America’s confectionery industry,” 2018.
24. Choi C, “AP Exclusive: How candy makers shape nutrition science,” AP, Jun 2, 2016.
25. O’Neil CE, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA, “Association of candy consumption with body weight measures, other health risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and diet quality in US children and adolescents: NHANES 1999–2004,” Food Nutr Res. 2011, 55:10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5794.
26. National Confectioners Association, “New study shows children and adolescents who eat candy are less overweight or obese,” PR Newswire, Jun 28, 2011.
27. Pacyniak B, “‘The only thing that moves sales is health claims.’ AP article claims food research more about marketing than science,” Candy Ind., Jun 8, 2016.
28. Victor L. Fulgoni III, Nutrition Impact, LLC, www.nutritionimpact.com.
29. O’Neil CE, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA, “Candy consumption was not associated with body weight measures, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, or metabolic syndrome in US adults: NHANES 1999–2004,” Nutr Res. 2011, 31(2):122–130.
30. O’Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Liu Y, Berenson GS, “Candy consumption in childhood is not predictive of weight, adiposity measures or cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study,” J Hum Nutr Diet 2015, 28:59–69.
31. Murphy MM, Barraj LM, Bi X, Shumow L, “Abstract: Patterns of candy consumption in the United States, WWEIA, NHANES 2009–2012,” FASEB J. 2015, 30(1)Suppl:1154.19.
32. Murphy M, Barraj LM, Bi X, Stettler N, “Body weight status and cardiovascular risk factors in adults by frequency of candy consumption,” Nutr J. 2013, 12:53.
33. Fattore E, Botta F, Agostoni C, Bosetti C, “Effects of free sugars on blood pressure and lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of nutritional isoenergetic intervention trials,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2017, 105(1):42–56.
34. Messerli FH, “Chocolate consumption, cognitive function, and Nobel Laureates,” N Engl J Med. 2012, 367(16):1562–64.
35. Montopoli M, Stevens LC, Smith C, et al., “The acute electrocortical and blood pressure effects of chocolate,” NeuroReg. 2015, 2(1):3–28.
36. Pekic V, “Step aside energy drinks: Chocolate has a stimulating effect on human brains, says Hershey-backed study,” Food Navigator, May 18, 2015.
37. Fleming N, “The dark truth about chocolate,” Guardian, Mar 25, 2018.
38. Mars, Incorporated, “The history of CocoaVia,” www.cocoavia.com /how-we-make-it/history-of-cocoavia.
39. Vlachojannis J, Erne P, Zimmermann B, Chrubasik-Hausmann S, “The impact of cocoa flavanols on cardiovascular health,” Phytother Res. 2016, 30(10):1641–1657; Andres-LaCueva C, Monagas M, Khan N, et al., “Flavanol and flavonol contents of cocoa powder products: Influence of the manufacturing process,” J Agric Food Chem. 2008, 56:3111–3117; Crews WD, Harrison DW, Wright JW, “A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: Clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2008, 87(4):872–880.
40. Meek J, “Chocolate is good for you (or how Mars tried to sell us this as health food),” Guardian, Dec 23, 2002; Barrionuevo A, “An apple a day for health? Mars recommends two bars of chocolate,” NY Times, Oct 31, 2005.
41. US Food and Drug Administration, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, letter to Mr. John Helferich, Masterfoods USA, May 31, 2006 (author’s copy).
42. Ottaviani JI, Balz M, Kimball J, et al., “Safety and efficacy of cocoa flavanol intake in healthy adults: A randomized, controlled, double-masked trial,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 102(6):1425–1435; Necozione S, Raffaele A, Pistacchio L, et al., “Cocoa flavanol consumption improves cognitive function, blood pressure control, and metabolic profile in elderly subjects: The Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study—a randomized controlled trial,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 101(3):538–548; Heiss C, Sansone R, Karimi H, et al., “Impact of cocoa flavanol intake on age-dependent vascular stiffness in healthy men: A randomized, controlled, double-masked trial,” Age 2015, 37:56; Sansone R, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Heuel J, et al., “Cocoa flavanol intake improves endothelial function and Framingham Risk Score in healthy men and women: A randomised, controlled, double-masked trial: The Flaviola Health Study,” Brit J Nutr. 2015, 114(8):1246–1255.
43. Mars Center for Cocoa Health Science, “Cocoa flavanols lower blood pressure and increase blood vessel function in healthy people,” press release, Sep 9, 2015.
44. CocoaVia, “Cocoa’s past and present: A new era for heart health,” advertisement, NY Times, Sep 27, 2015.
45. Advertising Self-Regulatory Council, “NAD recommends Mars modify certain claims for CocoaVia cocoa extract,” ASRCReviews.org, Aug 11, 2016.
46. Mars, Inc., “Largest nutritional intervention trial of cocoa flavanols and hearth [sic] health to be launched,” MarsCocoaScience.com, Mar 17, 2014; National Institutes of Health, US National Library of Medicine, “Cocoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS),” ClinicalTrials.gov.
47. Greene R, Berger R, “Does cocoa prevent cancer? Mars. [sic] Inc. pays Harvard scientists for ‘research,’” The Russells, Sep 19, 2016; Manson JE, Sesso HD, Anderson G, letter to potential participants in the COSMOS trial, Aug 2016, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8wI0BJ2R7tMTW1pRTluR1 k1aTl6SG5hZ0ZYTElwNG50aTRj/view.
48. Fleming N, “The dark truth about chocolate,” Guardian, Mar 25, 2018.
49. Belluz J, “Dark chocolate is now a health food. Here’s how that happened,” Vox, Oct 16, 2017; Nieburg O, “Mars: We have no agenda to create chocolate health halo with cocoa flavanol studies,” Confectionary News, Jan 17, 2018.
50. Gornall J, “Sugar’s web of influence 4: Mars and company: Sweet heroes or villains?” BMJ 2015, 350:h220; “Dolmio and Uncle Ben’s firm Mars advises limit on products,” BBC broadcast, Apr 15, 2016; Choi C, “Snickers maker criticizes industry-funded paper on sugar,” Business Insider, Dec 21, 2016; Michail N, “Breaking away from bad science? Mars to leave ILSI in transparency bid,” Food Navigator, Feb 8, 2018.
51. Mars, Inc., Corporate Reputation Team, email to author, Sep 26, 2016.
Chapter 5. Selling Meat and Dairy Foods
1. Craig WJ, “Health effects of vegan diets,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89(suppl):1627s–1633s; Rajaram S, Wien M, Sabaté J, eds., “Sixth International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition: Proceedings of a symposium held in Loma Linda, CA, Feb 24–26, 2013,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2014, 100(suppl1):303s–502s.
2. Mihrshahi S, Ding D, Gale J, et al., “Vegetarian diet and all-cause mortality: Evidence from a large population-based Australian cohort—the 45 and Up study,” Prev Med. 2017, 97(4):1–7.
3. Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America, 2008; Greger M, Stone G, How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease, Flatiron Books, 2015.
4. Wilde P, Food Policy in the United States: An Introduction, Routledge/Earthscan, 2013.
5. National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, announcement, undated, www.beefresearch.org/CMDocs/BeefResearch/Researcher’s%20Hub/indirect%20cost%20statement.pdf; National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, “FY 2018 call for pre-proposals: Human nutrition research,” 2018.
6. Burkitt DP, “Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum,” Cancer 1971, 28(1):3–13; Cross AJ, Leitzmann MF, Gail MH, et al., “A prospective study of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk,” PLoS Med. 2007, 4(12):e325.
7. Genkinger JM, Koushik A, “Meat consumption and cancer risk,” PLoS Med. 2007, 4(12):e345; International Agency for Research on Cancer, “IARC monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat,” press release no. 240, Oct 26, 2015.
8. National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, “Science does not support international agency opinion on red meat and cancer,” press release, Oct 26, 2015.
9. Alexander DD, Weed DL, Miller PE, Mohamed MA, “Red meat and colorectal cancer: A quantitative update on the state of the epidemiologic science,” J Am Coll Nutr. 2015, 34:521–543; Bylsma LC, Alexander DD, “A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer,” Nutr J. 2015, 14:125.
10. Agarawal S, Fulgoni VL, Berg EP, “Association of lunch meat consumption with nutrient intake, diet quality and health risk factors in U.S. children and adults: NHANES 2007–2010,” Nutr J. 2015, 14:128.
11. Slavin J, “The challenges of nutrition policymaking,” Nutr J. 2015, 14:15.
12. O’Connor LE, Kim JE, Campbell WW, “Total red meat intake of ≥ 0.5 servings/d does not negatively influence cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systemically searched meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2017, 105(1):57–69; Phillips SM, Fulgoni VL, Heaney RP, et al., “Commonly consumed protein foods contribute to nutrient intake, diet quality, and nutrient adequacy,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 101(6):1346s–1352s.
13. Månsson HL, “Fatty acids in bovine milk fat,” Food Nutr Res. 2008, 52:10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1821; Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, et al., “Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association,” Circulation 2017, 136:e1–e23.
14. Li Y, Hruby A, Bernstein AM, et al., “Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease: A prospective cohort study,” J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015, 66(14):1538–1548; Zong G, Li Y, Wanders AJ, et al., “Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: Two prospective longitudinal cohort studies,” BMJ 2016, 355:i5796. Hu was senior (last) author on both.
15. Wheatley SD, Deakin T, Reeves T, Whitaker M, “Letter: Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: Two prospective longitudinal cohort studies,” BMJ 2016, 355:i5796.
16. Faghihnia N, Mangravite LM, Chiu S, et al., “Effects of dietary saturated fat on LDL subclasses and apolipoprotein CIII in men,” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012, 66(11):1229–1233.
17. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, “Report to Congress on the National Dairy Promotion and Research Program and the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program: 2012 Program Activities,” www.ams.usda.gov.
18. Collier R, “Dairy research: ‘Real’ science or marketing?” CMAJ 2016, 188(10):715–716.
19. Simon M, Whitewashed: How Industry and Government Promote Dairy Junk Foods, EatDrinkPolitics.com, Jun 2014.
20. Wilde P, Morgan E, Roberts J, et al., “Relationship between funding sources and outcomes of obesity-related research,” Physiol and Behav. 2012, 107(1):172–175.
21. National Dairy Council, “Dairy research for your business: Nutrition, product and sustainability research program overview, 2011–2016” (author’s copy).
