NOTES

Chapter 1

1.     Source: Updated from Indur Goklany, “Have Increases in Population, Affluence and Technology Worsened Human and Environmental Well-being?,” Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 3 (2009); based on Angus Maddison, Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1–2008 AD, University of Groningen, 2010, http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/Historical_Statistics/vertical-file_02-2010.xls; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011, http://databank.worldbank.org/; T. A. Boden, G. Marland, and R. J. Andres, Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, 2011, http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2008.html.

2.     Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). Originally published 1944.

3.     Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 13–14.

4.     The pioneering work in this field was done by Angus Maddison (1926–2010), a British economist who studied quantitative macroeconomic history, including the measurement and analysis of economic growth and development. The historical data compiled by Maddison on income per capita, population, life expectancy and demographic factors are used throughout the world.

5.     Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Turk, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 (1651)), 89. Hobbes, of course, was referring to the condition of humanity in a theoretical state of nature, but his famous phrase accurately describes preindustrial living conditions for the average person.

6.     Carlo Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy 1000–1700, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993).

7.     Goklany, Humanity Unbound, 8.

8.     Ibid., McCloskey, 49.

9.     Vaclav Smil, Energy at the Crossroads: Global Perspectives and Uncertainties (MIT Press, 2003, MIT Press paperback edition, 2005), 65.

10.   Ibid.; See also Angus Maddison, Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992 (Paris: OECD, 2006).

11.   Michael Kelly, “Technology Introductions in the Context of Decarbonization,” Global Warming Policy Foundation, Note 7, (London, 2012).

12.   Ibid., McCloskey, 50.

13.   Robert Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 37.

14.   Ibid., 266.

15.   Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves (HarperCollins, 2010), 214.

16.   Stephen Moore, Washington Times A Times, November 8, 2015.

17.   “Secretary Jewell Launches Comprehensive Review of Federal Coal Program,” U.S. Department of the Interior, January 15, 2016, https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-jewell-launches-comprehensive-review-federal-coal-program.

18.   Laurence Tribe, “The Clean Power Plan Is Unconstitutional,” Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2015.

19.   Barak Obama, Speech to the UN General Assembly, September 28, 2015.

20.   Paul Johnson, “The Nonsense of Global Warming,” Forbes, September 18, 2008.

21.   Vaclav Klaus, “Environmentalism and Other Challenges of the Current Era,” Speech to CATO Institute, March 9, 2007.

22.   Charles Krauthammer, “On the New Socialism,” Washington Post, December 11, 2009.

23.   Rupert Darwall, The Age of Global Warming: A History (London: Quartet Books Limited, 2013).

24.   Robert Zubrin, Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism (New York: New Atlantis, Encounter Books, 2012, 2013).

25.   “Paris Climate of Conformity,” Wall Street Journal, December 13, 2015.

26.   Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource 2 (Princeton University Press, 1996), 345.

27.   Robert L. Bradley Jr., Capitalism at Work: Business Government and Energy (M & M Scrivner Press, Salem, Mass., 1009).

28.   Ibid.

29.   Gabriele Steinhauser et al., “Climate Deal Leaves Hard Decisions to Countries,” Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2015.

30.   Annie Gowen, “India’s Huge Need for Electricity Is a Problem for the Planet,” Washington Post, November 6, 2015.

31.   Michael Bastach, “UN Climate Chief: Communism Is Best to Fight Global Warming,” Daily Caller, January 15, 2014.

32.   Christiana Figueres, United Nations Regional Information Center for Western Europe, (February 3, 2015).

33.   Bjorn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist (Cambridge University Press, 2001).

34.   Established in 1968, the Club of Rome is a group of former officials, political leaders, UN bureaucrats, economists, diplomats, and business leaders who love government and are wary about capitalist growth, democracy, and nation-states. The club’s self-description—“a group of world citizens sharing a common concern for humanity”—is misleading. A line from its 1974 book Mankind at the Turning Point provides some perspective on the club’s concern for humanity: “The earth has cancer and the cancer is man.”

35.   Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe Books, 1972).

36.   Alexander King and Bertrand Schneider, The First Global Revolution: A Report by the Council of the Club of Rome (New York: Pantheon, 1991).

37.   Paul Ehrlich, “An Ecologists Perspective on Nuclear Power,” Public Issues Report of the Federation of American Scientists, May–June 1978.

38.   Darwall, ibid.

39.   Peter W. Huber and Mark P Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (New York: Basic Books, 2005), xix.

Chapter 2

1.     The current global majors, or the “Super Majors” as they often are called—BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, Total SA, and Conoco Phillips—emerged in the late 1990s through mergers.

2.     Russel Gold, “U.S. Rises to No. 1 Energy Producer,” Wall Street Journal, October 3, 2013.

3.     EIA, Petroleum and Other Liquids: U.S. Imports from OPEC Countries of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, January 2015.

4.     Ben Lefebvre, “U.S. Refiner Exports Hit High,” Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2013.

5.     “Shale Gas: Reshaping the U.S. Chemicals Industry,” Price Waterhouse Cooper for American Chemical Council, October 2012.

6.     IHIS Inc., “America’s new Energy Future: The Unconventional Oil and Natural Gas Revolution and the U.S. Economy-State Economic Contributions,” Prepared for the American Petroleum Institute and American Chemical Council, December 19, 2012.

7.     EIA U.S. Coal Reserves, December 16, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/coal/reserves/; EIA, International te and Monthly Energy Review, November 2014, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec6_3.pdf.

8.     Oil sand is a thick, dense source of petroleum naturally occurring in a mixture of sand, water, clay, and bitumen. Oil sand, like shale oil, is regarded as one of several “unconventional” sources of petroleum that have boomed over the last decade. Also like shale oil, the existence of the oil sands has long been known, but innovative technologies and processes have only recently made extraction feasible at a large commercial scale. Oil sands exist in several countries but Canada’s Athabasca field in Alberta holds the largest deposit in the world. The Keystone pipeline was designed, for the most part, to move Canadian oil sand to refineries on the U.S. Gulf Coast.

9.     Ezra Levant, Ethical Oil: The Case for Canada’s Oil Sands (McClelland & Schuster, 2010).

10.   “Changing Crude Oil Markets: Allowing Exports Could Reduce Consumer Fuel Prices,” U.S. Government Accountability Office, September 30, 2014; see also: Bordof, Jason, “Navigating the U.S. Oil Export Ban.” Columbia University Center on Global Energy, January 16, 2015.

11.   Russell Gold, The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World (Simon & Schuster, 2015), 129.

12.   Ibid., 54.

13.   Fred Lawrence, “The Imperishable Permian Basin: Growing at 90,” MasterResource blog May 17, 2013.

14.   “Oil Legend Jim Henry and the Fathers of the Wolfberry,” Midland Reporter Telegram, July 27, 2014; Corey Paul and taped telephone interview with Jim Henry August 25, 2015.

15.   EIA, Drilling Productivity Report, August 2015.

16.   EIA, Drilling Productivity Report, Permian Region, August 2015.

17.   “OPEC Clout Hits New Low,” Wall Street Journal, June 1, 2015; see also Bassam Fattou, Oxford Institute for Energy, “Current Oil Market Dynamics and the Role of OPEC,” January 15, 2015.

18.   “OPEC’s Pricing Leverage Is Weakening,” Wall Street Journal, March 31, 2015.

19.   IHS, “US Position in Global Oil Supply Growth,” EIA.gov/conference/2013.

20.   Summer Said and Ahmed Al Omran, “Domestic Thirst for Oil Drives Saudi Pumps,” Wall Street Journal, July 3, 2015, Sec. C.

21.   Mark P. Mills, “Shale 2.0: Technology and the Coming Big-Data Revolution in America’s Shale Oil Fields,” Manhattan Institute, May 2015.

22.   Stephen Moore, “How North Dakota Became Saudi Arabia: Harold Hamm, Discover of the Bakken Fields of the Northern Great Plains on America’s Oil Future and Why OPEC’s Days Are Numbered,” Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2011.

23.   EIA Today in Energy: North Dakota and Texas Now Provide Nearly Half of U.S. Crude Oil. July 1, 2014. Also Today in Energy; Five States and the Gulf of Mexico Produce More Than 80% of U.S. Crude Oil. March 31, 2014.

