Notes

Introduction

1. Charlotte Alter, “How the Women’s March Has United Progressives of All Stripes,” Time, January 20, 2017, http://time.com/4641575/womens-march-washington-coalition.

2. Erica Chenoweth and Jeremy Pressman, “This Is What We Learned by Counting the Women’s Marches,” Washington Post, February 7, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/02/07/this-is-what-we-learned-by-counting-the-womens-marches.

3. “Exit Polls 2016,” CNN, updated November 23, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/election/results/exit-polls.

4. “Quick Facts,” U.S. Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045216/00. According to the U.S. Census, which doesn’t have perfect data, but does track the most data: 62 percent of us are white non-Hispanic, 17 percent of us are Hispanic, 13 percent of us are Black, 5 percent of us are Asian, 0.8 percent of us are American Indian/Native Alaskan, 0.17 percent of us are Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 5 percent of us are some other race, 2 percent of us are two or more races. U.S. Census Bureau, compiled by Sarah Jane Glynn, April 27, 2017, http://factfinder2.census.gov.

5. Economist, “Women in the Workforce: Female Power,” December 30, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/15174418?story_id=15174418. “Women in the Labor Force: A Databook,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, updated October 15, 2009, http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook2009.htm.

6. Bridget Brennan, “Top 10 Things Everyone Should Know about Women Consumers,” Forbes, January 21, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bridgetbrennan/2015/01/21/top-10-things-everyone-should-know-about-women-consumers.

7. The Human Development Report (prepared by United Nations Development Programme and published by Oxford University Press, 1995), 97.

8. National Center for Education Statistics, “Digest of Education Statistics,” table 318.10, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d15/tables/dt15_318.10.asp.

9. National Association of REALTORS, 2016 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers, 35th Anniversary Edition, October 13, 2016, https://www.nar.realtor/sites/default/files/reports/2016/2016-profile-of-home-buyers-and-sellers-10-31-2016.pdf.

10. “#KeepMarching MomsRising Advocacy and Organizing Tactics and Tips.” https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.momsrising.org/images/Keep_Marching_Toolkit_2_1.pdf.

Chapter 1: Waking Up

1. U.S. Census Bureau, “Facts for Features: Mother’s Day: May 13, 2012,” news release, March 19, 2012, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff08.html.

2. National Women’s Law Center, National Snapshot: Poverty Among Women and Families, 2014, September 17, 2015, https://nwlc.org/resources/national-snapshot-poverty-among-women-families-2014. Jodi Grant et al., “Expecting Better: A State-by-State Analysis of Parental Leave Programs” (Washington, DC: National Partnership for Women and Families, 2005).

3. Claire Cain Miller, “The Gender Pay Gap Is Largely Because of Motherhood,” New York Times, May 13, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/upshot/the-gender-pay-gap-is-largely-because-of-motherhood.html.

4. Kathy Iandoli, “Gloria Steinem and Chelsea Handler Said the One Thing Most White Feminists Are Reluctant to Hear,” Bust, April 5, 2017, http://bust.com/feminism/19481-gloria-steinem-chelsea-handler.html.

5. Kathy Iandoli, “Gloria Steinem and Chelsea Handler Said the One Thing Most White Feminists Are Reluctant to Hear,” Bust, April 5, 2017, http://bust.com/feminism/19481-gloria-steinem-chelsea-handler.html.

6. Lauren Camera, “Black Girls Are Twice as Likely to Be Suspended, in Every State,” U.S. News and World Report, May 9, 2017, https://www.usnews.com/news/education-news/articles/2017-05-09/black-girls-are-twice-as-likely-to-be-suspended-in-every-state.

7. Naa Oyo A. Kwate and Shatema Threadcraft, “Perceiving the Black Female Body: Race and Gender in Police Constructions of Body Weight,” Race and Social Problems 7, no. 3 (2015): 213–226, http://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-015-9152-7.

8. Tanzina Vega, “Wage Gap between Blacks and Whites Is Worst in Nearly 40 Years,” CNN Money, September 20, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/09/20/news/economy/black-white-wage-gap/index.html.

9. Max Ehrenfreund, “Trying to Talk a Bus Driver into Giving You a Free Ride? Make Sure You’re White, or Else Wear a Suit,” Washington Post, February 25, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/02/25/riding-buses-while-white-drivers-are-more-likely-to-let-white-passengers-skip-fares.

10. Michael A. Fletcher, “Whites Think Discrimination against Whites Is a Bigger Problem than Bias against Blacks,” Washington Post, October 8, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/08/white-people-think-racial-discrimination-in-america-is-basically-over.

11. Max Ehrenfreund, “There’s a Disturbing Truth to John Legend’s Oscar Statement about Prisons and Slavery,” Washington Post, February 23, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/02/23/theres-a-disturbing-truth-to-john-legends-oscar-statement-about-prisons-and-slavery.

12. Brian H. Levin, Hate Crimes Rise in Major American Localities in 2016, United States Department of Justice Hate Crime Summit, 2017, https://csbs.csusb.edu/sites/csusb_csbs/files/Levin%20DOJ%20Summit%202.pdf.

13. David Rock and Heidi Grant, “Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter,” Harvard Business Review, November 4, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter.

Chapter 2: The Benjamins

1. Nicole Goodkind, “Female Hedge Fund Managers Ruled the Markets in 2012,” Yahoo! Finance, January 17, 2013, http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/daily-ticker/female-hedge-fund-managers-ruled-markets-2012-135223093.html.

2. Claire Shipman, “What Is Womenomics?,” ABC News, June 1, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=7721081.

3. National Partnership for Women and Families, America’s Women and the Wage Gap, April 2017, http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/workplace-fairness/fair-pay/americas-women-and-the-wage-gap.pdf.

4. National Women’s Law Center, The Wage Gap by State for White, Non-Hispanic Women, April 11, 2016, https://nwlc.org/resources/the-wage-gap-by-state-for-white-non-hispanic-women.

5. National Women’s Law Center, FAQ About the Wage Gap, September 19, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/faq-about-the-wage-gap/.

6. National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum, Fighting Invisibility Closing the Wage Gap: An Equal Pay Agenda for Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders, March 2017, https://napawf.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/FIGHTING-INVISIBILITY_FINAL-4.03.17.pdf.

7. Crosby Burns, “The Gay and Transgender Wage Gap,” Center for American Progress, April 16, 2012, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2012/04/16/11494/the-gay-and-transgender-wage-gap.

8. Catherine Rampell, “Before That Sex Change, Think about Your Next Paycheck,” New York Times, September 25, 2008, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/before-that-sex-change-think-about-your-next-paycheck.

9. National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum, Achieving Pay Equity for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, March 2017, https://napawf.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/EPD_Fact-Sheet_FINAL.pdf.

10. National Women’s Law Center, Equal Pay for Mothers Is Critical for Families, May 22, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/equal-pay-for-mothers-is-critical-for-families.

11. National Women’s Law Center, Equal Pay for Mothers Is Critical for Families, May 22, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/equal-pay-for-mothers-is-critical-for-families.

12. National Women’s Law Center, Equal Pay for Mothers Is Critical for Families, May 22, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/equal-pay-for-mothers-is-critical-for-families.

13. National Women’s Law Center, Equal Pay for Mothers Is Critical for Families, May 22, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/equal-pay-for-mothers-is-critical-for-families.

14. National Women’s Law Center, Equal Pay for Mothers Is Critical for Families, May 22, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/equal-pay-for-mothers-is-critical-for-families.

15. Andrew J. Cherlin, Elizabeth Talbert, and Suzumi Yasutake, “Changing Fertility Regimes and the Transition to Adulthood: Evidence from a Recent Cohort,” Johns Hopkins University, (2012), http://krieger.jhu.edu/sociology/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2012/02/Read-Online.pdf.

16. U.S. Census Bureau, “The Majority of Children Live with Two Parents,” news release, November 17, 2016, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-192.html.

17. R. Kelly Raley, Megan M. Sweeney, and Danielle Wondra, “The Growing Racial and Ethnic Divide in U.S. Marriage Patterns,” The Future of Children/Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation 25 no. 2 (2015): 89–109, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850739/.

18. Jo Jones and William D. Mosher, “Fathers Involvement with Their Children: United States 2006–2010,” National Health Statistics Reports, December 20, 2013, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr071.pdf.

19. Ginia Bellafante, “Two Fathers, with One Happy to Stay Home,” New York Times, January 12, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/12/us/two-fathers-with-one-happy-to-stay-at-home.html.

20. Williams Institute UCLA School of Law, Census and LGBT Demographic Studies, 2017, https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/category/research/census-lgbt-demographics-studies.

21. Nolan Feeney, “Women Are Now More Likely to Have College Degree than Men,” Time, October 7, 2015, http://time.com/4064665/women-college-degree.

22. Catherine Hill and Christianne Corbett, “Graduating to a Pay Gap: The Earnings of Women and Men One Year after College Graduation,” American Association of University Women, http://www.aauw.org/research/graduating-to-a-pay-gap.

23. Claire Cain Miller, “Pay Gap Is Because of Gender, Not Jobs,” New York Times, April 23, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/24/upshot/the-pay-gap-is-because-of-gender-not-jobs.html.

24. Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, “The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations,” Working Paper 9656, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2016.

25. “The Gender Shift,” DVM360 Magazine, March 1, 2011, http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/gender-shift-0.

26. Sarah Jane Glynn, “Explaining the Gender Wage Gap,” Center for American Progress, May 19, 2014, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/WageGapBrief1.pdf.

27. Sarah Jane Glynn, “Explaining the Gender Wage Gap,” Center for American Progress, May 19, 2014, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/WageGapBrief1.pdf.

28. Sarah Jane Glynn, Heather Boushey, and Peter Berg, “Who Gets Time Off? Predicting Access to Paid Leave and Workplace Flexibility,” Center for American Progress, April 2016, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/20131209/WhoGetsTimeOff-report-04.20.16.pdf.

29. Laura Cohn, “Women Ask for Raises as Much as Men Do—But Get Them Less Often,” Fortune, September 6, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/09/06/women-men-salary-negotiations.

