Notes
PROLOGUE
1
Quoted in Rotem Kowner (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War (London, 2006), p. 20.
2
Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 4, http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL004.PDF, p. 470.
3
Jawaharlal Nehru, Autobiography (1936; repr. edn New Delhi, 1989), p. 16.
4
Ibid., p.18.
5
Marius B. Jansen, The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (Princeton, 1970), p. 117.
6
John D. Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif 1863 – 1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton, 1980), p. 143.
7
Ibid., p. 279.
8
Benoy Kumar Sarkar, ‘The futurism of young Asia’, International Journal of Ethics, 28, 4 (July 1918), p. 536.
9
Quoted in Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti- Westernism: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York, 2007), p. 76.
10
Quoted in Kowner (ed.), Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 242.
11
Philip Short, Mao: A Life (London, 2004), p. 37.
12
Ibid., p. 38.
13
Kowner (ed.), Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 230.
14
Sun Yat-sen, ‘Pan-Asianism’, China and Japan: Natural Friends – Unnatural Enemies (Shanghai, 1941), p. 143.
15
Gandhi, Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 471.
1. ASIA SUBORDINATED
1
Quoted in Juan Cole, Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East (New York, 2007), p. 17.
2
Ibid., p. 11.
3
Ibid., p. 128.
4
Ibid.
5
Trevor Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque: Cairo and the Age of the Hedonists (London, 2006), p. 18.
6
Ibid., p. 14.
7
Bernard Lewis, A Middle East Mosaic: Fragments of Life, Letters and History (New York, 2000), p. 41.
8
Shmuel Moreh (trans.) Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle Of The French Occupation, 1798 (Princeton, 1993), p. 71.
9
Ibid., pp. 28 – 9.
10
Ibid., p. 28.
11
Ibid., p. 31.
12
Ibid., pp. 109 – 10.
13
Lewis, A Middle East Mosaic, p. 42.
14
Quoted in Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India (Princeton, 1996), p. 112.
15
K. M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498 – 1945 (London, 1953), p. 74.
16
Tapan Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-century Bengal (Delhi, 2002), p. 185.
17
Edmund Burke, Selected Writings and Speeches (New Brunswick, 2009), P. 453.
18
Nicholas B. Dirks, The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), p. 292.
19
Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (London, 1951), p. 408.
20
Christopher Hibbert, The Dragon Wakes: China and the West, 1793 – 1911 (London, 1984), p. 32.
21
Ibid., p. 53.
22
Julia Lovell, The Opium War (London, 2011), p. 89.
23
Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (London, 1990), p. 123.
24
Ibid., p. 129.
25
Lovell, The Opium War, p. 52.
26
William Theodore De Bary, Richard John Lufrano, Wing-tsit Chan and Joseph Adler (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, vol. 2 (New York, 2000), p. 203.
27
Ibid., p. 204.
28
John K. Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842 – 1854 (Palo Alto, Calif., 1953), p. 173.
29
Madhavi Thampi (ed.), Indians in China, 1800 – 1949 (Delhi, 2010), p. 89.
30
Lovell, The Opium War, p. 227.
31
Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China (Cambridge, 1996), p. 240.
32
Hibbert, The Dragon Wakes, p. 264.
33
Ibid., p. 226.
34
Ibid., p. 265.
35
Rebecca E. Karl, Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (Durham, N.C., 2002), p. 12.
36
Ibid., p. 14.
37
Theodore Huters, Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China (Hawaii, 2005), p. 65.
38
Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man (London, 1995), p. 81.
39
Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered, p. 73.
40
Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, 1857 – 1858: A Study of Popular Resistance (Delhi, 1984), p. 32.
41
William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi 1857 (London, 2009), p. 96.
42
Emily Eden, Up the Country: Letters Written to Her Sister from the Upper Provinces of India (Cambridge, 1866), p. 139.
43
Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, p. 104.
44
Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered, p. 38.
45
Karl Marx, Early Writings (Harmondsworth, 1975), p. viii.
46
Mahmood Farooqui (ed. and trans.), Besieged: Voices from Delhi 1857 (Delhi, 2010), p. 352.
47
Ibid., pp. 382 – 3.
48
Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, p. 81.
49
Ibid., p. 148.
50
Narayani Gupta, Delhi Between Two Empires, 1803 – 1930: Society, Government and Urban Growth (Delhi, 1981), p. 21.
51
Lovell, The Opium War, p. 260.
52
Abdul Halim Sharar, Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture, trans. E. S. Harcourt and Fakhir Husain (Delhi, 1975), p. 66.
