the uvular [R] of traditional Geordie;This section discusses the regional accents (concentrating on the largest cities and conurbations) of England. The remainder of the British Isles (together with Liverpool, which is in many ways a special case) is covered in Section C3. The accompanying audio CD provides samples of the types of speech discussed. The recorded material for this and the two subsequent sections have all been provided by genuine speakers of the variety of English concerned (nobody here is ‘putting on an accent’). Furthermore, it’s all from real conversation – not reading or acting.
In discussing local accents of a basilectal type, it is useful to introduce two concepts which are often of significance in determining people’s attitudes to the speech concerned. Salience is a term used to pick out a feature which outsiders notice, and may also be known and remarked upon by local members of the community. Well-known examples of salient features are:
the uvular [R] of traditional Geordie;
the ‘lilting’ intonation of Welsh English;
rhoticism in the English of the West Country;
fronted vowel [aː] in Australian English PALM.
Certain salient features may also suffer stigmatisation. A stigmatised accent characteristic is one which has low status, and accordingly is the subject of social disapproval. Such disapproval can range from correction by parents or teachers to the feature being the butt of humour or ridicule. Given this scenario, the linguistically upwardly mobile will ensure that their first step is to drop any such feature from their idiolects and substitute an alternative socially approved pronunciation.
Figure C2.1Approximate accent areas of Britain and Ireland
NRP, Cockney and other south-eastern accents have the PALM vowel in a set of words which have been termed the BATH words (most of which are spelt with the letter a followed by a fricative or nasal, e.g. craft, bath, pass, chance, plant). Here, most other accents have the TRAP vowel (see also Sections B3 and C1).
The happy vowel (see Sections B3 and C1) has FLEECE in some accents (happy tensing, see p. 72) and KIT in others.
All northern and some Midland accents in England lack the STRUT vowel. In these varieties, STRUT is replaced by FOOT in rush, bus, blood, etc. See Sections B1 and C1.
Certain accents divide words spelt or into two sets: NORTH words (e.g. north, cord, form, cork) and FORCE words (e.g. force, port, more, four). In Scottish, words in the NORTH set have the vowel [ɔ] found in THOUGHT, while the FORCE words have the vowel in GOAT (realised as [o]), i.e. [nɔrθ] vs. [fors]. (See Section C1.)
The FACE and GOAT vowels can be realised either as narrow diphthongs, possibly steady-state vowels, e.g. [eː oː] (as in South Wales English) – or as wide diphthongs, e.g. [æI æƱ] (as in Cockney).
NRP and most English and Welsh varieties are non-rhotic. Scots, Irish, West Country and parts of Lancashire are rhotic (see Section B2).
Most urban accents in England and Wales have h-dropping, thus potentially levelling contrasts such as hedge – edge. A totally h-less accent would mean the lack of the /h/ phoneme and hence systemic variation. In reality, because h-dropping is one of the most frequent and best-known phonetic social markers in English and is severely stigmatised, virtually all h-droppers strive, with varying degrees of success, to produce /h/ in more formal situations. Consequently, in the descriptions this is labelled ‘variable h-dropping’ (examples quoted from the CD recording will normally refer to /h/ deletion).
Many British accents have more extensive glottalisation than that described for NRP (see Section B2). Most noticeably, these varieties have glottal replacement of medial /t/, e.g. letter, bottle ['le?ə 'bD?
].
In the transcripts contained in this and the following section we have followed the normal practice in linguistic work of removing most punctuation and also capitalisation at the beginning of sentences. Breaks in the flow of speech corresponding roughly to intonation group boundaries are shown with a dash. Hesitation markers (‘ums’ and ‘ers’) have been omitted. Sections which are garbled or difficult to interpret are indicated by a question mark in brackets (?). Italics are used (sparingly) to indicate particularly emphatic speech. In the accent descriptions, slant brackets have been used where appropriate for individual phonemes, but the transcription of connected speech has been placed in square brackets. The sign 
indicates that a specific feature is exemplified on the audio CD. Brief explanations have been offered in the notes for words and phrases which might puzzle readers who are non-native English speakers.
Some of the English varieties have nicknames which are in common use, e.g. Cockney, Geordie, Scouse, Brummie, and we have noted and explained these. The location of the sample taken is shown in brackets. Population figures are approximate estimates. Names of informants have been changed.