30. Katty Kay and Claire Shipman, “The Confidence Gap,” The Atlantic, May 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/05/the-confidence-gap/359815.

31. Nancy F. Clark, “Act Now to Shrink the Confidence Gap,” Forbes, April 28, 2014, https://www.forbes.com/sites/womensmedia/2014/04/28/act-now-to-shrink-the-confidence-gap.

32. Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner, “The Motherhood Penalty,” Politico Magazine, April 30, 2014, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/04/the-motherhood-penalty-106173#.U5ooKHbLNUN.

33. John Bonazzo, “All-Male PR Panel Tells Women They Can Fix Sexism by ‘Speaking Up More Loudly,’” Observer, June 9, 2017, http://observer.com/2017/06/sexism-at-work-mansplaining-public-relations.

34. Shadee Ashtari, “GOP Lawmaker Says Women Don’t Deserve Equal Pay Because They’re Lazier,” Huffington Post, April 25, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/24/will-infantine-paycheck-fairness-bill_n_5206350.html.

35. Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, “The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations,” Working Paper 9656, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2016.

36. Shelley J. Correll, Stephen Benard, and In Paik, “Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?” American Journal of Sociology 112, no. 5 (2007): 1297–1338, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/511799.

37. Heather Boushey, “The New Breadwinners,” Shriver Report, September 10, 2009, http://shriverreport.org/the-new-breadwinners.

38. Michelle J. Budig, “The Fatherhood Bonus and the Motherhood Penalty: Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay,” Third Way, September 2, 2014, http://www.thirdway.org/report/the-fatherhood-bonus-and-the-motherhood-penalty-parenthood-and-the-gender-gap-in-pay.

39. “Selected Characteristics of People 15 Years and Over, by Total Money Income, Work Experience, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex,” U.S. Census Bureau, compiled by Sarah Jane Glynn, updated August 9, 2017, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-pinc/pinc-01.html.

40. “The Economic Impact of Equal Pay by State,” Institute for Policy Research, https://statusofwomendata.org/featured/the-economic-impact-of-equal-pay-by-state.

41. Heidi Hartmann, Jeff Hayes, and Jennifer Clark, “How Equal Pay for Working Women Would Reduce Poverty and Grow American Economy,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, January 13, 2004, http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/how-equal-pay-for-working-women-would-reduce-poverty-and-grow-the-american-economy.

Chapter 3: The Invisible Glass Ceilings

1. “Selected Characteristics of People 15 Years and Over, by Total Money Income, Work Experience, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex,” U.S. Census Bureau, compiled by Sarah Jane Glynn, updated August 9, 2017, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-pinc/pinc-01.html.

2. “Street Harassment Statistics,” ILR School Cornell University, April 17, 2015, https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/news/street-harassment-statistics.

3. “Street Harassment Statistics,” ILR School Cornell University, April 17, 2015, https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/news/street-harassment-statistics.

4. ABC News, “One in Four U.S. Women Reports Workplace Harassment,” news release, November 16, 2011, http://www.langerresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/1130a2WorkplaceHarassment.pdf.

5. “The Woman Who Created #MeToo Long Before Hashtags,” New York Times, October 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/us/me-too-movement-tarana-burke.html.

6. “Women Earn More Degrees than Men; Gap Keeps Increasing,” The College Puzzle (blog), Stanford University, May 28, 2013, https://collegepuzzle.stanford.edu/?tag=women-exceed-men-in-college-graduation.

7. “These Are the Women CEOs Leading Fortune 500 Companies,” Fortune, June 7, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/06/07/fortune-500-women-ceos.

8. “Women of Color in Elective Office 2017,” Center for American Women and Politics, http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/women-color-elective-office-2017.

9. Robert Sege, Linley Nykiel-Bub, and Sabrina Selk, “Sex Differences in Institutional Support for Junior Biomedical Researchers,” Journal of the American Medical Association 314, no. 11 (2015): 1175–1177, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8517.

10. Women’s Media Center, The Women’s Media Center: The Status of Women in the U.S. Media 2014, February 18, 2014, http://www.womensmediacenter.com/reports/2014-statistics.

11. Women’s Media Center, The Women’s Media Center: The Status of Women in the U.S. Media 2014, February 18, 2014, http://www.womensmediacenter.com/reports/2014-statistics.

12. Women’s Media Center, The Women’s Media Center: The Status of Women in the U.S. Media 2014, February 18, 2014, http://www.womensmediacenter.com/reports/2014-statistics.

13. Liam Stack, “Trump, in France, Tells Brigitte Macron, ‘You’re in Such Good Shape,’” New York Times, July 13, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/europe/trump-france-brigitte-macron.html.

14. Malin Malmstrom, Jeaneth Johansson, and Joakim Wincent, “We Recorded VCs’ Conversations and Analyzed How Differently They Talk about Female Entrepreneurs,” Harvard Business Review, May 17, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzed-how-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs.

15. Malin Malmstrom, Jeaneth Johansson, and Joakim Wincent, “We Recorded VCs’ Conversations and Analyzed How Differently They Talk about Female Entrepreneurs,” Harvard Business Review, May 17, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzed-how-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs.

16. Malin Malmstrom, Jeaneth Johansson, and Joakim Wincent, “We Recorded VCs’ Conversations and Analyzed How Differently They Talk about Female Entrepreneurs,” Harvard Business Review, May 17, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzed-how-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs.

17. Anita Woolley and Thomas W. Malone, “Defend Your Research: What Makes a Team Smarter? More Women,” Harvard Business Review, June 2011, https://hbr.org/2011/06/defend-your-research-what-makes-a-team-smarter-more-women.

18. Claire Shipman, “What Is Womenomics?” ABC News, June 1, 2009, http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=7721081.

19. Joe Pinsker, “Hedge Funds Run by Women Outperform Those Run by Men,” The Atlantic, August 4, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/08/hedge-funds-run-by-women-outperform-other-hedge-funds/375542.

20. AAUW, Barriers and Bias: The Status of Women in Leadership, March 2016, http://www.aauw.org/aauw_check/pdf_download/show_pdf.php?file=barriers-and-bias.

21. AAUW, Barriers and Bias: The Status of Women in Leadership, March 2016,http://www.aauw.org/aauw_check/pdf_download/show_pdf.php?file=barriers-and-bias.

22. AAUW, Barriers and Bias: The Status of Women in Leadership, March 2016, http://www.aauw.org/aauw_check/pdf_download/show_pdf.php?file=barriers-and-bias.

23. Valentina Zarya, “Why There Are No Black Women Running Fortune 500 Companies,” Fortune, January 16, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/01/16/black-women-fortune-500.

24. AAUW, Barriers and Bias: The Status of Women in Leadership, March 2016,http://www.aauw.org/aauw_check/pdf_download/show_pdf.php?file=barriers-and-bias.

Chapter 4: Sound the Alarm

1. National Women’s Law Center, Minimum Wage, http://www.nwlc.org/our-issues/poverty-%2526-income-support/minimum-wage.

2. “The 10 Fastest Growing Jobs,” U.S. Department of Labor Blog, March 15, 2015, https://blog.dol.gov/2015/03/15/the-10-fastest-growing-jobs. “Occupations with the Most Job Growth,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, updated October 24, 2017, https://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_104.htm.

3. “The 10 Fastest Growing Jobs,” U.S. Department of Labor Blog, March 15, 2015, https://blog.dol.gov/2015/03/15/the-10-fastest-growing-jobs. “Occupations with the Most Job Growth,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, updated October 24, 2017, https://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_104.htm.

4. Heidi Shierholz, “Low Wages and Scant Benefits Leave Many In-Home Workers Unable to Make Ends Meet,” Briefing Paper 369, Economic Policy Institute, November 26, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/in-home-workers.

5. “What Home Health Aides Do,” Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016–2017 edition, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, December 17, 2015, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/home-health-aides.htm#tab-2. “What Personal Care Aides Do,” Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016–2017 edition, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, December 17, 2015, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/personal-care-and-service/personal-care-aides.htm#tab-2.

6. Heidi Shierholz, “Low Wages and Scant Benefits Leave Many In-Home Workers Unable to Make Ends Meet,” Briefing Paper 369, Economic Policy Institute, November 26, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/in-home-workers.

7. “2014 National Population Projections Tables,” U.S. Census Bureau, updated May 9, 2017, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2014/demo/popproj/2014-summary.

8. “Household Final Consumption Expenditure, etc. (% of GDP),” World Bank, accessed July 24, 2017, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PETC.ZS.

9. U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey 2015 Subject Definitions, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2015_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf.

10. U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey 2015 Subject Definitions, compiled by Sarah Jane Glynn, February 12, 2012, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2015_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf.

11. Jessica L. Semega, Kayla R. Fontenot, and Melissa A. Kollar, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016, Poverty Table 3, September 12, 2017, https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html.

12. Jessica L. Semega, Kayla R. Fontenot, and Melissa A. Kollar, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016, Poverty Table 3, September 12, 2017, https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html.

13. David Cooper and Dan Essrow, “Low-Wage Workers Are Older than You Think,” Economic Policy Institute, August 28, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/wage-workers-older-88-percent-workers-benefit.

14. Bryce Covert, “Women Need a Raise in the Minimum Wage,” Forbes, July 24, 2012, https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brycecovert/2012/07/24/women-need-a-raise-in-the-minimum-wage.

15. David Cooper and Dan Essrow, “Low-Wage Workers Are Older than You Think,” Economic Policy Institute, August 28, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/wage-workers-older-88-percent-workers-benefit.

16. Catalyst, “Catalyst Quick Take: Buying Power,” 2013.

17. “Minimum Wage,” U.S. Department of Labor, 2017, https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage.

18. “Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2016,” BLS Reports, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, updated April 2017, https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/minimum-wage/2016/home.htm.

19. “May 2016 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, updated March 31, 2017, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm#00-0000.