24.   Congressional Research Service, U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production in Federal and Non-Federal Areas, April 10, 2014, http://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/files/20140410CRS-US-crude-oil-natural-gas-production-federal-non-federal-areas.pdf; Bureau of Ocean Management, Combined Leasing Report, November 3, 2014, http://www.boem.gov/Combined-Leasing-Report-November-2014/ and Institute for Energy Research, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/outer-shelf-ocs-statistics/; Bureau of Land Management, http://blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/MINERALS_REALTY_AND_RESOURCE_PROTECTION_/energy/oil_gas_statistics/data_sets.Par.67327.File.dat/table-03.pdf; Bureau of Land Management, Source: BLM, Table 4, http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/MINERALS_REALTY_AND_RESOURCE_PROTECTION_/energy/oil_gas_statistics/data_sets.Par80157.File.dat/numberofacresleasedeachyear.pdf

25.   Congressional Research Service, Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data, February 8, 2012.

26.   EIA, Potential Oil Production from the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Updated Assessment, 3.

27.   Cameron et al., “Central Arctic Caribou and Petroleum Development: Distributional, Nutritional, and Reproductive Implications, 58 ARCTIC 1, March 2005, http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic58-1-1.pdf and Arctic Report Card: Update for 2011, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/report11/reindeer.html.

28.   EIA, “Potential Oil Production from the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Updated Assessment, 3, http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/arctic_national_wildlife_refuge/html/summary.html and Free Republic, Top 10 Reasons to Support Development in ANWR, http://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2245453/posts.

29.   Task Force on Strategic Unconventional Fuels, Development of America’s Strategic Unconventional Fuels Resources—Initial Report to the President and the Congress of the United States, September 2006, p. 5, Task Force on Strategic Unconventional Fuels, December 2009, http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=696499 and US Geological Survey, Oil Shale and Nahcolite Resources of the Piceance Basin, Colorado, October 2010, p. 1, http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-y/.

30.   Bureau of Ocean Management, Combined Leasing Report, November 3, 2014, http://www.boem.gov/Combined-Leasing-Report-November-2014/ and Institute for Energy Research, Outer Continental Shelf Statistics, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/outer-continental-shelf-ocs-statistics/.

31.   Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, Outer Continental Shelf Oil & Gas Assessment, 2006, http://www.boem.gov/About-BOEM/BOEM-Regions/Alaska-Region/Resource-Evaluation/RedNatAssessment.aspx.

32.   “Why U.S. Oil Rigs Left the Gulf of Mexico for Brazil,” Forbes, March 23, 2011.

33.   Congressional Research Service Report, crs.com/98-993/document.php.

34.   “Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, June 2015.

35.   Robert L. Bradley Jr., Capitalism At Work: Business, Government, and Energy (M&M Scrivener Press, 2008), 198.

36.   Ibid., 189.

37.   Rupert Darwall, The Age of Global Warming: A History (Interlink Pub Group, 2014).

38.   U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, “Table 1.1 Primary Energy Overview” & “Table 7.2a Electricity Net Generation: Total (All Sectors),” November 2015, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm.

Chapter 3

1.     “A Tale of Two Oil States,” Wall Street Journal, May 5, 2013.

2.     Daniel Cusick, “New Power Lines Will Make Texas the World’s Fifth-Largest Wind Power Producer,” E&E Publishing, February 25, 2014.

3.     George Gilder, “The California Green Debauch,” American Spectator, February 2011, 34–39.

4.     Nick Snow, “Industry Officials Attack Latest Call to Raise Oil and Gas Taxes,” Oil & Gas Journal, November 7, 2011, http://www.ogj.com/articles/2011/11/industry-officials-attack-latest-call-to-raise-oil-gas-taxes.html.

5.     Mark P. Mills, “Oil, Gas, and Coal Can Prime the Jobs Pump: Which States will Benefit?,” Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, October 2012, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/ir_30.pdf.

6.     “Shale Gas: Still a Boon to US manufacturing?,” Price Waterhouse Cooper, December 2014, https://www.pwc.com/us/en/industrial-products/publications/assets/shale-gas-boosts-us-manufacturing.pdf.

7.     “Shale Gas, Competitiveness and new U.S. Chemical Industry Investment: An Analysis Based on Announced Projects,” From Chemistry to Energy, American Chemical Council, September 10, 2015.

8.     Ibid.

9.     Bruno Waterfield, “Germany Is a Cautionary Tale of How Energy Policies Can Hurt the Economy,” The Telegraph, January 16, 2014; see also M. Bastach, “CO2 Emissions Have Increased since 2011 Despite Germany’s $140 Billion Green Energy Plan,” Daily Caller, April 9, 2014.

10.   Rupert Darwall, “Clean Energy’s Dirty Secrets,” National Review Online, September 23, 2014.

11.   Barack Obama, Speech from the Oval Office, June 15, 2010.

12.   Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on Energy,” University of Miami, Miami, Florida, February 23, 2012, transcript available here http://insider.foxnews.com/2012/02/23/full-text-transcript-of-president-obamas-remarks-on-energy-at-university-of-miami.

13.   EIA Petroleum and Other Liquids: Drilling Productivity Report, December 7, 2015.

14.   Mark P. Mills, “Shale Wars Round Two: Congress Acts on Exports, Russia Capitulates on Price. And OPEC Blinks,” Forbes, December 12, 2015.

Chapter 4

1.     BP Annual Review of Energy, EIA.

2.     Ibid.

3.     Peter W. Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 18.

4.     David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus, (Cambridge Univ. Press 2008 Fourth Printing), 98.

5.     Vaclav Smil, Energy in Nature and Society: General Energetics of Complex Systems (2007), 266.

6.     Mark P. Mills, “The Cloud Begins with Coal: Big Data, Big Networks, Big Infrastructure, and Big Power,” Digital Power Group, August 2013. Sponsored in part by National Mining Association and American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity.

7.     Michael Kelly, “Technology Introductions in the Context of Decarbonization: Lessons of Recent History,” Global Warming Policy Foundation, London, GWPF Note 7.

8.     BP Statistical Review of Energy, June 2015, EIA, IER World Outlook

9.     Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Table 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source, November 2014, http://www.eia.gov/total/data/monthly/pdf/sec1_7.pdf.

10.   Michael J. Kelly, “Technology Introductions in the Context of Decarbonization: Lessons from Recent History,” Global Warming Policy Foundation, London, GWPF Note 7.

11.   Ibid., 397.

12.   Peter W. Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 14.

13.   Bjorn Lomborg, “This Child Does Not Need a Solar Panel,” Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2015.

14.   Caleb S. Rossiter, “Sacrificing Africa for Climate Change,” Wall Street Journal, May 5, 2014, Sec. A.

15.   Robert L. Bradley Jr. and Richard W. Fulmer, Energy: The Master Resource (2004), 4.

16.   Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist (2010), 231–32.

17.   Vaclav Smil, Power Density: A Key to Understanding Energy Sources and Uses (MIT Press, May 2015).

18.   Consumer Reports, “Ethanol as a Fuel Alternative,” January 2011.

19.   Vaclav Smil, Energy and Nature in Society (2007), Table A.8 Energy Flows and Stores at 393.

20.   Robert L. Bradley Jr. and Richard W Fulmer, Energy: The Master Resource (Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, 2004), at 8.

21.   Vaclav Smil, “Power Density Primer: Understanding the Spatial Dimension of the Unfolding Transition to Renewable Electricity Generation (Part V-Comparing the Power Densities of Electricity Generation),” May 14, 2010, pdf available at www.masterresource.org.

22.   Ibid.

23.   Ibid.

24.   Ibid., IEEE Spectrum.

25.   Robert Bryce, Power Hungry: The Myths of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future (PublicAffairs: 2010).

26.   Ibid. Robert L. Bradley, Jr. and Richard W. Fuller, Energy: The Master Resource (2004).

27.   Vaclav Smil, “The Limits of Energy Innovation,” Project Syndicate, May 13, 2009. Limits of Energy Innovation.

28.   Ibid, Vaclav Smil.

29.   Ibid IEEE Spectrum.

30.   Alan Moran, Ed., Climate Change: The Facts, “Chapter 1: The Science and Politics of Climate Change,” Ian Plimer (Stockade Books, Institute of Public Affairs, Melbourne, 2015).

31.   Richard S. Lindzen, “Climate Science: Is It Currently Designed to Answer Questions,” Global Research (September 22, 2014), http://www.globalresearch_ca/climate-science-is-it-currently-designed-to-answer-questions/1630.

