1. Naomi Weisstein, “Chicago ’60s: Ecstasy as Our Guide,” Ms., September–October 1990; also quoted in Susan Brownmiller, In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (New York: Delta/Dell, 2000), 18.
2. Naomi Weisstein, conference call with author (with Amy Kesselman, Heather Booth, and Vivian Rothstein), August 9, 2008.
3. Exceptions include Dina Pinsky’s sociological study Jewish Feminists: Complex Identities and Activist Lives (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010) and articles by Paula E. Hyman, “Jewish Feminism Faces the American Women’s Movement: Convergence and Divergence,” in Deborah Dash Moore, ed., American Jewish Identity Politics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008), 221–240; and Daniel Horowitz, “Jewish Women Remaking American Feminism / Women Remaking American Judaism: Reflections on the Life of Betty Friedan,” in Hasia Diner, Shira Kohn, and Rachel Kranson, eds., A Jewish Feminine Mystique? Jewish Women in Postwar America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2010), 235–256. On women’s liberation generally, see Brownmiller, In Our Time; Sara Evans, Personal Politics: The Roots of Women’s Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left (New York: Vintage Books, 1979); Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Rachel Blau DuPlessis and Ann Snitow, eds., The Feminist Memoir Project: Voices from Women’s Liberation (1998; repr., New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007); Alice Echols, Shaky Ground: The Sixties and Its Aftershocks (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); Ruth Rosen, The World Split Open: How the Modern Women’s Movement Changed America (New York: Penguin Books, 2000); Estelle B. Freedman, No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women (New York: Ballantine, 2002); Sara M. Evans, Tidal Wave: How Women Changed America at Century’s End (New York: Free Press, 2003); Benita Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America’s Second Wave (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Winifred Breines, The Trouble between Us: An Uneasy History of White and Black Women in the Feminist Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Nancy A. Hewitt, ed., No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2010); Dorothy Sue Cobble, Linda Gordon, and Astrid Henry, Feminism Unfinished: A Short, Surprising History of American Women’s Movements (New York: Norton, 2014).
4. Sara M. Evans, foreword to Stephanie Gilmore, ed., Feminist Coalitions: Historical Perspectives on Second-Wave Feminism in the United States (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), viii; Gilmore, “Thinking about Feminist Coalitions,” ibid., 5.
5. “Women’s Liberation and Jewish Identity: Uncovering a Legacy of Innovation, Activism, and Social Change,” conference at NYU Skirball Center for Judaic Studies, April 10–11, 2011 (hereafter WLJIC).
6. The historians’ panel at the conference included Ellen DuBois, Linda Gordon, Alice Kessler-Harris, and Ruth Rosen, all of whom had participated in the women’s liberation movement.
7. Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women’s Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 55–56.
8. See, for example, Steven M. Cohen and Arnold M. Eisen, The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000).
9. Heather Booth, remarks at “Re-Joyce: Women Changing the World, a Symposium in Honor of Joyce Antler,” Brandeis University, October 17, 2015.
10. See, for example, Susan A. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Hadassa Kosak, Cultures of Opposition: Jewish Immigrant Workers, New York City, 1881–1905 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000); Joyce Antler, The Journey Home: How Jewish Women Shaped Modern America (New York: Schocken Books, 1997); Melissa Klapper, Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace: American Jewish Women’s Activism, 1890–1940 (New York: NYU Press, 2013).
11. On 1960s youth activism, see Rebecca A. Klatch, A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right, and the 1960s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Paul Buhle, ed., History and the New Left: Madison, Wisconsin, 1950–1970 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990); Mark Oppenheimer, Knocking on Heaven’s Door: American Religion in the Age of Counterculture (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003).
12. Klapper, Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace, 122–123, 133.
13. On maternalism, see Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Molly Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work: Child Welfare and the State, 1890–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Rebecca Jo Plant, MOM: The Transformation of Motherhood in Modern America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
14. On gender and Jewish identity, see Paula E. Hyman, “Gender and the Shaping of Modern Jewish Identities,” Jewish Social Studies 8, nos. 2–3 (2002): 153–161; Hyman, Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History: The Roles and Representation of Women (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995); and Marion A. Kaplan and Deborah Dash Moore, eds., Gender and Jewish History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011).
15. I use “Judaism” primarily to connote religious aspects of Jewish life, and “Jewishness” to refer to matters of culture and ethnicity more broadly, but I follow Jonathan Sarna in noting the interrelationship between “Judaism as a faith” and “Jews as a people.” See Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), xvi–xvii.
16. See Mark Rudd, “Why Were There So Many Jews in SDS? (or, The Ordeal of Civility),” talk presented at the New Mexico Jewish Historical Society, November 2005, available at www.markrudd.com; Todd Gitlin, “50 Years since the 60s,” Forward, May 14, 2012; Philip Mendes, “‘We Are All German Jews’: Exploring the Prominence of Jews in the New Left,” Melilah: Manchester Journal of Jewish Studies 6 (2009): 1–17.
17. David A. Hollinger, “Communalist and Dispersionist Approaches to American Jewish History in an Increasingly Post-Jewish Era,” American Jewish History 95, no. 1 (2009): 4, 11. The “Scholars’ Forum: American Jewish History and American Historical Writing” in this issue includes responses to Hollinger’s article by Hasia R. Diner, Alan M. Kraut, Paula E. Hyman, and Tony Michels, as well as a rejoinder by Hollinger (33–78).
18. For an early view of the movement, see Jo Freeman, “The Women’s Liberation Movement: Its Origin, Structure, and Ideas” (1970), available at www.jofreeman.com. Also see Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 6–11.
19. Thanks to Sonia Fuentes for information about Jewish women in NOW.
20. See Susannah Heschel, “Jewish Studies as Counterhistory,” in David Biale, Michael Galchinsky, and Susannah Heschel, eds., Insider/Outsider: American Jews and Multiculturalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 113.
21. Among the many writings of religious Jewish feminists are Elizabeth Koltun, ed., The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives (New York: Schocken Books, 1976); Anne Lapidus Lerner, “‘Who Hath Not Made Me a Man’: The Movement for Equal Rights for Women in American Jewry,” American Jewish Year Book 77 (1977): 3–38; Susannah Heschel, ed., On Being a Jewish Feminist: A Reader (New York: Schocken Books, 1983); Judith Plaskow, with Donna Berman, eds., The Coming of Lilith: Essays on Feminism, Judaism, and Sexual Ethics, 1972–2003 (Boston: Beacon, 2005); Steven Martin Cohen, “American Jewish Feminism: A Study in Conflicts and Compromises,” American Behavioral Scientist 23, no. 4 (1980): 531–532; Riv-Ellen Prell, Prayer & Community: The Havurah in American Judaism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989); and Sylvia Barack Fishman, A Breath of Life: Feminism in the American Jewish Community (Hanover, NH: University of New England Press, 1995).
22. See Aviva Cantor, “Halcyon Days: The Sixties Movement,” culturefront, Winter 1997, 59; and Aviva Cantor Zuckoff, “Oppression of Amerika’s Jews,” Jewish Liberation Journal 1, no. 8 (1970).
23. Writings of secular Jewish feminists include Aviva Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men: The Legacy of Patriarchy in Jewish Life (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1995). On the Jewish Left, see Michael E. Staub, Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); and Staub, ed., The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2004).
24. Rachel Kranson, “‘To Be a Jew on America’s Terms Is Not to Be a Jew at All’: The Jewish Counterculture’s Critique of Middle-Class Affluence,” Journal of Jewish Identities 8, no. 2 (2015): 61; Staub, Torn at the Roots, 208–209.
25. Evelyn Torton Beck, ed., Nice Jewish Girls: A Lesbian Anthology, rev. ed. (Boston: Beacon, 1989).
26. Evelyn Torton Beck, “The Politics of Jewish Invisibility,” NWSA Journal 1, no. 1 (1988): 97.
27. Alisa Solomon, “Building a Movement: Jewish Feminists Speak Out on Israel,” Bridges 1, no. 1 (1990): 44.
28. On anti-Semitism in American life generally, see David A. Gerber, ed., Anti-Semitism in American History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987); Leonard Dinnerstein, Antisemitism in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
29. See Evelyn Torton Beck, “No More Masks: Anti-Semitism as Jew-Hating,” Women’s Studies Quarterly 11, no. 3 (1983): 13; Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz and Irena Klepfisz with Bernice Mennis, “In Gerang / In Struggle,” in Kaye/Kantrowitz and Klepfisz, eds., The Tribe of Dina (Boston: Beacon, 1989), 304–316; Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith, Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism (1984; repr., Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1988); and Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Deborah, Golda, and Me: Being Female and Jewish in America (New York: Crown, 1991), chap. 11 (203–234).
30. On Jewish women in international perspective, see Marjorie N. Feld, Nations Divided: American Jews and the Struggle over Apartheid (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); and Nelly Las, Jewish Voices in Feminism: Transnational Perspectives (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015).
31. Recent works that focus on anti-Zionism include Keith Feldman, A Shadow over Palestine: The Imperial Life of Race in America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017); and Brooke Lober, “Conflict and Alliance in the Struggle: Feminist Anti-Imperialism, Palestine Solidarity, and the Jewish Feminist Movement of the Late 20th Century,” Ph.D. diss., University of Arizona, 2016.
32. Moore, introduction to American Jewish Identity Politics, 8–9.
33. See Debra L. Schultz, Going South: Jewish Women in the Civil Rights Movement (New York: NYU Press, 2001).
34. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post–Civil Rights America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), especially chap. 6.
35. Vivian Rothstein, quoted in Joyce Antler, “‘Ready to Turn the World Upside Down’: Jewish Women and Radical Feminism,” in Diner, Kohn, and Kranson, Jewish Feminine Mystique?, 219; Paula Doress, quoted in Antler, Journey Home, 283.
36. Ezra Mendelsohn, “Jewish Universalism: Some Visual Texts and Subtexts,” in Jack Kugelmass, ed., Key Texts in American Jewish Culture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003), 163.
37. David Biale, Not in the Heavens: The Tradition of Jewish Secular Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 1; Isaac Deutscher, The Non-Jewish Jew and Other Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968); Deutscher, “Message of the Non-Jewish Jew,” Marxists Internet Archive, accessed April 11, 2015, www.marxists.org.
38. Deutscher, “Message of the Non-Jewish Jew.”
39. Ibid. On Jewish secularism, see Biale, Not in the Heavens; Laura Levitt, “Other Moderns, Other Jews: Revisiting Jewish Secularism in America,” in Janet R. Jakobsen and Ann Pellegrini, eds., Secularisms (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008), 108–138; Saul L. Goodman, “Jewish Secularism in America,” Judaism 9, no. 4 (1960): 319–330; Jon Stratton, Coming Out Jewish: Constructing Ambivalent Identities (London: Routledge, 2000).
40. Gerald Sorin, “Socialism in the United States,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 20, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
41. Tony Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 21–22.
42. See Linda Gordon Kuzmack, Women’s Cause: The Jewish Women’s Movement in England and the United States, 1881–1933 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990). Antler, Journey Home.
43. See Leila J. Rupp and Verta Taylor, Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Klapper, Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace, 4.
44. Schultz, Going South, 5.
45. Eric Herschthal, “The Rabbi Was a ‘Freedom Rider,’” New York Jewish Week, May 11, 2011, http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com; Mendes, “We Are All German Jews”; Stephen J. Whitfield, “Famished for Justice: The Jew as Radical,” in L. Sandy Maisel, ed., Jews in American Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), 222.
46. Rudd, “Why Were There So Many Jews in SDS?”
47. See Horowitz, “Jewish Women Remaking American Feminism”; Antler, Journey Home, 259–267; Letty Cottin Pogrebin, “Gloria Steinem,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 20, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
48. See, for example, Cobble, Gordon, and Henry, Feminism Unfinished; Leslie Bow, Asian American Feminisms (New York: Routledge, 2012); Mary J. Henold, Catholic and Feminist: The Surprising History of the American Catholic Feminist Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008); Joy James and T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, eds., The Black Feminist Reader (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000); and Alma Garcia, ed., Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings (New York: Routledge, 1997).
49. Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White and What That Says about Race in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998). Also see Eric L. Goldstein, The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); and Cheryl Greenberg, “‘I’m Not White—I’m Jewish’: The Racial Politics of American Jews,” in Efraim Sicher, ed., Race, Color, Identity: Rethinking Discourses about “Jews” in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Berghahn Books, 2013), 5–55.
50. Rudd, “Why Were There So Many Jews in SDS?”; Mendes, “We Are All German Jews.” Stanley Rothman and S. Robert Lichter, Roots of Radicalism: Jews, Christians and the New Left (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).