20. Wendy Wang, Kim Parker, and Paul Taylor, “Breadwinner Moms: Mothers Are the Sole or Primary Provider in Four-in-Ten Households with Children; Public Conflicted about the Growing Trend,” Pew Research Center, May 29, 2013, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/29/breadwinner-moms. Sarah Jane Glynn, “Breadwinning Mothers Are Increasingly the U.S. Norm,” Center for American Progress, December 19, 2016, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2016/12/19/295203/breadwinning-mothers-are-increasingly-the-u-s-norm.

21. “Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2016,” BLS Reports, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, April 2017, https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/minimum-wage/2016/home.htm.

22. “On 25th Anniversary of Last Tipped Minimum Wage Increase, Prominent National Advocacy and Research Groups Call for Nation to Adopt One Fair Wage for All Workers,” ROC United, March 31, 2016, http://rocunited.org/25th-anniversary-2-13.

23. “The Glass Floor: Sexual Harassment in the Restaurant Industry,” ROC United, October 7, 2014, http://rocunited.org/2014/10/new-report-the-glass-floor-sexual-harassment-in-the-restaurant-industry.

24. “Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees,” Wage and Hour Division, U.S. Department of Labor, January 1, 2003, https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/tipped2003.htm.

25. “A $15 Minimum Wage for New York’s Fast Food Workers,” National Employment Law Project, July 22, 2015, http://www.nelp.org/publication/a-15-minimum-wage-for-new-yorks-fast-food-workers.

26. “On 25th Anniversary of Last Tipped Minimum Wage Increase, Prominent National Advocacy and Research Groups Call for Nation to Adopt One Fair Wage for All Workers,” ROC United, March 31, 2016, http://rocunited.org/25th-anniversary-2-13.

27. “Labor Force Projections to 2024: The Labor Force is Growing, But Slowly,” Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, December 2015, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/labor-force-projections-to-2024.htm.

28. David Cooper, “Raising the Minimum Wage to $15 By 2024 Would Lift Wages for 41 Million American Workers,” Economic Policy Institute, April 26, 2017, http://www.epi.org/publication/15-by-2024-would-lift-wages-for-41-million.

29. Economic Policy Institute, “It’s Time to Raise the Wage,” April 23, 2015, http://www.epi.org/publication/its-time-to-raise-the-minimum-wage.

30. David Cooper, “Raising the Minimum Wage to $15 By 2024 Would Lift Wages for 41 Million American Workers,” Economic Policy Institute, April 26, 2017, http://www.epi.org/publication/15-by-2024-would-lift-wages-for-41-million.

31. Ken Jacobs, Ian Perry, and Jenifer MacGillvary, “The High Public Cost of Low Wages,” UC Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education, April 2015, http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/pdf/2015/the-high-public-cost-of-low-wages.pdf.

32. David Cooper and Douglas Hall, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $10.10 Would Give Working Families, and the Overall Economy, a Much-Needed Boost,” Economic Policy Institute, March 13, 2013, http://www.epi.org/publication/bp357-federal-minimum-wage-increase.

33. Cameron Davis, “Study: A Minimum Wage Hike Would Stimulate the Economy,” Think Progress, July 8, 2013, https://thinkprogress.org/study-a-minimum-wage-hike-would-stimulate-the-economy-f02ca75732fc.

34. Chris Weller, “Obama Just Warned Congress about Robots Taking Over Jobs That Pay Less than $20 an Hour,” Business Insider, March 10, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-warns-congress-about-robot-job-takeover-2016-3.

35. Dottie Rosenbaum, “SNAP Is Effective and Efficient,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, March 11, 2013, https://www.cbpp.org/research/snap-is-effective-and-efficient.

36. Josh Bivens, “Don’t Buy the Trickle-Down Myth Peddled by GOP Tax Plan,” The Hill, November 7, 2017, http://thehill.com/opinion/finance/359080-dont-buy-the-trickle-down-myth-peddled-by-gop-tax-plan.

37. John D. Sutter, “What Is Income Inequality, Anyway?” CNN, October 29, 2013, http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/29/opinion/sutter-explainer-income-inequality/index.html. “Income Inequality in the United States,” Inequality.org, accessed July 24, 2017, https://inequality.org/facts/income-inequality.

38. Drew Desilver, “U.S. Income Inequality, on Rise for Decades, Is Now Highest since 1928,” Pew Research Center, December 5, 2013, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/05/u-s-income-inequality-on-rise-for-decades-is-now-highest-since-1928.

39. Drew Desilver, “U.S. Income Inequality, on Rise for Decades, Is Now Highest Since 1928,” Pew Research Center, December 5, 2013, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/05/u-s-income-inequality-on-rise-for-decades-is-now-highest-since-1928.

40. “Income Inequality in the United States,” Inequality.org, https://inequality.org/facts/income-inequality.

41. Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, “Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, Working Paper 20625, October 2014, https://doi.org/10.3386/w20625.

42. “Americas Families and Living Arrangements: 2016,” U.S. Census Bureau, last revised April 6, 2017, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/families/cps-2016.html.

43. Scott Stanley, “What Is the Divorce Rate Anyway? Around 42 Percent, One Scholar Believes,” Institute for Family Studies, January 22, 2015, https://ifstudies.org/blog/what-is-the-divorce-rate-anyway-around-42-percent-one-scholar-believes.

44. Christian E. Weller and Michele E. Tolson, “Women’s Economic Risk Exposure and Savings,” Center for American Progress, April 27, 2017, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2017/04/27/431228/womens-economic-risk-exposure-savings.

45. Dedrick Asante-Muhammad, Chuck Collins, Josh Hoxie, and Emanuel Nieves, “The Road to Zero Wealth: How the Racial Wealth Divide Is Hollowing Out America’s Middle Class,” Prosperity Now, Institute for Policy Studies, September 2017, https://prosperitynow.org/files/PDFs/road_to_zero_wealth.pdf.

46. Elise Gould, “Racial Gaps in Wages, Wealth and More: A Quick Recap,” Working Economics Blog, Economic Policy Institute, January 26, 2017, http://www.epi.org/blog/racial-gaps-in-wages-wealth-and-more-a-quick-recap.

47. Christopher Ingraham, “If You Thought Income Inequality Was Bad, Get a Load of Wealth Inequality,” Washington Post, May 21, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/05/21/the-top-10-of-americans-own-76-of-the-stuff-and-its-dragging-our-economy-down.

48. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Financial Accounts of the United States: Flow of Funds, Balance Sheets, and Integrated Macroeconomics Accounts,” news release, September 21, 2017, https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/current/z1.pdf.

49. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Report of the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2016, May 2017, https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2016-report-economic-well-being-us-households-201705.pdf.

50. “Moving On Up: Why Do Some Americans Leave the Bottom of the Economic Ladder, but Not Others?” Pew Charitable Trusts, brief, November 2013, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2013/11/01/movingonuppdf.pdf.

51. Andrew Fieldhouse, “How Much Can Tax Policy Curb Income Inequality Growth? Maybe a Lot,” Working Economics Blog, Economic Policy Institute, June 14, 2013, http://www.epi.org/blog/tax-policy-curb-income-inequality-growth.

52. “Income Inequality Remains High in the Face of Weak Recovery,” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, November 2016, http://www.oecd.org/social/OECD2016-Income-Inequality-Update.pdf.

53. Chloe Farand, “U.S. Has Regressed to Developing Nation Status, MIT Economist Warns,” Independent, April 21, 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-developing-nation-regressing-economy-poverty-donald-trump-mit-economist-peter-temin-a7694726.html.

Chapter 5: The Maternal Wall

1. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2016, tables 16 and 32, accessed September 23, 2016, http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2016/ebbl0059.pdf.

2. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey: Employee Benefits in the United States, March 2016, tables 16 and 32, accessed September 23, 2016, http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2016/ebbl0059.pdf.

3. Gretchen Livingston, “Among 41 Nations, U.S. Is the Outlier When It Comes to Paid Parental Leave,” Pew Research Center, September 26, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/26/u-s-lacks-mandated-paid-parental-leave.

4. Sharon Lerner, “The Real War on Families: Why the U.S. Needs Paid Leave Now,” In These Times, August 18, 2015, http://inthesetimes.com/article/18151/the-real-war-on-families.

5. Valentina Zarya, “The Percentage of Female CEOs in the Fortune 500 Drops to 4%,” Fortune, June 6, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/06/06/women-ceos-fortune-500-2016.

6. “Impact of Hunger,” Feeding America, 2017, http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/impact-of-hunger.

7. National Women’s Law Center, National Shapshot: Poverty Among Women and Families, 2014, September 17, 2015, https://nwlc.org/resources/national-snapshot-poverty-among-women-families-2014.

8. World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report, 2015, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR2015/cover.pdf.

9. Catherine Rampell, “Women Now a Majority in American Workplaces,” New York Times, February 5, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/06/business/economy/06women.html.

10. Wendy Wang, Kim Parker, and Paul Taylor, “Breadwinner Moms: Mothers Are the Sole or Primary Provider in Four-in-Ten Households with Children; Public Conflicted about the Growing Trend,” Pew Research Center, May 29, 2013, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/05/29/breadwinner-moms.

11. “CCW’s Study Finds Paid Family Leave Leads to Positive Economic Outcomes,” Rutgers School of Management and Labor Relations, January 19, 2012, https://smlr.rutgers.edu/news/cwws-study-finds-paid-family-leave-leads-positive-economic-outcomes.

12. “The Benefits of Paternity Leave,” The Economist, May 15, 2015, http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/05/economist-explains-18.

13. “The Benefits of Paternity Leave,” The Economist, May 15, 2015, http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/05/economist-explains-18.

14. Lisa Wade, “The Invisible Workload That Drags Women Down,” Money, December 29, 2016, http://time.com/money/4561314/women-work-home-gender-gap.

15. Brigid Schulte, “Once the Baby Comes, Moms Do More, Dads Do Less around the House,” Washington Post, May 7, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2015/05/07/once-the-baby-comes-moms-do-more-dads-do-less-around-the-house.