Track 43Steve: there was one of our blokes – one of his family – like cousins or uncles – or you know – in that range – had had an accident – and been taken to hospital – so he spent – I think most of his weekend without any sleep at all – at this hospital like – until he knew – that the person was going to be OK – anyway – come Monday morning – he decides to go straight to work – and – he comes to work – and say he has had no sleep at all and he’s got a job to do in this house to provide – an extension phone – you know – and usually – it’s – you run the cable upstairs into a bedroom – it’s the usual place to have the phone – and – the bed – was fitted into slots in the floor – so he couldn’t sort of – move it over. I mean – he could only get two legs out of the hole in the floor and he couldn’t – he needed two people to actually lift it and move it – so he laid across the bed – to – finish the cabling – and screw the – terminal box on the wall – and – not having had any sleep – he just sort of drifted off – and the thing is – the gentleman who let him in – but said he was going to work – and his wife would be in shortly – and she’s come in – and not knowing the telephone man was there – I mean – to see a van outside – but she didn’t – you know – sort of put two and two together – she’s come in – she’s gone upstairs – into the bathroom – and she’s – taken her clothes off like – you know – and gone into the bedroom to get her housecoat – she was going to have a bath – and there’s a strange man laying on the bed – snoring his head off – needless to say – our bloke spent about six hours in the nick – trying to explain what had happened – yes – spent six hours in the police station
bloke (colloquial) = man
laying = lying. Many southern British varieties conflate the two verbs lie and lay. the nick (general slang) = police station, prison
The traditional word for the broad accent of London is ‘Cockney’. The origins of the word, which go back at least 700 years, are uncertain; one attractive theory is that it may come from an old tale of the ignorant city dweller who believed in a ‘cocken ey’, a cockerel’s egg. A Cockney is allegedly someone born ‘within the sound of Bow Bells’ – that’s to say where you can hear the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church in the East End of London. That definition would cut the number of Cockneys down to a few thousand, but ‘Cockney’ is generally used to refer to all London, and to the speech of the Greater London area, which has a population of nearly seven million. Outer London, where most people speak with accents similar to London, covers a huge area and takes in 12 million inhabitants. Our speaker, Steve, is a telephone engineer from Lewisham in south-east London.
Cockney is non-rhotic with variable h-dropping. Steve, for instance, pronounces /h/ in hospital on two occasions but drops /h/ in hole. Syllable-final stop consonants are strongly glottalised. In final position, Steve often replaces intervocalic /t/ by glottal stop [?] (e.g. without any, move it over). Post-vocalic /l/ is very dark, showing l-vocalisation and sounding rather like [Ʊ] (e.g. usual, terminal, wall). Many speakers replace /θ ð/ by /f v/ (termed th-fronting), e.g. three feathers = ['frəi 'fevəz] (not heard in this sample). Yod-dropping can be heard in knew.
Londoners use virtually the same vowel system as NRP, but the realisations of the vowels are very different. The STRUT vowel is front and open [a] (e.g. come Monday). FLEECE and GOOSE are extended glides [əi əu] (e.g. needed, move). The diphthongs FACE, PRICE and GOAT (e.g. straight, like and phone) sound like NRP diphthongs PRICE, CHOICE and MOUTH – an effect which is termed diphthong shift. The Cockney MOUTH vowel (e.g. house) is fronted and often raised ([aː] or [зə]), sounding rather like NRP SQUARE. Front checked vowels DRESS and TRAP (e.g. bed, van, family) tend to be closer. Like NRP, but unlike most other British accents, Cockney has the PALM rather than the TRAP vowel in the BATH words (e.g. bathroom).
An interesting development has hit inner London in the last fifteen years or so. As a result of increasing numbers of in-migrants, especially people of Caribbean origin, a new type of accent has emerged. This new variety is sometimes popularly termed ‘Jafaican’ by journalists, and by Londoners themselves, although linguists prefer to call it ‘Multicultural London English’ (abbreviated to MLE).
The resulting English is like a cross between traditional Cockney and Jamaican Creole, hence the name Jafaican (‘fake Jamaican’). MLE retains many typical London consonantal features such as l-vocalisation, glottal reinforcement and replacement, and th-fronting. However, the vowel system is much affected by West Indian English. Perhaps the most spectacular effect is that the diphthong shift (see above) has been cancelled out and FACE, PRICE and GOAT now sound much more like Caribbean English (see p. 198) than traditional Cockney. So FACE and GOAT are now [feːs], [goːt], while PRICE also has a long steady-state vowel [praːs].