32.   Christopher Booker, “Climate Change: This Is the Worst Scientific Scandal of Our Generation,” The Telegraph, November 28, 2009; see also Rupert Darwall, The Age of Global Warming: A History (Quartet Books Limited, London, 2013), at 219–33.

33.   IPCC 2013, “Summary for Policy Makers,” in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change of the United Nations, T. F. Stocker et al., (Cambridge University Press, 2013).

34.   Richard S. Lindzen, “Where Does Catastrophism Come From?,” Presentation to Crossroads Summit of the Texas Public Policy Foundation, November 19, 2015.

35.   Peter Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (2007), at 98–100.

36.   Paul Davies, The Cosmic Jackpot: Why Our Universe Is Just Right for Life, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston (2007). First published in Great Britain by Penguin Press, 2009.

37.   The Earth Observatory, “The Carbon Cycle.” NASA, hppt:earthobservatory.NASA,gov/.

38.   BBC-GCSE Physical Education: The Respiratory System: Inhaled and Exhaled Air.

39.   Vaclav Smil, Energy in Nature and Society, MIT Press, (2008), at 327–30.

40.   Ibid, Davies at p. 129.

41.   M. Pidwirny, “The Solar Source of the Earth’s Energy,” Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition (2006), http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/6g.html.

42.   Fritz Vahrenholt and Sebastian Luning, The Neglected Sun (2013) at 43.

43.   Ibid. Vahrenholt at 40–41.

44.   “Carbon Dioxide Benefits the World,” White Paper of the CO2 Coalition, Will Happer Chairman, www.co2coalition.org.

45.   Ibid IPCC 2013:Summary for Policy Makers, at 15.

46.   “The Sun,” NASA Cosmicopia, helios.gsfc.NASA.gov.

47.   Richard P. Feynman, “What is Science,” The Physics Teacher 7, no. 6, (1968), 313; see also, Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman! (Norton, 1985).

48.   American Heritage Dictionary (Houghton Mifflin Company: 2006).

49.   Fred Cottrell, Energy and Society, Revised ed. 2009 (1955), 32.

50.   Vaclav Smil, Energy: A Beginner’s Guide (2006), 14, 46–52.

51.   Ibid., John Christy, Testimony, December 8, 2015. Note “The Disappointing Scientific Process,” page 10.

52.   Ibid.

53.   John Horack and Roy Spencer, “Accurate Thermometers in Space: The State of Climate Measurement,” Nature, October 2, 1997.

54.   Michael Bastasch, “UN Climate Chief: Communism Is Best to Fight Global Warming,” Daily Caller, January 15, 2014; “Biggest Emitter China Best on Climate Figueres Says,” Bloomberg, January 14, 2015.

55.   Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (The World Publishing Company: 1970).

56.   Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871).

57.   Donella Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on The Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe Books, 1972).

Chapter 5

1.     Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist (2010), 245.

2.     Carolyn Dimitri et al., “The 20^th Century Transformation of U.S. Agriculture and Farm Policy,” Electronic Information Bulletin 3 (June 2005); and U.S. Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011, p. 386.

3.     E. A. Wrigley, Poverty, Progress, and Population (Mar. 2004), 76.

4.     Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution, 276.

5.     Vaclav Smil, Energy in Nature and Society: General Energetics of Complex Systems (2007) 397, Table A.15 Population and Primary Energy, 1500–2005.

6.     Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (1970); Lester Brown, Beyond Malthus (1999).

7.     Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource 2 (Princeton University Press: 1996), 578.

8.     Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (Anthony Flew, ed., 1970) (1798).

9.     Ibid.

10.   Malthus, Essay, 4.

11.   E. A. Wrigley, Energy and the English Industrial Revolution (2010), 95.

12.   Goklany, “The Pontifical Academies’ Broken Moral Compass,” The Global Warming Policy Foundation, London (2015).

13.   Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (2007), 92.

14.   “Fossil Energy: A Brief History of Coal Use,” U.S. Department of Energy: Fossil Energy, www.fossil.energy.gov.

15.   “Coal to Remain Major Global Power Source,” Institute for Energy Research, December 21, 2015; see also: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/environment//article4629455.

16.   “History of the World Petroleum Industry (Key Dates)”; “Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Petroleum Industry.”

17.   Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution, 127.

18.   Jon Meacham, Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (Random House: 2013).

19.   Wrigley, Energy and the English Industrial Revolution, 91–101.

20.   Ibid.

21.   Ridley, The Rational Optimist, 216.

22.   William Jevons, The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress if the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines (A.W. Flux ed., 1965) (1865) 2.

23.   Wrigley, Energy and the English Industrial Revolution, 239.

24.   Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution.

25.   Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima, and Paul Warde, Power to the People: Energy in Europe Over the Last Five Centuries (Princeton University Press: 2013), 7.

26.   Ridley, Rational Optimist, 214–16.

27.   Simon, The Ultimate Resource 2.

28.   “Neolithic Revolution,” Encyclopedia Britannica.

29.   Smil, Energy in Nature and Society, 148.

30.   Goklany, Humanity Unbound, 10.

31.   Ridley, Rational Optimist, 214–16.

32.   “The Fuel of the Future: Environmental Lunacy in Europe,” Economist, April 6, 2013.

33.   United Nations Foundation: Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves (2012).

34.   Smil, Energy in Nature and Society, 188, 392.

35.   Ibid.

36.   E. A. Wrigley, Continuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988), 80.

37.   MyLearning.org at http://www.mylearning.org/coal-mining-and-the-victorians/p-2070/.

38.   Smil, Energy in Nature and Society, 175.

39.   Ibid., 158.

40.   E. Cook, Man, Energy, Society (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976).

41.   Ibid., 231.

42.   Smil, Energy in Nature and Society, 136.

43.   Ridley, Rational Optimist, 216.

44.   Smil, Energy in Nature and Society, 182.

45.   Paul Warde, Energy Consumption in England and Wales (2007), 123–30.

46.   Wrigley, Continuity, Chance and Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 9.

47.   Clark, Farewell to Alms, 1.

48.   Ibid.

49.   Vaclav Smil, Energy at the Crossroads (2003), preface.

50.   Deirdre McCloskey, “The Great Enrichment,” Unpublished Paper, 5, http://www.deirdremccloskey.org/docs/pdf/IndiaPaperMcCloskey.pdf.

Chapter 6

1.     E. A. Wrigley, Energy and the English Revolution, p. 235.

2.     Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima and Paul Warde, Power to the People: Energy in Europe Over the Last Five Centuries (Princeton University Press, 2013) 8.

3.     Gregory Clark, Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, (Princeton University Press 2007), 193.

4.     Vaclav Smil, Energy in Nature and Society, MIT Press, 2008, p. 336.

5.     David Landes is the author of the comprehensive history of the Industrial Revolution “The Unbound Prometheus” (Cambridge, 1969), now in its fourth printing. Other historians who also acknowledge the necessary role of fossil fuels in the Industrial Revolution are Fred Cottrell, Carlo Cipolla, Paul Warde, Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima and Martin Wolf.

6.     Ibid., 101.

7.     Deirdre McCloskey, “The Great Enrichment: Came and Comes Ethics and Rhetoric,” University of Illinois at Chicago and Gothenburg University. Unpublished Paper. See also Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World, University of Chicago Press 2010.

8.     Ibid., Astrid Kander et al.

9.     Landes, p. 9.

10.   E. A. Wrigley, Energy and the English Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 2010) 17.

11.   Wrigley, Poverty, 32.

12.   Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist (HarperCollins, 2010), 216.

13.   Wrigley, Poverty, 80.

14.   George Gilder, Knowledge and Power (Washington: Regnery Publishing, 2013), 57.

15.   Indur Goklany.

16.   Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist, 232.

17.   Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics (OECD, Paris, 2003).

18.   Indur Goklany, The Improving State of the World: Why We’re Living Longer, Healthier, More Comfortable Lives on a Cleaner Planet (CATO Institute, Washington D.C. 2007), 20.

19.   Deirdre McCloskey, Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World (University of Chicago Press, 2010) 51.

20.   Statistics on World Population.

21.   Wrigley, Energy and the English Industrial Revolution (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2010), 95.

22.   Robert L. Bradley Jr. and Richard W. Fulmer, Energy: The Master Resource (Kendall/Hunt Publishing, 2004) 197–215. Note this list of three hundred scientific and technological energy advances, especially the many that occurred in the 19^th century.