22. Lamarche B, Givens DI, Soedamah-Muthu S, et al., “Does milk consumption contribute to cardiometabolic health and overall diet quality?” Can J Cardiol. 2016, 32:1026–1032.
23. Guo J, Astrup A, Lovegrove JA, et al., “Milk and dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: Dose-response, meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies,” Eur J Epidemiol. 2017, 32(4):269–287; Atherton M, “Dairy ‘does not increase heart attack or stroke risk,’” FoodManufacture.com, May 10, 2017.
24. Pasin G, Comerford KB, “Dairy foods and dairy proteins in the management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of the clinical evidence,” Adv Nutr. 2015, 6(3):245–259; Chen G-C, Szeto IMY, Chen L-H, et al., “Dairy products consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies,” Sci Rep. 2015, 5:14606; Quann EE, Fulgoni VL, Auestad N, “Consuming the daily recommended amounts of dairy products would reduce the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in the United States: Diet modeling study based on NHANES 2007–2010,” Nutr J. 2015, 14:90; Pontes MV, Ribeiro TCM, Ribeiro H, et al., “Cow’s milk–based beverage consumption in 1-to 4-year-olds and allergic manifestations: An RCT,” Nutr J. 2016, 15:19; Seery S, Jakeman P, “A metered intake of milk following exercise and thermal dehydration restores whole-body net fluid balance better than a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution or water in healthy young men,” Brit J Nutr. 2016, 116(6):1013–1021.
25. Drouin-Chartier J-P, Côté JA, Labonté MÈ, et al., “Comprehensive review of the impact of dairy foods and dairy fat on cardiometabolic risk,” Adv Nutr. 2016, 7(6):1041–1051.
26. Lopez-Garcia E, Leon-Muñoz L, Guallar-Castillon P, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, “Habitual yogurt consumption and health-related quality of life: A prospective cohort study,” J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015, 115:31–39; Bergholdt HK, Nordestgaard BG, Ellervik C, “Milk intake is not associated with low risk of diabetes or overweight-obesity: A Mendelian randomization study in 97,811 Danish individuals,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 102(2):487–496; Kim K, Wactawski-Wende J, Michels KA, et al., “Dairy food intake is associated with reproductive hormones and sporadic anovulation among healthy premenopausal women,” J Nutr. 2017, 147(2):218–226.
27. De Goede J, Geleijnse JM, Ding EL, Soedamah-Muthu SS, “Effect of cheese consumption on blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” Nutr Rev. 2015, 73(5):259–275.
28. Thorning TK, Raziani F, Bendsen NT, et al., “Diets with high-fat cheese, high-fat meat, or carbohydrate on cardiovascular risk markers in overweight postmenopausal women: A randomized crossover trial,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 102(2):573–581.
29. Marckmann P, “Letter: Misleading conclusions on health effects of cheese and meat-enriched diets in study sponsored by dairy industry,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2016, 103(1):291–292; Thorning TK, Raziani F, Astrup A, et al., “Letter: Reply to P Marckmann,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2016, 103(1):292.
30. Leaf A, “Every day is a gift when you are over 100,” Natl Geogr., Jan 1973, 93–118; Specter M, “Yogurt? Caucasus centenarians ‘never eat it,’” NY Times, Mar 16, 1998; Babio N, Becerra-Tomás N, Martínez-González MA, et al., “Consumption of yogurt, low-fat milk, and other low-fat dairy products is associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome incidence in an elderly Mediterranean population,” J Nutr. 2015, 145(10):2308–2316; Laird E, Molloy AM, McNulty H, et al., “Greater yogurt consumption is associated with increased bone mineral density and physical function in older adults,” Osteoporosis Int. 2017, 28(8):2409–2419; Gijsbers L, Ding EL, Malik VS, et al., “Consumption of dairy foods and diabetes incidence: A dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2016, 103(4):1111–1124; Eales J, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, King S, et al., “Is consuming yoghurt associated with weight management outcomes? Results from a systematic review,” Int J Obes. 2016, 40(5):731–746; Brown-Riggs C, “Nutrition and health disparities: The role of dairy in improving minority health outcomes,” Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016, 13(1):28.
31. Lopez-Garcia E, Leon-Muñoz L, Guallar-Castillon P, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, “Habitual yogurt consumption and health-related quality of life: A prospective cohort study,” J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015, 115(1):31–39.
32. Nestle M, “Industry-sponsored research: This week’s collection,” Food Politics.com, Jun 2, 2015.
33. University of Maryland, “Concussion-related measures improved in high school football players who drank new chocolate milk, UMD study shows,” press release, Dec 22, 2015.
34. Bloom BM, Kinsella K, Pott J, et al., “Short-term neurocognitive and symptomatic outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: A prospective multi-centre observational cohort study,” Brain Inj. 2017, 31(3):304–311; Mex J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT, et al., “Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American football,” JAMA 2017, 318(4):360–370; Kucera KL, Yau RK, Register-Mihalik J, et al., “Traumatic brain and spinal cord fatalities among high school and college football players—United States, 2005–2014,” MMWR 2017, 65(52):1465–1469; Margolis LH, Canty G, Halstead M, Lantos JD, “Should school boards discontinue support for high school football?” Pediatr. 2017, 139(1):e20162604.
35. Swetlitz I, “Can chocolate milk speed concussion recovery? Experts cringe,” Stat News, Jan 11, 2016.
36. Holtz A, Freedhoff Y, Stone K, “Release claiming chocolate milk improves concussion symptoms in student athletes is out-of-bounds,” Health News Review, Jan 5, 2016.
37. Holtz A, “Why won’t the University of Maryland talk about the chocolate milk / concussion study it was so eager to promote?” Health News Review, Jan 11, 2016.
38. Gantz S, “University of Maryland crosses ethical boundaries with chocolate milk study, experts say,” Baltimore Bus J., Jan 12, 2016.
39. Singal J, “The University of Maryland has a burgeoning chocolate-milk concussion scandal on its hands,” NY Mag., Jan 20, 2016.
40. Wylie AG, Ball GF, DeShong PR, et al., “Final report, ad hoc review committee,” University of Maryland, Mar 24, 2016, (author’s copy).
41. Gantz S, “University of Maryland committee finds fault in school’s research, promotion of chocolate milk study,” Baltimore Bus J., Apr 1, 2016.
42. Belluz J, “The University of Maryland just released a report on its incredibly irresponsible chocolate milk research,” Vox, Apr 1, 2016.
43. Lomangino K, Holland E, Holtz A, “U of Maryland review: Researcher on flawed chocolate milk / concussions study failed to disclose big dairy donations,” Health News Review, Apr 1, 2016; Choi C, “Chocolate milk maker wanted study touted with ‘Concussion,’” Wash Post, Apr 19, 2016; Bachynski KE, Goldberg DS, “Time out: NFL conflicts of interest with public health efforts to prevent TBI,” Inj Prev. 2018, 24(3):180–184.
44. Caulfield T, Ogbogu U, “The commercialization of university-based research: Balancing risks and benefits,” BMC Med Ethics 2015, 16:70.
Chapter 6. Research on Healthy Foods: Marketing, Not Necessarily Science
1. Schneeman B, “FDA’s review of scientific evidence for health claims,” J Nutr. 2007, 137(2):493–494; Royal Hawaiian Macadamia Nut, Inc., “Petition for the authorization of a qualified health claim for macadamia nuts and reduced risk of coronary heart disease,” Sep 4, 2015, www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/LabelingNutrition/UCM568057.pdf; Oriel AE, Cao Y, Bagshaw DO, et al., “A macadamia nut–rich diet reduces total and LDL-cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women,” J Nutr. 2008, 138(4):761–767.
2. US Food and Drug Administration, “FDA completes review of qualified health claim petition for macadamia nuts and the risk of coronary heart disease,” Jul 24, 2017.
3. Donahue L, “Go nuts, folks! FDA declares macadamia nuts heart healthy,” Hawaii News Now, Jul 24, 2017.
4. Wild Blueberries, 2017, www.wildblueberries.com.
5. US Department of Agriculture, “Plant pigments paint a rainbow of antioxidants,” AgResearch Magazine, Nov 1996. But see Wang H, Cao G, Prior RL, “Total antioxidant capacity of fruits,” J Agric Food Chem. 1996, 44:701–705.
6. Conkling P, “The wild blueberry yonder,” Maine Mag., Dec 2015; “Amid plummeting prices, a growing fear: Fewer Maine blueberry farmers,” Portland Press Herald, Jun 12, 2017.
7. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, et al., “Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases,” Cochrane.org, Mar 14, 2012.
8. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of selected foods, Release 2 2010,” last modified Aug 13, 2016.
9. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, “Antioxidants: In depth.”
10. Cassidy A, Franz M, Rimm EB, “Dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of erectile dysfunction,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2016, 103(2):534–541; University of East Anglia, “Blueberries associated with reduced risk of erectile dysfunction,” press release, Jan 13, 2016.
11. Worn J, emails to author, Apr 15, 2016.
12. McKay DL, Eliasziw M, Chen C-YO, Blumberg JB, “Amelioration of cardiometabolic risk factors with a pecan-rich diet in overweight and obese adults,” poster, ASN annual meeting, Experimental Biology, Boston, Apr 2016. Later, the authors aggregated data from their various measurements; the composite score indicated a clinically significant reduction in cardiometabolic risk. See McKay DL, Eliasziw M, Chen CYO, Blumberg JB, “A pecan-rich diet improves cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: A randomized controlled trial,” Nutrients 2018, 10(3):339:1–17.
13. Solomon B, “Meet the Resnicks: Beverly Hills billionaire power couple behind Pom (not so) Wonderful,” Forbes, May 22, 2012; Arax M, “A kingdom from dust,” California Sunday Mag., Jan 31, 2018.
14. Tupper M, email to author, Feb 20, 2008. See Kadet A, “The truth behind the pomegranate craze,” Smart Money, Feb 4, 2008.
15. POM Wonderful lists its sponsored studies at www.wonderfulpome granateresearch.com.
16. Nestle M, “Be skeptical of food studies,” SF Chron., Mar 4, 2011.
17. Gillespie BK, letter to author, Apr 28, 2011.
18. US Federal Trade Commission, “FTC complaint charges deceptive advertising by POM Wonderful,” Sep 27, 2010; US Federal Trade Commission, “POM Wonderful LLC and Roll Global LLC, in the matter of,” Jan 16, 2013.