51. See Michels, Fire in Their Hearts; Klapper, Ballots, Babies, and Banners of Peace.
52. Ellen DuBois, remarks at WLJIC. See Kranson, “To Be a Jew.”
53. Audience member, remarks at WLJIC.
54. Heather Booth, interview with author, August 9, 2008; Booth, correspondence with author, August 20, 2008.
55. On “minimalist” Jews, see the discussion in Alice Kessler-Harris, A Difficult Woman: The Challenging Life and Times of Lillian Hellman (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011), 141; also Kessler-Harris, remarks at WLJIC.
56. Marla Brettschneider, Democratic Theorizing from the Margins (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002), 65; also see Brettschneider, “Critical Attention to Race: Race Segregation and Jewish Feminism,” Bridges 15, no. 2 (2010): 20–33; and Brettschneider, ed., The Narrow Bridge: Jewish Views on Multiculturalism (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996).
57. Audre Lorde, “Learning from the 60s,” in Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde (Berkeley, CA: Crossing, 2007), 130.
58. On the statement, see the Combahee River Collective home page, accessed July 1, 2017, https://combaheerivercollective.weebly.com. On identity politics, see Barbara Ryan, Feminism and the Women’s Movement: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement, Ideology and Activism (New York: Routledge, 1992); Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism.
59. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” in Kimberlé Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, and Kendall Thomas, eds., Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (New York: New Press, 1995); Bim Adewunmi, “Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality: ‘I Wanted to Come Up with an Everyday Metaphor That Anyone Could Use,’” New Statesman, April 2, 2014, www.newstatesman.com:
60. Adewunmi, “Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality.”
61. Beck, “Politics of Invisibility,” 101.
62. Goldstein, Price of Whiteness, 212, 235; Brodkin, How Jews Became White, 2–3; David Biale, “The Melting Pot and Beyond: Jews and the Politics of American Identity,” in Biale, Galchinsky, and Heschel, Insider/Outsider, 17.
63. Peter McClaren, “White Terror and Oppositional Agency: Towards a Critical Multiculturalism,” in David Theo Goldberg, ed., Multiculturalism: A Critical Reader (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), 1.
64. Goldstein, Price of Whiteness, 6.
65. Interview with Andrea Dworkin, Community News (Boston), July 19, 1980.
66. Evelyn Torton Beck, interview with Fran Moira, off our backs, September 30, 1982.
67. Linda Gordon, “Participatory Democracy from SNCC through Port Huron to Women’s Liberation to Occupy: Strengths and Problems of Prefigurative Politics,” in Tom Hayden, ed., Inspiring Participating Democracy Student Movement from Port Huron to Today (2012; repr., New York Routledge, 2016), 108.
68. See Biale, “Melting Pot and Beyond,” 17–33; Heschel, “Jewish Studies as Counterhistory,” 101–115; David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Shaul Magid, American Post-Judaism: Identity and Renewal in a Post-ethnic Society (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013).
69. Bethamie Horowitz, Connections and Journeys: Assessing Critical Opportunities for Enhancing Jewish Identity (New York: UJA-Federation of New York, 2000; updated 2003), 183.
70. Stuart Hall, “Cultural Identity and Diaspora,” in Jonathan Rutherford, ed., Identity: Community, Culture, Difference (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990), 225. Also see Stephen J. Whitfield, “Enigmas of Modern Jewish Identity,” Jewish Social Studies 8, nos. 2–3 (2002): 162–167.
71. Horowitz, Connections and Journeys, vii–viii.
72. For early writings on these themes, see Carol Hanisch, “The Personal Is Political,” in Notes from the Second Year: Women’s Liberation (1970), accessed September 27, 2017, http://www.carolhanisch.org/; Susan Brownmiller, “Sisterhood Is Powerful,” New York Times, March 15, 1970; and Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women’s Liberation Movement (New York: Random House, 1970).
73. See Bernd Simon and Bert Klandermans, “Politicized Collective Identity: A Social Psychological Analysis,” American Psychologist 56, no. 4 (2001): 321.
74. Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers), 2:5, cited in Evelyn Torton Beck, “Naming Is Not a Simple Act: Jewish Lesbian-Feminist Community in the 1980s,” in Christie Balka and Andy Rose, eds., Twice Blessed: On Being Lesbian, Gay, and Jewish (Boston: Beacon, 1989), 171–172.
75. Gordon, “Participatory Democracy,” 120.
76. Adewunmi, “Kimberly Crenshaw on Intersectionality.”
77. As at the time the Jewish membership of collectives in the cities examined came largely or almost entirely from an Ashkenazi background, the interviews reflect this demographic.
78. As a follow-up to the conference, I organized a discussion group of Jewish women’s liberationists and Jewish feminists, including several conference participants, which met for a year at the Jewish Women’s Archive to examine issues that had arisen at the NYU event.
79. Whittier, Feminist Generations, 55–56. On the birth years of second-wave feminists, see Jason Schnittker, Jeremy Freese, and Brian Powell, “Who Are Feminists and What Do They Believe? The Role of Generations,” American Sociological Review 68, no. 4 (2003): 607–614.
80. In Roots Too, Matthew Frye Jacobson comments that the resolution marked the birth of “identity politics” (225), Moore, introduction to American Jewish Identity Politics, 1. Also see Kranson, “To Be a Jew,” 64–65. On the NCNP, see Renata Adler, “Letter from Palmer House,” New Yorker, September 23, 1967.
81. Helle Berg and Lisa Rosen Rasmussen, “Prompting Techniques: Researching Subjectivities in Educational History,” Oral History 40, no. 1 (2012): 91–93.
82. Janet Giele, “Life Stories to Understand Diversity: Variations by Class, Race, and Gender,” in Glen H. Elder, Jr., and Janet Z. Giele, eds., The Craft of Life Course Research (New York: Guilford, 2009), 238.
83. Ibid.; also see Janet Z. Giele and Glen H. Elder, Jr., “Life Course Studies: Development of a Field,” in Giele and Elder, eds., Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998), 5–27.
84. Alison Booth, “Recovery 2.0: Beginning the Collective Biographies of Women Project,” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 28, no. 1 (2009): 17.
85. Simon and Klandermans, “Politicized Collective Identity,” 321.
86. Kessler-Harris, remarks at WLJIC.
1. Schultz, Going South, 22.
2. Amy Kesselman, with Heather Booth, Vivian Rothstein, and Naomi Weisstein, “Our Gang of Four: Female Friendship and Women’s Liberation,” in DuPlessis and Snitow, Feminist Memoir Project, 25–53.
3. Marilyn Webb and Heather Booth convened a women’s group in Hyde Park, Chicago, after the SDS meeting in Champaign–Urbana in 1966, but that group met only briefly. Marilyn Webb to author, July 28, 2016. Giardina notes that Poor Black Women, a group organized in 1960, began to develop an analysis of male supremacy in the summer of 1967. It did not call itself a women’s liberation group until the fall 1968, but “it could and perhaps should be considered to have been as early as the Chicago group.” Carol Giardina, Freedom for Women: Forging the Women’s Liberation Movement, 1953–1970 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010), 267n20.
4. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 53.
5. See Booth, Kesselman, Rothstein, and Webb, remarks at WLJIC.
6. The phrase “our vision of beloved community” comes from Weisstein, “Chicago ’60s,” 66.
7. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 14–15.
8. Jo Freeman, The Politics of Women’s Liberation (New York: Longman, 1975), 59.
9. See, for example, Evans, Personal Politics, 156–157; Giardina, Freedom for Women, 94–97; Linda Gordon, “The Women’s Liberation Movement,” in Cobble, Gordon, and Henry, Feminism Unfinished, 100–102.
10. “‘New Politics’ Convention to Open Here,” Chicago Tribune, August 27, 1967.
11. Jo Freeman (aka Joreen), “On the Origins of the Women’s Liberation Movement from a Strictly Personal Perspective,” 1995, Jo Freeman’s website, www.jofreeman.com. A condensed version is in DuPlessis and Snitow, Feminist Memoir Project, 171–196. Also see Evans, Personal Politics, 198–199; on the New Politics Convention, see 179–80. Jo Freeman wrote several articles under her movement name, “Joreen,” a contraction of her two names, but later dropped that name. Also see Giardina, Freedom for Women, 128–130.
12. Jesse Lemisch, interview by Susan Brownmiller, October 22, 1994, Susan Brownmiller Papers, Schlesinger Library.
13. Naomi Weisstein, “Self-Interview on the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union for Margaret Strobel,” 1987, Schlesinger Library, 10–11; Freeman, “On the Origins,” 181; Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 65–66.
14. Judith Hole and Ellen Levine, Rebirth of Feminism (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1971), 115; Giardina, Freedom for Women, 130.
15. Weisstein, “Chicago ’60s”; also quoted in Brownmiller, In Our Time, 18.
16. Evans, Personal Politics, 201.
17. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 18.
18. See Giardina, Freedom for Women, 131–133.
19. Quoted in Ryan, Feminism and the Women’s Movement, 47. Ann Snitow, interview by author, June 29, 2009.
20. Heather Booth, Evi Goldfield, and Sue Munaker, “Toward a Radical Movement,” in Barbara A. Crow, ed., Radical Feminism: A Documentary Reader (New York: NYU Press, 2000), 62; Evans, Personal Politics, 202.
21. Vivian Rothstein to author, September 19, 2016; Amy Kesselman to author, September 19, 2016; Heather Booth to author, September 19, 2016.
22. Charlotte Bunch, interview by Sara Evans, December 14, 1997, Interview Notes, 1992–97, Sara Evans Papers, Bingham Center.
23. Rosalyn Baxandall to Naomi Weisstein, October 17, 1996, Naomi Weisstein Papers, Schlesinger Library.
24. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 107–114; Brownmiller, In Our Time, 52–55.
25. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four.” “Divorcing our husbands,” quoted in Ashley Eberle, “Breaking with Our Brothers: The Source and Structure of Chicago Women’s Liberation in 1960s Activism,” Western Illinois Historical Review 1 (Spring 2009): 68n28. See Jessie Lemisch, “Sectarian Rage in the New SDS,” History News Network, January 20, 2007, http:/historynewsnetwork.org. Giardina quotes Firestone’s remark that West Side was insufficiently feminist (Freedom for Women, 134).
26. Naomi Weisstein, Evelyn Goldfield, and Sue Munaker, “A Woman Is a Sometime Thing, or Concerning Capitalism by Removing 51% of Its Commodities,” quoted in David Barber, A Hard Rain Fell: SDS and Why It Failed (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2010), 110.
27. Booth, Goldfield, and Munaker, “Toward a Radical Movement,” 62.
28. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 68; Brownmiller, In Our Time, 25; Weisstein, “Self-Interview,” 14.
29. Baxandall to Weisstein, October 17, 1996.
30. Evans, Tidal Wave, 161; Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 68. Among accounts of the break from the New Left, see Ellen Willis, “Women and the Left,” in Crow, Radical Feminism, 513–515; Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 103–137.
31. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 42–43.
32. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 67.
33. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 30, 42.
34. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Heather Booth,” accessed July 6, 2014, http://jwa.org. Also see Laura Kaplan, The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); and Meredith Stern, “Interview with Heather Booth of the Jane Abortion Service,” Justseeds Member Projects, November 13, 2012, http://justseeds.org/.
35. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Heather Booth”; Vivian Rothstein and Naomi Weisstein, “Chicago Women’s Liberation Union,” Women: A Journal of Liberation 2, no. 4 (1972): 2–5, available at www.cwluherstory.org.
36. CWLU Herstory, “The Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band,” accessed January 12, 2014, www.cwluherstory.com; Naomi Weisstein, “Days of Celebration and Resistance: The Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, 1970–1973,” in DuPlessis and Snitow, Feminist Memoir Project, 354–55, 361; Jessie Lemisch and Naomi Weisstein, “Remarks on Naomi Weisstein,” 1997, www.cwluherstory.com.
37. Lemisch, interview, 37; Naomi Weisstein, “The Chicago Women’s Liberation Rock Band, 1970–1973,” New Politics 15, no. 1, Whole Number 57 (2014), http://newpol.org.
38. Eberle, “Breaking with Our Brothers,” 75–76. Also see Margaret Strobel, “Consciousness and Action: Historical Agency in the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union,” in Judith Kegan Gardiner, ed., Provoking Agents: Gender and Agency in Theory and Practice (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 52–68; and Strobel, “Organizational Learning in the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union,” in Myra Marx Ferree and Patricia Yancy Martin, eds., Feminist Organizations: Harvest of the New Women’s Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995), 145–164.
39. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 28.
40. Ibid., 32.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., 26.
43. Ibid., 35. Vivian Rothstein, remarks at WLJIC.
44. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 28–29.
45. Ibid., 30–31.
46. Ibid., 33–34.
47. Stern, “Interview with Heather Booth of the Jane Abortion Service.”
48. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 27–28.
49. Ibid., 35.
50. Ibid., 36.
51. Ibid., 38.
52. Rothstein to author, June 20, 2016.
53. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 38.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., 39.