53
Ibid., p. 62.
54
Benoy Kumar Sarkar, ‘The futurism of young Asia’, International Journal of Ethics, 28, 4 (July 1918), p. 532.
55
John D. Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif, 1863 – 1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton, 1980), p. 130.
56
Alan Macfarlane, The Making of the Modern World: Visions from the West and East (London, 2002), p. 35.
57
Alexis de Tocqueville, ‘The European Revolution’ and Correspondence with Gobineau (New York, 1959), p. 268.
58
Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered, p. 90.
59
Macfarlane, The Making of the Modern World, p. 36.
60
Stephen N. Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and his Critics in Japan, China, and India (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p. 82.
61
Amiya Dev and Tan Chung (eds.), Tagore and China (Delhi, 2011), p.170.
62
Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), p. 155.
2. THE STRANGE ODYSSEY OF JAMAL AL-DIN AL-AFGHANI
1
Ali Rahnema, Ali, An Islamic Utopian. A Political Biography of Ali Shariati (London, 1998), p. 98.
2
Nikki R. Keddie, ‘The Pan-Islamic appeal: Afghani and Abdülhamid’, Middle Eastern Studies, 3, 1 (Oct. 1966), p. 66.
3
Ali Shariati and Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, trans. Laleh Bakhtiar (Ontario, 1991), p. 38.
4
Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism (Chicago, 2005), p. 99.
5
Shariati and Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, p. 38.
6
Nikki R. Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’: A Political Biography (Berkeley, 1972), p. 138.
7
Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, The Arab Discovery of Europe: A Study in Cultural Encounters (Princeton, 1963), p. 102.
8
Ibid., p. 120.
9
Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford, 1968), p. 146.
10
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 45.
11
Ibid., p. 104.
12
Ibid., p. 46.
13
Ibid., p. 54.
14
Aziz Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khe9781429945981_img_257.gifn, Jame9781429945981_img_257.gifl al-de9781429945981_img_299.gifn al-Afghe9781429945981_img_257.gifne9781429945981_img_299.gif and Muslim India’, Studia Islamica, 13 (1960), p. 66.
15
Narayani Gupta, Delhi Between Two Empires, 1803 – 1930: Society, Government and Urban Growth (Delhi, 1981), p. 22.
16
William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi 1857 (London, 2009), p. 9.
17
Ibid., p. 24.
18
Ralph Russell and Khurshidul Islam, ‘The satirical verse of Akbar Ile9781429945981_img_257.gifhe9781429945981_img_257.gifbe9781429945981_img_257.gifde9781429945981_img_299.gif (1846 – 1921)’, Modern Asian Studies, 8, 1 (1974), p. 8.
19
Ibid., p. 9.
20
Christopher Shackle and Javed Majed (trans.), Hali’s Musaddas: The Flow and Ebb of Islam (Delhi, 1997), p. 103.
21
Gail Minault, ‘Urdu political poetry during the Khilafat Movement’, Modern Asian Studies, 8, (1984), pp. 459 – 71.
22
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 250.
23
Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (Delhi, 1988), p. 23.
24
Ibid., p. 25.
25
Ralph Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute: An Anthology of Two Centuries of Urdu Literature (Delhi, 1995), pp. 185 – 6.
26
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 107.
27
Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 202.
28
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, P. 103.
29
Ibid., p. 105.
30
Jawaharlal Nehru, Autobiography (1936; repr. edn New Delhi, 1989), P. 435.
31
Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453 – 1924 (London, 1995), p. 291.
32
Ibid., p. 288.
33
Ibid., p. 277.
34
M. e9781429945981_img_350.gifükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton, 2008), p. 6.
35
Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, p. 248.
36
Ibid., p. 265.
37
Feroz Ahmad, From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Istanbul, 2008), p. 43.
38
e9781429945981_img_350.giferif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas (Princeton, 2000), p. 79.
39
Ibid., p. 115.
40
Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, p. 139.
41
Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought, p. 167.
42
Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York, 2007), p. 36.
43
Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, p. 11.
44
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 64.
45
Ibid., p. 69.
46
Juan R. I. Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt’s Urabi Movement (Cairo, 1999), p. 195.
47
Gustave Flaubert, Flaubert, in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour, trans. Francis Steegmuller (Harmondsworth, 1996), p. 28.
48
Stanley Lane Poole, The Story of Cairo (London, 1902), p. 27.
49
Trevor Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque: Cairo and the Age of the Hedonists (London, 2006), p. 126.
50
Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, p. 9.
51
Ibid., p. 73.
52
Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque, p. 127.