While this type of English seems to have originated in the Afro-Caribbean community, its use has now spread to other ethnic groups, such as Bengalis and Pakistanis, and also to young working-class whites (‘Anglos’). At the moment, it’s essentially associated with youth – it seems rarely to be heard from the over-forties. See p. 214 for its likely repercussions for the London English of the future. For more information, see Cheshire et al. (2011).
Track 44Joe: well I think all these – countries are – are like that – now this Saudi Arabia and all – they got – high rise flats or whatever they call them – they got the finest hospitals in the world see
Interviewer: they’re rich now
Joe: oh – millions – millions – I was listening to a man on the wireless here one day this week – when they come over these princes –’cos of course there’s about three thousand princes – in Saudi Arabia – like – on account of the – king or prince – Mohammedan – look he can have three wives – that’s why they’ve got so many children – isn’t it – this prince had a house in a well-known street in London and the window cleaner used to call there – this man was saying this on the wireless the other night – and – the prince come out to him and – said to the window cleaner – how much is that’cos he cleaned all the windows in the front of the house – and of course the – window cleaner said two forty – and – this prince give him a cheque for two hundred and forty pound
Linda: did he
Joe: aye
Linda: cor – I wish that would happen to me
Joe: ooh – that’s what I thought
Mohammedan (archaic) = Muslim
two forty = £2.40
aye = yes
cor is a mild expletive.
The West Country (in Britain this means only the south-west of England) is often thought of as being essentially rural in character, but it also takes in some very large, densely populated urban areas, such as Bristol–Bath, Plymouth, Bournemouth and Torquay. West Country accents are spoken by perhaps as many as five million people in total. As a result of a long seafaring tradition, many of the original English immigrants to other countries hailed from the south-west so it is thought likely that this English accent has had considerable influence on the English speech of America, Canada, the Caribbean and possibly elsewhere. Our speakers come from Bristol, the largest city in the west of England, which with its suburbs has a population of about three-quarters of a million.
The accent is consistently rhotic ( world, forty, course), with /r/ often realised as a retroflex approximant [
] and with strong vowel colouring (in some ways reminiscent of General American). There is variable h-dropping ( high, Mohammedan) and extensive glottalisation; as in Cockney, /t / may be replaced by [?] (e.g. whatever, second rendering of forty). Joe frequently replaces initial /ð/ by /d / ( this (week), these (princes)), but this is not true of all Bristolians. Connected speech exhibits a great deal of consonant assimilation and elision.
STRUT is close ( countries, much). A number of BATH words are said with the TRAP vowel. The PALM vowel is very front, giving a contrast with TRAP which is of length rather than of quality. The starting-point of PRICE is closer ( rise, wives, wireless). Much of the West Country has many features similar to those just described, but the city of Bristol is unique in that words ending in orthographic a, ia have a very close final allophone of /ə/. This sounds almost like foot [Ʊ] and is interpreted by non-Bristolian ears as a kind of dark l ( Saudi Arabia), giving rise to what has come to be known as ‘Bristol-l’.
Track 45Interviewer: well she’s trying to get an exchange back – is she
Joyce: well you see – they want to come back – but she’s got a daughter – twenty-one – and she doesn’t want to come back – so what can you do – got to study the kids I suppose
Gran: and yet er’s courting and er’s going to get married
Joyce: – and yet er’s courting – and I suppose er’ll get married one of these days and her mother will be left there –’cos er’s twenty-one in January – but our Margie wants to come back because she’s epileptic you know – my sister – she has been for a few years since the bombing – isn’t she – and of course er suffers badly you know – and
Gran: er lives right away from all of us
Joyce: er lives right away from all of us – and he’s like my chap – he works at the same firm as him – and they had to work seven days a week – well I mean – if my – she was here I mean we could see more of her –’cos I mean we can’t go unless her husband takes us in the car
Joyce: and then you have to stop the night – well I mean it’s our babby
Interviewer: yes
Joyce: they’ve got no cot for her to sleep in or anything – and
Gran: the other boy’s fifteen and the girl’s twenty-two – her boy’s fifteen and her girl’s twenty-one
Joyce: I mean if I want to go over there I got to go from here to Lichfield – and then from Lichfield to Rugeley – and I think the buses only run about once a fortnight
Interviewer: it does seem silly doesn’t it – you know – it’s all very well but they need to put buses and trains and things on
Gran: I mean they ask the people to go on these housing estates – to leave their houses here in Birmingham – but they don’t cater for them
Interviewer: no
Gran: no
my chap: Joyce is referring to her husband.