56. Ibid., 32.
57. Ibid., 33.
58. Ibid., 25.
59. Kesselman to author, July 31, 2008.
60. Kesselman, Booth, Rothstein, and Weisstein, conference call with author, August 9, 2008.
61. Weisstein, “Self-Interview.”
62. Booth, conference call, August 9, 2008.
63. Heather Booth, interview by Sara Evans, November 5, 1972, Chicago, Evans Papers.
64. Rothstein to author, August 1, 2008.
65. Rothstein to author, July 8, 2011.
66. Vivian Rothstein, interview by Sara Evans, July 10, 1973, Chicago, Evans Papers.
67. Ibid.
68. Rothstein to author, July 8, 2011, and June 20, 2016.
69. Ibid.
70. Conference call, August 9, 2008.
71. Booth to author, August 20, 2008.
72. Booth, interview, November 5, 1972.
73. Booth, email to author, August 20, 2008.
74. Kesselman, email to author, July 31, 2008.
75. Rothstein to author, July 8, 2011.
76. Booth, conference call, August 9, 2008.
77. Heather Booth, interview by Sara Evans, July 9, 1973, Chicago, Evans Papers.
78. Kesselman, conference call, August 9, 2008.
79. Weisstein, “My Call to Courage: Tribute to My Mother,” Weisstein Papers; Lemisch and Weisstein, “Remarks on Naomi Weisstein.”
80. Weisstein, “My Call to Courage.”
81. Kesselman, conversation with author, August 9, 2008; Kesselman to author, August 20, 2008.
82. Booth, interview, November 5, 1972.
83. Weisstein, “My Call to Courage.”
84. Quoted in Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Stayed on Freedom: Jews in the Civil Rights Movement and After,” in Brettschneider, Narrow Bridge, 115.
85. The “Gang of Four” discussed the Holocaust with me in a second conference call on September 13, 2008.
86. Rothstein, remarks at WLJIC.
87. Booth, conference call, September 13, 2008.
88. See Joyce Antler, “The Mother and the Movement: Feminism Constructs the Jewish Mother,” chap. 6 in You Never Call! You Never Write! A History of the Jewish Mother (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 149–167.
89. Weisstein, conference call, August 9, 2008.
90. Weisstein to author, August 18, 2008.
91. Kesselman to author, August 20, 2008.
92. Ibid.
93. Rothstein to author, August 31, 2008.
94. Rothstein, conference call, August 9, 2008.
95. Weisstein, conference call, August 9, 2008.
96. Naomi Weisstein, “All Mountains Moved in Fire: A Personal, Political, and Scientific Memoir of the Early Women’s Liberation Movement” (co-written with Candace Lyle Hogan), 1988–1989, 9, Weisstein Papers.
97. Booth to author, June 15, 2016.
98. Rothstein to author, June 20, 2016.
99. See Staub, Torn at the Roots, 129–130, 132; Clayborn Carson, “Black-Jewish Universalism in the Era of Identity Politics,” in Jack Salzman and Cornell West, eds., Struggles in the Promised Land: Toward a History of Black Jewish Relations in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 188–189.
100. Kesselman, remarks at WLJIC.
101. Rothstein, remarks at WLJIC.
102. Booth, Rothstein, and Kesselman, remarks at WLJIC.
103. Emily Sigalow, “‘Unconscious Affinities’: An Examination of Jewish Women’s Involvement in the Chicago West Side Group,” paper for Jonathan Sarna, Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, Brandeis University, April 23, 2009.
104. Quoted in “Our Gang of Four: Friendships and Women’s Liberation,” 1999, CWLU Herstory Project, www.cwluherstory.org. Also see Rothstein and Weisstein, “Chicago Women’s Liberation Union”; and Weisstein and Rothstein, “Chicago Women’s Liberation Union: A Detailed Report on the CWLU’s Organizing Strategy,” 1972, CWLU Herstory Project, www.cwluherstory.org.
105. Rothstein to author, June 20, 2016.
106. Rothstein and Weisstein, “Chicago Women’s Liberation Union.”
107. Eberle, “Breaking with Our Brothers,” 79.
108. Vivian Rothstein, “The Liberation School for Women, a Project of the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union,” paper presented at “A Revolutionary Moment: Women’s Liberation in the Late 1960s and Early 1970s” conference, Boston University, March 28, 2014; Rothstein to author, June 20, 2016.
109. Karen V. Hansen, “Women’s Unions and the Search for a Political Identity” (1986), in Hansen and Ilene J. Philipson, eds., Women, Class, and the Feminist Imagination: A Socialist-Feminist Reader (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 222.
110. Rothstein and Weisstein, “Chicago Women’s Liberation Union,” 3.
111. Rothstein to author, June 20, 2016.
112. Hansen, “Women’s Unions and the Search for a Political Identity,” 222.
113. Weisstein, “Self-Interview,” 43–44.
114. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 60–61.
115. Ibid.; Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 67.
116. Weisstein, “Days of Celebration and Resistance,” 358–360. See Brownmiller, In Our Own Time, 61–62; Evans, Tidal Wave, 124.
117. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 62.
118. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 50; Booth, remarks at WLJIC.
119. Weisstein, draft memoir, 19, 41.
120. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 51.
121. Ibid., 52.
122. Ibid., 53.
123. Weisstein’s landmark article “Kinder, Kuche, Kirche as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female,” was printed first by the New England Free Press (1968), then in the Journal of Social Education 35 (1971) and many other publications. On Weisstein’s struggles with sexism in science, see her article “‘How Can a Little Girl like You Teach a Great Big Class of Men?’ the Chairman Said, and the Other Adventures of a Woman in Science,” in Sara Ruddick and Pamela Daniels, eds., Working It Out: 23 Writers, Artists, Scientists, and Scholars Talk about Their Lives and Work (New York: Pantheon, 1978). See Joyce Antler, “Naomi Weisstein,” in American National Biography (New York: Oxford University Press and American Council of Learned Societies, 2018), www.anb.org.
124. Rothstein, remarks at WLJIC.
125. Booth, remarks at WLJIC.
126. Natalie Doss, “The Progressive: For Over Forty Years, Heather Booth Has Worked to Build a Small-D Democracy,” Chicago Weekly, January 7, 2010, www.chicagoweekly.net.
127. Booth, conference call, August 9, 2008.
128. Marilyn Webb, interview by author, June 5, 2009; Webb to author, June 21, 2011.
129. Rosen, World Split Open, 134.
130. Ibid.
131. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 117.
132. Shulamith Firestone, “Letter,” Guardian, February 1, 1969, 12, quoted in Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 316n70.
133. Webb to author, August 4, 2016.
134. Rosen, World Split Open, 135.
135. On the D.C. Women’s Liberation movement, see Anne M. Valk, Radical Sisters: Second-Wave Feminism and Black Liberation in Washington, DC (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1968), chap. 3. Valk dates the founding of the organization as early 1968, with the group establishing a small membership by the end of 1968 (ibid., 66). Also see Evans, Tidal Wave, 98–101.
136. Susan Faludi, “Death of a Revolutionary,” New Yorker, April 15, 2013, www.newyorker.com.
137. Webb, interview.
138. Ibid.
139. Webb to author, August 4, 2016.
140. Webb, interview.
141. Marilyn Webb, post to Shulie’s List, October 5, 2012. Shulie’s List was an email listserv created by Firestone’s friends after her death on August 28, 2012.
142. Webb to author, June 21, 2011.
143. Michael Walzer, “Universalism and Jewish Values,” Twentieth Annual Morgenthau Memorial Lecture on Ethics and Foreign Policy, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, May 15, 2001, New York City, available at www.carnegiecouncil.org. Biale notes that it was “through the particular” that Jews such as these came to view the universal. Biale, Not in the Heavens, 24.
144. Roth, Separate Roads to Feminism, 194–195.
145. Jacobson, Roots Too, 288.
1. Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, “Catching the Fire,” in DuPlessis and Snitow, Feminist Memoir Project, 210.
2. Nona Willis Aronowitz, “The Feminist Manifesto,” Tablet, October 19, 2012, www.tabletmag.com.
3. Rosen, World Split Open, 228–229.
4. Jeffrey S. Gurock, Jews in Gotham: New York Jews in a Changing City, 1920–2010 (New York: NYU Press, 2012), 5.
5. Rosen, World Split Open, 196–197; Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 83–84; Ellen Willis, “Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism,” in No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays (Hanover, NH: University of New England Press, 1992), 121.
6. Amy Kesselman’s recollection, cited in Baxandall, “Catching the Fire,” 212; Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 73; Jo Freeman, “On Shulamith Firestone,” n+1 15 (2012): 125; Brownmiller, In Our Time, 25.
7. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 72–73.
8. Vivian Rothstein, quoted in Clara Bingham, Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul (New York: Random House, 2016), 333.
9. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 138–158; Brownmiller, In Our Time, 64, 25.
10. Baxandall, interview by Sara Evans; Faludi, “Death of a Revolutionary.”
11. Alice Echols, “‘Totally Ready to Go’: Shulamith Firestone and The Dialectic of Sex,” in Shaky Ground, 104.
12. Phyllis Chesler, “Shulamith Firestone,” Phyllis Chesler Organization, November 12, 2012, http://phyllis-chesler.com; Echols, “Totally Ready to Go,” 108.
13. Ellen Willis, “Introduction: Identity Crisis,” in No More Nice Girls, xx–xxi.
14. Ibid., xiv.
15. See Vivian Gornick, “The Next Great Moment in History Is Theirs,” Village Voice, November 27, 1969; Gornick and Barbara K. Moran, eds., Women in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (New York: Basic Books, 1971); and Gornick, “Twice an Outsider: On Being Jewish and a Woman,” Tikkun 4 (March–April 1989): 29–31, 123–125; Morgan, Sisterhood Is Powerful; DuPlessis and Snitow, Feminist Memoir Project.
16. Carol Hanisch, post to Shulie’s List, October 5, 2012.
17. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 73–74.
18. Faludi, “Death of a Revolutionary.”
19. Shulamith Firestone, The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (New York: Morrow, 1970), 42–43; also quoted in Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 79.
20. Baxandall, “Catching the Fire,” 212.
21. See Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 186–187.
22. Ibid., 192–193.
23. Alix Kates Shulman, “On Shulamith Firestone,” n+1 15 (2012): 130.
24. This profile is based on Rabbi Tirzah Firestone, With Roots in Heaven: One Woman’s Passionate Journey into the Heart of Her Faith (New York: Plume Books / Penguin, 1998). Laya Firestone Seghi provided additional information: interview by author, May 27, 2014; and letter to author, July 17, 2017.
25. T. Firestone, With Roots in Heaven, 25–26, 33.
26. Ibid., 32.
27. Faludi, “Death of a Revolutionary.”
28. T. Firestone, With Roots in Heaven, xii.
29. Ibid., xii, 6, 64.
30. Laya Firestone Seghi, remarks at memorial for Shulamith Firestone, St. Mark’s Church in the Bowery, Parish Hall, New York, September 23, 2012.
31. Seghi, interview.
32. Ibid.; Seghi to author, July 17, 2017.
33. Faludi, “Death of a Revolutionary.”
34. T. Firestone, With Roots in Heaven, 36.
35. Baxandall, interview by Sara Evans.
36. S. Firestone, Dialectic of Sex, 11, 16, 83, 8.
37. John Leonard, review of Dialectic of Sex, New York Times Book Review, July 30, 1972, 2, quoted in Margalit Fox, “Shulamit Firestone, Feminist Writer, Dies at 67,” New York Times, August 30, 2012.
38. Brownmiller, In Our Own Time, 151–152.
39. Ann Snitow, interview by author, June 29, 2009. See Snitow, “Feminism and Motherhood: An American Reading,” Feminist Review 40, no. 1 (1992): 36; and Snitow, “Returning to the Well: Revisiting Shulamith Firestone’s The Dialectic of Sex,” in The Feminism of Uncertainty: A Gender Diary (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015), 300.
40. Brownmiller, In Our Own Time, 152.
41. S. Firestone, Dialectic of Sex, 11–12.
42. Ibid., 149, 8, 146, 11.
43. See Susanna Paasonen, “From Cybernation to Feminization: Firestone and Cyberfeminism,” in Mandy Merck and Stella Sandford, eds., Further Adventures of “The Dialectic of Sex” Critical Essays on Shulamith Firestone (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 69.
44. Firestone, Dialectic of Sex, 273–274.
45. Ibid., 117, 261–262.
46. Ibid., 122, 33.
47. Mandy Merck, “Integration, Intersex, and Firestone,” in Merck and Sandford, Further Adventures, 163, 172.
48. Ibid., 164, 170–174.
49. Firestone, Dialectic of Sex, 122.
50. Kate Millet, remarks in “Shulamith Firestone, 1945–2012” (memorial booklet, St. Mark’s Church in the Bowery, 2012), 21.