19. US Food and Drug Administration, “Label claims for conventional foods and dietary supplements,” updated Apr 11, 2016.
20. US Food and Drug Administration, “Inspections, compliance, enforcement, and criminal investigations. Pom Wonderful. Warning letter to Matt Tupper, President,” Feb 23, 2010, www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions /WarningLetters/ucm202785.htm.
21. Pom Wonderful v. FDA, US District Court, District of Columbia, Complaint for declaratory relief, Sep 13, 2010, www.fdalawblog.net/files/pom-wonderful-complaint.pdf.
22. US Federal Trade Commission, “Administrative law judge upholds FTC’s complaint that POM deceptively advertised its products as treating, preventing, or reducing the risk of heart disease, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction,” press release, May 21, 2012.
23. Chappell DM, FTC Docket No. 9344, In the matter of Pom Wonderful, LLC, and Roll Global, LLC: Initial decision, May 17, 2012, www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/2012/05/120521pomdecision.pdf.
24. Hiltzik M, “The ‘science’ behind Lynda Resnick’s Pom Wonderful juice,” LA Times, Oct 5, 2010.
25. POM advertisement, Time, Feb 27–Mar 6, 2017, 31.
26. Wu P-T, Fitschen PJ, Kistler BM, et al., “Effects of pomegranate extract supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors and physical function in hemodialysis patients,” J Med Food 2015, 18(9):941–949.
27. Kaufman M, “FDA eases rules on touting food as healthful,” Wash Post, Jul 11, 2003.
28. Quoted in Lee SM, “Pasta is good for you, say scientists funded by big pasta,” BuzzFeed News, Apr 19, 2018.
29. MacKay D, “Guest post: These two raisin studies read like advertisements,” WeightyMatters.ca, Dec 12, 2016.
30. Richter CK, Skulas-Ray AC, Gaugler TL, et al., “Incorporating freeze-dried strawberry powder into a high-fat meal does not alter postprandial vascular function or blood markers of cardiovascular disease risk: A randomized controlled trial,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2017, 105(2):313–322.
Chapter 7. Coca-Cola: A Case Study in Itself
1. Sacks G, Swinburn BA, Cameron AJ, Ruskin G, “How food companies influence evidence and opinion—straight from the horse’s mouth,” Crit Public Health, 2017, 25(2), online Sep 13; Grandjean AC, Reimers KJ, Buyckx ME, “Hydration: Issues for the 21st century,” Nutr Rev. 2003, 61(8):261–271; Moye J, “Just the facts: 10 years in, Beverage Institute for Health and Wellness expands its reach,” Coca-Cola, Dec 17, 2004; Short D, “When science met the consumer: The role of industry,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2005, 92(suppl):256s–258s; O’Reilly CE, Freeman MC, Ravani M, et al., “The impact of a school-based safe water and hygiene programme on knowledge and practices of students and their parents in Nyanza Province, Western Kenya, 2006,” Epidemiol Infect. 2008, 136(1):80–91.
2. Applebaum RS, “Balancing the debate,” presentation to The Food Industry: Trends & Opportunities, 29th International Sweetener Symposium, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, Aug 7, 2012, www.phaionline.org/wp-content/uploads /2015/08/Rhona-Applebaum.pdf.
3. Serôdio PM, McKee M, Stuckler D, “Coca-Cola—a model of transparency in research partnerships? A network analysis of Coca-Cola’s research funding (2008–2016),” Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21(9):1594–1607; Shook RP, Hand GA, Drenowatz C, et al., “Low levels of physical activity are associated with dysregulation of energy intake and fat mass gain over 1 year,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 102(6):1332–1338; Choo VL, Ha V, Sievenpiper JL, “Sugars and obesity: Is it the sugars or the calories?” Nutr Bull. 2015, 40:88–96; Althuis MD, Weed DL, “Evidence mapping: Methodologic foundations and application to intervention and observational research on sugar-sweetened beverages and health outcomes,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2013, 98(3):755–768; Archer E, Pavela G, Lavie CJ, “The inadmissibility of What We Eat in America and NHANES dietary data in nutrition and obesity research and the scientific formulation of national dietary guidelines,” Mayo Clin Proc. 2015, 90(7):911–926; Menachemi N, Tajeu G, Sen B, et al., “Overstatement of results in the nutrition and obesity peer-reviewed literature,” Am J Prev Med. 2013, 45(5):615–621.
4. Freedhoff Y, email to author, March 8, 2017.
5. “Dr. Steven Blair of Coca-Cola and ACSM’s Global Energy Balance Network,” video, YouTube, Sep 10, 2015.
6. Hill J to Lloyd B, Subject: Follow up, email, May 14, 2014, (author’s copy).
7. Applebaum R to Blair S, Hand G, Peters J, et al., Subject: Proposal for establishment of the Global Energy Balance Network, email, Jul 9, 2014, (author’s copy).
8. Freedhoff quoted in Bernhard M, “A clinician, a blogger, and now a thorn in Coca-Cola’s side,” Chron Higher Educ., Aug 14, 2015.
9. Quint A to Freedhoff Y, email, Feb 6, 2015 (author’s copy).
10. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, “Blair connects energy balance experts world-wide with new Global Energy Balance Network (GEBN),” press release, Dec 5, 2014; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, “Energy balance experts from six continents join forces to reduce obesity,” press release, Mar 31, 2015; Blair SN, Hand GA, Hill JO, “Energy balance: A crucial issue for exercise and sports medicine,” Br J Sports Med. 2015, 49(15):970–971.
11. O’Connor A, “Coca-Cola funds effort to alter obesity battle,” NY Times, Aug 10, 2015; Nestle M, “Coca-Cola’s promotion of activity: A follow up,” FoodPolitics.com, Aug 12, 2015.
12. DeLauro R, “DeLauro statement on Coca-Cola funding biased obesity research,” press release, DeLauro.House.gov, Aug 10, 2015.
13. Hays E, “Setting the record straight on Coca-Cola and its scientific research,” Coca-Cola Journey, Aug 10, 2015.
14. Kent M, “Coca-Cola: We’ll do better,” Wall Street J., Aug 19, 2015.
15. Douglas S, “Our commitment to transparency: Our actions and way forward,” Coca-Cola Journey, Sep 22, 2015; Douglas JAM, email to author, Mar 10, 2016. The additional countries are Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden.
16. Pfister K, “The new faces of Coke,” Medium, Sep 28, 2015.
17. “Coca-Cola funds returned: CU School of Medicine,” University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Nov 6, 2015; O’Connor A, “University returns $1 million grant to Coca-Cola,” NY Times, Nov 6, 2015.
18. Esterl M, “Coca-Cola ends financial sponsorship of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,” Wall Street J., Sep 28, 2015; Choi C, “Excerpts from emails between Coke, anti-obesity group,” Denver Post, Nov 24, 2015; O’Connor A, “Coke’s chief scientist, who orchestrated obesity research, is leaving,” NY Times, Nov 24, 2015; O’Connor A, “Facing criticism, a research group financed by Coca-Cola says it will disband,” NY Times, Dec 1, 2015; “A special thank you to Rhona Applebaum,” ILSI News, 2015, 33(2):1; Olinger D, “CU nutrition expert accepts $550,000 from Coca-Cola for obesity campaign,” Denver Post, Dec 26, 2015; Olinger D, “CU nutrition expert who took Coca-Cola money steps down,” Denver Post, Mar 23, 2016.
19. GEBN response, Aug 20, 2015 (author’s copy).
20. GEBN response, Aug 20, 2015 (author’s copy).
21. Hill JO, Blair SN, Hand G, Peters J, letter to Young L, Aug 21, 2015 (author’s copy).
22. Barlow P, Serôdio P, Ruskin G, et al., “Science organisations and Coca-Cola’s ‘war’ with the public health community: Insights from an internal industry document,” J Epidemiol Community Health 2018, 72:761–763; Ruskin G, “Commentary: Coca-Cola’s ‘war’ with the public health community,” Environ Health News, Apr 3, 2018.
23. Choi C, “Emails reveal Coke’s role in anti-obesity group,” Business Insider, Nov 24, 2015.
24. “The Approval Matrix: Our deliberately oversimplified guide to who falls where on our taste hierarchies,” NY Mag., Nov 30–Dec 13, 2015, 96.
25. Thacker P, “Coca-Cola’s secret influence on medical and science journalists,” BMJ 2017, 357:j1638.
26. Blair S to Hill J, Subject: Procrastination is not great for your heart—Science of us, email, Mar 29, 2015 (author’s copy).
27. Bottorff LC to Applebaum R, Blair S, Hand G, et al., Subject: Statement of intent, email, Aug 5, 2014 (author’s copy).
28. Hill J to Layden B, Applebaum R, Hand G, et al., Subject: Draft letterhead, email, Oct 4, 2014 (author’s copy).
29. Crothers B to Hill J, Subject: Brief and a few questions, email, Oct 24, 2014 (author’s copy).
30. Bottorff LC to Blair S, Hill J, Hand G, et al., Subject: GEBN weekly report. “Hi team! Here’s the updated work plan. Good progress this week,” email, Sep 12, 2014; Sergent T to O’Connor A, Subject: Touching base. “Thank you for making time today to chat with our team regarding the story you are writing on the Global Energy Balance Network,” email, May 11, 2015 (author’s copies).
31. Kell J, “Coca-Cola says it spent more on health research than previously disclosed,” Fortune, Mar 25, 2016; Douglas S, “Our commitment to transparency: Our actions and way forward,” Coca-Cola Journey, Oct 7, 2016 and Mar 24, 2017. The site was further updated on Dec 4, 2017.
32. Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, et al., “The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE): Design and methods,” BMC Public Health 2013, 13:900; Katzmarzyk PT, Barreira TV, Broyles ST, et al., “Relationship between lifestyle behaviors and obesity in children ages 9–11: Results from a 12-country study,” Obesity 2015, 23(8):1696–1702.
33. Applebaum R to Blair S, Katzmarzyk P, Church T, et al., Subject: A great study is published!!, email, Aug 4, 2015; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, “Pennington Biomedical Research Study shows lack of physical activity is a major predictor of childhood obesity,” Aug 3, 2015 (author’s copies).
34. Stuckler D, Ruskin G, McKee M, “Complexity and conflicts of interest statements: A case-study of emails exchanged between Coca-Cola and the principal investigators of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE),” J Public Health Pol. 2018, 39(1):49–56.