53
Lady Duff Gordon, Letters from Egypt (London, 1865), p. 59.
54
Ibid., p. 309.
55
Mostyn, Egypt’s Belle Epoque, p. 46.
56
Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 193.
57
Lucie Duff Gordon, Last Letters from Egypt: To Which Are Added Letters from the Cape (Cambridge, 2010), p. 108.
58
Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 46.
59
Elie Kedourie, Afghani and ‘Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London, 1966), p. 25.
60
Flaubert, Flaubert in Egypt, p. 79.
61
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ’Al-Afghani’, p. 90.
62
Ibid., pp. 116 – 17.
63
Ibid., p. 94.
64
Michael Gaspe, The Power of Representation: Publics, Peasants, and Islam in Egypt (Stanford, 2009), p. 101.
65
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’ p. 94.
66
Ibid., p. 95.
67
Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 146.
68
Duff Gordon, Letters from Egypt, p. 105.
69
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 104.
70
Ibid., p. 106.
71
Ibid., p. 110.
72
Ibid., p. in.
73
Kedourie, Afghani and Abduh, p. 29.
74
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, pp. 121 – 2.
75
Ibid., p. 118.
76
Ibid., p. 125.
77
Flaubert, Flaubert in Egypt, p. 81.
78
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 133.
79
Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (Delhi, 1988), p. 26.
80
Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought, p. 60.
81
Ibid.
82
Kedourie, Afghani and ‘Abduh, pp. 50 – 51.
83
Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khe9781429945981_img_257.gifn, Jame9781429945981_img_257.gifl al-de9781429945981_img_299.gifn al-Afghe9781429945981_img_257.gifne9781429945981_img_299.gif and Muslim India’, p. 59.
84
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, pp. 164 – 5.
85
Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khe9781429945981_img_257.gifn, Jame9781429945981_img_257.gifl al-de9781429945981_img_299.gifn al-Afghe9781429945981_img_257.gifne9781429945981_img_299.gif and Muslim India’, p. 66.
86
Nehru, Autobiography, p. 478.
87
Ahmad, ‘Sayyid Ahmad Khe9781429945981_img_257.gifn, Jame9781429945981_img_257.gifl al-de9781429945981_img_299.gifn al-Afghe9781429945981_img_257.gifne9781429945981_img_299.gif and Muslim India’, p. 65.
88
Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 205.
89
Ibid., p. 203.
90
Russell and Islam (trans.), ‘The satirical verse of Akbar Ile9781429945981_img_257.gifhe9781429945981_img_257.gifbe9781429945981_img_257.gifde9781429945981_img_299.gif’, p. 11.
91
Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 205.
92
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 167.
93
Ibid., p. 135.
94
Russell and Islam (trans.), ‘The satirical verse of Akbar Ile9781429945981_img_257.gifhe9781429945981_img_257.gifbe9781429945981_img_257.gifde9781429945981_img_299.gif’, p. 56.
95
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 160.
96
Russell (ed.), Hidden in the Lute, p. 207.
97
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 183.
98
Mark Sedgwick, Muhammad Abduh: A Biography (Cairo, 2009), p. 51.
99
Stephane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu and Yasushi Kosugi (eds.), Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic world: Transmission, Transformation, Communication (New York, 2006), p. 9.
100
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, pp. 202 – 3.
101
Ibid., p. 202.
102
W. S. Blunt, Gordon at Khartoum, Being a Personal Narrative of Events in Continuation of ‘A Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt’ (London, 1911), pp. 208 – 9.
103
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 208.
104
Kedourie, Afghani and ‘Abduh, p. 43.
105
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 191.
106
Ibid., p. 196.
107
Sedgwick, Muhammad Abduh, p. 39.
108
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 250.
109
Ibid.
110
Ibid., p. 263.
111
Ibid., p. 285.
112
Ibid., p. 286.
113
Ibid., p. 304
114
Ibid.
115
Ibid., p. 317.
116
Renee Worringer (ed.), The Islamic Middle East and Japan: Perceptions, Aspirations, and the Birth of Intra-Asian Modernity (Princeton, 2007), p.16.
117
George Nathaniel Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, vol. 1 (London, 1966), p. 480.
118
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 324.
119
Ibid.
120
Ibid., p. 339.
121
Ibid., p. 343.
122
Ibid., p. 363.
123
Ibid., p. 362.
124
Ibid., p. 400.
125
Ibid., p. 382.
126
Ibid., p. 391.