51. Anselma Dell’Olio, quoted in Faludi, “Death of a Revolutionary.”
52. Susan Brownmiller to author, July 11, 2016.
53. Shulamith Firestone, Airless Spaces (New York: Semiotext(e), 1998).
54. Laya Firestone Seghi, remarks at memorial for Shulamith Firestone, St. Mark’s Church in the Bowery, September 23, 2012.
55. Heather Booth, post to Shulie’s List, October 3, 2012.
56. Anne Pyne, post to Shulie’s List, October 3, 2012.
57. Peggy Dobbins, post to Shulie’s List, October 3, 2012. Laya Firestone Seghi noted, “Orthodox boys (and my brother in particular)” repeated the words of the prayer “to flaunt their higher status and ridicule girls,” although she has no memory of her brother striking his chest during morning prayers. Seghi to author, July 17, 2017.
58. Anne Pyne, post to Shulie’s List, October 5, 2012.
59. Marilyn Webb, post to Shulie’s List, October, 4, 2012.
60. Firestone, Dialectic of Sex, 243–244.
61. Rosalyn Baxandall, post to Shulie’s List, October 4, 2012.
62. Anne Pyne, post to Shulie’s List, October 4, 2012.
63. Roxanne Dunbar, post to Shulie’s List, October 4, 2012.
64. Anne Pyne, post to Shulie’s List, October 3, 2012.
65. Alix Kates Shulman, interview by author, December 19, 2008.
66. On the “limits of liberalism,” see Rosen, World Split Open, chap. 3; Shulamith Firestone, “The Women’s Rights Movement in the U.S.: A New View,” Notes from the First Year, June 1968, 1–7.
67. Alix Kates Shulman, remarks in “Shulamith Firestone, 1945–2012,” 15.
68. Amy Kesselman, interview by author, January 30, 2009.
69. Arlene Agus, interview by author, January 10, 2013.
70. Heather Booth, post to Shulie’s List, October 3, 2012.
71. Andrew Klein, remarks in “Shulamith Firestone, 1945–2012,” 29.
72. Susan Brownmiller to author, July 11, 2016.
73. Seghi, interview; Seghi to author, July 17, 2017.
74. Seghi, interview.
75. Ellen Willis, “Can a Non-Jew Listen to Jews?,” Village Voice, May 3, 1974.
76. Stanley Aronowitz, interview by author, April 28, 2009. Also see Ann Snitow, “The Politics of Passion: Ellen Willis (1941–2006),” in Feminism of Uncertainty, 293–296.
77. Lisa L. Rhodes, Electric Ladyland: Women and Rock Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 90.
78. Ibid., 92.
79. Ibid., 103, 98; Evelyn McDonnell, introduction to McDonnell and Ann Powers, eds., Rock She Wrote: Women Write about Rock, Pop, and Rap (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 8.
80. Rhodes, Electric Ladyland, 103.
81. Ellen Willis, foreword to Echols, Daring to Be Bad, vii.
82. Ellen Willis, “Up from Radicalism: A Feminist Journal,” US Magazine, 1969, in Nona Willis Aronowitz, ed., The Essential Ellen Willis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 6, 11–13.
83. Ibid., 15.
84. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 150; Rhodes, Electric Ladyland, 130.
85. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 140.
86. Brownmiller’s account of the speak-out appeared as a front-page story in the Village Voice, March 27, 1969.
87. Rosen, World Split Open, 196. Carol Hanisch’s paper “The Personal Is Political,” published in Notes from the Second Year, helped popularize the term. Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt, editors of Notes, provided the paper’s title. See Giardina, Freedom for Women, 267n13.
88. Leora Tanenbaum, “Sisterhood, For and Against,” Women’s Review of Books 10, no. 8 (1993): 17.
89. Ibid., 18.
90. Ellen Willis, “Next Year in Jerusalem,” Rolling Stone, April 1977, reprinted in Nona Willis Aronowitz, ed., The Essential Ellen Willis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 132–169. The essay also appears in Ellen Willis, Beginning to See the Light: Sex, Hope, and Rock-and-Roll (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1992), 261–317. Page numbers refer to the Aronowitz edition.
91. Sasha Frere-Jones, Emily Gould, and Sara Marcus, Ellen Willis roundtable, March 7, 2012, www.bookforum.com.
92. Willis, “Next Year in Jerusalem,” 132, 133–134, 137.
93. Ibid., 137.
94. Ibid., 137–138.
95. Ellen Willis to Michael Willis, September 8, 1975, Ellen Willis Papers, Schlesinger Library.
96. Willis, “Next Year in Jerusalem,” 100–101.
97. Ibid., 135, 144–145.
98. Ibid., 152.
99. Ibid., 157–158, 161.
100. Ibid., 168.
101. Ibid., 161.
102. Ibid., 163, 169.
103. Ibid., 168–169.
104. Ellen Willis, “Radical Jews Caught in the Middle,” Village Voice, February 4–10, 1981, 20.
105. Ibid.
106. Shulman, interview.
107. Willis, “Can a Non-Jew Listen to Jews?”
108. Ellen Willis, “The Myth of the Powerful Jew,” in Beginning to See the Light, 237, 239.
109. Ibid., 235, 237.
110. Ibid., 237; Ellen Willis, “Advice for Survival,” review of The Real Anti-Semitism in America, by Nathan Perlmutter and Ruth Ann Perlmutter, New York Times, October 3, 1982.
111. Ellen Willis, interview by Letty Cottin Pogrebin, n.d., Letty Cottin Pogrebin Papers, Sophia Smith Collection.
112. Willis, “Advice or Survival.”
113. Willis, “Myth of the Powerful Jew,” 230; Willis, “Advice for Survival.”
114. Willis, “Advice for Survival”; Willis, “Radical Jews Caught in the Middle.”
115. Willis, “Radical Jews Caught in the Middle,” 18.
116. Ibid., 18–19.
117. Ibid., 18.
118. Ibid.
119. Ibid., 20.
120. Ibid.
121. Willis, “Can a Non-Jew Listen to Jews?,” 23.
122. Ellen Willis, “Why I’m Not for Peace,” Radical Society 29, no. 1 (April 2002): 13–20.
123. Ellen Willis, “Is There Still a Jewish Question? Why I’m an Anti-Anti-Zionist,” in Tony Kushner and Alisa Solomon, eds., Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (New York: Grove, 2003), 226, 229.
124. Willis, “Next Year in Jerusalem,” 161.
125. Willis, interview by Pogrebin.
126. Ellen Willis to Michael Willis, September 8, 1975.
127. Shulman, interview.
128. Ibid.; Shulman to author, July 9, 2016.
129. Alix Kates Shulman, remarks at WLJIC.
130. Rosalyn Baxandall, interview by author, April 29, 2009.
131. Julie Fraad, conversation with author, July 20, 2016.
132. Phineas Baxandall to author, July 18, 2016.
133. R. Baxandall, interview.
134. Alix Kates Shulman, “Summer Jew,” Michigan Quarterly Review 42, no. 1 (2003), reprinted in Shulman, A Marriage Agreement and Other Essays (New York: Open Road Media, 2012), 164, 169.
135. Willis, “Myth of the Powerful Jew,” 237.
136. Shulman, remarks at WLJIC.
137. Alix Kates Shulman, A Good Enough Daughter: A Memoir (New York: Schocken Books, 1990), 99–100; Shulman, interview.
138. Shulman, remarks at WJLIC.
139. Ibid.
140. Shulman, interview.
141. Alix Kates Shulman, remarks in Makers: Women Who Make America, documentary, 2013.
142. Ibid.; “An Interview with Alix Kates Shulman / Charlotte Templin,” Missouri Review 24, no. 1 (2001): 103–121.
143. See Caitlin Flanagan, “How Serfdom Saved the Women’s Movement: Dispatches from the Nanny Wars,” Atlantic Monthly, March 2004, www.theatlantic.com. Also see Alix Shulman’s website, www.alixkshulman.com.
144. Kat Stoeffel, “How Second-Wave Feminists Fought Cat-Callers,” New York, November 26, 2014, http://nymag.com.
145. Alix Kates Shulman, “Sex and Power: Sexual Basis of Radical Feminism,” in Marriage Agreement and Other Essays, 91.
146. “Interview with Alix Kates Shulman / Charlotte Templin,” 105.
147. Bella Book, “An Interview with Alix Kates Shulman,” March 15, 2016, Jewish Women’s Archive.
148. Alix Kates Shulman, Burning Questions (New York: Thunder’s Mouth, 1978), 10.
149. “Interview with Alix Kates Shulman / Charlotte Templin,” 115.
150. Shulman, interview. See Alix Kates Shulman, To the Barricades: The Anarchist Life of Emma Goldman (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1971); and Shulman, ed., Red Emma Speaks: Selected Writings and Speeches (New York: Vintage Books, 1972).
151. Alix Kates Shulman, “Living Our Life,” in Carol Ascher, Louise DeSalvo, and Sara Ruddick, eds., Between Women: Biographers, Novelists, Critics, Teachers and Artists Write about Their Work on Women (Boston: Beacon, 1984), 5, 13. The article was also reprinted in Shulman, Marriage Agreement, 137–152.
152. This statement is adapted from Antler, Journey Home, 92. See Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in America (Boston: Beacon, 1984), 92; and David Waldstreicher, “Radicalism, Religion, Jewishness: The Case of Emma Goldman,” American Jewish History 80, no. 1 (1990): 87.
153. Shulman, remarks at WLJIC.
154. Redstockings, “Redstockings Manifesto,” July 7, 1969, available at www.redstockings.org.
155. Shulman, remarks at WLJIC.
156. Book, “Interview with Alix Kates Shulman.”
157. Susan Brownmiller, interview by author, April 15, 2009.
158. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Susan Brownmiller,” in “The Feminist Revolution,” accessed March 3, 2013, http://jwa.org.
159. Ibid.
160. Susan Brownmiller to author, July 11, 2016.
161. Ibid.
162. Brownmiller, interview.
163. Ibid.
164. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 82–94.
165. Brownmiller, Against Our Will, 15; New York Public Library, “The New York Public Library’s Books of the Century,” accessed October 24, 2017, www.nypl.org; Sascha Cohen, “How a Book Changed the Way We Talk about Rape,” Time, October 7, 2015, http://time.com; accessed September 10, 2017, http://www.nypl.org. For a reappraisal from a radical feminist magazine, see Stevi Jackson, “Against Our Will,” Trouble & Strife 25 (Summer 1997), www.troubleandstrife.com.
166. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Susan Brownmiller.”
167. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 65.
168. Ibid., 66.
169. Baxandall, interview by author.
170. Robin Morgan, interview by author, March 12, 2013.
171. Brownmiller to author, July 11, 2016.
172. Willis, “Introduction: Identity Crisis,” xx–xxi; Baxandall, “Catching the Fire,” 210–211.
1. See Nancy Hawley and Marya Levenson, “Dear Sisters,” letter to Bread and Roses, October 8, 1970, Meredith Tax Papers, Bingham Center; and Meredith Tax and Diane Balser, “Draft Internal Statement,” n.d., Bread and Roses file, Winifred Breines Papers, Schlesinger Library. On the formation of Bread and Roses, see Ann Hunter Popkin, “Bread and Roses: An Early Moment in the Development of Socialist-Feminism,” Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University, 1978.
2. Evans, Tidal Wave, 105.
3. Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Outlaw Women: Memoir of the War Years, 1960–1975 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014), 139.
4. Meredith Tax, “The Sound of One Hand Clapping: Women’s Liberation and the Left,” Dissent, Fall 1998, available at www.meredithtax.org. See Brownmiller, In Our Time, 62; and Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 158–159.
5. Linda Gordon to author, August 8, 2016; Evans, Tidal Wave, 105, 260n18; Gordon, “Participatory Democracy,” 116.
6. See Hawley and Levenson, “Dear Sisters.”
7. Gordon to author, August 8, 2016; and Gordon, “Participatory Democracy,” 118.
8. Bread and Roses organizing document, Grey Osterud Papers, Schlesinger Library. Bread was “money,” and roses was “a good life.” Hawley and Levenson, “Dear Sisters”; Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 50.
9. Bread and Roses member Ann Hunter Popkin notes a phone chain in January 1970 with two hundred women in twenty-three collectives, plus fifty-seven “at-large” members who were “between collectives.” Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 93, 101.
10. Grey Osterud to author, June 28, 2013.
11. The Chicago Women’s Liberation Union was born at the Radical Women’s Conference in Palatine, Illinois, in October 1969, one month after Bread and Roses organized. Eberle, “Breaking with Our Brothers,” 70.
12. Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 211; Meredith Tax, “Preliminary Strategic Suggestions for the Boston Women’s Movement,” June 14, 1969, Tax Papers; “The Need for a Program, Strategy and Political Organization in the Boston Women’s Movement,” June 30, 1969, Tax Papers.