35. Katzmarzyk P to Pratt M at Centers for Disease Control, cc: Applebaum R and Church T, Subject: Re: ISCOLE news: Confidential, email, Apr 4, 2012 (author’s copy).
36. Applebaum R to Katzmarzyk P, Subject: ISCOLE news: Confidential, email, Apr 4, 2012 (author’s copy).
37. Applebaum R to Landry L and Buyckx M, cc: Katzmarzyk P and Church T, Subject: ISCOLE meeting, email, Nov 5, 2013 (author’s copy).
38. Katzmarzyk P to Applebaum R, Subject: ISCOLE meeting, email, Nov 5, 2013 (author’s copy).
39. Rowe S, Alexander N, Clydesdale FM, et al., “Funding food science and nutrition research: Financial conflicts and scientific integrity,” J Nutr. 2009, 139(6):1051–1053.
40. Applebaum R to Hill J and Peters J, Subject: This may help, email, Nov 8, 2012 (author’s copy).
41. Serôdio PM, McKee M, Stuckler D, “Coca-Cola—a model of transparency in research partnerships? A network analysis of Coca-Cola’s research funding (2008–2016),” Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21(9):1594–1607; Tseng M, Barnoya J, Kruger S, et al., “Disclosures of Coca-Cola funding: Transparent or opaque?,” editorial, Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21(9):1591–1593.
42. McGrath M, “Coca-Cola CEO Muhtar Kent stepping down in 2017,” Forbes, Dec 9, 2016; Coca-Cola, “Guiding principles for well-being scientific research and third party engagement,” Coca-Cola Journey, Mar 24, 2017.
43. “Coca-Cola’s funding of health research and partnerships,” editorial, Lancet 2015, 386:1312
Chapter 8. Conflicted Advisory Committees: Then and Now
1. UK Health Forum, “Public health and the food and drinks industry: The governance and ethics of interaction; Lessons from research, policy and practice,” 2018, www.ukhealthforum.org.uk/prevention/pie/?entryid43=58305.
2. Proxmire W, “Conflict of interest on vitamin Recommended Dietary Allowances,” Congr Rec.—Senate 18477, Jun 10, 1974.
3. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Amendments, Publ L. 94-278, 90 Stat. 410, Title V, Sec 411, Apr 22, 1976.
4. Reported in Jukes T, “Letter: Fleecing the public,” Scientist, Mar 20, 1989; McNeill L, “The woman who stood between America and a generation of ‘thalidomide babies,’” Smithsonian, May 8, 2017.
5. Wade N, “Food board’s fat report hits fire,” Science 1980, 209: 248–250.
6. Fisher KD, “A successful peer review program for regulatory decisions,” Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 1982, 2:331–334; Fisher quotations are from emails to author, Jul 31, Aug 5, and Aug 10, 2016.
7. Taubes, G, The Case Against Sugar, Knopf, 2016; US Food and Drug Administration, Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS), “Opinion: Sucrose,” SCOGS Report no 69, 1976, www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts /fdcc/?set=scogs&sort=Sortsubstance&order=ASC&startrow=1&type =basic&search=sucrose.
8. Neltner TG, Alger HM, O’Reilly JT, et al., “Conflicts of interest in approvals of additives to food determined to be Generally Recognized as Safe: Out of balance,” JAMA Intern Med. 2013, 173(22):2032–2036; Nestle M, “Conflict of interest in the regulation of food safety: A threat to scientific integrity,” JAMA Intern Med. 2013, 173(22):2036–2038.
9. Jacobson MJ, emails to author, Jul 15, 2016, and Jan 6, 2017.
10. Rosenthal B, “Feeding at the company trough,” Congr Rec. 1976, 122(Pt 21, Aug 24):27526–27527.
11. Center for Science in the Public Interest, “Integrity in science database: Corporate funding of scientists,” Nov 4, 2016.
12. Activist Facts, “Center for Science in the Public Interest,” www.activistfacts.com/organizations/13-center-for-science-in-the-public-interest/.
13. Van Horn L, Carson AS, Appel LJ, et al., “Recommended dietary pattern to achieve adherence to the American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association,” Circulation 2016, 134:e505–e529.
14. Marchione M, “Cholesterol guidelines become a morality play,” The Dispatch, Oct 19, 2004.
15. “Petition to the National Institutes of Health seeking an independent review panel to re-evaluate the National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, Sep 23, 2004, https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/finalnihltr.pdf; Redberg RF, Katz MH, “Statins for primary prevention: The debate is intense but the data are weak,” JAMA Intern Med. 2017, 117(1):21–23.
16. For this history, see Nestle M, Food Politics, rev. and exp. ed., University of California Press, 2013.
17. McGahn quoted in Kotch A, “Corn syrup lobbyist is helping set USDA dietary guidelines,” Intl Business Times, Feb 2, 2018.
18. Herman J, “Saving U.S. dietary advice from conflicts of interest,” Food Drug Law J. 2010, 65(2):285–316.
19. Abrams Z, “The food industry and the U.S. dietary guidelines: Investigating nutrition’s most powerful players,” Medium, Dec 17, 2016.
20. Teicholz N, The Big Fat Surprise, Simon and Schuster, 2014; Teicholz N, “The scientific report guiding the US dietary guidelines: Is it scientific?” BMJ 2015, 351:h4962.
21. Abrams S, Adams-Campbell LL, Akabas S, et al., letter requesting BMJ to retract “investigation,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, Nov 5, 2015, https://cspinet.org/letter-requesting-bmj-retract-investigation.
22. Arnold J, email to author, Oct 26, 2018; The Arnold Foundation, Health, BMJ Publishing Group, Ltd., www.arnoldfoundation.org/grants/#grant-16454; Freedhoff Y, email to Fiona Godlee, and her response, Sep 21, 2015 (author’s copies); Duhaime-Ross A, “Medical journal will ‘clarify’ its bogus investigation of US food committee,” The Verge, Sep 28, 2015, www.theverge.com/2015/9/28/9410541/bmj-bogus-investigation-us-dietary-guidelines; “Independent experts find no grounds for retraction of the BMJ article on dietary guidelines,” press release, BMJ, Dec 2, 2016, www.bmj.com/company/wp-content/uploads.2016/12/the-bmj-US-dietary-correction.pdf; “The scientific report guiding the US dietary guidelines: Is it scientific? Corrections,” BMJ 2015, 351:h5686; “Correction,” BMJ 2016, 355:i6061. The reports from Bero and Helfand are available in the second “Correction.” See also Liebman B, “BMJ stains its reputation by not retracting Teicholz article,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, Dec 2, 2016, https://cspinet.org/news/bmj-stains-its-reputation-not-retracting-teicholz-article-20161202.
23. Purdy C, Evich HB, “The money behind the fight over healthy eating,” Politico, Oct 7, 2015.
24. House of Representatives, “Division A—Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2016. Congressional Directives,” “Title 1: Agricultural Programs,” http://docs.house.gov/meetings/RU/RU00/20151216/104298/HMTG-114-RU00-20151216-SD002.pdf.
25. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Optimizing the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: The Selection Process, National Academies Press, 2017; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Redesigning the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, National Academies Press, 2017.
26. US Department of Agriculture, Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, Scientific report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, USDA, Feb 2015.
27. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al., “2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines,” Circulation 2014, 129(25Suppl2):s76–s99; Shin JY, Xun P, Nakamura Y, He K, “Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2013, 98(1):146–159.
28. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, McDougall J, Agarwal U, et al. v. Vilsack T, Burwell SM, Complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief, US District Court, Northern District of California, Jan 6, 2016.
29. Griffin JD, Lichtenstein AH, “Dietary cholesterol and plasma lipoprotein profiles: Randomized-controlled trials,” Curr Nutr Rep. 2013, 2(4):274–282.
30. Lichtenstein A, email to author, Feb 14, 2018.
31. Bittman M, “How should we eat?,” NY Times, Feb 25, 2016; Hamblin J, “Eggs are back: The earnest simplicity of the new nutrition guidelines,” Atlantic, Feb 19, 2015.
32. Kim JE, Ferruzzi MG, Campbell WW, “Egg consumption increases vitamin E absorption from co-consumed raw mixed vegetables in healthy young men,” J Nutr. 2016, 146(11):2199–2205.
33. US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015–2020, 8th ed., Dec 2015.
34. Beeler L, Order dismissing case, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, et al. v. Thomas V. Vilsack, et al., US District Court, Northern District of California, Oct 12, 2016.
35. Brodwin E, “A single line in an obscure court case reveals how the food industry decides what we’re told is healthy,” Business Insider, Oct 21, 2016.
36. World Health Organization, Sugars Intake for Adults and Children: Guideline, 2015.
37. Sugar Association, “Sugar Association statement on WHO guideline on sugars: It’s misleading for ‘strong’ guidelines to be backed by only ‘moderate,’ ‘low’ and ‘very low’ evidence,” Mar 4, 2015; Sugar Association, “2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation for added sugars intake: Agenda based, not science based,” Jan 7, 2016.
38. Erickson J, Sadeghirad B, Lytvyn L, et al., “The scientific basis of guideline recommendations on sugar intake: A systematic review,” Ann Intern Med. 2017, 166(4):257–267.
39. Schillinger D, Kearns C, “Guidelines to limit added sugar intake: Junk science or junk food?” Ann Intern Med. 2017, 166(4):305–306.
40. O’Connor A, “Study tied to food industry tries to discredit sugar guidelines,” NY Times, Dec 19, 2016; Choi C, “Snickers maker criticizes industry-funded paper on sugar,” AP, Dec 21, 2016.
41. Rowe S, Alexander N, Weaver CM, et al., “How experts are chosen to inform public policy: Can the process be improved?” Health Policy 2013, 112:172–178.
Chapter 9. Co-opted? The American Society for Nutrition
1. Freedhoff Y, Hébert PC, “Partnerships between health organizations and the food industry risk derailing public health nutrition,” CMAJ 2011, 183(3):291–292; Integrity in Science Project, “Lifting the veil of secrecy: Corporate support for health and environmental professional associations, charities, and industry front groups,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2003, https://cspinet.org/sites/default/files/attachment/lift_the_veil_intro.pdf.