127
Sayid Jame9781429945981_img_257.gifl al-De9781429945981_img_299.gifn al-Afghe9781429945981_img_257.gifne9781429945981_img_299.gif and Abdul-Hadi He9781429945981_img_257.gif’ire9781429945981_img_299.gif, ‘Afghani on the decline of Islam’, Die Welt des Islams, New Series, 13, 1/2 (1971), pp. 124 – 5.
128
Christopher De Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia: Muhammad Mossadegh and a Very British Coup (London, 2012), p. 17.
129
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 411.
130
Ibid., p. 420.
131
Charles Crane, ‘Unpublished Memoirs’, Institute of Current World Affairs, pp. 288 – 9.
132
http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/2010/02/america-and-afghani/
133
Charles Kurzman (ed.), Modernist Islam, 1840 – 1940: A Sourcebook (New York, 2002), p. 78.
134
Ruhollah Khomeini, Islamic Government (Washington, D.C., 1979), p. 35.
135
Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton, 1977), p 49.
136
Keddie, Sayyid Jamal Ad-Din ‘Al-Afghani’, p. 419.
137
Ibid.
3. LIANG QICHAO’S CHINA AND THE FATE OF ASIA
1
Renee Worringer (ed.), The Islamic Middle East and Japan: Perceptions, Aspirations, and the Birth of Intra-Asian Modernity (Princeton, 2007), p. 34.
2
William Theodore De Bary (ed.), Sources of East Asian Tradition: The Modern Period (New York, 2008), p. 545.
3
Ibid., p. 46.
4
Ibid., p. 47.
5
Renee Worringer, ‘“Sick Man of Europe” or “Japan of the near East”? Constructing Ottoman modernity in the Hamidian and Young Turk eras’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 36, 2 (May 2004), p. 207.
6
Ibid.
7
Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), p. 274.
8
Bruce Cumings, Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power (New Haven, Conn., 2010), p. 85.
9
John D. Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif, 1863 – 1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton, 1980), p. 233.
10
Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan (New York, 2004), p. 50.
11
Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif, p. 235.
12
William Theodore De Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, 1600 – 2000, vol. 2 (New York, 2006), p.133.
13
Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif, p. 237.
14
Ibid., p. 239.
15
Ibid., p. 241.
16
Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), p. 112.
17
Ibid., p. 117.
18
William Theodore De Bary, Richard John Lufrano, Wing-tsit Chan and Joseph Adler (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, vol. 2 (New York, 2000), p. 205.
19
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 49.
20
Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea: Letters of Travel (New York, 1920), P.274.
21
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 297.
22
Hao Chang, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890 – 1907 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), p. 60.
23
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 49.
24
Ibid., p. 45.
25
Ibid., p. 44.
26
Theodore Huters, Bringing the World Home: Appropriating the West in Late Qing and Early Republican China (Hawaii, 2005), p. 50.
27
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 37.
28
Julia Lovell, The Opium War (London, 2011), p. 298.
29
Benjamin Schwartz, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), p. 55.
30
Lovell, The Opium War, p. 298.
31
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 30.
32
Ibid., p. 33.
33
Ibid., p. 116.
34
Ibid., p. 83.
35
Ibid., p. 117.
36
Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif, p. 241.
37
Sven Saaler and Christopher W. A. Szpilman (eds.), Pan Asianism: A Documentary History, Vol. 1, 1850 – 1920 (Lanham, Md., 2011), p. 166.
38
Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif, p. 241.
39
Prasenjit Duara, ‘Asia Redux: conceptualizing a region for our times’, Journal of Asian Studies, 69, 4 (November 2010), p. 971.
40
Rebecca E. Karl, ‘Creating Asia: China in the world at the beginning of the twentieth century’, American Historical Review, 103, 4 (Oct. 1998), pp. 1115 – 16.
41
Ibid., p. 1107
42
Ibid., p. 1108.
43
Rebecca E. Karl, Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (Durham, N.C., 2002), p. 141.
44
Ibid., p. 89.
45
Hao Chang, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, p. 164.
46
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 117.
47
Madhavi Thampi (ed.), Indians in China, 1800 – 1949 (Delhi, 2010), p. 160.
48
Robert Bickers and R. G. Tiedemann (eds.), The Boxers, China and the World (Lanham, Md., 2007), p. 57.
49
Jasper Becker, City of Heavenly Tranquility: Beijing in the History of China (Oxford, 2008), p. 115.
50
Aurobindo Ghose, Bande Mataram, Early Political Writings, vol. 1 (Pondicherry, 1972.), p. 312.
51
Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 159.