13. First draft of the Bread and Roses statement of purpose, cited in Breines, Trouble between Us, 98.
14. Tess Ewing, “Bread and Roses,” paper presented at “A Revolutionary Moment: Women’s Liberation in the Late 1960s and Early 1970s” conference, Boston University, March 27–29, 2014.
15. Gordon, “Participatory Democracy,” 116.
16. Meredith Tax, “Caste and Class,” quoted in Breines, Trouble between Us, 99.
17. “Bread and Roses Is a Women’s Liberal Organization,” typescript, Bread and Roses, Grey Osterud Papers; Meredith Tax and Diane Balser, “Draft Internal Statement,” n.d., Breines Papers; Hawley and Levenson, “Dear Sisters”; Marya Levenson, undated notes, in Levenson’s possession.
18. Ewing, “Bread and Roses”; Gordon to author, August 8, 2016.
19. Jean Tepperman, untitled memo, November 4, 1969, Osterud Papers; Meredith Tax, “For the People Hear Us Singing, ‘Bread and Roses! Bread and Roses!,’” in DuPlessis and Snitow, Feminist Memoir Project, 315.
20. Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 180, 165.
21. Tax, “Sound of One Hand Clapping.”
22. Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 96–97.
23. Tax, “Sound of One Hand Clapping.”
24. Ewing, “Bread and Roses.” Also see Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 204.
25. Meredith Tax, “My Questions and Some Tentative Answers,” September 14, 1971, Tax Papers.
26. Gordon to author, August 8, 2016; Gordon, “Participatory Democracy,” 119–120.
27. Gordon to author, August 8, 2016.
28. The documentary Left on Pearl, made by the 888 Women’s History Project Collective, tells the story of the takeover and the creation of the women’s center. Also see Gordon, “Women’s Liberation Movement,” 77.
29. See Breines, Trouble between Us, 100–103; Gordon to author, August 8, 2016.
30. Bread and Roses Survey Questionnaires, Ann Popkin Papers, 1968–1977, Schlesinger Library.
31. Breines, Trouble between Us, 108.
32. The opening lines from Tepperman’s “Witch” are,
They told me
I smile prettier with my mouth closed.
They said
Better cut your hair—
Long, it’s all frizzy,
looks Jewish. (Tax Papers)
33. Interviews with Bread and Roses members Judy Ullman, Nancy Chodorow, Rivka Gordon, and Rochelle Ruthchild provided additional background and context.
34. Kristine M. Rosenthal, “Women in Transition: An Ethnography of a Women’s Liberation Organization as a Case Study of Personal and Cultural Change,” Ph.D. diss., Harvard Graduate School of Education, 1972, 19–20; Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” chap. 2 (24–41).
35. Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 29–32, 37–41; Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker, “The Political Development of Sixties’ Activists: Identifying the Influence of Class, Gender and Socialization on Protest Participation,” Social Forces 72, no. 3 (1994): 833.
36. Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 26–29. Rebecca Klatch finds that 1960s activists of both the Left and the Right “were raised with a consciousness of the political world and encouraged to ‘think politically.’” Klatch, Generation Divided, 40.
37. Klatch, Generation Divided, 40.
38. Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 101–102.
39. Meredith Tax, interview by author, September 11, 2009.
40. Meredith Tax, interview by Kate Weigand, Voice of Feminism Oral History Project, June 11–12, 2004, Sophia Smith Collection, 6.
41. Tax, “For the People Hear Us Singing,” 311.
42. Tax, interview by Weigand, 3.
43. Meredith Tax, unpublished memoir, work in progress, 2013, in the author’s possession.
44. Ibid.
45. Tax, interview by author.
46. Meredith Tax, “Jewish Identity: From Whitefish Bay to Rivington Street,” keynote speech at a women’s conference at the JCC, March 6, 1983, available at www.meredithtax.org.
47. Ibid.; Tax, unpublished memoir.
48. Tax to author, June 20, 2016.
49. Meredith Tax, remarks at WLJIC; also posted on Tax’s blog, Taxonomy, April 12, 2011, www.meredithtax.org.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Tax, “Jewish Identity.”
53. Tax, “For the People Hear Us Singing,” 311; Tax, remarks at WLJIC.
54. Tax, “Jewish Identity.”
55. Tax, “For the People Hear Us Singing,” 312.
56. Meredith Tax and Cynthia Michel, “An Open Letter to the Boston Movement,” n.d., Osterud Papers.
57. Tax, “For the People Hear Us Singing,” 317.
58. Ibid., 318.
59. Tax, interview by author; Tax to author, June 20, 2016.
60. Tax to author, June 20, 2016.
61. Meredith Tax, The Rising of the Women: Feminist Solidarity and Class Conflict, 1880–1917 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980).
62. Meredith Tax, Rivington Street (New York: William Morrow, 1982); Tax, Union Square (New York: William Morrow, 1988).
63. Tax, interview by author.
64. CARASA was “opposed to linking the question of abortion rights with population control ideas.” On the organization’s goals, see Meredith Tax’s website, http://meredithtax.org.
65. See Meredith Tax, letter to the editor, New York Times, August 21, 2001, Tax Papers.
66. Meredith Tax’s website, www.meredithtax.org; Tax, Double Bind: The Muslim Right the Anglo-American Left, and Universal Human Rights (London: Centre for Secular Space, 2013); Tax, A Road Unforeseen: Women Fight the Islamic State (New York: Bellevue Literary Press, 2016).
67. Meredith Tax, “The False Idol of Land Worship,” Jewish Weekly Forward, May 10, 2002.
68. Tax, remarks at WLJIC. See Meredith Tax’s blog, Taxonomy, April 12, 2011, www.meredithtax.org.
69. Gordon to author, August 8, 2016.
70. Gordon, remarks at WLJIC.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.; Linda Gordon, interview by author, February 9, 2009; Gordon to author, August 8, 2016.
74. Quoted in Evans, Tidal Wave, 30; original in Popkin, “Bread and Roses,” 98.
75. Gordon, interview.
76. Ibid.
77. Gordon’s major books include Women’s Body, Women’s Right (New York: Viking, 1976); Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Viking, 1988); Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare, 1890–1935 (New York: Free Press, 1994); The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999); Dorothea Lange: A Life beyond Limits (New York: Norton, 2010); and The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition (New York: Liveright, 2017).
78. Hawley and Levenson, “Dear Sisters.”
79. Marya Levenson, interview by author, June 13, 2011.
80. Ibid.
81. Michele Clark, “Stories from Life: The Bat Mitzvah Mother,” Bridges 6, no. 1 (1996): 76.
82. Michele Clark, interview by author, November 21, 2012.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid.
87. The collective spent a year discussing their mothers as a way of getting over mother-blaming, and because two-thirds of the group were Jewish, the critiques became a tableau of Jewish mother-blaming. Clark, interview.
88. Michele Clark, “Stories from Life: No Shuttle to Central Vermont,” Bridges 1, no. 2 (1990): 17.
89. Ibid., 18, 20.
90. Grey Osterud, interview by author, July 22, 2010.
91. Ibid.
92. Grey Osterud to author, July 22, 2010.
93. Ibid.
94. Balser is the author of Sisterhood and Solidarity: Feminism and Labor in Modern Times (Cambridge, MA: South End, 1987).
95. Diane Balser, remarks at WLJIC.
96. Diane Balser, “Diane Balser, 68, Talks to Susan Schnur: Her Lifelong Feminist-Jewish Politics,” Lilith 37, no. 1 (2012): 34; Balser, remarks at WLJIC; Diane Balser, interview by author, November 5, 2008.
97. Balser, remarks at WLJIC; Balser, interview.
98. Balser, “Diane Balser, 68, Talks to Susan Schnur,” 36.
99. Balser, interview.
100. Balser, “Diane Balser, 68, Talks to Susan Schnur,” 36.
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid., 37.
103. Ibid., 39.
104. Balser, remarks at WLJIC.
105. Margaret M. Braungart and Richard C. Braungart, “The Life-Course Development of Left- and Right-Wing Youth Activist Leaders from the 1960s,” Political Psychology 11 (1990): 243–282; Sherkat and Blocker, “Political Development of Sixties’ Activists,” 837.
106. Braungart and Braungart, “Life-Course Development,” 259.
107. Tax, interview by Weigand, 9.
108. Judy Ullman, interview by author, May 9, 2013.
109. Klatch, Generation Divided, 52–57.
110. Ibid., 58.
1. Susan Wells, Our Bodies, Ourselves and the Work of Writing (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010), 33.
2. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 180.
3. Nancy Miriam Hawley, remarks on “Formative Years: The Birth of Our Bodies, Ourselves” panel, with Joan Ditzion, Paula Doress-Worters, and Wendy Sanford, at “A Revolutionary Moment: Women’s Liberation in the Late 1960s and Early 1970s” conference, Boston University, March 27–29, 2014.
4. Quoted in Molly M. Ginty, “Our Bodies, Ourselves Turns 35 Today,” Women’s eNews, May 4, 2004.
5. Jane Pincus, oral history by Katelyn Lucy, November 29, 2008, Sophia Smith Collection, 8.
6. See Zobeida E. Bonilla, “Including All Women: The All-Embracing ‘We’ of ‘Our Bodies, Ourselves,’” NWSA Journal 17, no. 1 (2005): 176.
7. Norma Swenson to author, August 11, 2016.
8. The establishment of an official Founders group took place in 1996, when Sally Whelan, Pamela Morgan, and Elizabeth McMahon-Herrera were added as founders. Our Bodies, Ourselves, “History” and “OBOS Founders,” accessed October 24, 2017, www.ourbodiesourselves.org.
9. Jane Pincus and Joan Ditzion, “Preface/Introduction,” in Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, The New Our Bodies, Ourselves (New York: Touchstone / Simon and Schuster, 1984), xi.
10. Swenson to author, August 11, 2016; Kathy Davis, The Making of “Our Bodies, Ourselves”: How Feminism Travels across Borders (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), 24. On the Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, also see Wells, Our Bodies, Ourselves and the Work of Writing; and Sandra Morgen, Into Our Own Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States, 1969–1990 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002); Heather Stephenson and Kiki Zeldes, “‘Write a Chapter and Change the World’: How the Boston Women’s Health Book Collective Transformed Women’s Health Then—and Now,” American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 10 (2008): 1741–1745.
11. Nancy Miriam Hawley, remarks at WLJIC.
12. Sanford, quoted in Davis, Making of “Our Bodies, Ourselves,” 30.
13. Hilary Salk, Wendy Sanford, Norma Swenson, and Judith Dickson Luce, “The Politics of Women and Medical Care,” in Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, New Our Bodies, Ourselves, 560.
14. Pincus and Ditzion, “Preface/Introduction,” xiv.
15. Norma Swenson to author, August 11, 2016.
16. See Wells, Our Bodies, Ourselves and the Work of Writing, 7–8.
17. The translation process began in the mid-1970s; a self-published Spanish-language edition appeared in 1977. A new process of cultural adaptation followed the direct translations of this early period. Stephenson and Zeldes, “Write a Chapter and Change the World.”
18. See my discussion in Journey Home, 282–283.
19. Mary Stern, the founder who moved to Canada, was not Jewish.
20. Hollinger, “Communalist and Dispersionist Approaches.”
21. The author conducted interviews with eight founders and the husband, son, brother, and sister-in-law of the late Esther Rome. Two Jewish founders were not interviewed. Ruth Bell Alexander was not interviewed because of reasons of geography. Alexander is the author of Changing Bodies, Changing Lives: A Book for Teens on Sex and Relationships and a variety of math-game books for children. Pamela Berger preferred not to be interviewed. A professor of art history and film, Berger wrote and produced Sorceress, about a medieval woman healer, and wrote, produced, and directed Killian’s Chronicle, about an Irish slave who escapes from a Viking ship and is rescued by Native Americans, and The Imported Bridegroom, based on a short story by the Yiddish Forward’s editor, Abraham Cahan. Berger’s scholarly work includes, most recently, The Crescent on the Temple, a study of how the Dome of the Rock served as the image of Solomon’s Temple in Christian, Muslim, and Jewish art.
22. See Pincus and Ditzion, “Preface/Introduction,” xiii.
23. Joan Ditzion and Miriam Hawley, interview by author, August 4, 2016; Swenson to author, August 11, 2016.
24. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, preface to Our Bodies, Ourselves (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), xiii.
25. See Davis, Making of “Our Bodies, Ourselves,” chap. 3.
26. Ibid., 109.
27. Swenson to author, August 11, 2016.
28. Jane Pincus (1998), quoted in Bonilla, “Including Every Woman,” 176.
29. Wells, Our Bodies, Ourselves and the Work of Writing, 93.
30. The BWHBC came to function as a small nonprofit organization, with no resemblance to a collective, “let alone a family.” Davis, Making of “Our Bodies, Ourselves,” 117.