study the kids = consider the needs of the children
babby = baby, young child
Birmingham is the largest city (one million) in the West Midlands conurbation, which in total has a population of about two and a half million people. The inhabitants often call it by the nickname of ‘Brummagem’ – actually derived from an older form of the name. Consequently, people from Birmingham are called ‘Brummies’, and Midlands speech is often informally referred to as the ‘Brummie accent’. Our two informants, Joyce and her mother – ‘Gran’ in the family circle – come from Small Heath, an inner-city district of Birmingham. The interviewer is also from Birmingham, but has a much modified form of the accent.
The accent is non-rhotic ( courting, our Margie) and has variable h-dropping. Joyce and Gran delete /h/ very consistently ( here, houses). A frequent realisation of /r/ is a tap [ɾ] ( married, January). Medial (and sometimes final) ng has sounded /g/ ( anything). Lexical variation is found in BATH words, which generally have the TRAP vowel ( ask). A lexical variation feature found in almost all Midland and northern English is that LOT rather than STRUT is used in the common words one and also none.
The realisation of the front checked vowels KIT and DRESS is closer than in other varieties. KIT in fact sounds as close as FLEECE in other accents ( sister, Lichfield). The FLEECE and GOOSE vowels are both extended glides ( sleep, do). Many dialectologists have claimed that in this accent there is no STRUT–FOOT contrast. In fact, although these vowels sound very similar (at least to a non-Midlander), a contrast certainly exists. STRUT is similar to an unrounded [Ʊ] ( study, suffers), whereas FOOT is closer and more rounded than in most other types of English ( could). LOT is unrounded [a] and sometimes fronted ( cot, bombing). NURSE is close, front and may have a degree of lip-rounding [øː] ( work, firm). Like Cockney, Birmingham has diphthong shift with wide glides in FACE, GOAT ( away, days, over). As in Cockney, the PRICE diphthong starts further back, sounding like the CHOICE of most varieties ( right, night). The happy vowel is FLEECE realised with a wide glide. Broad Birmingham English is notable for extended intonation patterns with frequent sharp falls, sustained low pitches or rise-falls, and there are plenty of examples of these in the speech of Joyce and Gran.
‘Er’ in our text represents the all-purpose (he, she, it) 3rd person pronoun /зː/ (weak form /ə/). Interestingly, this seems to be a relic of what Shakespeare (also a Midlander!) frequently indicates by’a or a in the speech of his ‘low’ characters. It occurs frequently, for instance, in Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2. But it is also to be found in Hamlet coming from the lips of the Prince of Denmark himself: ‘Now might I doe it, now a is a-praying’ (Act III, Scene ii, l. 73; Arden Shakespeare, H. Jenkins 1982).
Track 46Dave: another instance – I was on a – I was at Romiley – that’s in – near Marple – and I give the driver the sign – I was going for a Jimmy Riddle – I had all my machine on and my bag of money on – and I gets in – was having a wee there in t’ toilet – and I heard the ding ding – I thought – oh it can’t be – and I heard the bus set off – so I thought oh Christ – what can I do now – so I saw this motorbike – which was coming up – so I stopped him – and he gave me a lift – down to Woodley – and I found out – that it was a bloke who were drunk on the back seat – as always – wanted to leave the guard so he decided to ring the bell and leave me stood at Romiley … we had another incident – I had a driver called Brian Craven who suddenly phoned an inspector up at Stalybridge Garage – to say that he’d lost a guinea pig – left a guinea pig on the bus on the 330s went from Hyde to Ashton which in them days you had three corporations – you had Stockport corporation – Ashton corporation – and you had SHMD – and we said to this driver – this inspector – if the guinea pig’s not found it’ll die – so he had a look in the lost property office – and he come back – he says – well – he says – there’s no guinea pig here – and then he asked us – very sarcastically – was it on a blue bus – a red bus – or a green bus – so he said a red bus – so he put the phone down on us
incident: the speaker mispronounces this word
Jimmy Riddle: one of many colloquial expressions for urination. This is what is known in Britain as ‘rhyming slang’ where a rhyme is used for another word – in this case, piddle, also a slang word meaning urination. Rhyming slang is mostly associated with Cockney, but is also heard elsewhere.