52
Tsou Jung, The Revolutionary Army: A Chinese Nationalist Tract of 1903, trans. John Lust (Paris, 1968), pp. 58 – 9.
53
De Bary, Lufrano, Wing-tsit Chan and Adler (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 2, p. 312.
54
Hao Chang, Chinese Intellectuals in Crisis: Search for Order and Meaning (1890 – 1911) (Berkeley, 1987), p. 113.
55
De Bary, Lufrano, Wing-tsit Chan and Adler (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 2, p. 313.
56
Zhang Yongle, ‘The future of the past: on Wang Hui’s rise of modern Chinese thought’, New Left Review, 62 (2008), p. 81.
57
Jonathan Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and their Revolution, 1895 – 1980 (New York, 1982), p. 74.
58
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 121.
59
Ibid., p. 116.
60
David G. Marr, Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885 – 1925 (Berkeley, 1971), p. 121.
61
Lu Xun, Diary of a Madman and Other Stories, trans. William A. Lyell (Hawaii, 1990), p. 23.
62
Stephane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu and Yasushi Kosugi (eds.), Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication (New York, 2006), p. 278.
63
Ibid., p. 277.
64
Marr, Vietnamese Anticolonialism, p. 137.
65
Ibid., p. 114.
66
William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), p. 72.
67
R. David Arkush and Leo O. Lee (eds.), Land Without Ghosts: Chinese Impressions of America from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Present (Berkeley, 1989), p. 87.
68
Ibid., p. 89.
69
Ibid., p. 90.
70
Hao Chang, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, P. 245.
71
Arkush and Lee (eds.), Land Without Ghosts, p. 91.
72
Ibid.
73
Benoy Kumar Sarkar, ‘Americanization from the viewpoint of young Asia’, The Journal of International Relations, 10, 1 (July 1919), p. 42.
74
Arkush and Lee (eds.), Land Without Ghosts, pp. 61 – 2, 65.
75
Ibid., p. 92.
76
Ibid., p. 83.
77
Ibid., p. 93.
78
Jerome B. Greider, Intellectuals and the State in Modern China: A Narrative History (New York, 1981), p. 167.
79
Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif, p. 267.
80
Hao Chang, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, p. 269.
81
Ibid., p. 270.
82
Huters, Bringing the World Home, p. 20.
83
Philip Short, Mao: A Life (London, 2004), p. 79.
84
Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, p. 144.
85
Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895 – 1949 (New York, 2005), p. 135.
86
Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, p. 142.
4. 1919, ‘CHANGING THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD’
1
http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/wilson1917inauguration.htm.
2
Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York, 2009), p. 21.
3
Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World since 1776 (New York, 1997), p.136.
4
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, p. 45.
5
Ibid., p. 71.
6
Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu and Yasushi Kosugi (eds.), Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication (New York, 2006), p. 190.
7
Iqbal Husain, ‘Akbar Allahabadi and national politics’, Social Scientist, 16, 5 (May 1988), p. 38.
8
Iqbal Singh, The Ardent Pilgrim: An Introduction to the Life and Work of Mohammed Iqbal (Karachi, 1997), p. 39.
9
Amiya Dev and Tan Chung (eds.), Tagore and China (Delhi, 2011), p. 190.
10
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, pp. 91 – 2.
11
Jean Lacoutre, Ho Chi Minh (Harmondsworth, 1967), p. 35.
12
Sven Saaler and Christopher W. A. Szpilman (eds.), Pan Asianism: A Documentary History, Vol. 1, 1850 – 1920 (Lanham, Md., 2011), p. 136.
13
Benoy Kumar Sarkar, ‘The international fetters of young China’, The Journal of International Relations, 11, 3 (Jan. 1921), p. 355.
14
Geoffrey Barraclough, An Introduction to Contemporary History (Harmondsworth, 1967), p. 215.
15
Ibid., p. 176.
16
Sarkar, ‘The international fetters of young China’, p. 355.
17
William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1972), p. 72.
18
Benoy Kumar Sarkar, ‘Americanization from the viewpoint of young Asia’, The Journal of International Relations, 10, 1 (July 1919), p. 47.
19
Ibid.
20
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, p. 29.
21
McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State, p.127.
22
Ibid.
23
David Fromkin, In the Time of the Americans: FDR, Truman, Eisenhower, Marshall, MacArthur – The Generation That Changed America’s Role in the World (New York, 1996), p.143.
24
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, p. 137.
25
Jonathan Clements, Prince Saionji (London, 2008), p. 120.
26
Ibid., p. 32.
27
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, p. 75.
28
Hugh Purcell, The Maharaja of Bikaner (London, 2010), p. 27.