16. United Nations Development Programme, The Human Development Report (Oxford University Press, 1995), 97.

17. United Nations Development Programme, The Human Development Report (Oxford University Press, 1995), 97.

18. Sakiko Tanaka, “Parental Leave and Child Health across OECD Countries,” Economic Journal 115, no. 501 (2005): 7–28. There is a strong correlation between parental leave entitlements and thriving children—one study (Christopher J. Ruhm, “Parental Leave and Child Health,” working paper, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, May 1998, www.nber.org/papers/w6554) found that a year of job-protected paid leave is tied to 25 percent fewer post-neonatal deaths and that those benefits continued forward in the child’s life with 11 percent fewer deaths of children between one and five years old. Twenty-five percent fewer deaths is a pretty strong argument.

19. Nicholas Bakalar, “Breast-Feeding May Have Benefits Decades Later,” New York Times, March 17, 2015, https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/breast-feeding-may-have-benefits-decades-later.

20. Nicholas Bakalar, “Breast-Feeding May Have Benefits Decades Later,” New York Times, March 17, 2015, https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/17/breast-feeding-may-have-benefits-decades-later.

21. Eileen Appelbaum and Ruth Milkman, “Leaves That Pay: Employer and Worker Experiences with Paid Family Leave in California,” 2011, http://cepr.net/documents/publications/paid-family-leave-1-2011.pdf. Heather Boushey and Sarah Gynn, “There Are Significant Business Costs to Replacing Employees,” Center for American Progress, November 16, 2012, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/CostofTurnover.pdf.

22. Deepa Purushothaman, “Parental Leave Survey: Less than Half of People Surveyed Feel Their Organization Helps Men Feel Comfortable Taking Parental Leave,” Deloitte, news release, June 15, 2016, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/press-releases/deloitte-survey-parental-leave.html.

23. Claire Cain Miller, “In Google’s Inner Circle, a Falling Number of Women,” New York Times, August 22, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html.

24. Rutgers School of Management and Labor Relations, “CCW’s Study Finds Paid Family Leave Leads to Positive Economic Outcomes,” January 19, 2012, https://smlr.rutgers.edu/news/cwws-study-finds-paid-family-leave-leads-positive-economic-outcomes.

25. Barbara Gault, Heidi Hartmann, Ariane Hegewisch, Jessica Milli, and Lindsey Reichlin, “Paid Parental Leave in the U.S.: What the Data Tells Us about Access, Usage, Economic, and Health Benefits,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, March 2014, https://www.dol.gov/wb/resources/paid_parental_leave_in_the_united_states.pdf.

26. Jane Waldfogel and Sara McLanahan, “Work and Family: Introducing the Issue,” The Future of Children 21, no. 2 (2011): 3–14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41289627.

27. Brigid Schulte, “Voters Want Paid Leave, Paid Sick Days, Poll Shows. Obama, Too. Will Congress Oblige?” Washington Post, January 21, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/01/21/voters-want-paid-leave-paid-sick-days-poll-shows-obama-too-will-congress-oblige.

28. National Partnership for Women and Families, Paid Family/Parental Leave Policies for Municipal Employees (Not Exhaustive): February 2017–April 2017, April 2017, http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/work-family/psd/paid-family-leave-policies-for-municipal-employees.pdf.

29. National Partnership for Women and Families, Working Women Need Paid Sick Days, April 2013, http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/work-family/psd/working-women-need-paid-sick-days.pdf.

30. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, “Employee Benefits in the United States—March 2017,” news release, July 21, 2017, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ebs2.pdf. National Partnership for Women and Families, Paid Sick Days Improve Our Public Health, April 2013, http://paidsickdays.nationalpartnership.org/site/DocServer/Fact_sheet_Paid_Sick_Days_Improve_Public_Health.pdf?docID=4185.

31. Andrew Green, Kai Filion, and Elise Gould, “The Need for Paid Sick Days: The Lack of a Federal Policy Further Erodes Family Economic Security,” Economic Policy Institute, June 29, 2011, http://www.epi.org/publication/the_need_for_paid_sick_days.

32. National Partnership for Women and Families, Paid Sick Days: Good for Business, Good for Workers, August 2012, http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/work-family/psd/paid-sick-days-good-for-business-and-workers.pdf.

33. Bryce Covert, “The U.S. Is the Only Developed Country without Paid Sick Days. Obama Is Calling for That to Change,” Think Progress, January 14, 2015, https://thinkprogress.org/the-u-s-is-the-only-developed-country-without-paid-sick-days-obama-is-calling-for-that-to-change-21af09694174.

34. “About Us,” Support Paid Sick Days (website), accessed July 10, 2017, http://www.paidsickdays.org/about-us.

35. “Paid Sick Days Campaigns,” Support Paid Sick Days, accessed July 10, 2017, http://www.paidsickdays.org/campaigns.

36. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, “Employee Benefits in the United States—March 2017,” news release, July 21, 2017, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ebs2.pdf.

37. Andrew Green, Kai Filion, and Elise Gould, “The Need for Paid Sick Days: The Lack of a Federal Policy Further Erodes Family Economic Security,” Economic Policy Institute, June 29, 2011, http://www.epi.org/publication/the_need_for_paid_sick_days.

38. Oxfam America, Hard Work, Hard Lives, 2013, https://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/low-wage-worker-report-oxfam-america.pdf.

39. Adapted from “#KeepMarching: MomsRising Advocacy and Organizing Tactics and Tips,” https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.momsrising.org/images/Keep_Marching_Toolkit_2_1. pdf and https://www.momsrising.org/blog/updated-keepmarching-meeting-guides-and-recordings. Beth Messersmith, MomsRising senior campaign director, led the creation of this guide along with the MomsRising team.

Chapter 6: Saving Lives

1. National Partnership for Women and Families, “Women: Health Care Decision Makers,” September 2013, http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/health-care/aca-enrollment-event-toolkit.pdf.

2. “Fact Sheet: The Affordable Care Act and the Disability Community,” Advocacy Monitor, January 6, 2017, http://www.advocacymonitor.com/fact-sheet-the-affordable-care-act-and-the-disability-community.

3. “Health Insurance and Mental Health Services,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, accessed July 7, 2017, https://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/health-insurance/index.html.

4. Danielle Kurtzleben, “Here’s What the GOP Bill Would (and Wouldn’t) Change for Women’s Health Care,” NPR, March 10, 2017, http://www.npr.org/2017/03/10/519461271/heres-what-the-gop-bill-would-and-wouldnt-change-for-womens-healthcare.

5. Josh Hoxie, “Join the Civilized World: America Is Ready for Sanders-Style Universal Health Coverage,” U.S. News and World Report, September 15, 2017, https://www.usnews.com/opinion/policy-dose/articles/2017-09-15/bernie-sanders-medicare-for-all-would-give-us-civilized-health-care.

6. Zac Auter, “U.S. Uninsured Rate Edges up Slightly,” Gallup News, April 10, 2017, http://www.gallup.com/poll/208196/uninsured-rate-edges-slightly.aspx.

7. Samantha Artiga, Petry Ubri, Julia Foutz, and Anthony Damico, “Health Coverage by Race and Ethnicity: Examining Changes under the ACA and the Remaining Uninsured,” Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, November 2016, http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-Health-Coverage-by-Race-and-Ethnicity-Examining-Changes-Under-the-ACA-and-the-Remaining-Uninsured.

8. Michael Karpman, Laura Skopec, and Sharon K. Long, “QuickTake: Uninsurance Rate Nearly Halved for Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Adults since Mid-2013,” Health Reform Monitoring Survey, Urban Institute Health Policy Center, April 16, 2015, http://hrms.urban.org/quicktakes/Uninsurance-Rate-Nearly-Halved-for-Lesbian-Gay-and-Bisexual-Adults-since-Mid-2013.html.

9. Kenneth D. Kochanek, Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera, “Deaths: Final Data for 2014,” National Vital Statistics Reports 65 no. 4 (June 30, 2016), https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_04.pdf. “Life Expectancy at Birth (in Years), by Race/Ethnicity,” State Health Facts, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, accessed July 7, 2017, http://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/life-expectancy-by-re.

10. Kenneth D. Kochanek, Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera, “Deaths: Final Data for 2014,” National Vital Statistics Reports 65 no. 4 (June 30, 2016), https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_04.pdf.

11. M. R. Benjamins, J. L. Herschtick, B. R. Hunt, M. M. Hughes, and B. Hunter, “Racial Disparities in Heart Disease Mortality in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities,” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, (December 6, 2016), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/27924619/?i=9&from=racial%20disparities%20life%20expectancies.

12. Kenneth D. Kochanek, Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera, “Deaths: Final Data for 2014,” National Vital Statistics Reports 65 no. 4 (June 30, 2016), https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_04.pdf.

13. Alexandra Samuels, “U.Va. Report: Med Students Believe Black People Feel Less Pain than Whites,” USA Today College, April 5, 2016, http://college.usatoday.com/2016/04/05/uva-report-med-students-black-people-feel-less-pain.

14. “Health Insurance Coverage of Children 0–18,” State Health Facts, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, accessed July 6, 2017, http://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/children-0-18.

15. Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, “People with Disabilities,” 2017, https://www.macpac.gov/subtopic/people-with-disabilities.

16. Julia Paradise, “Medicaid Moving Forward,” Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, March 9, 2015, https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/medicaid-moving-forward.

17. Anne Rossier Markus, Ellie Andres, Kristina D. West, Nicole Garro, and Cynthia Pellegrini, “Medicaid Covered Births, 2008 through 2010, in the Context of the Implementation of Health Reform,” Women’s Health Issues 23, no. 5 (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2013.06.006.

18. Jesse Cross-Call, Tara Straw, Arloc Sherman, and Matt Broaddus, “House-Passed Bill Would Devastate Health Care in Rural America,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, May 16, 2017, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/house-passed-bill-would-devastate-health-care-in-rural-america.

19. Christopher Warshaw and David Broockman, “G.O.P. Senators Might Not Realize It, but Not One State Supports the Republican Health Care Bill,” New York Times, June 14, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/14/upshot/gop-senators-might-not-realize-it-but-not-one-state-supports-the-ahca.html.