23.   Landes, 100.

24.   Gregory Clark, 2007, 233.

25.   Ibid., 234.

26.   Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima, and Paul Warde, Power to the People: Energy in Europe over the Last Five Centuries (Princeton University Press, 2013), 169.

27.   Gilder, Knowledge and Power, 59.

28.   Ibid., p. 60.

29.   Vaclav Smil, General Energetics: Energy in the Biosphere and Civilization (John Wiley & Sons, 1991), 176.

30.   “The Oil Industry: Steady as She Goes,” Economist, April 20, 2006.

31.   Landes, 98.

32.   Wrigley, Energy and the English Revolution, 194.

33.   Landes, 102. See also Matt Ridley, 244 for his always lively discussion.

34.   Landes, 97.

35.   Mark P. Mills, “The Cloud Begins With Coal,” (Sponsored by the American Coalition for Clean Coal Energy and the National Mining Association) Digital Power Group, August 2013.

36.   Ibid., 10 and 14.

37.   Energy Information Administration, Today in Energy: EIA Projects World Energy Consumption Will Increase by 65 percent through 2040.

38.   William Jevons, The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines (A. W. Flux, ed., 1965), (1865) 2.

39.   Tom Randal, “America Is Winning a Race that It Never Signed Up For,” Bloomberg (November 4. 2013). See also EIA U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions 2014 (November 23, 2015).

40.   Ridley, 218.

41.   Wrigley, Energy, 208.

42.   Clark, 1–3.

43.   Clark, 1–3.

44.   Goklany, Humanity Unbound, 8.

45.   Ridley, 219.

46.   Ibid., 218.

47.   Wrigley, Energy, 60–63, 208.

48.   Gilder, Knowledge and Power, 57.

49.   Fred Cottrell, Energy and Society: The Relation Between Energy, Social Change and Economic Development, (Author/House, Bloomington Indiana, 2009). Revised Edition. First published 1955, McGraw Book Company, New York.

50.   Wrigley, Continuity, 78.

51.   Clark.

52.   Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and Making of the World Economy (Princeton University Press, 2000).

53.   International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012, The World Bank Development Indicators 2012. CIA World Factbook 2012.

54.   Practical Action Poor People’s Energy Outlook 2013: Energy for Community Services, Rugby UK: Practical Action Publishing.

55.   Ibid.

56.   Saeed Shah, “Power Outages Hobbles Pakistan’s Biggest Exporters,” Wall Street Journal, November 29, 2013.

57.   Guatam N. Yadana, “Fires, Fuels and the Fate of Three Billion: The State of the Energy Impoverished,” 2013.

58.   B. Sudhakara Reddy and Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan, “Energy Development Strategy of Indian Households-The Missing Half,” Indira Ghandi Institute of Development Research, 2012.

59.   Patrick McGroarty, “Blackouts Dim South African Power,” Wall Street Journal, July 3, 2015.

60.   Caleb Rossiter, “Sacrificing Africa for Climate Change,” Wall Street Journal, May 4, 2014.

61.   Bjorn Lomborg, “This Child Does Not Need a Solar Panel,” Wall Street Journal, October 21, 2015.

62.   Todd Moss et al., “Balancing Energy Access and Environmental Goals in Development Finance: The Case of the OPIC Carbon Cap,” Center for Global Development, April 3, 2014.

63.   Indur Goklany, “The Pontifical Academies’ Broken Moral Compass,” The Global Warming Policy Foundation, London, 2015.

64.   Benny Peiser, Ph.D., Testimony to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the United States Senate, Hearing on the Super Pollutant Act of 2014, Washington, D.C., December 2, 2014.

65.   Quoted in Byatt, I. 2008 Climate Change Policies: Challenging the Activists. Institute of Economic affairs.

Chapter 7

1.     Vaclav Smil, Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production (2004), 199.

2.     Ibid.

3.     “Neolithic Revolution,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed April 1, 2014.

4.     Indur Goklany, The Improving State of the World (2007), 59–64; Leon Hesser, The Man Who Fed The World (Durbin Publishing Co., 2006); Ridley, The Rational Optimist, at 143.

5.     Madeline Chambers, “German ‘Green Revolution’ May Cost 1 Trillion Euros–Minister,” Reuters (Feb. 20, 2013) http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USBRE91J0AV20130220/.

6.     Smil, Enriching, at 116.

7.     Erisman, J. W., Sutton, M. A., Galloway, J., Klimont, Z., and Winiwarte, W., “How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World,” Nature Geoscience (2008), 636–39.

8.     W. M. Stewart, D. W. Dibb, A. E. Johnston, and T. J. Smith, “The Contribution of Commercial Fertilizer Nutrients to Food Production,” Agronomy Journal Vol. 97 No. 1 (2005), 1–6.

9.     Smil, Enriching, at 119.

10.   Hesser, The Man Who Fed the World; New York Times Obituary (Sept. 13, 2009).

11.   E. Borlaug, The Green Revolution: Peace and Humanity: A Speech on the Occasion of the Awarding of the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway (December 11, 1970).

12.   Norman Borlaug, on World Hunger, 1997. Edited by Anwar Dil. San Diego/Islamabad/Lahore: Bookservice International.

13.   Indur M. Goklany, Humanity Unbound: How Fossil Fuels Saved Humanity from Nature and Nature from Humanity, Cato Institute (Dec. 2012), footnote 64.

14.   Ibid., footnote 41.

15.   Ibid., at 10.

16.   T. J Blom, W. A. Straver, F. J. Ingratta, Shalin Khosla, and Wayne Brown, “Carbon Dioxide in Greenhouses: Fact Sheet,” Ministry of Agricultural, Food, and Rural Affairs, (Dec. 2012), http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-077.htm.

17.   Craig D. Idso, “The Positive Externalities of Carbon Dioxide: Estimating the Monetary Benefits of Rising Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations on Global Food Production,” Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, (Oct. 2013).

18.   Strain, B. R. (1978) “Report of the Workshop on Anticipated Plant Responses to Global Carbon Dioxide Enrichment.” Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

19.   Lemon, E. R. (Ed.), 1983. “CO2 and Plants: The Response of Plants to Rising Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” (Westview Press, Boulder, Colo.).

20.   Craig D. Idso and Sherwood B. Idso, The Many Benefits of Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment (Vales Lake Publishing, Pueblo West, Colo., 2011); Craig D. Idso, “The Debt We Owe to Atmospheric CO2 enrichment.”

21.   http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/EPAactivities/social-cost-carbon.pdf

22.   Idso, “The Positive Externalities of Carbon Dioxide.”

23.   Food and Agriculture Organization, “2013 FAO Statistics Database: Rome, Italy.”

24.   E. C. Oerke, “Centenary Review: Crop Losses to Pests,” Journal of Agricultural Science 144 (2006), 31–43.

25.   Jenny Gustavsson, Christel Cederberg, Ulf Sonesson, Robert van Otterdijk, and Alexandre Meybeck, Global Food Losses and Food Waste (Rome: FAO, 2011), p. v.

26.   Pierre Desrochers and Hiroko Shimizu, “The Locavores’ Dilemma,” Public Affairs, (2012).

27.   Rod Dreher, Crunchy Cons (New York: Random House, 2006), 62.

28.   USDA, “Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food,” www.usda.gov/knowyourfarmer.

29.   Food and Agriculture Organization, “The State of Food Insecurity in the World: 2011–2013.”

30.   US DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center http://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/tab/all/data_set/10339

31.   Smil, Energy at the Crossroads and USDA Major Uses of Land in the United States, (2002 ERS), 264.

32.   “Iowa Ethanol Plants and Production Facilities,” Iowa Corn Growers Association, IowaCorn.org.

33.   Joseph Fargione et al., Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt. 319 Science 1235 (2008).

34.   Kim, D. & Leigh, J. P. (2010) “Estimating the Effects of Wages on Obesity,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(5), 495–500.

35.   “Things Made From Oil That We Use Daily: 144 of 6000 Items,” www.ranken-energy.com/products.

36.   Grecia R. Matos, “Use of Minerals and Materials in the U.S. From 1900 through 2006,” U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009–3008.

37.   Goklany, Humanity Unbound, at 11.

38.   Ibid.

Chapter 8

1.     Jerry Hirsch, “Elon Musk’s Growing Empire Is Fueled By $4.9 Billion in Government Subsidies,” Los Angeles Times, May 30, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-hy-musk-subsidies-20150531-story.html.