2. Aaron DG, Siegel MB, “Sponsorship of national health organizations by two major soda companies,” Am J Prev Med. 2017, 52(1):20–30; Canella DS, Martins AP, Silva HF, et al., “Food and beverage industries’ participation in health scientific events: Considerations on conflicts of interest,” Rev Panam Salud Pública 2015, 38(4):339–343; Oshaug A, “What is the food and drink industry doing in nutrition conferences?” Public Health Nutr. 2009, 12(7):1019–1020; Flint SW, “Are we selling our souls? Novel aspects of the presence in academic conferences of brands linked to ill health,” J Epidemiol Community Health 2016, 70(8):739–740; Margetts B, “Time to agree guidelines and apply an ethical framework for public health nutrition,” Public Health Nutr. 2009, 12(7):885–886.
3. American Society for Nutrition, “About ASN,” www.nutrition.org/about-asn/.
4. Swan PB, “The American Society for Nutritional Sciences (1979–2003): Years of action and change,” J Nutr. 2003, 133(3):646–656; Hill FW, ed., The American Institute of Nutrition: A History of the First 50 Years 1928–1978 and the Proceedings of a Symposium Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Journal of Nutrition, American Institute of Nutrition, 1978.
5. Nestle M, Baron RB, “Nutrition in medical education: From counting hours to measuring competence,” JAMA Intern Med. 2014, 174(6):843–844.
6. American Society for Nutrition, “ASN Advisory Committee on Ensuring Trust in Nutrition Science: Talking points [for committee members],” Feb 9, 2016 (author’s copy).
7. John Courtney’s quotations are from emails to author, Jul 10 and 11, 2017.
8. The awards went to James Hill (Class of 2017 Fellow), John Peters (McCormick Science Institute Research Award), and Coca-Cola’s Beate Lloyd (Sustaining Partner Roundtable Award of Distinction).
9. These problems are typical. See Boothby A, Wang R, Cetnar J, Prasad V, “Effect of the American Society of Clinical Oncology’s conflict of interest policy on information overload,” JAMA Oncol. 2016, 2(12):1653–1654.
10. Global Stevia Institute, “Stevia leaf to Stevia sweetener: Exploring its science, benefits and future potential,” ASN Scientific Sessions, Chicago, Apr 22, 2017; Tey SL, Salleh NB, Henry J, Forde CG, “Effects of aspartame-, monk fruit-, stevia-and sucrose-sweetened beverages on postprandial glucose, insulin and energy intake,” Int J Obes. 2017, 41(3):450–457.
11. American Society for Nutrition, “Have you heard about the pre-meeting activities?,” email to members, Mar 27, 2018. Also see American Society for Nutrition, “Nutrition 2018: Full schedule,” www.eventscribe.com/2018/Nutrition2018/agenda.asp?pfp=FullSchedule.
12. Nestle M, “Open letter to nutrition colleagues,” FoodPolitics.com, May 11, 2009.
13. Lupton JR, Balentine DA, Black RM, et al., “The Smart Choices front-of-package nutrition labeling program: Rationale and development of the nutrition criteria,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2010, 91(4):1078s–1089s; Nestle M, “Reply from the American Society of Nutrition,” FoodPolitics.com, May 18, 2009.
14. Neuman W, “For your health, Froot Loops,” NY Times, Sep 4, 2009.
15. “The popularity of ‘natural’ food spawns an unnatural response,” Economist, Sep 24, 2009.
16. The US Food and Drug Administration letter is at Nestle M, “Smart Choices: 44% sugar calories!” FoodPolitics.com, Aug 24, 2009; other relevant blog posts at FoodPolitics.com include “You don’t like Smart Choices? Act now!” Sep 16, 2009; “Update on not-so-Smart Choice labels,” Sept 23, 2009; and “Connecticut takes on Smart Choices!,” Oct 15, 2009.
17. Smart Choices Program, “Smart Choices Program™postpones active operations,” press release, Oct 23, 2009.
18. Ruiz R, “Smart Choices fails,” Forbes, Oct 23, 2009.
19. Nestle M, “Smart Choices suspended! May it rest in peace,” FoodPolitics.com, Oct 23, 2009.
20. Eicher-Miller HA, Fulgoni VL, Keast DR, “Contributions of processed foods to dietary intake in the US from 2003–2008: A report of the Food and Nutrition Science Solutions Joint Task Force of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Society for Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists, and International Food Information Council,” J Nutr. 2012, 142(11):2065s–2072s.
21. Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac J-C, et al., “The UN decade of nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing,” Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21(1):5–17.
22. US Food and Drug Administration, “Food labeling: Revision of the nutrition and supplement facts labels; extension of comment period,” May 27, 2014.
23. American Society for Nutrition, “Comment from American Society for Nutrition,” www.regulations.gov/document?D=FDA-2012-N-1210-0268.
24. US Food and Drug Administration, “Changes to the Nutrition Facts label,” www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatory Information/LabelingNutrition/ucm385663.htm.
25. US Food and Drug Administration, “Use of the term ‘natural’ in the labeling of human food products; Request for information and comments: Proposed rule. 80 FR 69905,” Nov 12, 2015; Rock A, “Peeling back the ‘natural’ food label,” Consumer Rep., Jan 29, 2016.
26. US Food and Drug Administration, “What is the meaning of ‘natural’ on the label of food?,” www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics /ucm214868.htm.
27. Brown A, “Let industry fund science,” Slate, Sep 21, 2016.
28. American Society for Nutrition, @nutritionorg, Twitter, Sep 21, 2016.
29. Gomes F, “Words for our sponsors,” World Nutr. 2013, 4(8):618–644.
30. Greene R, Berger R, “Malaysian government official personally profited from soda-government partnership,” The Russells, Jan 5, 2018.
31. Fuller T, O’Connor A, Richtel M, “In Asia’s fattest country, nutritionists take money from food giants,” NY Times, Dec 23, 2017.
32. Hamid J, Mohamed J, Soy SL, et al., “Characteristics associated with the consumption of malted drinks among Malaysian primary school children: Findings from the MyBreakfast study,” BMC Public Health 2015, 15:1322.
33. A Malaysian Scientist, “Improper attack on study,” Star Online, Dec 25, 2017; Ludwig D, “Comment on BMC Public Health. 2015, 15:1322,” PubMed Commons, Jan 6, 2018 (author’s copy).
Chapter 10. Nutrition Education and Dietetics Societies: Industry Influence
1. Ullrich HD, The SNE Story: 25 Years of Advancing Nutrition Education, Nutrition Communications Associates, 1992, 5; Ullrich HD, The Nutritionists: Scientists and Practitioners, Helen Denning Ullrich, 2004.
2. Joan Dye Gussow, interview by author, Aug 24, 2016.
3. Gussow J, “Can industry afford a healthy America?” CNI Weekly Rep. 1979, 9(22):4–7.
4. Gussow JD, “Who pays the piper?” Teach Coll Rec. 1980, 81(4):448–466.
5. “Defending the honor of the potato chip,” CNI Weekly Rep. 1978, 8(31):2.
6. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior, “External funding policy,” Jun 27, 2014, www.sneb.org/clientuploads/directory/Documents/External _Funding_Policy_2014.pdf.
7. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior, Program: 2017 Annual Conference, July 20–24, Washington DC, www.sneb.org/clientuploads/directory /Documents/2017_Onsite_Program_Final.pdf.
8. Pfister K, “The new faces of Coke,” Medium.com, Sep 28, 2015; Choi C, “Coke as a sensible snack? Coca-Cola works with dietitians who suggest cola as snack,” AP, Mar 16, 2015; Choi C, “Coke ending sponsorship of dietitians group,” AP, Sep 29, 2015.
9. Choi C, “Soda group suspends payments to dietitians opposing new tax,” AP, Oct 6, 2016.
10. Choi C, “How Kellogg worked with ‘independent experts’ to tout cereal,” AP, Nov 21, 2016.
11. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, “About us,” www.eatrightpro.org/about-us.
12. Stein K, “Advancing health through sustained collaboration: How the history of corporate relations extended the academy’s reach,” J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015, 115:131–142.
13. See, for example, Burros M, “Additives in advice on food,” NY Times, Nov 15, 1995.
14. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, “Academy guidelines for corporate sponsors,” www.eatrightpro.org/about-us/advertising-and-sponsorship /about-sponsorship/academy-guidelines-for-corporate-sponsors.
15. Bratskeir K, “Kraft American Cheese Singles have been labeled a health food by professional nutritionists (not as a joke),” Huff Post, Mar 18, 2015; Nestle M, “Dietitians put seal on Kraft Singles (you can’t make this stuff up),” FoodPolitics.com, Mar 13, 2015.
16. Strom S, “A cheese ‘product’ gets kids’ nutrition seal,” NY Times, Mar 12, 2015.
17. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation, “Statement from Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation on new ‘Kids Eat Right’ nutrition education campaign,” PR Newswire, Mar 13, 2015.
18. Lupkin S, “Kraft Singles is 1st food allowed to display ‘Kids Eat Right’ logo,” ABC News, Mar 13, 2015.
19. Stewart J, “The snacks of life,” The Daily Show, Mar 17, 2015, YouTube segment at 4:30 min, www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCG_i9lnBFc.
20. Bellatti A, “Dietitians fight Kraft Singles’ ‘Kids Eat Right’ seal,” Civil Eats, Mar 13, 2015; Best J, “Kraft drops dubious ‘Kids Eat Right’ logo from its processed ‘cheese’ singles,” Take Part, Mar 31, 2015.
21. Kaplan S, “Nutritionists built close ties with the food industry. Now they’re seeking some distance,” Stat News, Oct 31, 2016.
22. Choi C, “Sugar Association’s tips for pleasing picky eaters—sprinkle a little sugar on vegetables before cooking,” @candicechoi, Twitter, Oct 23, 2016.
23. Choi C, “Do candy and soda makers belong at a dietitians’ conference?” AP, Oct 31, 2016.
24. Bellatti A, “Corporate sponsorship influence is not about ‘weak-mindedness,’” DFPI, Oct 15, 2016, https://integritydietitians.org/2016/10/15 /corporate-sponsorship-influence-not-weak-mindedness/.
25. Bellatti A, “Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics sponsorship update,” DFPI, Sep 7, 2016, https://integritydietitians.org/2016/09/07/academy-nutrition-dietetics-sponsorship-update-2; Sifferlin A, “Soda and snack food companies welcomed at nutrition conference,” Time, Oct 14, 2016.