20. “Distribution of the Nonelderly with Medicaid by Race/Ethnicity,” State Health Facts, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, accessed July 6, 2017, http://www.kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/distribution-by-raceethnicity-4.

21. Adapted from “#KeepMarching: MomsRising Advocacy and Organizing Tactics and Tips,” https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.momsrising.org/images/Keep_Marching_Toolkit_2_1.pdf and https://www.momsrising.org/blog/updated-keepmarching-meeting-guides-and-recordings. Beth Messersmith, MomsRising senior campaign director, led the creation of this guide along with the MomsRising team.

Chapter 7: The Choice Is Ours!

1. Rachael Combe, “The Head of NARAL on Why It’s Not Strange That She’s Pregnant,” Elle, September 24, 2015, http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a30204/illyse-hogue-profile.

2. Pew Research Center, Public Opinion on Abortion, June 2017, http://www.pewforum.org/fact-sheet/public-opinion-on-abortion.

3. Patrick Caldwell, “NARAL President Talks about Her Abortion in DNC Speech,” Mother Jones, July 28, 2016, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/07/naral-ilyse-hogue-dnc-abortion.

4. Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion in the United States, October 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states#2a.

5. Melanie Hicken, “Average Cost of Raising a Child Hits $245,000,” CNN Money, August 18, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/18/pf/child-cost/index.html.

6. Genevieve Field, “Planned Parenthood’s Cecile Richards: ‘I Will Fight for Women’s Rights Every Day,’” Glamour, October 29, 2015, https://www.glamour.com/story/cecile-richards.

7. “The Impact of Defunding Planned Parenthood,” I Stand with Planned Parenthood, accessed August 6, 2017, https://www.istandwithpp.org/defund-defined/impact-defunding-planned-parenthood.

8. Todd Ackerman, “Texas Pregnancy-Related Deaths Double,” Houston Chronicle, August 18, 2016, http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Texas-pregnancy-related-deaths-double-9172022.php.

9. Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion in the United States, October 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states#2a.

10. Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion in the United States, October 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states#2a.

11. Joerg Dreweke, “U.S. Abortion Rate Reaches Record Low Amidst Looming Onslaught against Reproductive Health and Rights,” Guttmacher Policy Review 20 (January 17, 2017), https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2017/01/us-abortion-rate-reaches-record-low-amidst-looming-onslaught-against-reproductive-health.

12. Sean Illing, “Persuasive Proof That America Is Full of Racist and Selfish People,” Vox, October 9, 2017, https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/6/13/15768622/facebook-social-media-seth-stephens-davidowitz-everybody-lies.

13. Beth Skwarecki, “Which Policies Lead to Less Abortion? The ACA, State Law, and the Supreme Court,” Public Health Perspectives, PLOS Blog, February 6, 2017, http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2017/02/06/which-policies-lead-to-less-abortion-the-aca-state-law-the-supreme-court.

14. Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion in the United States, October 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states#2a.

15. Jenna Jerman, Rachel K. Jones, and Tsuyoshi Onda, “Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients in 2014 and Changes since 2008,” Guttmacher Institute, May 2016, https://www.guttmacher.org/report/characteristics-us-abortion-patients-2014.

16. Jessica Dickler, “The Rising Cost of Raising a Child,” CNN Money, September 21, 2011, http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/21/pf/cost_raising_child/index.htm.

17. Kathrin F. Stanger-Hall and David W. Hall, “Abstinence-Only Education and Teen Pregnancy Rates: Why We Need Comprehensive Sex Education in the U.S.,” PLoS One 6, no. 10 (2011), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194801.

18. Guttmacher Institute, Contraceptive Use in the United States, September 2016, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-use-united-states.

19. Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion in the United States, October 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states#2a.

20. Kathryn Kost and Isaac Maddow-Zimet, “U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2011: State Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity,” Guttmacher Institute, April 2016, https://www.guttmacher.org/report/us-teen-pregnancy-state-trends-2011.

21. “United States Abortion,” Guttmacher Institute, accessed August 7, 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/united-states/abortion.

22. Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion in the United States, October 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states#2a.

23. Martha J. Bailey, Brad Hershbein, and Amalia R. Miller, “The Opt-In Revolution? Contraception and the Gender Gap in Wages,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (2012): 225–254.

24. “United States Abortion,” Guttmacher Institute, accessed August 7, 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/united-states/abortion. Guttmacher Institute, Induced Abortion in the United States, October 2017, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states#2a. “Last Five Years Account for More than One-Quarter of All Abortion Restrictions Enacted since Roe,” Guttmacher Institute, January 13, 2016, https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2016/01/last-five-years-account-more-one-quarter-all-abortion-restrictions-enacted-roe.

25. Beth Skwarecki, “Which Policies Lead to Less Abortion? The ACA, State Law, and the Supreme Court,” Public Health Perspectives, PLOS Blog, February 6, 2017, http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2017/02/06/which-policies-lead-to-less-abortion-the-aca-state-law-the-supreme-court.

26. Jennifer J. Frost, Lori F. Frohwirth, and Mia R. Zolna, “Contraceptive Needs and Services, 2014 Update,” Guttmacher Institute, September 2016, https://www.guttmacher.org/report/contraceptive-needs-and-services-2014-update.

27. Adapted from “#KeepMarching: MomsRising Advocacy and Organizing Tactics and Tips,” https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.momsrising.org/images/Keep_Marching_Toolkit_2_1.pdf and https://www.momsrising.org/blog/updated-keepmarching-meeting-guides-and-recordings. Beth Messersmith, MomsRising senior campaign director, led the creation of this guide along with the MomsRising team.

Chapter 8: Women against Violence

1. Soo Na Pak, “9 Stupid Things That Cops, Nurses, Lawyers and Friends Should Never Say to Rape Survivors—But, Alas, Have,” Alternet, February 12, 2014, http://www.alternet.org/culture/9-stupid-things-cops-nurses-lawyers-and-friends-should-never-say-survivors.

2. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Findings from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2010-2012 State Report, accessed July 10, 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportFactsheet.pdf.

3. Legal Momentum, Domestic and Sexual Violence and the Workplace, accessed July 7, 2017, http://www.legalmomentum.org/sites/default/files/reports/DV%20SA%20and%20Workplace%202-2014-final.pdf.

4. Mary Emily O’Hara, “Domestic Violence: Nearly Three U.S. Women Killed Every Day by Intimate Partners,” NBC News, April 11, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/domestic-violence-nearly-three-u-s-women-killed-every-day-n745166.

5. Camila Domonoske, “CDC: Half of All Female Homicide Victims Are Killed by Intimate Partners,” NPR, July 21, 2017, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/07/21/538518569/cdc-half-of-all-female-murder-victims-are-killed-by-intimate-partners.

6. Malika Saada Saar, Rebecca Epstein, Lindsay Rosenthal, and Yasmin Vafa, “The Sexual Abuse to Prison Pipeline: The Girls’ Story,” Center on Poverty and Inequality, Georgetown University Law Center, 2015, http://rights4girls.org/wp-content/uploads/r4g/2015/02/2015_COP_sexual-abuse_report_final.pdf.

7. Service Women’s Action Network, Rape, Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment in the Military: The Quick Facts, April 2012, http://www.ncdsv.org/images/SWAN_Rape-SA-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military-the-Quick-Facts_4-2012.pdf. Jennifer Medina, “Too Scared to Report Sexual Abuse. The Fear: Deportation,” New York Times, April 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/us/immigrants-deportation-sexual-abuse.html. Associated Press, “LAPD: Fear of Deportation Keeping Latinos From Reporting Sex Crimes,” CBS Los Angeles, March 22, 2017, http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2017/03/22/lapd-fear-of-deportation-keeping-latinos-from-reporting-sex-crimes. Migration Policy Institute, Children in U.S. Immigrant Families, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/children-immigrant-families. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Child Health USA 2014, 2014, https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa14/population-characteristics/children-immigrant-parents.html.

8. Jennifer Medina, “Too Scared to Report Sexual Abuse. The Fear: Deportation,” New York Times, April 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/30/us/immigrants-deportation-sexual-abuse.html. Associated Press, “LAPD: Fear of Deportation Keeping Latinos From Reporting Sex Crimes,” CBS Los Angeles, March 22, 2017, http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2017/03/22/lapd-fear-of-deportation-keeping-latinos-from-reporting-sex-crimes.

9. Migration Policy Institute, Children in U.S. Immigrant Families, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/children-immigrant-families. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Child Health USA 2014, 2014, https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa14/population-characteristics/children-immigrant-parents.html.

10. Devlin Barrett, “DHS: Immigration Agents May Arrest Crime Victims, Witnesses at Courthouses,” Washington Post, April 4, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dhs-immigration-agents-may-arrest-crime-victims-witnesses-at-courthouses/2017/04/04/3956e6d8-196d-11e7-9887-1a5314b56a08_story.html.

11. Raquel Kennedy Bergen, “Marital Rape,” Applied Research Forum, National Electronic Network on Violence Against Women, March 1999, https://web.archive.org/web/20111006080602/http://www.taasa.org/library/pdfs/TAASALibrary104.pdf.

12. Katherine S. Spaht and Cynthia Samuel, “Equal Management Revisited: 1979 Legislative Modifications of the 1978 Matrimonial Regimes Law,” Louisiana Law Review 40, no. 1 (1979), http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4457&context=lalrev.

13. National Network to End Domestic Violence (website), 2017, https://nnedv.org.

14. Lindsay Peoples, “Marissa Alexander Fired a Warning Shot at Her Abusive Husband and Was Sentenced to 20 Years. Now She’s Free,” The Cut, March 29, 2017, https://www.thecut.com/2017/03/marissa-alexander-case-stand-your-ground-florida.html.

15. Christine Hauser, “Florida Woman Whose ‘Stand Your Ground’ Defense Was Rejected Is Released,” New York Times, February 7, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/us/marissa-alexander-released-stand-your-ground.html.

16. “Survivors of Abuse and Incarceration,” Correctional Association of New York (website), updated October 18, 2017, http://www.correctionalassociation.org/issue/domestic-violence.