wee (general colloquial): another word for urination
guard = bus conductor. The word is used in this sense only in this part of the north of England.
leave me stood (general non-standard) = leave me standing
them days (general non-standard) = those days
Stockport corporation, Ashton corporation, SHMD: all public transport companies a red bus: all the various bus companies had their buses painted different colours. Once the inspector heard it was a red bus, he knew it had nothing to do with his particular bus company, so he just abruptly stopped speaking and hung up.
The phrase ‘northern accent’ is popularly used for the kind of speech heard over a large area of England, more especially in the populous counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire (not so often for Merseyside or the north-east). Perhaps as many as ten million people speak English of this type, making it the second most widely spoken variety in Britain. This is a region of great contrasts, taking in the huge industrial conurbations of Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire (Leeds–Bradford) and South Yorkshire (Sheffield–Rotherham), but also having large stretches of sparsely populated hills and moorland in between, where rural populations maintain distinct forms of local dialect speech. Our speaker, Dave, is a bus conductor from the Lancashire town of Dukinfield in Greater Manchester, and there are some features in his speech which are characteristic of that particular area.
Northern English has variable h-dropping ( having, Hyde). One salient feature is to replace the definite article the by /t/, which is often glottalised or elided ( in t’ toilet). /p t k/ tend to have weak aspiration. Note the way Dave says bus with final /z/ as /bƱz/ – a northern pronunciation often found also with the pronoun us /Ʊz/. There are many noticeable differences in the vowels. PRICE vowels have a very narrow glide (or even a steady-state vowel), sounding rather like a long [aː] vowel ( motorbike, Hyde). The FACE and GOAT vowels have little or no glide ( say, days, bloke). DRESS is more open ( left, bell) and TRAP is retracted ( Ashton, back). Systemic variation is found in the lack of a STRUT vowel, FOOT being used where other varieties have STRUT ( coming, up, bus). The TRAP vowel is used in most BATH words, e.g. asked. The happY vowel is clearly KIT rather than FLEECE ( guinea (pig) ['gIne]). Southerners often accuse northerners of having ‘flat’ intonation, and certainly Dave tends to have less variation in the pitch of his voice than is to be found in many of the other accents on the CD.
There are distinct differences between Lancashire and Yorkshire. Some areas of Lancashire (but not normally Yorkshire) have sounded /g/ for medial ng, i.e. /ŋg/, e.g. singer = ['sIŋgə]. Moreover, even though this does not emerge in Dave’s speech, quite an extensive area of Lancashire adjacent to Manchester (but not the city itself) is rhotic. Yorkshire English is notable for frequent lenis to fortis energy assimilation, e.g. Bradford City [bratfət 'sIte] – which is something a Lancastrian like Dave wouldn’t say.
113
Explain the phonetic features and comment on the social judgements contained in this extract from Stephen Fry’s novel The Stars’ Tennis Balls (2001: 30).
Slowly you have become infected by a northern accent. Not obvious, just a trace, but to your sensitive, highly attuned ears as glaring as a cleft palate. You began to pronounce ‘One’ and ‘None’ to rhyme with ‘Shone’ and ‘Gone’ instead of ‘Shun’ and ‘Gun’, you gently sounded the g’s in ‘Ringing’ and ‘Singing’. At school you even rhyme ‘Mud’ with ‘Good’ and ‘Grass’ with ‘Lass’. Fair enough, you would be beaten up as a southern poof otherwise, but you have trailed some of that linguistic mud into the house with you.