26. Simon M, “And now a word from our sponsors: Are America’s nutrition professionals in the pocket of Big Food?,” Eat Drink Politics, Jan 2013, www.eatdrinkpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/AND_Corporate_Sponsorship _Report.pdf.
27. Strom S, “Report faults food group’s sponsor ties,” NY Times, Jan 22, 2013; Bergman E, quoted in Nestle M, “An open letter to Registered Dietitians and RDs in training: Response to yesterday’s comments,” FoodPolitics.com, Jan 24, 2013.
28. Bellatti A, email to author, Jul 30, 2016.
29. Bellatti A, “The food ties that bind: The Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics’ 2013 Conference & Expo,” DFPI, Nov 2013.
30. Bellatti A, email to author, Nov 17, 2016.
31. Bellatti A, letter to DFPI supporters, Jul 10, 2018 (author’s copy).
32. Freeland-Graves J, Nitzke S, “Position of the American Dietetic Association: Total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information,” J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102(7):100–108.
33. American Dietetic Association, “Code of ethics for the profession of dietetics,” J Am Diet Assoc. 1999, 99(1):109–113.
34. O’Sullivan Maillet J, “Conflicting priorities, questions without easy answers: Ethics and ADA,” J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102(9):1208.
35. Woteki CE, “Ethics opinion: Conflicts of interest in presentations and publications and dietetics research,” J Am Diet Assoc. 2006, 106(1):27–31.
36. Miles A, Speaker, House of Delegates, “Letter to AND House of Delegates regarding the 2015 Sponsorship Summit,” Sep 10, 2015 (author’s copy); Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Sponsorship Advisory Task Force, “Summary report to the House of Delegates,” Fall 2015 House of Delegates meeting, Nashville, TN (author’s copy).
37. Tappenden KA, “A unifying vision for scientific decision making: The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ Scientific Integrity Principles,” J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015, 115:1486–1490.
38. Crayton EF, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics President, “Letter to members,” AND, Jan 19, 2016 (author’s copy).
Chapter 11. Justifications, Rationales, Excuses: Isn’t Everyone Conflicted?
1. Purdy S, Little M, Mayes C, et al., “Debates about conflict of interest in medicine: Deconstructing a divided discourse,” J Bioeth Inq. 2017, 14(1):135–149.
2. Anonymous (by request), email to author, Apr 18, 2017.
3. Clancy M, Fuglie K, Heisey P, “U.S. Agricultural R&D in an era of falling public funding,” Amber Waves, Nov 10, 2016; Hourihan M, “Science and technology funding under Obama: A look back,” AAAS, Jan 19, 2017; Hourihan M, “The Trump administration’s science budget: Toughest since Apollo?” AAAS, Mar 29, 2017.
4. New York University Office of Industrial Liaison, “Technology transfer at New York University,” https://med.nyu.edu/oil/frontpage.
5. University of Colorado Boulder, “Federal and industry research partnerships,” https://www.colorado.edu/research/federal-industry-research-partnerships.
6. Spence M, email to all staff, University of Sydney, Mar 2, 2016 (author’s copy).
7. Hourihan M, Parkes D, “Federal R&D budget trends: A summary,” AAAS, Dec 20, 2016.
8. Kuchler F, Toole A, “Federal support for nutrition research trends upward as USDA share declines,” Amber Waves, Jun 1, 2015; US Congress, Agricultural Act of 2014, HR 2642, 113th Cong., sec. 7601, www.agriculture.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Farm_Bill_Final.pdf; Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research, https://foundationfar.org.
9. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Forming partnerships,” Sep 8, 2016, www.ars.usda.gov/office-of-technology-transfer /forming-partnerships/.
10. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Specific cooperative agreements with the Agricultural Research Service,” Feb 2005.
11. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “Research projects,” Aug 25, 2016, www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/?slicetype =keyword; US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, “National Program 107: Human Nutrition Annual Reports,” www.ars.usda.gov/nutrition-food-safetyquality/human-nutrition/docs/annual-reports.
12. Victor L. Fulgoni III, Nutrition Impact, LLC, www.nutritionimpact.com.
13. Stanford History Education Group, “Evaluating information: The cornerstone of civic online reasoning,” 2016, https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload /V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf; Besley JC, McCright AM, Zahry NR, et al., “Perceived conflict of interest in health science partnerships,” PLoS One 2017, 12(4):e0175643.
14. Raatz SK, Johnson LK, Picklo MJ, “Consumption of honey, sucrose, and high-fructose corn syrup produces similar metabolic effects in glucose-tolerant and-intolerant individuals,” J Nutr. 2015, 145(10):2265–2272; Chiu S, Williams PT, Krauss RM, “Effects of a very high saturated fat diet on LDL particles in adults with atherogenic dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled trial,” PLoS One 2017, 12(2):e0170664.
15. Song F, Parekh-Bhurke S, Hooper L, et al., “Extent of publication bias in different categories of research cohorts: A meta-analysis of empirical studies,” BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009, 9:79.
16. Katz D, emails to author, Dec 1, 2015, and Jan 5, 2016.
17. Oransky I, Marcus A, “Keep negativity out of politics. We need more of it in journals,” Stat News, Oct 14, 2016.
18. Goldberg DS, “COI bingo,” BMJ 2015, 351:h6577.
19. Goldberg D, @prof_goldberg, Twitter, Aug 10, 2015; Goldberg D, “Are nutrition conflicts of interest less worrisome?” Weighty Matters, Oct 24, 2016; Goldberg DS, “COI bingo,” BMJ Opinion, Aug 24, 2015, http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2015/08/24/daniel-s-goldberg-coi-bingo.
20. Lipton S, Boyd EA, Bero LA, “Conflicts of interest in academic research: Policies, processes, and attitudes,” Account Res. 2004, 11(2):83–102.
21. Haddock CK, Poston WS, Lagrotte C, et al., “Findings from an online behavioural weight management programme provided with or without a fortified diet beverage,” Brit J Nutr. 2014, 111(2):372–379.
22. Gornall J, “Sugar: Spinning a web of influence,” BMJ 2015, 350:h231.
23. Jebb S, “Yes, I work with the food industry, but I doubt they see me as a friend,” Guardian, Feb 13, 2015.
24. Zachwieja J, Hentges E, Hill JO, et al., “Public-private partnerships: The evolving role of industry funding in nutrition research,” Adv Nutr. 2013, 4(5):570–572.
25. Coppola AR, FitzGerald GA, “Confluence, not conflict of interest: Name change necessary,” JAMA 2015, 314(17):1791–1792.
26. Katz D, “Industry-funded research: Conflict or confluence?” Huff Post, Aug 20, 2015.
27. Aveyard P, Yach D, Gilmore AB, Capewell S, “Head to head: Should we welcome food industry funding of public health research?” BMJ 2016, 353:i2161; Ludwig DS, Nestle M, “Can the food industry play a constructive role in the obesity epidemic?” JAMA 2008, 300(15):1808–1811.
28. Rothman KJ, “Conflict of interest: The new McCarthyism in science,” JAMA 1993, 269(21):2782–2784.
29. Ombudsman, comment on Nestle M, “Five more industry-funded studies with expected results. Score 70:5,” FoodPolitics.com, Oct 8, 2015.
30. Allison quoted in Karasu SR, “Interests conflicted: A ‘wicked problem’ in medical research,” Psychol Today, Oct 12, 2016.
31. Sagner M, Binks M, Yapijakis C, et al., “Overcoming potential threats to scientific advancements: Conflict of interest, ulterior motives, false innuendos and harassment,” Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017, 59(5):522–524.
32. Drazen JM, “The quality of medical research, not its source of funding, is what matters,” NY Times, Sep 20, 2016.
33. Brown T, “It’s silly to assume all research funded by corporations is bent,” Guardian, May 14, 2016.
34. Caulfield T, Ogbobu U, “The commercialization of university-based research: Balancing risks and benefits,” BMC Med Ethics 2015, 16:70.
35. Cope MB, Allison DB, “White hat bias: Examples of its presence in obesity research and a call for renewed commitment to faithfulness in research reporting,” Int J Obes. 2010, 34(1):84–88.
36. Galea S, “A typology of nonfinancial conflict in population health research,” Am J Public Health 2018, 108(5):631–632.
37. Ioannidis J, “Why most published research findings are false,” PLoS Med. 2005:2(8):e124.
38. Ioannidis JPA, Trepanowski JF, “Disclosures in nutrition research: Why it is different,” JAMA 2018, 319(6):547–548.
39. “Nature journals tighten rules on non-financial conflicts,” editorial, Nature 2018, 554:6.
40. Krimsky S, “The ethical and legal foundations of scientific ‘conflict of interest,’” in: Lemmens T, Waring DR, Law and Ethics in Biomedical Research: Regulation, Conflict of Interest, and Liability, University of Toronto Press, 2006, 63–81; Levinsky NG, “Sounding board: Nonfinancial conflicts of interest in research,” N Engl J Med. 2002, 347(10):759–761; Krimsky S, “Autonomy, disinterest, and entrepreneurial science,” Society 2006, 43(4):22–29.
41. Bero LA, Grundy Q, “Why having a (nonfinancial) interest is not a conflict of interest,” PLoS Biol. 2016, 14(12):e2001221; Bero L, “Addressing bias and conflict of interest among biomedical researchers,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1723–1724; Bero LA, Grundy Q, “Not all influences on science are conflicts of interest,” Am J Public Health 2018, 108(5):632–633; PLoS Medicine Editors, “Making sense of non-financial competing interests,” PLoS Med. 2008, 5(9):e199.
42. Rodwin MA, “Attempts to redefine conflicts of interest,” research paper no. 17–18, Suffolk University Law School, Dec 7, 2017; Rodwin MA, “Should we try to manage non-financial interests? No,” BMJ 2018, 361:k1240; Schwab T, “Dietary disclosures: How important are non-financial disclosures?,” BMJ 2018, 361:k1451; Bero L, “What is in a name? Nonfinancial influences on the outcomes of systematic reviews and guidelines,” J Clin Epidemiol. 2014, 67:1239–1241.
43. Anonymous (by request), email to author, Nov 30, 2015.
44. Korn D, “Conflicts of interest in biomedical research,” JAMA 2000, 284(17):2234–2237.
Chapter 12. Disclosure—and Its Discontents
1. Nestle M, ed., “Mediterranean diets: Science and policy implications,” Am J Clin Nutr. 1995, 61(suppl):1313s–1427s.
2. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, “Conflicts of interest. ICMJE Form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest,” http:// icmje.org/conflicts-of-interest/.