17. Christine Hauser, “Florida Woman Whose ‘Stand Your Ground’ Defense Was Rejected Is Released,” New York Times, February 7, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/us/marissa-alexander-released-stand-your-ground.html.

18. Free Marissa Now (website), updated January 27, 2017, http://www.freemarissanow.org.

19. Hayley Tsukayama, “George Zimmerman Raised Just over $200K Online, Lawyer Says,” Washington Post, April 27, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/george-zimmerman-raised-200k-online-lawyer-says/2012/04/27/gIQApX4hlT_story.html.

20. Center for Gun Policy and Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Intimate Partner Violence and Firearms, accessed July 9, 2017, http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-gun-policy-and-research/publications/IPV_Guns.pdf.

21. Christopher Ingraham, “There Are Now More Guns than People in the United States,” Washington Post, October 5, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/10/05/guns-in-the-united-states-one-for-every-man-woman-and-child-and-then-some.

22. Small Arms Survey, Annexe 4, “The Largest Civilian Firearms Arsenals for 178 Countries,” 2007, http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2007/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2007-Chapter-02-annexe-4-EN.pdf.

23. Small Arms Survey 2015, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 2015, http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf.

24. Center for American Progress, “Gun Owners Overwhelmingly Support Background Checks, See NRA as Out of Touch, New Poll Finds,” news release, November 17, 2015, https://www.americanprogress.org/press/release/2015/11/17/125618/release-gun-owners-overwhelmingly-support-background-checks-see-nra-as-out-of-touch-new-poll-finds.

25. Arkadi Gerney and Chelsea Parsons, “Women under the Gun: How Gun Violence Affects Women and 4 Policy Solutions to Better Protect Them,” Center for American Progress, June 2014, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GunsDomesticViolencereport-summary.pdf.

26. Kerry Shaw, “12 Facts That Show How Guns Make Domestic Violence Even Deadlier,” The Trace, August 22, 2016, https://www.thetrace.org/2016/08/15-facts-that-show-how-guns-make-domestic-violence-even-deadlier.

27. Louis Jacobson, “Hillary Clinton Says 33,000 Americans Die Each Year from Guns,” Politifact, October 19, 2016, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/oct/19/hillary-clinton/hillary-clinton-says-33000-americans-die-each-year. Kenneth D. Kochanek, Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera, “Deaths: Final Data for 2014,” National Vital Statistics Reports 65, no. 4 (June 30, 2016), https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr65/nvsr65_04.pdf.

28. Erin Schumaker, “Guns Are Now the Third-Leading Cause of Death among Children,” Huffington Post, updated June 30, 2017, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/childhood-firearms-homicide_us_5947ddbbe4b0f15cd5bce3e6.

29. “Seattle Shootings: Day of Horror, Grief in a Shaken City,” Seattle Times, updated May 31, 2012, http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-shootings-day-of-horror-grief-in-a-shaken-city.

30. “The Assault Weapon: An Instant Guide,” The Week, February 10, 2013, http://theweek.com/articles/467914/assault-weapon-instant-guide.

31. Lee Drutman, “Explaining the Power of the National Rifle Association, in One Graph,” Sunlight Foundation, December 17, 2012, https://sunlightfoundation.com/2012/12/17/gun-spending.

32. “Gun Rights,” Center for Responsive Politics, updated March 2016, https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=Q13.

33. “Gun Violence Protective Orders,” Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, access July 9, 2017, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/who-can-have-a-gun/gun-violence-protective-orders.

34. U.S. Census Bureau, “Facts for Features: Mother’s Day: May 13, 2012,” news release, March 19, 2012, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff08.html.

35. Jennifer L. Truman and Rachel E. Morgan, Nonfatal Domestic Violence, 2003–2012, U.S. Department of Justice, April 2014, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ndv0312.pdf.

36. E. Petrosky, J. M. Blair, C. J. Betz, K. A. Fowler, S. P. Jack, and B. H. Lyons, “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homicides of Adult Women and the Role of Intimate Partner Violence—United States, 2003–2014,” Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 66 (2017): 741–746, http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm628a1.

37. Adapted from “#KeepMarching: MomsRising Advocacy and Organizing Tactics and Tips,” https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.momsrising.org/images/Keep_Marching_Toolkit_2_1.pdf and https://www.momsrising.org/blog/updated-keepmarching-meeting-guides-and-recordings. Beth Messersmith, MomsRising senior campaign director, led the creation of this guide along with the MomsRising team.

Chapter 9: Maternal Mortality

1. “Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (website), updated June 29, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pmss.html.

2. Priya Agrawal, “Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in the United States of America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (March 2015): 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627.

3. Molly Redden, “Texas Has Highest Maternal Mortality Rate in Developed World, Study Finds,” The Guardian, August 20, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/20/texas-maternal-mortality-rate-health-clinics-funding.

4. “Preterm Birth,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, updated October 25, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm.

5. “Maternal Morbidity and Mortality,” AWHONN Postpartum Hemorrhage Project (website), http://www.pphproject.org/maternal-morbidity-mortality.asp.

6. Priya Agrawal, “Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in the United States of America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (March 2015): 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627.

7. UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women, Maternal Mortality Fell by Almost Half between 1990 and 2015, updated February 2017, http://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality.

8. Sabrina Tavernise, “Maternal Mortality Rate in U.S. Rises, Defying Global Trend, Study Finds,” New York Times, September 21, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/health/maternal-mortality.html.

9. “Building U.S. Capacity to Review and Prevent Maternal Deaths,” CDC Foundation, https://www.cdcfoundation.org/building-us-capacity-review-and-prevent-maternal-deaths.

10. Rebecca Grant, “Pregnant Women’s Medical Care Too Often Affected by Race,” Newsweek, July 3, 2016, http://www.newsweek.com/2016/07/15/pregnant-womens-care-affected-race-477087.html.

11. Myra J. Tucker, Cynthia J. Berg, William M. Callaghan, and Jason Hsia, “The Black-White Disparity in Pregnancy-Related Mortality from 5 Conditions: Differences in Prevalence and Case-Fatality Rates,” American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 2 (February 2007): 247-251, http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072975.

12. “Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, updated June 29, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pmss.html.

13. Priya Agrawal, “Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in the United States of America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (March 2015): 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627.

14. “Preterm Birth,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, updated October 25, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm.

15. Richard E. Anderson, “Ob-Gyn Shortage Is Going to Get Worse,” Live Science, June 27, 2013, https://www.livescience.com/37824-obgyn-shortage-looming.html. Michael Ollove, “America’s OBGYN Shortage Is Extremely Dangerous for Pregnant Women,” Huffington Post, August 15, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/americas-obgyn-shortage-is-extremely-dangerous-for-pregnant-women_us_57b1ec06e4b007c36e4f6df5.

16. Michael Ollove, “A Shortage in the Nation’s Maternal Health Care,” Stateline (blog), Pew Charitable Trusts, August 15, 2016, http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2016/08/15/a-shortage-in-the-nations-maternal-health-care.

17. Priya Agrawal, “Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in the United States of America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (March 2015): 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627.

18. California Department of Public Health, California Birth and Death Statistical Master Files, 1999–2013.

19. Priya Agrawal, “Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in the United States of America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (March 2015): 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627.

20. Priya Agrawal, “Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in the United States of America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (March 2015): 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627.

21. Priya Agrawal, “Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in the United States of America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93 (March 2015): 135, http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.148627.

22. Michael Ollove, “A Shortage in the Nation’s Maternal Health Care,” Stateline (blog), Pew Charitable Trusts, August 15, 2016, http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2016/08/15/a-shortage-in-the-nations-maternal-health-care.

23. Victoria Law, “Pregnant and Behind Bars: How the US Prison System Abuses Mothers-to-Be,” The Guardian, October 20, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/20/pregnant-women-prison-system-abuse-medical-neglect.

24. Shelby Lin Erdman and Carma Hassan, “Texas Woman Claims She Gave Birth Alone in Jail, Baby Died,” CNN, May 24, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/23/us/texas-jail-baby-death.

25. “Pregnant in a Texas County Jail?” Texas Jail Project, January 1, 2013, http://texasjailproject.org/2017/09/pregnant-in-a-texas-jail.

26. “Shackling of Pregnant Prisoners in the United States,” International Human Rights Clinic, University of Chicago, accessed July 5, 2017, https://ihrclinic.uchicago.edu/page/shackling-pregnant-prisoners-united-states.

27. Adapted from “#KeepMarching: MomsRising Advocacy and Organizing Tactics and Tips,” https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.momsrising.org/images/Keep_Marching_Toolkit_2_1. pdf and https://www.momsrising.org/blog/updated-keepmarching-meeting-guides-and-recordings. Beth Messersmith, MomsRising senior campaign director, led the creation of this guide along with the MomsRising team.

Chapter 10: Lady Liberty

1. Jose Antonio Vargas, “Immigration Debate: The Problem with the Word Illegal,” Time, September 21, 2012, http://ideas.time.com/2012/09/21/immigration-debate-the-problem-with-the-word-illegal.

2. Brian H. Levin, “Hate Crimes Rise in Major American Localities in 2016,” United States Department of Justice Hate Crime Summit, June 29, 2017, https://csbs.csusb.edu/sites/csusb_csbs/files/Levin%20DOJ%20Summit%202.pdf.

3. Chelsea Parsons, Eugenio Weigend Vargas, and Jordan Jones, “Hate and Guns: A Terrifying Combination,” Center for American Progress, February 24, 2016, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/reports/2016/02/24/131670/hate-and-guns-a-terrifying-combination.

4. Maureen B. Costello, “The Trump Effect: The Impact of the 2016 Presidential Election on Our Nation’s Schools,” Southern Poverty Law Center, November 28, 2016, https://www.splcenter.org/20161128/trump-effect-impact-2016-presidential-election-our-nations-schools.

5. Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, American Muslim Poll 2017, 2017, https://www.ispu.org/public-policy/american-muslim-poll.

6. Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, American Muslim Poll 2017, 2017, https://www.ispu.org/public-policy/american-muslim-poll.