31. See Wells, Our Bodies, Ourselves and the Work of Writing, 84.
32. Davis, Making of “Our Bodies Ourselves,” 81, 195–196, 200–203.
33. Wendy Kline, “The Making of Our Bodies, Ourselves: Rethinking Women’s Health and Second-Wave Feminism,” in Gilmore, Feminist Coalitions, 67–71, 77–79.
34. See Jane Sprague Zones, “Esther Rome,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 20, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
35. This account is based on information from Nathan Rome, interview with author, April 25, 2013; Judah Rome, interview with author, April 30, 2013; and Ruth and Aaron Seidman, interview with author, June 17, 2013.
36. Wendy Sanford, quoted in Sue Woodman, “Esther Rome: Our Bodies, Her Self,” Guardian, July 7, 1995, 18.
37. Paula Doress-Worters, quoted ibid.
38. Wendy Sanford, “In Memoriam: Esther Rome,” A Gala Celebration—Our Bodies, Ourselves, March 8, 1996, 24–26.
39. Nathan Rome to author, July 24, 2016.
40. Jane Wegscheider Hyman and Esther R. Rome, in cooperation with the Boston Women’s Health Book Collective, Sacrificing Ourselves for Love: Why Women Compromise Health and Self-Esteem, and How to Stop (Freedom, CA: Crossing, 1996).
41. Sanford, “In Memoriam,” 25.
42. Judah Rome, interview.
43. Nathan Rome, interview.
44. Doress-Worters, quoted in Woodman, “Esther Rome.”
45. Judah Rome, interview.
46. Doress-Worters, quoted in Woodman, “Esther Rome,” and in Sanford, “In Memoriam,” 25.
47. Wendy Sanford, interview by author, September 19, 2013.
48. Doress-Worters, quoted in Woodman, “Esther Rome.”
49. Doress-Worters, remarks at WLJIC.
50. Ibid.; Paula Doress-Worters, interview by author, July 23, 2010; Paula Doress-Worters to author, July 9, 2016.
51. Doress-Worters, interview.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Doress-Worters to author, April 24, 2016.
56. Doress-Worters, interview.
57. Quoted in Antler, Journey Home, 283, from interview by author, January 1996.
58. Doress-Worters, interview.
59. “Vilunya Diskin,” OBOS website, accessed April 8, 2013, www.ourbodiesourselves.org.
60. Vilunya Diskin, “Once Orphaned, Thrice Adopted: With the Songs of the Sabbath Echoing,” Jewish Currents, May 22, 2012.
61. Vilunya Diskin, interview by author, August 4, 2010; Diskin, “Once Orphaned, Thrice Adopted.”
62. Diskin, “Once Orphaned, Thrice Adopted.”
63. Ibid.; Diskin, interview.
64. Diskin, “Once Orphaned, Thrice Adopted.”
65. Diskin, interview.
66. Diskin, “Once Orphaned, Thrice Adopted.”
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Brownmiller, In Our Time, 180.
70. Miriam Hawley, interview by author, February 3, 2009.
71. Hawley, remarks at WLJIC.
72. Hawley, interview.
73. Hawley, remarks at “Formative Years” panel..
74. Hawley, remarks at WLJIC.
75. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Nancy Miriam Hawley,” accessed July 16, 2015, http://jwa.org.
76. Hawley, interview.
77. Ibid.
78. Hawley, remarks at WLJIC.
79. Joan Ditzion, remarks at “Formative Years” panel.
80. Joan Ditzion, interview by author, June 27, 2013.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Ditzion, remarks at “Formative Years” panel.
84. Ibid.
85. Ditzion, interview.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Jane Pincus, interview by author, July 15, 2013.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.; Jane Pincus to author, August 5, 2016.
91. Pincus to author, August 5, 2016.
92. Ibid.
93. Pincus to author, August 5, 2016.
94. John Sullivan, “Plan to Release Notorious Killer Prompts Debate about Insanity,” New York Times, July 14, 2000, www.nytimes.com.
95. Norma Swenson, interview by author, May 21, 2014.
96. Wendy Sanford, interview by author, September 19, 2013.
97. Ibid.
98. Wendy Sanford, “Bodies: A Memoir,” Narrative, 1, www.narrativemagazine.com.
99. Ibid., 5; Wendy Sanford, remarks on “Formative Years” panel.
100. Sanford, “Bodies,” 4–5, 8, 10, 7.
101. Sanford, interview.
102. Ibid.
103. Sanford, “Bodies,” 12.
104. Sanford, interview.
105. Sanford, “Bodies,” 12.
106. Sanford, interview.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.
111. Swenson, interview.
112. See Jeffrey Ann Goudie, “Herself Back in Topeka,” Topeka Magazine, Summer 2011, 42.
113. Swenson, interview.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid.
117. Norma Swenson to author, August 11, 2016.
118. Norma Swenson, “Prague Weekend: Political Memoir,” unpublished manuscript, 2014.
119. Norma Swenson, “The Last Passover [1939],” unpublished manuscript, 2014.
120. Swenson, interview; Swenson to author, August 11, 2016.
121. Swenson, interview.
122. Judy Norsigian, interview by author, July 30, 2013.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid.
127. Anita Diamant, interview at Moment symposium “The Origins of Creativity,” November–December 2011, www.momentmag.com.
128. Robbie Pfeufer Kahn, “Taking Our Maternal Bodies Back: Our Bodies, Ourselves, and the Boston Women’s Health Book Collective,” in Joyce Antler and Sari Knopp Biklen, eds., Changing Education: Women as Radicals and Conservators (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), 121–122.
129. Jacobson, Roots Too.
130. Hollinger, Postethnic America; Magid, American Post-Judaism.
131. Ditzion, interview.
1. Blu Greenberg, remarks at WLJIC; Blu Greenberg, interview by author, June 29, 2013.
2. Judith Plaskow, “The Jewish Feminist: Conflict in Identities,” address delivered to the National Jewish Women’s Conference in New York, February 1973, in Koltun, Jewish Woman, 3.
3. Hyman, “Jewish Feminism Faces the American Women’s Movement,” 223. Also see Paula E. Hyman, “Jewish Feminism in the United States,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 1, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
4. Carol Christ, “Community and Ambiguity: A Response from a Companion in the Journey,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 23, no. 1 (2007): 29.
5. Mary Daly, The Church and the Second Sex (New York: Harper and Row, 1968); Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973).
6. Hyman, “Jewish Feminism Faces the American Women’s Movement,” 225.
7. Cohen, “American Jewish Feminism.” Also see Pinsky, Jewish Feminists.
8. Susan Dworkin, “A Song for Women in Five Questions,” Moment, May–June 1973, 44, quoted in Ann Lapidus Lerner, “Who Has Not Made Me a Man: The Movement for Equal Rights for Women in American Jewry,” American Jewish Year Book, 1977, 6.
9. See Rabbi Rebecca Einstein Schorr and Rabbi Alysa Mendelson Graf, eds., The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate (New York: CCAR, 2016); Riv-Ellen Prell, ed., Women Remaking American Judaism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2007). Also see Judith Plaskow, “Spirituality in the United States,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 20, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
10. Martha Ackelsberg, interview by author, August 5, 2013.
11. Ibid.
12. Members included Susan Reverby, June Finer, Elaine Archer Cerutti, Barbara Ehrenreich, and Rachel Fruchter.
13. Ackelsberg, interview.
14. See “A Matter of Choice: Women Demand Abortion Rights,” Health-Pac Bulletin, March 1970.
15. Ackelsberg, interview.
16. Martha Ackelsberg, oral history by Julie Colatrella, April 16, 2010, Documenting Lesbian Lives Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection, 25.
17. Ibid.
18. Prell, Prayer & Community, 69–70. Also see Mark Oppenheimer, Knocking on Heaven’s Door: American Religion in the Age of Counterculture (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), chap. 3; and Shira Eve Epstein, “The Havurah Movement and Jewish Feminism: Preserving While Re-envisioning Judaism,” bachelor’s thesis, Rutgers University, 1999, Shira Eve Epstein Papers, American Jewish Historical Society.
19. Ackelsberg, interview.
20. Alan Silverstein, “The Evolution of Ezrat Nashim,” Conservative Judaism 30, no. 1 (1975): 41–51; Paula E. Hyman, “Ezrat Nashim and the Emergence of a New Jewish Feminism,” in Robert Seltzer and Norman J. Cohen, eds., The Americanization of the Jews (New York: NYU Press, 1995), 284–295. Beth Friedman, Toby Gottlieb Brandriss, Judy Hauptman, Ruth Hundert, Judy Samuels, and Susan Shevitz joined in 1972; later members included Eva Fogelman and Tobi Reifman. Martha Ackelsberg to author, November 24, 2017.
21. Ackelsberg, oral history; Epstein, “Havurah Movement,” 68.
22. Martha Ackelsberg, “Women at Rabbinical Assembly Seek Full Religious Participation,” Genesis 2, April 20, 1972.
23. Susan Shevitz, interview by author, April 23, 2014.
24. In 1973, at the request of Bill Novak, then editor of Response: A Contemporary Jewish Review, Ezrat Nashim and a number of secular Jewish feminists published The Jewish Woman, a special edition of the magazine, edited by Elizabeth Koltun with an introduction by Ackelsberg. A revised edition, edited by Koltun with an expanded introduction by Ackelsberg, appeared three years later as The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives. Susannah Heschel’s reader On Being a Jewish Feminist (New York: Schocken Books) came out in 1983, reflecting a second stage of Jewish feminism. Susannah Heschel, interview by author, June 23, 2009.
25. Martha Ackelsberg, introduction to Koltun, Jewish Woman, 9.
26. Martha Ackelsberg, “Feminism: Giving Birth to a New Judaism,” Sh’ma, September 4, 1981, 2.
27. Martha Ackelsberg, “Spirituality, Community, and Politics: B’not Esh and the Feminist Reconstruction of Judaism,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 2, no. 2 (1986): 116, 120; Ackelsberg, interview.
28. See Martha Ackelsberg, “How Can a Feminist like Me Enjoy a Liturgy like This?,” Sh’ma 36, no. 623 (2005): 2; Ackelsberg, “Families and the Jewish Community: A Feminist Perspective,” Response 14, no. 4 (1985): 5–15; Ackelsberg, “Family or Community?,” Sh’ma 17, no. 330 (1987): 76–80; and Ackelsberg, “Personal Identities and Collective Visions: Reflections on Being a Jew and a Feminist,” lecture at Smith College, 1983, American Jewish Historical Society.
29. Hyman, “Ezrat Nashim,” 287, 289; also see Heschel, On Being a Jewish Feminist; and Donna Robinson Divine, introduction to lecture by Martha Ackelsberg at Smith College, February 22, 2010; Robinson to author, June 29, 2013.
30. In interviews with fourteen women who were members of Ezrat Nashim from 1971 to 1974, Lianna Levine found eight who were members of Conservative synagogues, four Orthodox, one Lubavitch (Hasidic), and one Reform. Levine, “Women of Ezrat Nashim,” paper for Sylvia Barack Fishman, Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, Brandeis University, December 2004. Thanks to Martha Ackelsberg for this reference.
31. Arlene Agus, remarks at WLJIC.
32. Ibid.
33. “After a Decade of Jewish Feminism the Jewry Is Still Out,” interview with Paula Hyman and Arlene Agus, Lilith 11 (Fall–Winter 1983): 21.
34. Arlene Agus, interview by author, January 10, 2013.
35. Agus has been an adviser to the Jewish Child Care Association and a faculty member at the Skirball Center for Adult Jewish Learning.
36. Agus, interview; Arlene Agus, “Keeping Jewish Creativity Feminist,” Sh’ma 16, no. 305 (1986): 38–40.
37. Agus, interview.
38. See Susan Shapiro, “Standing Again with Judith Plaskow: A Select Reading of Her Essays,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 23, no. 1 (2007): 27; Rebecca T. Alpert, “A Prophetic Voice for Truth,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 23, no. 1 (2007): 8.
39. Judith Plaskow, “The Coming of Lilith: A Response,” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 23, no. 1 (2007): 36.
40. See Martha Ackelsberg and Judith Plaskow, “Why We’re Not Getting Married,” Lilith 29 (Fall 2004), http://lilith.org.
41. “Judith Plaskow,” in Ann Braude, ed., Transforming the Faith of Our Fathers: Women Who Changed American Religion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 220.
42. Judith Plaskow, interview by author, August, 5, 2013; and Judith Plaskow, oral history by Allison Pilatsky, March 22, 2010, Documenting Lesbian Lives Oral History Project.
43. Plaskow, interview.
44. See Alpert, “Prophetic Voice for Truth,” 7.
45. Judith Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism from a Feminist Perspective (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990), xii.