3. JAMA Network, “Conflicts of interest and financial disclosures,” http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/instructions-for-authors#Sec ConflictsofInterestandFinancialDisclosures.
4. Editor, JAMA Intern Med., email to author, Jul 15, 2016.
5. American Society for Nutrition, “Conflict of interest guidelines,” https://nutrition.org/publications/guidelines-and-policies/conflict-of-interest/.
6. Kesselheim AS, Robertson CT, Myers JA, et al., “A randomized study of how physicians interpret research funding disclosures,” N Engl J Med. 2012, 367(12):1119–1127.
7. Goozner M, “Unrevealed: Non-disclosure of conflicts of interest in four leading medical and scientific journals,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, Jul 12, 2004; Mandrioli D, Kearns CE, Bero LA, “Relationship between research outcomes and risk of bias, study sponsorship, and author financial conflicts of interest in reviews of the effects of artificially sweetened beverages on weight outcomes: A systematic review of reviews,” PLoS One 2016, 11(9):e0162198; Serôdio PM, McKee M, Stuckler D, “Coca-Cola—a model of transparency in research partnerships? A network analysis of Coca-Cola’s research funding (2008–2016),” Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21(9):1594–1607.
8. Archer E, Hand GA, Blair SN, “Validity of U.S. nutritional surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey caloric energy intake data, 1971–2010,” PLoS One 2013, 8(10):e76632; “Correction,” PLoS One 2013, 8(10):10.1371/annotation.
9. Chiavaroli L, de Souza RJ, Ha V, et al., “Effect of fructose on established lipid targets: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials,” J Am Heart Assoc. 2015, 4:e001700.
10. London B, email to author, Sep 17, 2015.
11. Nestle M, “Another five industry-funded nutrition studies with industry-favorable results. Score: 60:3,” FoodPolitics.com, Sep 17, 2015.
12. Freedhoff Y, “Is this epic study disclosure statement the world’s greatest or most absurd?” Weighty Matters, Sep 17, 2015.
13. Sievenpiper JL, “Sickeningly sweet: Does sugar cause chronic disease? No,” Can J Diabetes 2016, 40:287–295; “Correction,” Can J Diabetes 2016, 40:603.
14. Barnoya J, Nestle M, “The food industry and conflicts of interest in nutrition research: A Latin American perspective,” J Public Health Pol. 2016, 37(4):552–559 [retracted]; Nestle M, “A retraction and apology,” FoodPolitics.com, Nov 25, 2015; “Retraction published for nutrition researcher Marion Nestle,” RetractionWatch.com, Dec 31, 2015.
15. Sackett DL, “List of DLS’s potential conflicts,” www.bmj.com/content /suppl/2002/02/28/324.7336.539.DC1; “David Sackett,” obituary, BMJ 2015, 350:h2639.
16. Loewenstein G, Sah S, Cain DM, “The unintended consequences of conflict of interest disclosure,” JAMA 2012, 307(7):669–670; Sah S, “Conflicts of interest and your physician: Psychological processes that cause unexpected changes in behavior,” J Law Med Ethics 2012, 40(3):482–487; Sah S, Loewenstein G, Cain DM, “The burden of disclosure: Increased compliance with distrusted advice,” J Pers Soc Psychol. 2013, 104(2):289–304.
17. Bero LA, “Disclosure policies for gifts from industry to academic faculty,” JAMA 1998, 279(13):1031; Cornell University, Office of Research Integrity and Assurance, “Sanctions for non-compliance with the financial conflict of interest related to research policy,” 2017.
18. Cain DM, Loewenstein G, Moore DA, “Coming clean but playing dirtier: The shortcomings of disclosure as a solution to conflicts of interest,” in: Moore DA, Cain DM, Loewenstein G, Bazerman MH, eds., Conflicts of Interest: Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 104–125; Dana J, Loewenstein G, “A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry,” JAMA 2003, 290(2):252–255; Bero L, “Accepting commercial sponsorship: Disclosure helps—but is not a panacea,” BMJ 1999, 319:653–654.
19. “PubMed urged to include funding info, conflicts of interest with study abstracts,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, Mar 30, 2016; Blumenthal R, “Blumenthal, colleagues urge clear disclosure of conflicts of interest in scientific papers,” press release, Mar 30, 2016; Collins M, “PubMed updates March 2017,” NLM Tech Bull. Mar–Apr 2017, 415:e2.
20. Center for Science in the Public Interest, “PubMed to include conflict-of-interest statements with study abstracts,” Apr 18, 2017.
21. Freedom of Information Act Advocates, “State public record laws,” www.foiadvocates.com/records.html; Judicial Watch, “Open records laws and resources,” www.judicialwatch.org/open-records-laws-and-resources.
22. US House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, “FOIA is broken: A report,” staff report to 114th Cong., Jan 2016.
23. Lewandowsky S, Bishop D, “Don’t let transparency damage science,” Nature 2016, 529:459–461.
24. Halpern M, “Freedom to bully: How laws intended to free information are used to harass researchers,” Union of Concerned Scientists, Feb 2015; Abel D, “How public must science be? Union of Concerned Scientists would limit disclosures,” Boston Globe, Mar 19, 2016.
25. Union of Concerned Scientists, “Science in an age of scrutiny: How scientists can respond to criticism and personal attacks,” Sep 2012.
26. Thacker PD, Seife C, “Post removed by PLoS—The fight over transparency: Round two,” PLoS Biologue, Aug 13, 2015.
27. Thacker PD, “Scientists, give up your emails,” NY Times, Jan 9, 2016.
28. For examples, see Branch J, “N.F.L. tried to influence concussion research, Congressional study finds,” NY Times, May 23, 2016; Lala E, “Emails between Coca-Cola industry advocate and CDC director point to possible political sway,” Philly Voice, Jun 30, 2016; Waters R, “Trump’s pick to head CDC partnered with Coke, boosting agency’s longstanding ties to soda giant,” Forbes, Jul 10, 2017; Waters R, “The Coca-Cola network: Soda giant mines connections with officials and scientists to wield influence,” Forbes, Jul 11, 2017.
29. Lipton E, “Food industry enlisted academics in G.M.O. war, emails show,” NY Times, Sep 5, 2015; Thacker PD, “Why scientific transparency is so tricky: People love transparency in science, until they don’t,” Pacific Standard, Mar 21, 2017.
30. Leschin-Hoar C, “Fisheries scientist under fire for undisclosed seafood industry funding,” NPR, The Salt, May 12, 2016.
31. U.S. House of Representatives, “Agriculture, rural development, Food and Drug Administration, and related agencies appropriations bill, 2017,” Rep. 114-531, p. 34, Apr 26, 2016.
32. Jalonick MC, “From eggs to trees, USDA promotional programs controversial,” US News, Sep 4, 2015.
33. Watson E, “American Egg Board denies claims it ‘went way beyond its mandate’ as Hampton Creek calls for Congressional investigation,” Food Navigator, Sep 15, 2015; Watson E, “American Egg board to get ‘ethics training’ after USDA uncovers ‘inappropriate behavior’ over Hampton Creek,” Food Navigator, Oct 7, 2016; Monke J, Greene JL, Dabrowska A, et al., “FY2017 Agriculture and related agencies appropriations: In brief,” Congressional Research Service, Dec 20, 2016; Watson E, “Hampton Creek smells a rat in ag appropriations bill over FOIA requests,” Food Navigator, Apr 29, 2016. The status of checkoff FOIA was still pending in August 2018.
Chapter 13. Managing Conflicts: Early Attempts
1. “The Nutrition Foundation, Inc.,” Science 1942, 95:64.
2. King CG, A Good Idea: The History of the Nutrition Foundation, Nutrition Foundation, 1976. The quotations in the next several paragraphs are from pages 10, 11, 25, 163, and 118, respectively.
3. “62 institutions get $1,810,730 in grants for research,” NY Times, Nov 19, 1948.
4. “Rachel Carson book is called one-sided,” NY Times, Sep 14, 1962.
5. Klemesrud J, “‘The martyred meal’: Some skip it, some skim it, some splurge,” NY Times, Jan 21, 1967; Neuman W, “For your health, Froot Loops,” NY Times, Sep 4, 2009.
6. Hess JL, “Dining in the laboratory,” NY Times, Aug 14, 1974.
7. Hodgson M, “Taking the fat out of eating,” NY Times, Mar 17, 1982.
8. Marshall E, “Diet advice, with a grain of salt and a large helping of pepper,” Science 1986, 231:537–539; Center for Media and Democracy, SourceWatch, “International Life Sciences Institute,” www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/International_Life_Sciences_Institute.
9. Stare FJ, Adventures in Nutrition, Christopher Publishing House, 1991. The quotation comes from statements on pages 155 and 158.
10. Stare FJ, Harvard’s Department of Nutrition, 1942–86, Christopher Publishing House, 1987. The quotations appear on page xxvii.
11. “Frederick J. Stare, defender of the American diet, died on April 4th, aged 91,” Economist, Apr 18, 2002; Rosenthal B, Jacobson M, Bohm M, “Feeding at the company trough,” Congr Rec. 1976, 122 (part 21, Aug 24):27527–27531.
12. Kearns CE, Schmidt LA, Glantz SA, “Sugar industry efforts to steer science on coronary heart disease: An historical analysis of internal industry documents,” JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(11):1680–1685; Hegsted archives at Harvard Library, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/findingAidDisplay?_collection=oasis&inoid=1501&histno=0; McGandy RB, Hegsted DM, Stare FJ, “Dietary fats, carbohydrates and atherosclerotic vascular disease,” part I, N Engl J Med. 1967, 277(4):186–192 and part II, N Engl J Med. 1967, 277(5):242–247; Kearns CE, Apollonio D, Glantz SA, “Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents,” PLoS Biol. 2017, 15(11):e2003460.
13. Nestle M, “Food industry funding of nutrition research: The relevance of history for current debates,” JAMA Intern Med. 2016, 176(11):1685–1686.
14. Hegsted DM, “Serum-cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol: A re-evaluation,” Am J Clin Nutr. 1986, 44(2):299–305; Nestle M, “In memoriam: Mark Hegsted, 1914–2009,” FoodPolitics.com, Aug 18, 2009.