Track 47Kathleen: last Sunday – come right out of this wind – and I’m sure that it’d been open – he would have been (?) been in – well – he went away – I put one or two crumbs on that side – and he came back a few times back and forward – but we haven’t seen him since – you want a bag of grain here every morning for the starlings and the sparrows and the what (?) little
Dora: blue tits
Kathleen: blue tits – I have nowt to say
Peggy: have you not
Kathleen: I’ve run out of words
Peggy: hardly – are they still – are they still getting all the – cows and things down there
Kathleen: no they haven’t been out – just – I think – last Sunday was it – they were in that field – just one or two of them – but there’s no small – but there’s no calves aren’t out just now
Peggy: but what did they do – what did they do when all that snow was on the ground –
Kathleen: they weren’t out
Peggy: were they not
Kathleen: no they weren’t out – not in neither of the fields – I just seen in the latter end there was one or two out in yon field – but that’s the lot – I wonder where – where Elaine’s gone and
Peggy: they went down – they went down Nobby’s – oh there they are – they’re just coming back up from down the Mill Road there – you can just see them
Kathleen: oh – they’re making a lump of difference on there – the big turn they have – at the corner
Peggy: it’s a bad road though coming up there
Kathleen: up there – up the Mills
Peggy: you get your tree cut
Kathleen: I hope
Peggy: it’s a pity because it spoils our view doesn’t it really – you know if we had a little bit more –
Kathleen: when it’s fuller – the foliage and the green leaves – it makes this very dark – you see – but still we’ve got compensations – we can see the other part of the valley – beautiful
Peggy: still – you got a nice – you’ve got a nicer view here than what you’ve got – or had down home – I mean – down the back yard
Kathleen: what – looking at the chimney pots
Peggy: uh-huh (?) before – the back yard – the back wall
Kathleen: the back wall
Peggy: I know – my Dad used to sit and he used to look – across the – the – roof didn’t he – to tell the weather
Kathleen: oh aye – he was a cold weather man – he used to sit around and they used to have lays
Peggy: oh dear – I suppose he’d be here watching all the traffic going along the road
Kathleen: oh – he would have seen nothing – nothing at all
nowt = nothing
yon = that over there (now archaic in most English varieties)
lays = naps
The most northerly conurbation of England is Tyneside in the north-east, dominated by the city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. This region has nearly a million inhabitants of whom nearly 300,000 live in Newcastle itself. The popularity of the name ‘George’, locally modified to ‘Geordie’, is the reason for the nickname applied to both the Tynesiders and their mode of speech. Our two main speakers are Kathleen, who grew up in Blaydon, a suburb to the south-west of the city, and has a conservative form of speech; her daughter Peggy, being younger, speaks with a more modified form of the accent.
Geordie has considerable phonetic/phonological differences from other England varieties and is in some ways closer to Scottish accents (see Section C3). It is, for instance, the only large conurbation in England (or Wales) where the accent shows no h-dropping ( home). But, unlike Scots, it is non-rhotic ( other part). Most Tyneside speakers reinforce medial /p t k/ with glottal stop, e.g. better, paper ['bε? ta 'peː?pa], but this isn’t noticeable with our informants; but note Peggy’s glottalised [?t] in for example get your tree cut. For both Kathleen and Peggy, /l/ is invariably clear in all contexts ( still, little). Broader speakers (only of the older generation and usually outside Newcastle itself) sometimes realise /r/ as a uvular fricative or approximant and Kathleen, but not Peggy, regularly pronounces it in this way ( grain, green, very).
BATH words regularly have the TRAP vowel (e.g. last). The STRUT vowel is absent from the system (p. 167) ( crumbs, run). Both final /ə/ and the second element of the centring diphthongs NEAR and CURE are very open, e.g. better ['bεt?a], beer [bia], cure [kjua]. The PALM words spelt ar (e.g. starlings) have a very back vowel. An extra vowel /aː/ is used for THOUGHT words spelt with al, e.g. walk = [waːk] so that talk and yawn contain different vowels /taːk – jɔːn/. In broad accents, NURSE and THOUGHT words are merged so that words is pronounced as [wɔːdz] and, in some words, MOUTH may be replaced by /uː/, e.g. house /huːs/ (cf. Scots). PRICE has a narrow glide, e.g. Tyneside ['tεInsεId]. FACE and GOAT are steady-state vowels [eː oː] ( away, snow). Tyneside is renowned for its extended ‘lilting’ intonation with many final rising patterns, and in this respect Kathleen and Peggy are both typical Geordies.
114 Track 69 Accent detective work (Answers on website)
Listen to the extracts on your audio CD. In each case, there is another voice speaking with one of the accent varieties discussed and which you have already heard. Try to locate the speaker geographically and state which particular phonetic features enable you to do this.
Figure C2.4Map of British and Irish accent locations exemplified in this book