29
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, p. 194.
30
Ibid., p. 149.
31
Christopher De Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia: Muhammad Mossadegh and a Very British Coup (London, 2012), p. 53.
32
Lacoutre, Ho Chi Minh, p. 32.
33
Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man (London, 1995), p. 216.
34
Kedar Nath Mukherjee, Political Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (Delhi, 1982), p. 43.
35
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, p. 217.
36
Dudoignon, Komatsu and Kosugi (eds.), Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World, p. 62.
37
M. e9781429945981_img_350.gifükrü Hanioglu, Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography (Princeton, 2011), p. 91.
38
Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York, 2007), p. 134.
39
Hanioe9781429945981_img_287.giflu, Atatürk, p. 57.
40
Charles Kurzman (ed.), Modernist Islam, 1840 – 1940: A Sourcebook (New York, 2002), p. 8.
41
Jonathan Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and their Revolution, 1895 – 1980 (New York, 1982), p. 172.
42
Jonathan Clements, Wellington Koo (London, 2008), p. 95.
43
Guoqi Xu, China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization (Cambridge, 2005), p. 271.
44
Ibid., p. 273.
45
Tse-tsung Chow, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), p. 127.
46
Deng Maomao, Deng Xiaoping: My Father (New York, 1995), p. 81.
47
Ibid., p. 61.
48
John Fitzgerald, Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution (Stanford, 1996), p. 93.
49
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment, p. 190.
50
Ibid.
51
Clements, Wellington Koo, p. 96.
52
Stuart R. Schram (ed.), Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912 – 1949. Vol. 1, The Pre-Marxist Period, 1912 – 1920 (New York, 1992), p. 389.
53
Paul Valéry, The Outlook for Intelligence (New York, 1963), p. 115.
54
Xiaobing Tang, Global Space and the Nationalist Discourse of Modernity: The Historical Thinking of Liang Qichao (Stanford, 1996), p. 177.
55
Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, p. 152.
56
Jerome B. Greider, Intellectuals and the State in Modern China: A Narrative History (New York, 1981), p. 252.
57
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China (Delhi, 2011), p. 79.
58
Aurobindo Ghose, Bande Mataram, Early Political Writings, vol. 1 (Pondicherry, 1972), p. 561.
59
Ibid., p. 422.
60
Muhammad Iqbal, A Message From the East [Payam-e-Mashriq], trans. M. Hadi Hussain (first published 1924; Lahore, 1977), pp. 90 – 91.
61
Joseph R. Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), p. 203.
62
Ibid., p. 200.
63
W. Franke, China and the West (Oxford, 1967), p. 124.
64
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 207.
65
Ibid., p. 201.
66
Greider, Intellectuals and the State in Modern China, p. 254.
67
Levenson, Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and the Mind of Modern China, p. 203.
68
Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea (New York, 1906), p. 4.
69
Greider, Intellectuals and the State in Modern China, p. 23.
70
Bertrand Russell, The Problem of China (London, 1922), p. 194.
71
Greider, Intellectuals and the State in Modern China, p. 263.
72
William Theodore De Bary, Richard John Lufrano, Wing-tsit Chan and Joseph Adler (eds.), Sources of Chinese Tradition, From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, vol. 2 (New York, 2000), p. 322.
73
Sven Saaler and Christopher W. A. Szpilman (eds.), Pan Asianism: A Documentary History, Vol. 2, 1920 – Present (Lanham, Md., 2011), p. 81.
74
Ibid., pp. 188 – 90.
5. RABINDRANATH TAGORE IN EAST ASIA, THE MAN FROM THE LOST COUNTRY
1
Rebecca E. Karl, ‘China in the world at the beginning of the twentieth century’, American Historical Review, 103, 4 (Oct. 1998), p. 1110.
2
Rabindranath Tagore, Letters to a Friend (Delhi, 2002), p. 110.
3
Aurobindo Ghose, Bande Mataram, Early Political Writings, vol. 1 (Pondicherry, 1972), p. 820.
4
Ibid., p. 931.
5
Tapan Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-century Bengal (Delhi, 2002), p. 275.
6
Tapan Raychaudhuri, Perceptions, Emotions, Sensibilities: Essays on India’s Colonial and Post-colonial Experiences (Delhi, 1999), p. 36.
7
Raychaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered, p. 77.
8
Ghose, Bande Mataram, viol.1, p. 362.
9
Ibid., p. 550.
10
Amiya Dev and Tan Chung (eds.), Tagore and China (Delhi, 2011), p. 242.