2.     U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Table 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source,” Monthly Energy Review, November 24, 2015. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#electricity; U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Table 7.2a Electricity Net Generation: Total (All Sectors),” Monthly Energy Review, November 24, 2015, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#electricity.

3.     The Honorable Adam Sieminski, “Statement of Adam Sieminski,” Testimony before Subcommittee on Energy, Committee on Science, Space and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, February 13, 2013, https://science.house.gov/legislation/hearings/subcommittee-energy-american-energy-outlook-technology-market-and-policy.

4.     The Clean Power Plan, Environmental Protection Agency, August 3, 2015, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/03/fact-sheet-president-obama-announce-historic-carbon-pollution-standards.

5.     U.S. Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Outlook 2013”, October 2013, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/archive/ieo13/.

6.     Michael Kelly, “Mitigating CO2 Emissions: A Busted Flush,” Climate Etc., February 23, 2015, http://judithcurry.com/2015/02/23/mitigating-co2-emissions-a-busted-flush/.

7.     U.S. Department of Energy, US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2015, Page ES-7, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2015).pdf.

8.     http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/#electricity.

9.     Diane Cardwell and Matthew Wald, “A Huge Solar Plant Opens, Facing Doubts About Its Future,” New York Times, February 13, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/14/business/energy-environment/a-big-solar-plant-opens-facing-doubts-about-itsfuture.html?_r=0.

10.   U.S. Energy Information Agency, “Monthly Energy Review November 2015,” Table 7.2a Electricity Net Generation: Total (All Sectors), November 1, 2015, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm; U.S. Energy Information Agency, “Monthly Energy Review November 2015,” Table 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, November 1, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm; Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, “Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy in Fiscal Year 2010,” Table ES2. Quantified Energy-Specific Subsidies and Support By Type, FY 2010 and 2007, July 2011, https://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/archive/2010/pdf/subsidy.pdf.

11.   U.S. Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Outlook 2013”, October 2013, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/archive/ieo13/.

12.   International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2015, May 2015, http://www.iea.org/etp/etp2015/.

13.   Ibid.

14.   The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Remarks by the President to the Nation on the BP Oil Spill,” June 15, 2010, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-nation-bp-oil-spill.

15.   Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource (Princeton University Press, 1981).

16.   Rob Wile, “Yes, Falling Oil Prices Are Derailing the Future of Renewable Energy,” Fusion, May 4, 2015, http://fusion.net/story/130014/yes-falling-oil-prices-are-derailing-the-future-of-renewable-energy/.

17.   Ibid.

18.   Mark P. Mills, “The Clean Power Plan Will Collide with the Incredibly Weird Physics of the Electric Grid,” Forbes, August 7, 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2015/08/07/the-clean-power-plan-will-collide-with-the-incredibly-weird-physics-of-the-electric-grid/.

19.   Mark P. Mills, “Tesla Derangement Syndrome,” Forbes, September 18, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/markpmills/2014/09/18/tesla-derangement-syndrome/.

20.   Lewis Page, “Renewable Energy ‘Simply Won’t Work: Top Google Engineers,” The Register, November 21, 2014, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/11/21/renewable_energy_simply_wont_work_google_renewables_engineers/.

21.   “Google’s Green PPAs: What, How, and Why,” Google, September 17, 2013, page 2, https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/www.google.com/en//green/pdfs/renewable-energy.pdf.

22.   “Filling the Solar Sinkhole: Billions of Bucks Have Delivered Too Little Bang,” Taxpayer Protection Alliance, February 12, 2015, http://protectingtaxpayers.org/assets/files/solar-report-february-12.pdf.

23.   “Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy in Fiscal Year 2010,” Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, July 2011, Table ES2, Quantified Energy-Specific Subsidies and Support By Type, https://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/archive/2010/pdf/subsidy.pdf.

24.   “EIA Report: Subsidies Continue to Roll In For Wind and Solar,” Institute for Energy Research, March 18, 2015, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/eia-subsidy-report-solar-subsidies-increase-389-percent/.

25.   “Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy in Fiscal Year 2010,” Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, July 2011, Table ES6, Subsidies and Support To Fuels Used Outside of The Electricity Sector, https://www.eia.gov/analysis/requests/subsidy/archive/2010/pdf/subsidy.pdf.

26.   “Energy and Taxes: Economic Growth and Fairness,” American Petroleum Institute, September 2015, http://www.americanpetroleuminstitute.com/Policy-and-Issues/Policy-Items/Taxes/Energy-and-Taxes.

27.   Molly F. Sherlock and Jeffrey M. Stupak, “Energy Tax Policy: Issues in the 114^th Congress,” Congressional Research Service, September 4, 2015, p. 13, http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/R43206.pdf.

28.   Ibid.

29.   “DeMint, Lee Bill Would End Corporate Welfare for Energy Companies in Tax Code,” Office of U.S. Senator Mike Lee, Press Release, February 2, 2012, http://www.lee.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=0f3af655-14ca-428c-b6dd-fc413841fd0e.

30.   “Form S-1 Registration Statement,” SolarCity Corporation, October 5, 2012, http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1408356/000119312512416770/d229977ds1.htm.

31.   Congressman Paul Gosar, U.S. House of Representatives, Letter to Federal Trade Commission Chairwoman Edith Ramirez, December 12, 2014, http://gosar.house.gov/sites/gosar.house.gov/files/Final%20Signed%2012%2012%2014%20letter%20to%20the%20FTC%20regarding%20third-party%20rooftop%20solar%20leases.pdf.

32.   Ibid.

33.   https://www.solarcity.com/

34.   Stephen Lacey, “Sunrun Faces Class Action Lawsuit Over Its Marketing,” Greentech Media, February 21, 2013, http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/sunrun-class-action-complaint; Kyle Barnett, “$5 Million At Stake in Class Action Lawsuit Claiming Solar Panel Installation Companies Lied About Electricity Cost Savings,” Louisiana Record, February 12, 2014, http://louisianarecord.com/stories/510584360-5-million-at-stake-in-class-action-lawsuit-claiming-solar-panel-installation-companies-lied-about-electricity-cost-savings.

35.   Ibid.

36.   Umair Irfan, “Solar, utility companies clash over changes to net metering,” E&E News, September 3, 2013, http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059986606.

37.   Stephen Moore and Joel Griffith, “How These Green Companies Are Gouging Consumers With The Government’s Help,” The Heritage Foundation, Daily Signal, January 18, 2015, http://dailysignal.com/2015/01/18/how-these-green-companies-are-gouging-consumers-with-the-governments-help/.

38.   Travis Hoium, “How Will Residential Solar Play Out in the U.S.?” The Motley Fool, June 16, 2014, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/06/16/how-will-residential-solar-play-out-in-the-us.aspx.

39.   “Energy’s Loan Guarantee Program,” Washington Post, September 26, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/energys-loan-guarantee-program/2011/09/26/gIQAKDDI0K_graphic.html.

40.   Barack Obama, “State of the Union Address,” 2011 State of the Union delivered at the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C., January 25, 2011, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/25/remarks-president-state-union-address.

41.   U.S. Department of Energy, News Release, “U.S. Energy Secretary Chu Announces $528 Million Loan for Advanced Vehicle Technology for Fisker Automotive,” U.S. Department of Energy, September 22, 2009, http://energy.gov/articles/us-energy-secretary-chu-announces-528-million-loan-advanced-vehicle-technology-fisker.

42.   Dashiell Bennett, “The Real Lesson of Fisker Auto’s Failure,” The Wire, April 24, 2013, http://www.thewire.com/business/2013/04/fisker-automotive-failure/64544/.

43.   “Fisker to Romney: We’re Not ‘A Loser’,” Fox News, October 4, 2012, http://www.foxnews.com/leisure/2012/10/04/fisker-to-romney-were-not-loser/.

44.   http://securities.stanford.edu/filings-documents/1051/AONE00_02/2014327_r01c_13CV06883.pdf

45.   DOE’s Loan Program Office, Corporate Quarterly Credit Report (Dec. 12, 2011).

46.   Ibid.

47.   Deepa Seetharaman and Paul Lienert, “Special Report: Bad Karma: How Fisker Burned Through $1.4 billion on a ‘green’ car,” Reuters, June 17, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-fisker-specialreport-idUSBRE95G02L20130617.