15. Hegsted DM, “Statement,” in: US Senate, Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, Dietary Goals for the United States, Feb 1977:xv.
16. Glinsmann WH, Irausquin H, Park YK, “Report from FDA’s Sugars Task Force, 1986: Evaluation of health aspects of sugars contained in carbohydrate sweeteners,” J Nutr. 1986, 116(11 Suppl):s1–s216; Johns DM, Oppenheimer GM, “Was there ever really a ‘sugar conspiracy’?” Science 2018, 359:747–750.
17. World Health Organization, Sugars Intake for Adults and Children: Guideline, 2015; Shilhavy B, “We were wrong about saturated fats,” Time, Jul 7, 2016; Lustig R, Fat Chance: Beating the Odds Against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and Disease, Hudson Street Press, 2012; Taubes G, The Case Against Sugar, Knopf, 2016.
18. Kowitt B, “These ubiquitous food industry ingredients are now on the decline,” Fortune, Mar 14, 2017; Scrinis G, Nutritionism: The Science and Politics of Dietary Advice, Columbia University Press, 2013; Pollan M, “Unhappy meals,” NY Times Mag., Jan 28, 2007.
19. “Instructions for authors,” J Nutr. 1960, 70(1):127–128.
20. Nestle M, Roberts WK, “Separation of ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides by a one-dimensional paper chromatographic system,” Anal Biochem. 1968, 22:349–351; Nestle M, Roberts WK, “An extracellular nuclease from Serratia marcescens. I. Purification and some properties of the enzyme,” J Biol Chem. 1969, 244:5213–5218; Nestle M, Roberts WK, “An extracellular nuclease from Serratia marcescens. II. Specificity of the enzyme,” J Biol Chem. 1969, 244:5219–5225.
21. “Instructions for authors,” J Nutr. 1990, 120(1):5–11.
22. Cousins RJ, email to author, July 27, 2016.
23. Council of Science Editors, “Guidance for journals developing or revising policies on conflict of interest, disclosure, or competing financial interests,” Feb 2005; Relman AS, “Dealing with conflicts of interest,” New Engl J Med. 1984, 310:1192–1193; .
24. Merrill A, email to author, July 27, 2016.
25. Humane Society, “U.S. per capita egg consumption, 1950–2008,” data from US Department of Agriculture, Educational Research Service, 2010, www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/Per-Cap-Cons-Eggs-1.pdf; Garwin JL, Morgan JM, Stowell RL, et al., “Modified eggs are compatible with a diet that reduces serum cholesterol concentrations in humans,” J Nutr. 1992, 122(11):2153–2160.
26. Donaldson WE, Garlich JD, Hill CH, “Comments on the paper by Garwin et al. (1992),” J Nutr. 1993, 123(9):1601.
27. Merrill AH, “Comment by A.H. Merrill, Associate Editor,” J Nutr. 1993, 123(9):1605.
28. “Guidelines for authors: Acknowledgment,” Am J Clin Nutr. 1981, 34(1):133–140; “Guidelines for authors: Conflict of interest,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2002, 75(1):171–175.
29. Finley D, email to author, Jul 28, 2016.
30. “Guidelines for authors,” J Am Diet Assoc. 1992, 92(1):14–16; “Guidelines for authors,” J Am Diet Assoc. 1995, 95(1):18–21; “Guidelines for authors,” J Am Diet Assoc. 2001, 101(1):19; “Guidelines for authors,” J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102(1):27.
Chapter 14. Beyond Disclosure: What to Do?
1. “In this issue of JAMA,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1705–1812.
2. Nestlé, “Nestlé policy on public-private science & research partnerships,” Nestlé Research and Development, Sep 2016.
3. Anonymous (by request), email to author, Jan 26, 2016.
4. Sah S, Fugh-Berman A, “Physicians under the influence: Social psychology and industry marketing strategies,” J Law Med Ethics 2013, 41(3):665–672.
5. Mozaffarian D, “Conflict of interest and the role of the food industry in nutrition research,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1755–1756.
6. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Fostering Integrity in Research, National Academies Press, 2017; Thornton JP, “Conflict of interest and legal issues for investigators and authors,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1761–1762.
7. Alberts B, Cicerone RJ, Fienberg SE, et al., “Self-correction in science at work,” Science 2015, 348:1420–1422; Cornell University, “Sanctions for non-compliance with the Financial Conflict of Interest Related to Research policy,” 2017.
8. World Health Organization, “Sixty-Ninth World Health Assembly (WHA) agenda item 11.3: Framework of Engagement with Non-State Actors,” May 28, 2016, http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA69/A69 _R10-en.pdf?ua=1.
9. O’Donnell P, “NGOs protest industry influence at WHO,” Politico, Jan 26, 2016.
10. “Civil Society Statement on the World Health Organization’s proposed Framework of Engagement with Non-State Actors (FENSA), 69th World Health Assembly,” May 2016, www.ghwatch.org/sites/www.ghwatch.org/files/Civil%20Society%20Statement%2060.pdf.
11. Brown K, Rundall P, Lobstein T, et al., “On behalf of sixty-one signatories. Open letter to WHO DG candidates: Keep policy and priority setting free of commercial influence,” Lancet 2017, 389:1879.
12. World Health Organization, Technical Report: Addressing and Managing Conflicts of Interest in the Planning and Delivery of Nutrition Programmes at Country Level: Report of a Technical Consultation Convened in Geneva, Switzerland, on 8–9 October 2015, 2016; World Health Organization, “Safeguarding against possible conflicts of interest in nutrition programmes: Approach for the prevention and management of conflicts of interest in the policy development and implementation of nutrition programmes at country level; Feedback on the WHO consultation,” final version, Dec 2017.
13. World Health Organization, “Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children: Mandate from the World Health Assembly,” May 28, 2016.
14. Rowe S, Alexander N, Clydesdale FM, et al., “Funding food science and nutrition research: financial conflicts and scientific integrity,” Nutr Rev. 2009, 67(5):264–272. Also J Nutr. 2009, 139(6):1051–1053; Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89(5):1285–1291; J Acad Nutr Diet. 2009, 109(5):929–936.
15. Rowe S, Alexander N, Kretser A, et al., “Principles for building public-private partnerships to benefit food safety, nutrition, and health research,” Nutr Rev. 2013, 71(10):682–691.
16. Alexander N, Rowe S, Brackett RE, et al., “Achieving a transparent, actionable framework for public-private partnerships for food and nutrition research,” Am J Clin Nutr. 2015, 101(6):1359–1363.
17. Charles Perkins Centre, Engagement with Industry Guidelines, University of Sydney, 2016.
18. Ludwig D, Nestle M, “Can the food industry play a constructive role in the obesity epidemic?,” JAMA 2008, 300(15):1808–1811; Richter J, Public-Private Partnerships and International Health Policy-Making: How Can Public Interests Be Safeguarded? Hakapaino Oy (Finland), 2004; Hawkes C, Buse K, “Public health sector and food industry interaction: It’s time to clarify the term ‘partnership’ and be honest about underlying interests,” Eur J Public Health 2011, 21(4):400–403.
19. Bero LA, “Accepting commercial sponsorship,” BMJ 1999, 319:653–654; Monteiro CA, Cannon G, “The impact of transnational ‘Big Food’ companies on the South: A view from Brazil,” PLoS Med. 2012, 9(7):e1001252; Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), “Dietary public health research and the food industry: Towards a consensus,” Robinson College (Cambridge), Dec 11, 2015.
20. Bellatti A, “Ethical sponsorship,” DFPI, 2017, https://integritydietitians.org/practice-area/sponsorship-rubric.
21. Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac J-C, et al., “The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing,” Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21(1):5–17.
22. Kassirer JP, Angell M, “Financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research,” N Engl J Med. 1993, 329(8):570–571; National Institutes of Health, “Financial conflict of interest: 2011 revised regulations,” Nov 2, 2016.
23. New York University, “Academic conflict of interest and conflict of commitment,” Sep, 2013.
24. Boyd EA, Lipton S, Bero LA, “Implementation of financial disclosure politics to manage conflicts of interest,” Health Aff. 2004, 23(2):206–214.
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Chapter 15. Stakeholders: Take Action
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10. Zachwieja J, Hentges E, Hill JO, et al., “Public-private partnerships: The evolving role of industry funding in nutrition research,” Adv Nutr. 2013, 4(5):570–572.
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15. Gottlieb JD, Bressler NM, “How should journals handle the conflict of interest of their editors? Who watches the ‘watchers’?” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1757–1758; Easley TJ, “Medical journals, publishers, and conflict of interest,” JAMA 2017, 317(17):1759–1760; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, “Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals,” updated Dec 2017, www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf.
16. Kassirer JP, “Physicians’ financial ties with the pharmaceutical industry: A critical element of a formidable marketing network,” in: Moore DA, Cain DM, Loewenstein G, Bazerman MH, eds., Conflicts of Interest: Challenges and Solutions in Business, Law, Medicine, and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 133–141.
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20. Society of Professional Journalists, “SPJ Code of Ethics,” revised Sep 6, 2014.
21. Huehnergarth NF, “Monsanto and the organics industry pay to train journalists: What could go wrong?” Forbes, May 31, 2016.
22. Thacker PD, “Where do science journalists draw the line?” Columbia Journal Rev., Nov 23, 2015.
23. Ruskin G, “Journalists fail to reveal sources funded by Coca-Cola: A short report,” US Right to Know, Dec 14, 2015.
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25. Wang MTM, Grey A, Bolland MJ, “Conflicts of interest and expertise of independent commenters in news stories about medical research,” CMAJ, 2017, 189(15):e553–559.
26. Wilner T, “How to talk about conflict of interest,” Center for Skeptical Inquiry, Oct 5, 2016.
27. HealthNewsReview.org, “Our review criteria,” www.healthnewsreview.org/about-us/review-criteria/.
28. Raff J, “How to read and understand a scientific paper: A step-by-step guide for non-scientists,” Huff Post, June 18, 2014; Ask for Evidence, “Working out what’s reliable evidence,” Sense About Science, undated.
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30. Taylor AP, “National Academies revise conflict of interest policy,” Scientist, May 3, 2017.
31. National Institutes of Health, “Financial conflict of interest: 2011 revised regulations,” Nov 2, 2016.
32. Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, The Challenge of Change: Harnessing University Discovery, Engagement, and Learning to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security, 2017.