46. Plaskow, oral history.
47. Plaskow, interview; Plaskow, oral history.
48. Plaskow, interview.
49. Ibid.
50. Plaskow, oral history.
51. Ibid.
52. Plaskow, interview; Plaskow, oral history.
53. Judith Plaskow, “Intersections: An Introduction,” in Plaskow, Coming of Lilith, 7.
54. Plaskow, oral history.
55. Plaskow, interview; Plaskow, “Intersections,” 7.
56. Plaskow, oral history; Plaskow, “Intersections,” 7.
57. “Judith Plaskow,” 221; Plaskow, “Intersections,” 7.
58. Plaskow, oral history; “Judith Plaskow,” 221.
59. Plaskow, “Intersections,” 9.
60. Plaskow, interview.
61. Plaskow, “Intersections,” 8.
62. Plaskow, “Coming of Lilith,” 28–29.
63. Ibid., 32.
64. Ibid., 31.
65. Judith Plaskow Goldenberg, “The Jewish Feminist: Conflict in Identities,” Response: A Contemporary Jewish Review 18 (Summer 1973): 12.
66. Plaskow, oral history.
67. Plaskow, “Intersections,” 10.
68. Ibid., 11.
69. Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai, 21.
70. Ibid., 59, 71, 119.
71. Ibid., 133, 139–141, 155, 157, 161.
72. Ibid., 210, 237–238.
73. Plaskow, interview.
74. Plaskow, “Intersections,” 12.
75. Ibid., 13–14.
76. Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai, xii–xiii.
77. Plaskow, “Coming of Lilith,” 35.
78. Plaskow, “Intersections,” 15; Plaskow, oral history.
79. Plaskow, “Intersections,” 14–15.
80. Judith Plaskow, “Anti-Semitism: The Unacknowledged Racism,” in Plaskow, Coming of Lilith, 98.
81. Plaskow, interview.
82. Ackelsberg, oral history, 27; Plaskow, oral history, 24.
83. Laura Geller, interview by author, January 9, 2016. Betty Friedan, “Women in the Firing Line,” New York Times, October 28, 1984, www.nytimescom.
84. Betty Friedan, Central Conference of Reform Rabbis Yearbook 89 (1979): 180, quoted in Carole B. Balin, “Reform Rabbis, Betty Friedan, and the Uses of ‘Tradition,’” in Michael A. Meyer and David N. Myers, Between Jewish Tradition and Modernity: Rethinking an Old Opposition (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2014), 289.
85. Geller, interview.
86. Laura Geller, “The Torah of Our Lives,” in Gail Twersky Reimer and Judith A. Kates, eds., Beginning Anew: A Woman’s Companion to the High Holy Days (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 263–264.
87. Laura Geller, “Reactions to a Woman Rabbi,” in Heschel, On Being a Jewish Feminist, 213.
88. Geller, interview.
89. Karla Goldman, “Laura Geller,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 1, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive; Danielle Berrin, “Rabbi Laura Geller Moves from Senior Rabbi to Study of Aging,” Jewish Journal, June 22, 2016; Geller, interview.
90. Quoted in Berrin, “Rabbi Laura Geller.”
91. Ibid.
92. Rebecca Alpert, interview by author, June 26, 2012.
93. Rebecca Alpert, oral history, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Religious Archives Network, www.lgbtran.org.
94. Alpert, interview.
95. Alpert, oral history.
96. Rebecca Alpert, remarks at WLJIC; Alpert to author, June 1, 2011.
97. Alpert, remarks at WLJIC.
98. Judy Klemesrud, “Barnard’s New Alumnae Tell What They Now Want Out of Life,” New York Times, June 2, 1971, 36.
99. Alpert, remarks at WLJIC.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. Rebecca T. Alpert, “Coming Out of the Closet as Politically Correct,” Tikkun 11, no. 2 (1996): 61.
103. Rebecca T. Alpert, Out of Left Field: Jews and Black Baseball (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); Alpert, Religion and Sports: An Introduction and Case Studies (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015); Alpert, Like Bread on the Seder Plate: Jewish Lesbians and the Transformation of Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press 1997); Rebecca T. Alpert, Sue Levi Elwell, and Shirley Idelson, eds., Lesbian Rabbis: The First Generations (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001).
104. Alpert, interview.
105. Alpert, interview; Alpert, remarks at WLJIC.
106. Blu Greenberg, remarks at WLJIC.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid. Also see William Novak, “Talking with Blu Greenberg,” Kerem 4 (Winter 1995–1996): 34–37.
109. Greenberg, remarks at WLJIC.
110. Blu Greenberg, “Being Jewish: My Life and Work,” unpublished manuscript, Blu Greenberg Papers, Schlesinger Library.
111. Blu Greenberg, “How an Orthodox Woman Evolved,” 5.
112. Greenberg, “Being Jewish, My Life and Work”; Greenberg, remarks at WLJIC.
113. Greenberg, remarks at WLJIC.
114. Greenberg, “How an Orthodox Woman Evolved”; Greenberg, “Being Jewish.”
115. Greenberg, “Being Jewish.”
116. Novak, “Talking with Blu Greenberg,” 27; Greenberg, “How an Orthodox Woman Evolved,” 7.
117. Novak, “Talking with Blu Greenberg,” 28.
118. See “Blu Greenberg,” in Braude, Transforming the Faith of Our Fathers, 249.
119. Beth Mohr, “Jewish Woman Leader Urges Moderate Tack on Feminism,” San Diego Union, February 9, 1977; Greenberg, “How an Orthodox Woman Evolved,” 8.
120. Greenberg, “How an Orthodox Woman Evolved,” 8.
121. Greenberg, “Being Jewish.”
122. Ibid.
123. Greenberg, remarks at WLJIC.
124. Blu Greenberg, “Betty Friedan: An Appreciation,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 8, 2006, www.jta.org.
125. Blu Greenberg, On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1981).
126. Blu Greenberg, “Jewish Activism in the 80s,” unpublished paper, Greenberg Papers; “Blu Greenberg,” 255; Novak, “Talking with Blu Greenberg,” 35.
127. Greenberg, “Being Jewish.”
128. Greenberg, remarks at WLJIC.
129. Greenberg, On Women and Judaism, 21.
130. Hyman, “Jewish Feminism Faces the American Women’s Movement.”
131. Plaskow, “Intersections,” 13.
132. Geller, interview.
133. Heschel, introduction to On Being a Jewish Feminist, xxiii.
1. Cheryl Moch, interview by Tamara Cohen, March 14, 2002, quoted in Cohen, “An Overlooked Bridge: Secular Women of the Jewish Left and the Rise of Jewish Feminism,” master’s thesis, Sarah Lawrence College, 2003, 21.
2. Staub, Torn at the Roots, 129; Jack Nusan Porter and Peter Dreier, preface to Porter and Dreier, eds., Jewish Radicalism: A Selected Anthology (New York: Grove, 1973), xxvi.
3. Cantor, Jewish Men / Jewish Women, 352; Cantor, “Halcyon Days.”
4. See Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 345; Ofira Seliktar, Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 27–28.
5. Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 353; Cantor, “Halcyon Days,” 57; Aviva Cantor, remarks at WLJIC.
6. Chaim Rosmarin, “America’s New Jewish Left,” New Outlook, April 1971, 38, quoted in Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 21.
7. Cantor, “Halcyon Days,” 57.
8. Aviva Cantor, interview by author, February 27, 2009.
9. Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 354; Cantor, remarks at WLJIC.
10. Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 22; Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 355.
11. Vivian Silber Salowitz, “Sexism in the Jewish Student Community,” in Elizabeth Koltun, ed., “The Jewish Woman: An Anthology,” special issue, Response 18 (Summer 1973): 56.
12. Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 373; Cantor to author, October 4, 2016.
13. “International Jewish Seminar Attended by 250 Students: First of Kind in U.S.,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 3, 1971, www.jta.org. The conference was titled “Jewing It, ’32: Encounters in the Month of Ejul.”
14. Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 414.
15. Lindsay Miller, “Jewish Women Seek Identity,” New York Post, April 1974 (thanks to Cheryl Moch for this clipping); Jewish Women’s Archive, “Cheryl Moch,” accessed August 20, 2016, http://jwa.org.
16. “Jewish Women Join Forces,” Chutzpah 7 (Summer–Fall 1974): 1.
17. Aviva Cantor Zuckoff, “Oppression of Amerika’s Jews,” Jewish Liberation Journal 8 (November 1970): 2–4; Leora Tanenbaum, “Was Portnoy Right?,” Boston Phoenix, October 6, 1995, 5.
18. Fees were waived for those who were unable to pay. Cantor to author, October 4, 2016. See Ruth Balser, “A Collective Identity,” Genesis 2, March 1973, 10; and Ruth Magder, “The First National Jewish Women’s Conference: A Study of the Early Jewish Feminist Movement,” senior thesis, History Department, Barnard College, 1991, American Jewish Historical Society.
19. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Sheryl Baron Nestel,” accessed September 14, 2016, http://jwa.org.
20. See Magder, “First National Jewish Women’s Conference”; and Jewish Women’s Archive, “Cheryl Moch.”
21. Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge”; Jewish Women’s Archive, “Cheryl Moch”; Jewish Women’s Archive, “Sheryl Baron Nestel.”
22. Tanenbaum, “Was Portnoy Right?,” 5.
23. Amy F. J. Stone, “Aviva Cantor,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 1, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
24. Cantor, interview.
25. “Obituary: Murray Zuckoff, JTA’s Editor for Nearly 20 Years, Dies at 79,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 29, 2004, http://www.jta.org.
26. Cantor, “Halcyon Days,” 57.
27. Zuckoff, “Oppression of Amerika’s Jews,” 2–4.
28. Ibid., 3.
29. Ibid., 4.
30. Cantor, remarks at WLJIC.
31. Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 352; Staub, Torn at the Roots, 194–195, 201; Josh Nathan-Kazis, “Treat Jewish Students like the Adults That They Are,” Forward, December 19, 2007.
32. Cantor, “Halcyon Days,” 58–59; Stone, “Aviva Cantor.”
33. Cantor, remarks at WLJIC. See Staub, Torn at the Roots, chap. 6.
34. Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 352–353.
35. Ibid., 413.
36. Cantor, remarks at WLJIC.
37. Aviva Cantor, “Jewish Women’s Haggadah,” in Koltun, Jewish Woman, 95.
38. Echols, Daring to Be Bad, 62–63.
39. Cantor, “Jewish Women’s Haggadah,” 95.
40. Ibid.; Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 414–415.
41. Cantor, quoted in Susan Josephs, “We Are No Longer a Joke,” Jewish Week, February 13, 1998.
42. Cantor, remarks at WLJIC.
43. Cantor to author, October 3, 2016.
44. Hole and Levine, Rebirth of Feminism, 273.
45. Robin Morgan, “Goodbye to All That,” in Rosalyn Baxandall and Linda Gordon, eds., Dear Sisters: Dispatches from the Women’s Liberation Movement (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 57.
46. This and the following quotes are from Cantor’s undated typescript, “to the RAT collective,” Aviva Cantor Papers, Brandeis University.
47. Cantor to author, October 3, 2016.
48. Cantor, Jewish Women / Jewish Men, 423–425.
49. Cantor, remarks at WLJIC.
50. Cantor to author, October 3, 2016; Aviva Cantor, “Notes for Speech at 1998 Reunion (25th Anniversary of 1973),” Cantor Papers.
51. Jesse Zel Lurie to Aviva Cantor, February 12, 1976, and Aviva Cantor to Jesse Zel Lurie, February 13, 1976, Cantor Papers.
52. Jane, for the journal staff (Women: A Journal of Liberation), to Bonnie, October 1, 1972, Cantor Papers.
53. Note from Doris to Aviva Cantor, n.d., Cantor Papers.
54. Aviva Cantor, “Jewish Women’s Liberation: America—Still Programmed to Be Wives,” Israel Horizons 21, nos. 3–4 (1973): 12, Cantor Papers.
55. Rachel Blau DuPlessis and Ann Snitow to Aviva Cantor, n.d., Cantor Papers.
56. Susan Weidman Schneider, interview by author, January 29, 2009.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Susan Weidman Schneider,” accessed May 25, 2015, http://jwa.org.
60. Schneider, interview.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Untitled typescript, 1974, Lilith Editorial and Administrative Files, Lilith Archives, Brandeis University.
64. Ibid.
65. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Susan Weidman Schneider.”
66. Ibid.
67. Anne Lapidus Lerner, “Lilith Magazine,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, accessed March 20, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive; Susan Schnur, remarks at “Looking Back, Looking Forward: Symposium Celebrating 40 Years of the Lilith Magazine Archives,” Brandeis University, March 26, 2017.