48.   Peter W. Davidson, “An Update on Fisker Automotive and the Energy Department’s Loan Portfolio,” U.S. Department of Energy, September 17, 2013, http://energy.gov/articles/update-fisker-automotive-and-energy-department-s-loan-portfolio.

49.   “Fisker Karma earns a failing grade from Consumer Reports,” Consumer Reports (Sept. 25, 2012) http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2012/09/fisker-karma-earns-a-failing-grade-from-consumer-reports/index.htm.

50.   Alan Ohnsman, “Fisker’s Karma ‘Full of Flaws,’ Consumer Reports Says,” Bloomberg (Sept. 25, 2012) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-09-25/fisker-s-karma-full-of-flaws-consumer-reports-says.

51.   U.S. Department of Energy, Loan Programs Office, “Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program Overview 2015,” September 2014, http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/02/f19/ATVM_Program_Overview_2015.pdf.

52.   Kevin A. Hassett, “Ethanol’s A Big Scam, and Bush Has Fallen For It,” American Enterprise Institute, February 13, 2006, http://www.aei.org/publication/ethanols-a-big-scam-and-bush-has-fallen-for-it/.

53.   Matthew L. Wald, “Food vs. Fuel in 2013,” New York Times, December 24, 2012, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/24/food-vs-fuel-in-2013/?_r=0.

54.   Institute for Energy Research, “Government Forces Refiners To Pay Fine For Nonexistent Ethanol,” January 12, 2012, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/government-forces-refiners-to-pay-fine-for-nonexistent-ethanol/.

55.   Institute for Energy Research, “Government Forces Refiners to Pay Fine for Nonexistent Ethanol,” January 12, 2012, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/government-forces-refiners-to-pay-fine-for-nonexistent-ethanol/.

56.   Ibid.

57.   National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential Economic and Environmental Effects of U. S. Biofuel Policy (Washington, D.C., 2011), http://www.nap.edu/read/13105/chapter/1.

58.   Ucilia Wang, “Obama’s $510M Bet To Boost Biofuels for the Military,” Gigaom Research, August 16, 2011, https://gigaom. com/2011/08/16/obamas-510m-bet-to-boost-biofuels-for-the-military/.

59.   Clifford Krauss, “Dual Turning Point for Biofuels,” New York Times, April 14, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/business/energy-environment/dual-turning-point-for-biofuels.html?_r=1.

60.   Institute for Energy Research, “National Academy of Sciences: Renewable Fuel Standard Goals Unlikely To Be Met,” October 17, 2011, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/national-academy-of-sciences-renewable-fuel-standard-goals-unlikely-to-be-met/.

61.   Ira Boudway, “The Five Million Green Jobs That Weren’t,” Bloomberg Business, October 11, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2012-10-11/the-5-million-green-jobs-that-werent.

62.   Alex Fitzsimmons, “The Department of Energy Committed $11 Million Per Job,” Institute for Energy Research, May 8, 2013, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/does-11-million-jobs/.

63.   U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Inspector General, Office of Audit, “Recovery Act: Slow Pace Placing Workers Into Jobs Jeopardizes Employment Goals of the Green Jobs Program,” Report No. 18-11-004-03-390, https://www.oig.dol.gov/public/reports/oa/2011/18-11-004-03-390.pdf.

64.   Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, “How Obama’s Green Energy Agenda is Killing Jobs,” Staff Report, September 22, 2011, http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/9-22-2011_Staff_Report_Obamas_Green_Energy_Agenda_Destroys_Jobs.pdf.

65.   Ibid.

Chapter 9

1.     “ETS, RIP?: The Failure to Reform the EU Carbon Market Will Reverberate Around the World,” Economist (print edition), April 20, 2013; see also, The European Commission’s Emission Trading System,” http://ec.europa.eu/clima/publications/.

2.     John Gapper, “Cheap Energy Is the New Cheap Labor,” Financial Times, February 26, 2014.

3.     Economist, Die Zeit, Washington Post, Financial Times, WJS, German Business Journal, Forbes.

4.     “Germany’s Energy Poverty: How Electricity Became a Luxury Good,” Der Spiegel, September 4, 2013.

5.     Institute for Energy Research, “Germany’s Electric Market Out of Balance,” page 3 of 9 (August 22, 2014) http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/germanys-electricity-market-balance-must-pay-flexible-back-power/.

6.     Ibid, Der Spiegel.

7.     Jeevan Vasagar, “Germans Told of Billions Lost to Trade Due To Energy Policy,” Financial Times (February 26, 2014. http://on.ft.com/1cRFiKb6.

8.     Vaclav Smil, “Germany’s Energy Goals Backfire,” The American, Journal of the American Enterprise Institute, February 14, 2014.

9.     Ibid.

10.   Benny Peiser, Dr., Testimony to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the United States Senate, Hearing on the Super Pollutants Act of 2014 (S. 2911), December 2, 2014. The Global Warming Policy Foundation.

11.   Ibid.

12.   Derek Birkett, When Will the Lights Go Out: Britain’s Looming Energy Crisis, Stacey International, London, (2010).

13.   Ibid.

14.   Hans Poser et al., “Development and Integration of Renewable Energy: Lessons Learned from Germany,” FAA Financial Advisory AG (Fina Advice), p. 44.

15.   David Garman and Samuel Thernstrom, “Europe’s Renewable Romance Fades,” Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2013.

16.   Kiley Kroh, “Germany Sets New Record, Generating74% Percent of Power Needs from Renewable Energy,” Climate Progress, (May13, 2014) Oilprice.com, http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Germany-Hits-Historic-High-Gets-74-Percent-Of-Energy-From-Renewables.html.

17.   Jennifer Rankin and Patrick Butler, “Winter Deaths Rose by Almost a Third in 2012–13” (November 26, 2013) The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/26/winter-deaths-rose-third.

18.   Rupert Darwall, “Energy Policy: A Disaster in the Making” IoD Big Picture, (Feb. 24, 2015).

19.   Andrew Orlowski, “UK Preps World War 2 Energy Rationing to Keep the Lights On,” Register, June 10, 2014; see also Kathleen Hartnett White, “Renewable Energy Danger: Wealth Transfer from Poor to Rich” (January 16, 2015) Investor’s Business Daily, http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials-on-the-right/011615-735189-renewable-energy-a-wealth-redistribution-scheme.htm?p=2.

20.   Justin Gillis, “A Tricky Transition From Fossil Fuel,” New York Times, November 10, 2014.

21.   “Wood: the Fuel of the Future – Environmental Lunacy in Europe,” Economist, April 6, 2013.

22.   Nathanael Greene and Sasha Lyutse, “Forests Not Fuel: Burning Trees for Energy Increases Carbon Pollution and Destroys Our Forests” (August 2011) Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), page 2, https://www.nrdc.org/energy/forestsnotfuel/files/forests-not-fuel.pdf.

23.   Peter Lehner, Natural Resources Defense Council, “Burning Trees for Electricity is Actually Dirtier Than Coal,” EcoWatch, February 2, 2015, http://ecowatch.com/2015/02/20/burning-trees-electricity-dirtier-than-coal/.

24.   Ibid.

25.   Ibid.

26.   Jurgen Kronig, “Energy Policy in Germany: Big Problems in Europe’s Powerhouse,” Policy Network, March 27, 2014, http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4612&title=Energy-policy-in-Germany-Big-problems-in-Europes-powerhouse.

27.   Barbara Hendricks, “How Germany Banishes Climate Myths,” CNN interview, December 18, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/18/opinion/hendricks-germany-climate-change/.

28.   Ibid.

29.   Gregor Schmitz, “Europe to Ditch Climate Protection Goals,” Spiegel Online, January 15, 2014. See also Michael Bastasch, “EU Dismantles Its Climate Commission Amid Economic Struggles,” Daily Caller, September 12, 2014.

30.   Matthew Karnitschnig, “Germany’s Expensive Gamble on Renewable Energy,” Wall Street Journal, August 26, 2014.

31.   Jan Hromadko, “Yergin: Germany Must Focus on Cost-Effective Renewable Energy,” Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2014.

32.   Rob Taylor and Rhiannon Hoyle, “Australia Becomes first Developed Nation to Repeal Carbon Tax,” Wall Street Journal, July 17, 2014.