11
Robert Bickers and R. G. Tiedemann (eds.), The Boxers, China and the World (Lanham, Md., 2007), p. 148.
12
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 170.
13
Stephen N. Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and his Critics in Japan, China, and India (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p. 32.
14
Mohit Kumar Ray (ed.), The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore, vol. 4 (Delhi, 2007), p. 443.
15
Ibid., p. 631.
16
Ibid., p. 496.
17
Gandhi, Hind Swaraj and Other Writings, ed. Anthony Parel (Cambridge, 1997), p. xxii.
18
Aurobindo Ghose, Early Cultural Writings, vol. 1 (Pondicherry, 2003), p. 545.
19
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 35.
20
Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man (London, 1995) p. 202.
21
Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 43.
22
Sven Saaler and Christopher W. A. Szpilman (eds.), Pan Asianism: A Documentary History, Vol. 1, 1850 – 1920 (Lanham, Md., 2011), p. 96.
23
Ibid., p. 98.
24
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 349.
25
Ibid., p. 343.
26
David Wolff and John W. Steinberg (eds.), The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero (Leiden, 2007), p. 478.
27
Dutta and Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore, p. 200.
28
Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 61.
29
Sugata Bose and Kris Manjapra (eds.), Cosmopolitan Thought Zones: South Asia and the Global Circulation of Ideas (New York, 2010), p. 103.
30
Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea (New York, 1906), p. 4.
31
Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 73.
32
Ibid., pp. 78 – 9.
33
Ibid., p. 136.
34
Ibid., p. 200.
35
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 30.
36
Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 227.
37
Ibid., p. 168.
38
Ibid., p. 170.
39
Jonathan Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and their Revolution, 1895 – 1980 (New York, 1982), p. 216.
40
Tagore, Letters to a Friend, p. 110.
41
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 79.
42
Tagore, Letters to a Friend, p. 118.
43
Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore: An Anthology (New York, 1997), p. 127.
44
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 37.
45
Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 172.
46
Ibid., p. 316.
47
Dutta and Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore, p. 252.
48
Ibid.
49
Ibid., p. 347.
50
Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West, p. 320.
51
Dev and Tan (eds.), Tagore and China, p. 76.
52
Rabindranth Tagore, Crisis in Civilization (Delhi, 2002), p. 260.
53
Dutta and Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore, pp. 300 – 301.
6. ASIA REMADE
1
Krishna Dutta and Andrew Robinson, Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man (London, 1995), p. 301.
2
Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea (New York, 1906), p. 2.
3
John D. Pierson, Tokutomi Sohe9781429945981_img_333.gif 1863 – 1957: A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton, 1980), p. 371.
4
Ibid., p. 375.
5
William Theodore De Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, 1600 – 2000, vol. 2 (New York, 2006), p. 136.
6
Donald Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country Will Never Perish: Wartime Diaries of Japanese Writers (New York, 2010), p. 14.
7
De Bary, Gluck and Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, p. 137.
8
Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941 – 1945 (London, 2007), p. 7.
9
Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 30.
10
Rotem Kowner (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War (London, 2006), p. 230.
11
Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 41.
12
Jawaharlal Nehru, Autobiography (1936; repr. edn New Delhi, 1989), p. 488.
13
Ibid., p. 632.
14
Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 40.
15
Ibid., p. 43.
16
Bayly and Harper, Forgotten Armies, p. 356.
17
Keene (ed.), So Lovely a Country, p. 41.
18
Eri Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War 1931 – 1945 (New York, 2007), p. 217.
19
Stephen N. Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and his Critics in Japan, China, and India (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), p. 70.
20
Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia (London, 2007), p. 149.
21
Hotta, Pan-Asianism and Japan’s War, p. 218.
22
Christopher De Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia: Muhammad Mossadegh and a Very British Coup (London, 2012), p. 179.
23
Bayly and Harper, Porgotten Wars, p. 18.
24
De Bary, Gluck and Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2, p. 138.
25
Mohit Kumar Ray (ed.), The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore, vol. 7 (Delhi, 2007), p. 970.
26
Sven Saaler and Christopher W. A. Szpilman (eds.), Pan Asianism: A Documentary History, Vol. 1, 1850 – 1920 (Lanham, Md., 2011), p. 98.
27
Charlotte Furth and Guy Alitto, The Limits of Change: Essays on Conservative Alternatives in Republican China (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), p. 229.
28
Michael Collins, Empire, Nationalism and the Postcolonial World: Rabindranath Tagore’s Writings on History, Politics and Society (New York, 2011), p. 67.