68. Susan Weidman Schneider, Jewish and Female: A Guide and Sourcebook for Today’s Jewish Woman (New York: Touchstone, 1984); Schneider, Intermarriage: The Challenge of Living with Differences between Christians and Jews (New York: Free Press, 1989); Schneider, Arthur B. C. Drache, and Helene Brezinsky, Head and Heart: A Woman’s Guide to Financial Independence (Pasadena, CA: Trilogy Books, 1991).
69. Schneider, interview.
70. Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 24.
71. Miriam Socoloff and Henry Balser, “Jewish, Radical, and Proud,” Chutzpah 4 (February–March 1973): 17, quoted in Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 24–25.
72. Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 2.
73. “Revolutionary Jewish Nationalism,” Brooklyn Bridge 1 (June 1972): 21, quoted in Staub, Torn at the Roots, 238–239.
74. Chutzpah Collective, introduction to Steven Lubet, Jeffry (Shaye) Mallow, Adar Rossman, Susan Schechter, Robbie (Sholem) Skeist, and Miriam Socoloff, eds., Chutzpah: A Jewish Liberation Anthology (San Francisco: New Glide, 1977), 3, 6. The other members of the Chutzpah Collective were Maralee Gordon, Marian Henriquez Neudel, Myron Perlman, Barbara Pruzan Perlman, and Leo Schlosberg.
75. Ibid., 5–6.
76. Maralee Gordon, interview by author, December 17, 2012.
77. Cheryl Moch, “Self-Hate,” Brooklyn Bridge 1 (February 1971): 20, quoted in Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 31.
78. See Lee Weiner, “Toward a Politics of Revolutionary Nationalism,” Brooklyn Bridge 1 (May 1971): 5, 14; Cheryl Moch, interview by author, June 5, 2009.
79. Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 32–33.
80. Moch, interview by author.
81. “We Are Coming Home,” Brooklyn Bridge 1 (February 1971), reprinted in Michael E. Staub, ed., The Jewish 1960s: An American Sourcebook (Lebanon, NH: Brandeis University Press 2004), 262; Moch, “Self-Hate,” 20.
82. “The 5000-Year-Old Woman,” Brooklyn Bridge 1 (February 1971): 3.
83. Ibid.
84. Cohen, “Overlooked Bridge,” 99.
85. Moch, interview by author; also see Jewish Women’s Archive, “Cheryl Moch.”
86. Ruth Balser, “Liberation of a Jewish Radical,” in Lubet et al., Chutzpah, 15.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid., 16.
89. Ibid., 16–17.
90. Ibid., 17.
91. Ibid., 18.
92. Ruth Balser, interview by author, October 12, 2017.
93. Allen Steinberg to author, June 26, 2017.
94. Susan Schechter, “To My Real and Imagined Enemies, and Why I Sometimes Can’t Tell You Apart,” in Lubet et al., Chutzpah, 12–13.
95. Ibid., 13.
96. Susan Schechter, “Solidarity and Self-Respect: Coming Out Jewish at the Socialist Feminist Conference,” in Lubet et al., Chutzpah, 57.
97. Susan Schechter, handwritten notes, Jewish Women’s Caucus, Socialist Feminist Conference, Antioch College, July 4–6, 1976, Susan Schechter Papers, Schlesinger Library.
98. Ibid.
99. Schechter, “Solidarity and Self-Respect,” 59. Also see the original Chutzpah article about the conference, “Solidarity and Self-Respect: Coming Out Jewish at the Socialist Feminist Conference,” Chutzpah 9–10 (1975): 1, 4.
100. Schechter, “To My Real and Imagined Enemies: Double-Binds of Being Jewish,” Chutzpah 12 (1976), American Jewish Historical Society. Also in the Chutzpah anthology, “To My Real and Imagined Enemies,” 13.
101. Campbell Robertson, “Susan Schechter, 57, Author of Books Exploring Impact of Domestic Violence,” obituary, New York Times, February 16, 2004.
102. Susan Schechter, “Reflection,” in Raquel Kennedy Bergen, Jeffrey L. Edleson, and Claire M. Renzetti, eds., Violence against Women: Classic Papers (Boston: Pearson / Allyn and Bacon, 2005), 218.
103. Susan Schechter, Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement (Boston: South End, 1982); Ann Jones and Susan Schechter, When Love Goes Wrong: What to Do When You Can’t Do Anything Right (New York: HarperCollins 1992).
104. See Fran S. Danis, “A Tribute to Susan Schechter: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement,” Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work 21, no. 3 (2006): 336–341.
105. Steinberg to author, June 26, 2017.
106. Danis, “Tribute to Susan Schechter,” 338.
107. M. Gordon, interview.
108. Ibid. On the protest, see Staub, Torn at the Roots, 194.
109. “Chicago,” Brooklyn Bridge 1 (June 1972) 26; Maralee Gordon, “Jewish Women Up from Under,” Chutzpah 4 (February–March 1973): 8.
110. Gordon, “Jewish Women Up from Under,” 9.
111. Ibid.
112. Maralee Gordon, “Feminist Frustration with the Forefathers,” in Lubet et al., Chutzpah, 148.
113. Ibid., 148–151.
114. Maralee Gordon, “Role Models for Jewish Women,” in Lubet et al., Chutzpah, 23.
1. See, for example, Ginny Berson for the Furies, “Beyond Male Power,” in Crow, Radical Feminism, 163–166; Anne M. Valk, Living a Feminist Lifestyle: The Intersection of Theory and Action in a Lesbian Feminist Collective, in Hewitt, No Permanent Waves, 225.
2. Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Some Notes on Jewish Lesbian Identity,” in Beck, Nice Jewish Girls, 42; Evelyn Torton Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
3. Faith Rogow, “Why Is This Decade Different from All Other Decades? A Look at the Rise of Jewish Lesbian Feminism,” Bridges 1, no. 1 (1990): 70.
4. Beck to author, August 7, 2016; Evelyn Torton Beck, “Why Is This Book Different from All Other Books?,” in Beck, Nice Jewish Girls, xxxii.
5. Bereano published the second edition of Nice Jewish Girls in 1984, when she was editor of Crossings Press. Mennis taught at Adirondack Community College and co-facilitated a series of workshops on black-Jewish relations at the Women’s Center of Brooklyn College.
6. Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
7. Nice Jewish Girls became a “catalyst for Jewish feminist energy and a special muse to Jewish lesbian creativity.” Rogow, “Why Is This Decade Different from All Other Decades?,” 71.
8. See Rachel Wahba, “Some of Us Are Arabic,” Beck, Nice Jewish Girls, 69–72; Savina Teubal, “A Coat of Many Colors,” ibid., 100–103; Shelley Horwitz, “Letter from Jerusalem,” ibid., 225–229; and Marcia Freedman, “A Lesbian in the Promised Land,” ibid., 230–240.
9. Beck, “Why Is This Book Different from All Other Books?,” xii; Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
10. Joan Biren’s oral history is in the Voices of Feminism Oral History Project, Sophia Smith Collection. For Bauman, Zionism enabled her positive identification as a Jew, two decades before she came out as a lesbian. Batya Bauman, “Ten Women Tell . . . the Ways We Are,” Lilith 1 (Winter 1976–1977): 9–10.
11. Melanie Kaye Kantrowitz, “Ani Main, 5749,” Barre-Montpelier Times Argus, September 22, 1988, 89–90.
12. Irena Klepfisz, “Anti-Semitism in the Lesbian-Feminist Movement,” in Beck, Nice Jewish Girls, 53.
13. Kaye/Kantrowitz and Klepfisz, Tribe of Dina.
14. Beck, “Why Is This Book Different from All Other Books?,” xvii.
15. Ibid., xv.
16. Ibid., xxxii; Adrienne Rich, “Split at the Root,” in Beck, Nice Jewish Girls, 73.
17. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; and Evelyn Torton Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
18. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011; Evelyn Torton Beck, interview by author, December 22, 2008; Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
19. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
20. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
21. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
22. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
23. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
24. Evelyn Torton Beck, Kafka and the Yiddish Theater: Its Impact on his Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1972).
25. Evelyn Torton Beck, “The Many Faces of Eve: Women, Yiddish, and Isaac Bashevis Singer” (Working Papers in Yiddish and East European Jewish Studies, Max Weinreich Center for Advanced Jewish Studies of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 1975).
26. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
27. Beck, remarks at WLJIC; Beck to author, June 7, 2011.
28. Aviva Cantor, “Evelyn Torton Beck,” Lilith 10 (Winter 1982–1983); Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
29. Cantor, “Evelyn Torton Beck.”
30. Ibid.
31. “Conference Report,” in “Notes and Letters,” Feminist Studies 10, no. 2 (1984): 354.
32. Evelyn Torton Beck, “‘No More Masks’: Anti-Semitism as Jew-Hating,” Women’s Studies Quarterly 11, no. 3 (1983): 11–12.
33. Beck to author, August 7, 2016; Beck, “No More Masks,” 13.
34. The panel took place at the “Feminist Studies: Reconstituting Knowledge” conference in Milwaukee, 1985, and was mentioned in Teresa de Lauretis, “Feminist Studies / Critical Studies: Issues, Terms, and Contexts,” in Lauretis, ed., Feminist Studies / Critical Studies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 7. See Beck, “Politics of Jewish Invisibility,” 100–101n21.
35. Beck, “Politics of Jewish Invisibility,” 96.
36. Ibid., 101–102. Also see Evelyn Torton Beck, Julie L. Goldberg, and L. Lee Knefelkamp, “Integrating Jewish Issues into the Teaching of Psychology,” in Phyllis Bronstein and Kathryn Quina, eds., Teaching Gender and Multicultural Awareness: Resources for the Psychology Classroom (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2003), 237–252.
37. Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
38. Shirley Moskow, “An Alternative Press Rewrites the Traditional Success Story,” News-Tribune, August 5, 1981, Persephone Press Papers, Schlesinger Library.
39. Biographical information comes from Gloria Greenfield, interviews by author, January 15 and February 16, 2009.
40. Greenfield, interview, January 15, 2009; Greenfield also tells the story in “Shedding,” in Beck, Nice Jewish Girls, 6.
41. Oswego Women’s Center, press release, n.d., Gloria Greenfield’s personal collection.
42. See Mary Kassian, The Feminist Gospel: The Movement to Unite Feminism with the Church (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 1992).
43. See Jewish Women’s Archive, “‘Through the Looking Glass’ Conference Program, April 1976,” http://jwa.org.
44. Pat McGloin, quoted in Evelyn C. White, “Persephone’s Success Story Started with Feminist Will,” Seattle Gay News, July 20–August 2, 1982, Persephone Press Papers.
45. Greenfield, interview, January 15, 2009.
46. Persephone Press’s book list included Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back (1981); Audre Lorde, Zami (1982); Michelle Cliff, Abeng: Claiming an Identity They Taught Me to Despise (1983); Beck, Nice Jewish Girls; Irena Klepfisz, Keeper of Accounts (1982); Elly Bulkin, Lesbian Fiction (1981); Elly Bulkin and Joan Larkin, eds., Lesbian Poetry (1981).
47. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Gloria Greenfield,” accessed October 6, 2012, http://jwa.org. Because of the incident, Clausen’s lover, Elly Bulkin, revised her original sole-authored project, an essay about anti-Semitism, bringing in a white, non-Jewish lesbian feminist and a black lesbian feminist as co-authors of a book about racism and anti-Semitism. See Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith, Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism (New York: Firebrand Books, 1984).
48. Pat McGloin and Gloria Z. Greenfield to Persephone authors and editors, “Current Situation,” April 13, 1983, Persephone Press Papers; Mary Kay Lefevour, “Persephone Press Folds,” off our backs 13, no. 10 (1983): 10; Molly Lovelock, “Persephone Press: Why Did It Die?,” Sojourner: The New England Women’s Journal of News, Opinions, and the Arts, September 1983, 4, 18; Greenfield, interview, February 16, 2009.
49. Gloria Greenfield, “The Tools of Guilt and Intimidation,” Sojourner 8, no. 11 (1983): 4.
50. Ibid.
51. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Gloria Greenfield.”
52. Greenfield, interview, January 15, 2009.
53. Irena Klepfisz, “Resisting and Surviving America,” in Beck, Nice Jewish Girls, 114; Irena Klepfisz, interview by author, March 10–11, 2009.
54. Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Some Notes on Jewish Lesbian Identity,” 38–39.
55. Jil Clark, “An Act of Resistance,” interview with Gloria Greenfield, Melanie Kaye, and Irena Klepfisz, circa 1982, Persephone Papers, Schlesinger Library.
56. Ibid.
57. Klepfisz, “Resisting and Surviving America,” 112; Irena Klepfisz, “Secular Jewish Identity: Yidishkayt in America,” in Kaye/Kantrowitz and Klepfisz, Tribe of Dina, 36.
58. Klepfisz, “Secular Jewish Identity,” 35–36.
59. Ibid., 36–37.
60. Ibid., 38–39.
61. Ibid., 40.