33.   Liberal.org.au, “Scrapping the Carbon Tax and Reducing the Cost of Living,” http://www.liberal.org.au/scrapping-carbon-tax-and-reducing-cost-living.

34.   Ibid.

Chapter 10

1.     Energy Information Administration, “Carbon Intensity of the U.S. Economy 1949–2012, (October 2013).

2.     Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Tablee 1.3 Primary Energy Consumption by Source, November 2014, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec1_7.pdf.

3.     “Global Carbon Emissions Set to Reach Record 36 Billion Tons in 2013,” Phys.org (Nov. 18, 2013).

4.     Steven F. Hayward, 2011 Almanac of Environmental Trends, Pacific Research Institute Apr. 2011). Data from EPA “Our Nation’s Air: Status and Trends through 2010.”

5.     “Jackson Gets Real,” Politico Morning Energy (October 24, 2011). EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson’s statement in an appearance on “Real Time with Bill Maher,” reported by Politico (October 24, 2011).

6.     Indur Goklany, “Saving Habitat and Conserving Biodiversity on a Crowded Planet,” BioScience 48 (1998).

7.     World Resources Institute, “Avoiding Bioenergy Competition for Food Crops and Land” (Jan. 2015).

8.     Ibid., Liska, A. et al., “Biofuels from Crop Residue Can Reduce Soil Carbon and Increase CO2 Emissions,” Nature Climate Change (Apr. 20, 2014) http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n5/full/nclimate2187.html.

9.     Jesse Ausubel, “Big Green Energy Machines.” American Institute of Physics, October/November 2004. Based on an address at Millennium Technology Prize Symposium, Espoo, Finland (June 14, 2004).

10.   “Green Revolution? Germany’s Brown Coal Power Hits New High,” Der Spiegel (Jan. 7, 2014).

11.   Searchinger, T. and R. Heimlich, World Resources Institute (WRI), “Avoiding Bioenergy Competition for Food Crops and Land.” Working Paper, Installment 9 of “Creating a Sustainable Food Future” (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2015).

12.   Indur Goklany, Humanity Unbound: How Fossil Fuels Saved Humanity from Nature and Nature from Humanity (Cato Institute: Dec. 2012), 17.

13.   Goklany, Humanity Unbound, 18.

14.   Ibid.

15.   “Monthly Energy Review,” U.S. Energy Information Association (Feb. 2014) Table 7.2a.

16.   Robert Bradley and Richard Fulmer, Energy: The Master Resource, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company (2004) 39. Brown Coal Power Hits New High,” Der Spiegel (Jan. 7, 2014); Searchinger, T. and R. Heimlich, World Resources Institute (WRI), “Avoiding Bioenergy Competition for Food Crops and Land.” Working Paper, Installment 9 of “Creating a Sustainable Food Future” (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2015); Indur Goklany, Humanity Unbound: How Fossil Fuels Saved Humanity from Nature and Nature from Humanity (Cato Institute: Dec. 2012) 17; Goklany, Humanity Unbound, 18; Ibid.; “Monthly Energy Review,” U.S. Energy Information Association (Feb. 2014) Table.

17.   Vaclav Smil, Power Density (MIT Press: 2015) 208.

18.   American Bird Conservancy, http://abcbirds.org/.

19.   Ibid.

20.   E.A. Wrigley, Energy and the English Industrial Revolution, Cambridge University Press (2010), p. 99.

21.   Rt. Hon. Amber Rudd, PM, Department of Energy and Climate, Speech to the Institution of Civil Engineers, London (Nov. 18, 2014).

22.   Kenneth Pennock, “Simulation of Wind Generation Patterns for the ERCOT Service Area” (May 23, 2012) prepared for ERCOT by AWS Truepower LLC.

23.   Lewis Page, “Renewable Energy ‘Simply Won’t Work’: Top Google Engineers,” The Register (Nov. 21, 2014).

24.   Ibid.

25.   Matthew Wald, “Google Pulls the Plug on a Renewable Energy Effort,” New York Times (Nov. 28, 2011).

26.   Editorial Board “Boiler Room Politics,” Wall Street Journal, March 4, 2011.

27.   Hayward, 2011 Almanac of Environmental Trends.

28.   Kathleen Hartnett White, “EPA’s Approaching Regulatory Avalanche,” Texas Public Policy Foundation (Feb. 2012).

29.   Mike Nasi, “Impacts of the EPA’s Clean Power Plan on Electricity Markets,” Balanced Energy for Texas, November 10, 2015. Sources: EPA, Greenhouse Mitigation Measures TSD Final Rule.

30.   Federal Electric Reliability Council; North American Electric Reliability Corporation, “2010 Special Reliability Scenario Assessment: Resource Adequacy Impacts of Potential U.S. Environmental Regulations” (Oct. 2010).

31.   Stephen Moore and Kathleen White, “EPA’s Goofy Green Energy Rules,” Investors’ Business Daily (Nov. 30, 2014).

32.   Occupational Health and Safety Administration, “Permissible Exposure Limits for Carbon Dioxide.” http://osha/dts/dataCH-225400.html.

33.   Will Happer, Cyrus Fogg Brackett, Professor of Physics (emeritus) Princeton University, Testimony to Committee on Environment and Public Works of United States Senate (Feb. 25, 2009).

34.   White House, “The Health Impacts of Climate Change on Americans” (June 2014), 1–7.

35.   Ibid.

36.   Don’t mistake carbon monoxide (CO) for carbon dioxide (CO2) as some scientifically illiterate journalists do. CO is a lethal inhalant that at high enough concentrations, typically within an enclosed space like a garage, can kill you. CO2 amplifies plant growth.

37.   Fox News Poll with Anderson Robins Research and Shaw and Company Research (Nov. 15–16, 2015).

38.   Kathleen Hartnett White, “EPA’s Pretense of Science: Regulating Phantom Risks,” Texas Public Policy Foundation (May 2012). See also Anne Smith, Ph.D., “An Evaluation of the PM 2.5 Health Benefits Estimates for Regulatory Impact Analysis of recent Air Regulations,” NERA (Dec. 2011); and Anthony (Tony) Cox, Jr., “Reassessing the Human Health Benefits from Clean Air,” Risk Analysis (Nov. 2011).

39.   David Ropeik and George Gray, Risk: Practical Guide for Deciding What’s Really Safe and What’s Really Dangerous in the World Around You (Houghton Mifflin Company: 2002).

40.   Testimony of EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce (Sept. 22, 2011).

41.   Cox, Smith, supra note 32.

42.   White, “Pretense of Science,” 8.

43.   Jackson, supra note 34.

44.   Chairman Lamar Smith, Committee on Science, Space and Technology of the United States House of Representatives, “Smith Reiterates Demand for NOAA Communications after Allegations Climate Study Was Rushed,” Press Release (Nov. 18, 2015).

45.   The EPA measures trends in air quality in two ways: emissions and ambient levels. The ambient levels are the key measure of potential health effects because they are a physical measurement (through monitors) of the actual concentration of pollutants in the air to which humans are exposed. Emissions are derived from modeled estimates of the volume of pollutants released into the air by human activities. The same volume of emissions will generate different ambient levels depending on prevailing winds, temperature, humidity, and air pressure; EPA, “Our Nation’s Air: Status and Trends.” http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2011/.

46.   Hayward, Almanac of Environmental Trends (2011) 350.

47.   Ibid., 10.

48.   Ibid., 14.

49.   Shawn Macomber, “The Man Who Saw Tomorrow,” American Spectator, July 13, 2007.

50.   Hayward, 2011 Almanac of Environmental Trends (2011) 35.

51.   Willie Soon, Ph.D., “A Scientific Reply to Specific Claims and Statements in EPA’s Proposed NESHAP Rule, Focusing on Mercury Emission Issues,” Science and Public Policy Institute (July 21, 2011).

52.   Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES 2011-2012. See also http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/biomonitoring_mercury_data_tables.pdf.

53.   “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal and Oil-Fired Electric Utility, Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel Fired Electric Utility Industrial-Commercial-Industrial and Small Industrial-Commercial, Institutional Generating Units.” 40 CFR Parts 60 and 63. Regulatory Impact Analysis, Federal Register 24976 (May 3 2011).

54.   Michigan v. E.P.A., 135 S. Ct. 2699, 2706, 192 L. Ed. 2d 674 (2015).

55.   Robert Murray, Chairman, President and CEO of Murray Energy Corporation, Presentation before the Texas Public Policy Foundation, Crossroads Summit, November 19, 2015, Austin, Texas.