29
Herlee G. Creel, Chinese Thought: From Confucius to Mao Tse Tung (Chicago, 1971), p. 237.
30
Furth and Alitto, The Limits of Change, p. 197.
31
Ayesha Jalal, Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam since 1850 (New York, 2000), p. 170.
32
Muhammad Iqbal, The Call of the Caravan Bell, trans. Umrao Singh Sher Gil, http://www.disna.us/files/The_Call_of_The_Caravan_Bell.pdf, p. 47.
33
Ali Shariati and Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, trans. Laleh Bakhtiar (Ontario, 1991), p. 31.
34
Ibid., p. 75.
35
Javeed Majeed, Muhammad Iqbal: Islam, Aesthetics and Postcolonialism (Delhi, 2009), p. xxiii.
36
Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Modern Islam in India (Lahore, 1943), p. 111.
37
Reza Asian, No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam (New York, 2005), p. 232.
38
Taha Hussein, The Future of Culture in Egypt (Washington, D.C., 1955), p. 17.
39
Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Lahore, 1944), p. 159.
40
Roxanne Euben, Enemy in the Mirror. Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism: A Work of Comparative Political Theory (Princeton, 1999), p. 49.
41
Nehru, Autobiography, p. 519.
42
Ibid., p. 520.
43
John Calvert, Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism (London, 2010), p. 117.
44
Ibid., p. 154.
45
Ibid., p. 149.
46
Euben, Enemy in the Mirror, p. 68.
47
Calvert, Sayyid Qutb, p. 105.
48
Ibid., p. 161.
49
Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (Delhi 1973), p. 3.
50
Said Amir Arjomand, ‘Iran’s Islamic Revolution in comparative perspective’, World Politics, 38, 3 (Apr. 1986), p. 407.
51
Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism (Chicago, 2005), p. 4.
52
Shariati and Khamenei, Iqbal: Manifestations of the Islamic Spirit, p. 38.
53
Jalal Al-e Ahmad, Occidentosis: A Plague from the West, ed. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, 1984), p. 34.
54
Ali Mirsepassi, Intellectual Discourse and the Politics of Modernization: Negotiating Modernity in Iran (Cambridge, 2000), p. 113.
55
Hamid Dabashi, Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (New Brunswick, N.J., 2006), p. 355.
56
Ali Shariati, Reflections of a Concerned Muslim: On the Plight of Oppressed Peoples, trans. Ali A. Behzadnia and Najpa Denny (Houston, Tex., 1979), pp. 9 – 10.
57
Ali Shariati, Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique, trans. R. Campbell (Berkeley, 1980), p. 49.
58
Ali Gheissari, Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century (Austin, Tex., 1998), p.101.
59
Hamid Algar (trans.), Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (Berkeley, 1981), p. 28.
60
Ali Shariati, On the Sociology of Islam, trans. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, 2000), p. 23.
61
Translated from the Urdu by Ali Mir (unpublished).
62
Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago, 2001), p. 198.
63
Orhan Pamuk, ‘The anger of the damned’, New York Review of Books, 15 November 2001.
64
Ibid.
65
M. e9781429945981_img_350.gifükrü Hanioglu, Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography (Princeton, 2011), p. 205.
66
Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (Delhi, 1988), p. 62.
67
Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Lahore, 1944), p. 162.
68
Feroz Ahmad, From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Istanbul, 2008), p. 323.
69
Julia Lovell, The Opium War (London, 2011), p. 321.
70
Ibid., p. 330.
71
Ibid., p. 331.
72
Timothy Cheek (ed.), A Critical Introduction to Mao (Cambridge, 2010), p. 31.
73
Shao Chuan Leng and Norman D. Palmer, Sun Yat-sen and Communism (New York, 1961), p. 157.
74
Stuart R. Schram (ed.), Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912 – 1949. Vol. 7 New Democracy, 1939 – 1941 (New York, 2005), pp. 330 – 69.
75
Peter Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895 – 1949 (New York, 2005), p.15.
76
Alexis de Tocqueville, ‘The European Revolution’ and Correspondence with Gobineau (New York, 1959), p. 268.
77
Andre Malraux, The Temptation of the West, trans. Robert Hollander (New York, 1974), p. 104.
EPILOGUE: AN AMBIGUOUS REVENGE
1
Ryszard Kapue9781429945981_img_347.gifcie9781429945981_img_324.gifski, The Soccer War (London, 1990), p. 106.
2
Nicolaus Mills and Michael Walzer (eds.), 50 Years of Dissent (New York, 2004), p. 35.