56.   Ajay Lala et al., “Productivity in Mining Operations: Reversing Downward Trends,” McKinsey and Company, May 2015.

57.   Paul Tice, “Obama’s Appalachian Tragedy,” Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2015.

58.   David Mercer, “FutureGen Carbon Capture Project to Shut Down After DOE Pulls Funding,” Associated Press (Feb. 4, 2015).

59.   Marlo Lewis, “Kemper CCS Project 3 Years Behind and $3.9 Billion Over Budget,” GlobalWarming.org.

60.   Hayward, 2011 Almanac of Environmental Trends (2011) 35.

61.   EIA, Monthly Energy Review March 2015; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, December 2014; U.S. EPA, National Air Pollutant Trends & Market Program Database.

62.   Ben Webster, “2500 New Coal Plants Will Thwart Any Paris Pledges,” The Times (December 2, 2015). Institute for Energy Research, “Coal to Remain Major Power Source-Particularly in China,” Latest Analysis, (December 21, 2015). Andrew Follett, “Chinese Coal Is Wrecking Obama’s Global Warming Plan,” Daily Caller (December 23, 2015).

63.   M. Harvey Brenner, “Commentary: Economic Growth is the Basis of Decline of the Mortality Rate in the 20^th Century Experience of the United States 1901-2000” Oxford University Press for the International Epidemiological Association (2005).

64.   R. J. Donohue et al., “Impact of CO2 Fertilization on Maximum Foliage Cover Across Globe’s Warm, Arid Environments,” Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40 (2013) 3031–3035.

65.   Ian Plimmer, Heaven and Earth: Global Warming the Missing Science, First published Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd, Ballan, Victoria, Australia, 2009.

66.   Craig D. Idso and Sherwood B. Idso, The Many Benefits of Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment (Vales Lake Publishing, Pueblo West, CO, 2011).

67.   Ibid.

68.   EPA, “Endangerment Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202 of the Clean Air Act,” 40 CFR, Chapter 1, Federal Register 66496 (Dec. 15, 2009).

69.   Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule, 75 FR 31514-01.

70.   David S. Schoenbrod, Saving Our Environment from Washington: How Congress Grabs Power, Shirks Responsibility, and Shortchanges the People (Yale University Press: Mar. 2005).

71.   42 U.S.C.A. § 7602(g) (West).

72.   Hayward, 2011 Almanac of Environmental Trends (2011) 68.

73.   Vaclav Smil, “Just How Polluted Is China Anyway?” The American, American Enterprise Institute (Jan. 31, 2013).

74.   Ibid.

75.   Hayward, 2011 Almanac of Environmental Trends (2011).

76.   Ridley, Rational Optimist, 233.

77.   State of the Union Speech, The White House 2013. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/remarks-president-state-union-address.

78.   D. L. Hartman, et al., “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” (2013) (AR5 Ch.2) at 2.6.3.

79.   Judith Curry, Chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Statement to the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate (Jan. 16, 2014).

80.   Indur Goklany, Humanity Unbound, 17–18.

81.   Indur Goklany, Wealth and Safety: The Amazing Decline in Deaths from Extreme Weather in an Era of Global Warming, 1900–2010 (2011) 6.

82.   Goklany, Humanity Unbound, 18.

83.   “U.S. EPA: Reducing Black Carbon in South Asia 2012,” USEPA, Washington, D.C.

84.   “World Energy Outlook, 2011, IEA Paris, France

85.   Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves, United Nations, www.cleancookstoves.org.

86.   Gautam N. Yadama, Fires, Fuel, and the Fate of 3 Billion: The State of the Energy Impoverished (Oxford University Press: Oct. 2013).

87.   Ibid., foreword.

88.   Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (1841). Wordsworth Classics, 1995, pp. 346–348.

89.   Kathleen Hartnett White, “Pope Francis’s Poverty and Environment Ideas Will Worsen Both,” The Federalist (June 25, 2015).

90.   James Gwartney et al. “Economic Freedom of the World: Annual Report,” The Fraser Institute, 2015. Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, “Environmental Performance Index,” 2014. Terry Miller and Anthony Kim. Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation and Dow Jones & Company, 2015.

91.   EIA, Today in Energy,” Oil and Natural Gas Sales Accounted for 68% of Russia’s Total Export Revenues in 2013.” Also www.eia.gov/beta/international/russia.

Chapter 11

1.     Richard Durbin, April 24, 2007, http://www.durbin.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/increasing-broadband-access-to-improve-competitiveness

2.     http://www.cfact.org/2015/12/13/reprieve-binding-paris-treaty-now-voluntary-mush/ (emphasis in original).

3.     Bureau of Economic Analysis and Joint Economic Committee

4.     U.S. Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistics & Analysis http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_a.htm.

5.     U.S. Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistics & Analysis http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_a.htm.

6.     U.S. Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistics & Analysis, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_psup_dc_nus_mbbl_a.htm.

7.     Institute for Energy Research, North American Energy Inventory, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Energy-Inventory.pdf.

8.     https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/21/remarks-president-energy.

9.     U.S. Energy Information Administration. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS1&f=A.

10.   U.S. Energy Information Administration, Analysis & Projections. “U.S. Crude Oil Production to 2025: Updated Projection of Crude Oil Types,” May 28, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/petroleum/crudetypes/.

11.   U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Overview, Table 1.2 Primary Energy Production by Source, 2014 total http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec1_5.pdf.

12.   U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2015, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/.

13.   Institute for Energy Research, “EIA Report: Subsidies Continue to Roll In For Wind and Solar,” March 18, 2015. http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/eia-subsidy-report-solar-subsidies-increase-389-percent/.

14.   Pew Research Center, “Keystone XL Pipeline Divides Democrats,” March 19, 2014. http://www.people-press.org/2014/03/19/keystone-xl-pipeline-divides-democrats/.

15.   The World Bank, World Development Indicators, CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC.

16.   “U.S. Crude Oil Export Decision, IHS Global, Inc., 2014. https://www.ihs.com/info/0514/crude-oil.html.

17.   Gene Whitney, Carl E. Behrens, and Carol Glover. “U.S. Fossil Fuel Resources: Terminology, Reporting, and Summary,” Congressional Research Service, November 30, 2010. Report R40872. http://www.epw.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/04212e22-c1b3-41f2-b0ba-0da5eaead952/crs-november2010.pdf.

18.   https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/files/Hearings/EP/20120328/HHRG-112-IF03-WState-ColemanJ-20120328.pdf.

19.   Institute for Energy Research, North American Energy Inventory, http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Energy-Inventory.pdf.

20.   “Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011 (Includes 2014 Atlantic Update),” at page 5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Revised December 2014. http://www.boem.gov/2011-National-Assessment-Factsheet/.

21.   “Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011 (Includes 2014 Atlantic Update),” at page 5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Revised December 2014. http://www.boem.gov/2011-National-Assessment-Factsheet/.

22.   “Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011 (Includes 2014 Atlantic Update),” at page 5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Revised December 2014. http://www.boem.gov/2011-National-Assessment-Factsheet/.

23.   “Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011 (Includes 2014 Atlantic Update),” at page 5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Revised December 2014. http://www.boem.gov/2011-National-Assessment-Factsheet/.

24.   “Assessment of Undiscovered Technically Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources of the Nation’s Outer Continental Shelf, 2011 (Includes 2014 Atlantic Update),” at page 5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Revised December 2014. http://www.boem.gov/2011-National-Assessment-Factsheet/.

25.   Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Serial No. 112-133, March 28, 2012. Page 154. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg78365/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg78365.pdf.

26.   Energy Policy Act of 2005, Sections 1421-1424, Public Law 109-58, August 8, 2005. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ58/pdf/PLAW-109publ58.pdf.

27.   H.R. 6, 109^th Congress, Title XXIII, Section 2302. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-109hr6eh/pdf/BILLS-109hr6eh.pdf.

28.   Statement of W. Jackson Coleman before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, May 17, 2011, Page 3. http://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=fe36d378-0cef-84cd-3414-75d74e48f39b.

29.   http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=29&t=6.

30.   http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/eper_10.htm.

31.   Institute for Energy Research, “EIA Report: Subsidies Continue to Roll In For Wind and Solar,” March 18, 2015. http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/eia-subsidy-report-solar-subsidies-increase-389-percent/.