7. Dalia Mogahed and Youssef Chouhoud, “American Muslim Poll 2017: Muslims at the Crossroads,” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2017, https://www.ispu.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/AMP-2017_Full-Report.pdf. Michael Lipka, “Muslims and Islam: Key Findings in the U.S. and Around the World,” Pew Research Center, August 9, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/26/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world.

8. Dalia Mogahed and Youssef Chouhoud, “American Muslim Poll 2017: Muslims at the Crossroads,” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2017, https://www.ispu.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/AMP-2017_Full-Report.pdf.

9. Daniel Cox and Robert P. Jones, “Nearly Half of Americans Worried That They or Their Family Will Be a Victim of Terrorism,” PRRI, December 10, 2015, https://www.prri.org/research/survey-nearly-half-of-americans-worried-that-they-or-their-family-will-be-a-victim-of-terrorism.

10. “2015 Hate Crime Statistics,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, table 1, 2015, https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2015/tables-and-data-declarations/1tabledatadecpdf.

11. Colleen Shalby, “Parents Ask: What Happens to My Child If I’m Deported?” Los Angeles Times, March 22, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-questions-trump-immigration-20170322-htmlstory.html.

12. Melissa Gonzalo, “Mother Arrested In Front of Children,” 12 News, February 5, 2009, http://www.azcentral.com/12news/news/articles/2009/02/05/20090205motherarrested02052009-CR.html.

13. Melissa Gonzalo, “Mother Arrested in Front of Children,” 12 News, February 5, 2009, http://www.azcentral.com/12news/news/articles/2009/02/05/20090205motherarrested02052009-CR.html.

14. Mahwish Khan, “Sherriff Arpaio Comes out as Birther, Assigned ‘Cold Case Posse’ to Obama Birth Certificate Case,” America’s Voice, September 20, 2011, http://www.americasvoiceonline.org/page/content/sheriff.

15. Bill Chappell, “Maricopa Sheriff Joe Arpaio Loses Re-Election Fight,” NPR, November 9, 2016, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/09/501388042/maricopa-sheriff-joe-arpaio-loses-reelection-fight.

16. American Immigration Council, The Facts about the Individual Tax Identification Number (ITIN), April 5, 2016, https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/facts-about-individual-tax-identification-number-itin.

17. Maria Santana, “5 Immigration Myths Debunked,” CNN Money, November 20, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/20/news/economy/immigration-myths.

18. “Crime in the United States 2011,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, table 43A, 2011, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table-43.

19. “Crime in the United States 2011,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, table 43A, 2011, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/tables/table-43.

20. Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, “More Mexicans Leaving than Coming to the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, November 19, 2015, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/11/19/more-mexicans-leaving-than-coming-to-the-u-s.

21. Gustavo Lopez, Neil G. Ruiz, and Eileen Patten, “Key Facts about Asian Americans, a Diverse and Growing Population,” Pew Research Center, September 8, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans.

22. Dan Restrepo and Ana Garcia, “The Surge of Unaccompanied Children from Central America: Root Causes and Policy Solutions,” Center for American Progress, July 24, 2014, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2014/07/24/94396/the-surge-of-unaccompanied-children-from-central-america-root-causes-and-policy-solutions.

23. Julia Edwards Ainsley, “Trump Administration Drafts Plan to Raise Asylum Bar, Speed Deportations,” Reuters, February 18, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-asylum/trump-administration-drafts-plan-to-raise-asylum-bar-speed-deportations-idUSKBN15Y04A.

24. Suzanne Gamboa, “DHS Announces Arrests, Deportations as Groups Scramble to Warn Immigrants,” NBC News, January 4, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/dhs-announces-arrests-deportations-groups-scramble-warn-immigrants-n490011.

25. Elizabeth Llorente, “Despite White House Claims, up to 80% of Migrant Children Can Legally Stay in Country,” Fox News, June 27, 2014, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/06/26/despite-white-house-claims-up-to-80-migrant-children-can-stay-as-refugees-or.html.

26. Randy Capps, Michael Fix, and Jie Zong, A Profile of U.S. Children with Unauthorized Immigrant Parents, Migration Policy Institute, January 2016, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/profile-us-children-unauthorized-immigrant-parents.

27. Quote courtesy of Carolina Rubio MacWright, immigration attorney and activist.

28. German Lopez, “Research Says There Are Ways to Reduce Racial Bias. Calling People Racist Isn’t One of Them,” Vox, August 14, 2017, https://www.vox.com/identities/2016/11/15/13595508/racism-trump-research-study.

29. Showing Up for Racial Justice (website), updated September 1, 2017, http://www.showingupforracialjustice.org.

30. Ryan Struyk, “Blacks and Whites See Racism in the United States Very, Very Differently,” CNN, August 18, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/16/politics/blacks-white-racism-united-states-polls/index.html.

31. Don Gonyea, “Majority of White Americans Say They Believe Whites Face Discrimination,” NPR, October 24, 2017, http://www.npr.org/2017/10/24/559604836/majority-of-white-americans-think-theyre-discriminated-against.

32. National Partnership for Women and Families, America’s Women and the Wage Gap, April 2017, http://www.nationalpartnership.org/research-library/workplace-fairness/fair-pay/americas-women-and-the-wage-gap.pdf.

33. National Women’s Law Center, The Wage Gap for White, Non-Hispanic Women, April 11, 2016, https://nwlc.org/resources/the-wage-gap-by-state-for-white-non-hispanic-women.

34. National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum, Achieving Pay Equity for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, March 2017, https://napawf.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/EPD_Fact-Sheet_FINAL.pdf. National Asian Pacific American Women’s Forum, Fighting Invisibility Closing the Wage Gap: An Equal Pay Agenda for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, March 2017, https://napawf.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/FIGHTING-INVISIBILITY_FINAL-4.03.17.pdf.

35. National Women’s Law Center, FAQ about the Wage Gap, September 19, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/faq-about-the-wage-gap.

36. Allie Bidwell, “Report: Higher Education Creates ‘White Racial Privilege,’” U.S. News and World Report, July 31, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/31/report-higher-education-creates-white-racial-privilege?s_cid=rss:report-higher-education-creates-white-racial-privilege.

37. Allie Bidwell, “Report: Higher Education Creates ‘White Racial Privilege,’” U.S. News and World Report, July 31, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/07/31/report-higher-education-creates-white-racial-privilege.

38. Ian Ayres, “When Whites Get a Free Pass,” New York Times, February 24, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/opinion/research-shows-white-privilege-is-real.html.

39. Max Ehrenfreund, “Trying to Talk a Bus Driver into Giving You a Free Ride? Make Sure You’re White, or Else Wear a Suit,” Washington Post, February 25, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/02/25/riding-buses-while-white-drivers-are-more-likely-to-let-white-passengers-skip-fares.

40. Michelle Bernard, “Despite the Tremendous Risk, African American Women Marched for Sufferage, Too,” Washington Post, March 3, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/03/03/despite-the-tremendous-risk-african-american-women-marched-for-suffrage-too.

Chapter 11: The Domino Effect

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Percentage of Births to Unmarried Mothers by State, January 5, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/unmarried/unmarried.htm.

2. Brigid Schulte, “The U.S. Ranks Last in Every Measure When It Comes to Family Policy, in 10 Charts,” Washington Post, June 23, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2014/06/23/global-view-how-u-s-policies-to-help-working-families-rank-in-the-world.

3. Christopher Ingraham, “Start Saving Now: Day Care Costs More than College in 31 States,” Washington Post, April 9, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/09/start-saving-now-day-care-costs-more-than-college-in-31-states.

4. Elise Gould and Tanyell Cooke, “High Quality Child Care Is out of Reach for Working Families,” Economic Policy Institute, October 6, 2015, http://www.epi.org/publication/child-care-affordability.

5. Danielle Paquette and Peyton M. Craighill, “The Surprising Number of Parents Scaling Back at Work to Care for Kids,” Washington Post, August 6, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/the-surprising-number-of-moms-and-dads-scaling-back-at-work-to-care-for-their-kids/2015/08/06/c7134c50-3ab7-11e5-b3ac-8a79bc44e5e2_story.html.

6. Jessica Dickler, “The Rising Cost of Raising a Child,” CNN Money, September 21, 2011, http://money.cnn.com/2011/09/21/pf/cost_raising_child/index.htm.

7. Sarah Jane Glynn, Child Care: Families Need More Help to Care for Their Children, Center for American Progress, August 16, 2012, https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ChildCareFactsheet.pdf.

8. Rasheed Malik and Katie Hamm, Mapping America’s Child Care Deserts, Center for American Progress, August 30, 2017, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/reports/2017/08/30/437988/mapping-americas-child-care-deserts.

9. Rasheed Malik and Katie Hamm, Mapping America’s Child Care Deserts, Center for American Progress, August 30, 2017, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/reports/2017/08/30/437988/mapping-americas-child-care-deserts.

10. Brookings and Duke University Center for Child and Family Policy, The Current State of Scientific Knowledge on Pre-Kindergarten Effects, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/duke_prekstudy_final_4-4-17_hires.pdf.

11. Ashely Simpson Baird, “Dual Language Learners Reader Post #5: Models of Language Instruction,” New America, June 8, 2015, https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/dllreader5.

12. Maki Park, Anna O’Toole, and Caitlin Katsiaficas, Dual Language Learners: A National Demographic and Policy Profile, Migration Policy Institute, October 2017, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/dual-language-learners-national-demographic-and-policy-profile.

13. Melinda D. Anderson, “The Economic Imperative of Bilingual Education,” The Atlantic, November 10, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/11/bilingual-education-movement-mainstream/414912.

14. Pew Center on the States, Policy Framework to Strengthen Home Visiting Programs, November 2011, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2011/homevisitingmodelpolicyframeworkpdf.pdf.

15. Mark Memmott, “Moms Are Now Primary Breadwinner in 40 Percent of Homes,” NPR, May 29, 2013, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/05/29/187019187/moms-are-now-primary-breadwinners-in-40-percent-of-homes.

16. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, “Childcare Workers,” Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016–17 Edition, December 17, 2015, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/personal-care-and-service/childcare-workers.htm. Danielle Paquette, “Half of America’s Childcare Workers Need Food Stamps, Welfare Payments or Medicaid,” Washington Post, July 11, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/11/the-people-taking-care-of-our-kids-live-in-poverty.

17. Danielle Paquette, “Half of America’s Childcare Workers Need Food Stamps, Welfare Payments or Medicaid,” Washington Post, July 11, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/11/the-people-taking-care-of-our-kids-live-in-poverty.

18. National Women’s Law Center, Child Care Is Fundamental to America’s Children, Families and Economy, January 4, 2017, https://nwlc.org/resources/child-care-is-fundamental-to-americas-children-families-and-economy.

19. Anna Bahney, “Child Care Is Biggest Expense for a Growing Number of Families,” Forbes, June 29, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabahney/2015/06/29/child-care-is-biggest-expense-for-a-growing-number-of-families/#75dea28fe8ad.

20. Anna Bahney, “Child Care Is Biggest Expense for a Growing Number of Families,” Forbes, June 29, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabahney/2015/06/29/child-care-is-biggest-expense-for-a-growing-number-of-families/#75dea28fe8ad.

21. Rebecca Ullrich, Katie Hamm, and Leila Schochet, 6 Policies to Support the Early Childhood Workforce, Center for American Progress, February 6, 2017, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/reports/2017/02/06/298085/6-policies-to-support-the-early-childhood-workforce.

22. Terri Moon Crook, “DoD Launches Childcare Website to Ease Moving Transitions,” U.S. Department of Defense, January 28, 2015, https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/604010/.

23. Kathleen Maclay, “Childcare Workers’ Pay Remains Stagnant, Study Shows,” Berkeley Research, January 21, 2015, https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/childcare-workers-pay-remains-stagnant-study-shows.

24. Michael Harriot, “Report: Black Girls 5 Times More Likely to Be Suspended from School than White Girls,” The Root, May 11, 2017, http://www.theroot.com/report-black-girls-5-times-more-likely-to-be-suspended-1795125619.

25. Michael Harriot, “Report: Black Girls 5 Times More Likely to Be Suspended from School than White Girls,” The Root, May 11, 2017, http://www.theroot.com/report-black-girls-5-times-more-likely-to-be-suspended-1795125619.

26. Libby Nelson and Dara Lind, “The School to Prison Pipeline, Explained,” Justice Policy Institute, February 24, 2015, http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775.

27. J. M. Wallace, S. Goodkind, C. M. Wallace, and J. G. Bachman, “Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991–2005,” Negro Educational Review 59, no. 1–2 (2008): 47–62, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678799.

28. Adrienne Green, “How Black Girls Aren’t Presumed to Be Innocent,” The Atlantic, June 29, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/06/black-girls-innocence-georgetown/532050.

29. Eduardo Porter, “Gender Gap in Education Cuts Both Ways,” New York Times, March 10, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/business/gender-gap-in-education-cuts-both-ways.html.

30. Loren Bridge, “More Girls Study Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Single-Sex Learning Environments,” Daily Telegraph, October 1, 2017, http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/wentworth-courier/more-girls-study-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-in-singlesex-learning-environments/news-story/dc0bd3b4bdd1d12138b13942a51c3055.

31. Tami Luhby, Tal Yellin, and Caroline Matthews, “Just How Much Better Off Are College Grads Anyway?” CNN Money, April 5, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/infographic/economy/college-degree-earnings/index.html.

32. Tami Luhby, Tal Yellin, and Caroline Matthews, “Just How Much Better Off Are College Grads Anyway?” CNN Money, April 5, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/infographic/economy/college-degree-earnings/index.html.

33. John W. Schoen, “Why Does a College Degree Cost So Much?” CNBC, June 16, 2015, https://www.cnbc.com/2015/06/16/why-college-costs-are-so-high-and-rising.html.

34. Matt Rocheleau, “On Campus, Women Outnumber Men More than Ever,” Boston Globe, March 28, 2016, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/03/28/look-how-women-outnumber-men-college-campuses-nationwide/YROqwfCPSlKPtSMAzpWloK/story.html.

35. Donna Rosato, “How Seniors Crushed by Old Student Loans Can Get Relief,” Consumer Reports, December 21, 2016, https://www.consumerreports.org/student-debt/solutions-for-seniors-who-are-in-default-on-student-loans.

36. Donna Rosato, “How Seniors Crushed by Old Student Loans Can Get Relief,” Consumer Reports, December 21, 2016, https://www.consumerreports.org/student-debt/solutions-for-seniors-who-are-in-default-on-student-loans.

37. Donna Rosato, “How Seniors Crushed by Old Student Loans Can Get Relief,” Consumer Reports, December 21, 2016, https://www.consumerreports.org/student-debt/solutions-for-seniors-who-are-in-default-on-student-loans.

38. Kira Sanbonmatsu, Susan J. Carroll, and Debbie Walsh, Poised to Run: Women’s Pathways to State Legislatures, Center for American Women and Politics, Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, 2009, http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/resources/poisedtorun_0.pdf.

39. Pamela O’Leary and Shauna Shames, “Shattering the Glass Ceiling for Women in Politics,” Scholars Strategy Network, November 2013, http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/brief/shattering-glass-ceiling-women-politics.

Chapter 12: An Unjust System

1. Naa Oyo A. Kwate and Shatema Threadcraft, “Perceiving the Black Female Body: Race and Gender in Police Constructions of Body Weight,” Race and Social Problems 7, no. 3 (2015): 213–226, http://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-015-9152-7.

2. Alex Ronan, “It’s Time to Talk about the Female Victims of Police Brutality,” The Cut, April 29, 2015, https://www.thecut.com/2015/04/black-women-and-girls-face-police-brutality-too.html.

3. Alex Ronan, “It’s Time to Talk about the Female Victims of Police Brutality,” The Cut, April 29, 2015, https://www.thecut.com/2015/04/black-women-and-girls-face-police-brutality-too.html.

4. Alex Ronan, “It’s Time to Talk about the Female Victims of Police Brutality,” The Cut, April 29, 2015, https://www.thecut.com/2015/04/black-women-and-girls-face-police-brutality-too.html.

5. The Sentencing Project, Criminal Justice Facts, accessed July 27, 2017, http://www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts. Sophia Kerby, “The Top 10 Most Startling Facts about People of Color and Criminal Justice in the United States,” Center for American Progress, March 13, 2012, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2012/03/13/11351/the-top-10-most-startling-facts-about-people-of-color-and-criminal-justice-in-the-united-states.

6. NAACP, Criminal Justice Fact Sheet, accessed July 26, 2017, http://www.naacp.org/criminal-justice-fact-sheet.

7. Ashley Nellis, The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons, The Sentencing Project, June 2016, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/The-Color-of-Justice-Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparity-in-State-Prisons.pdf.

8. Monifa Bandele, “Here’s How Prison and Jail Systems Brutalize Women, Especially Mothers,” ACLU, October 23, 2017, https://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/women-and-criminal-justice/heres-how-prison-and-jail-systems-brutalize-women.

9. The Pew Charitable Trusts, Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility, 2010, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf.

10. NPR, “Black Preschoolers Far More Likely to Be Suspended,” March 21, 2014, http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/21/292456211/black-preschoolers-far-more-likely-to-be-suspended.

11. Carimah Townes, “There Are More Officers than Counselors in the Largest Public School Districts,” Think Progress, March 28, 2016, https://thinkprogress.org/there-are-more-officers-than-counselors-in-the-largest-public-school-districts-57af05880c25.

12. Kia Makarechi, “What the Data Really Says about Police and Racial Bias,” Vanity Fair, July 14, 2016, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/07/data-police-racial-bias.

13. Martha C. White, “Locked-In Profits: The U.S. Prison Industry, by the Numbers,” NBC News, November 2, 2015, https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/locked-profits-u-s-prison-industry-numbers-n455976.

14. Science Daily, “Cost of Incarceration in the U.S. More than $1 Trillion,” September 7, 2016, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160907215543.htm.

15. The Pew Charitable Trusts, Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility, 2010, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf. United States Sentencing Commission, Quick Facts: Minimum Penalties, 2014, http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/quick-facts/Quick_Facts_Mand_Mins_FY14.pdf.

16. The Sentencing Project, Fact Sheet: Incarcerated Women and Girls, November 2015, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Incarcerated-Women-and-Girls.pdf.

17. Federal Register, Annual Determination of Average Cost of Incarceration, July 19, 2016, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/07/19/2016-17040/annual-determination-of-average-cost-of-incarceration.

18. Associated Press, “At $75,560, Housing a Prisoner in California Now Costs More than a Year at Harvard,” Los Angeles Times, June 4, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-prison-costs-20170604-htmlstory.html.

19. Science Daily, “Cost of Incarceration in the U.S. More than $1 Trillion,” September 7, 2016, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160907215543.htm.

20. The Sentencing Project, Fact Sheet: Incarcerated Women and Girls, November 2015, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Incarcerated-Women-and-Girls.pdf. Prison Policy Initiative, States of Incarceration: The Global Context, accessed July 26, 2017, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global.

21. “Got Your ACE Score?,” ACES Too High, accessed July 26, 2017, https://acestoohigh.com/got-your-ace-score.

22. Jane Stevens, “The ABCs of ACEs #InsideOut,” MomsRising.org, April 18, 2016, https://www.momsrising.org/blog/the-abcs-of-aces-insideout.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), April 1, 2016, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/index.html.

24. Jo Craven McGinty, “How Many Americans Have a Police Record? Probably More than You Think,” Wall Street Journal, August 7, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-many-americans-have-a-police-record-probably-more-than-you-think-1438939802. Andrea Caumont, “Chart of the Week: The Problem of Prison Overcrowding,” Pew Research Center, August 2, 2013, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/08/02/chart-of-the-week-the-problem-of-prison-overcrowding. National Resource Center on Children and Families of the Incarcerated, Children and Families of the Incarcerated Fact Sheet, http://nrccfi.camden.rutgers.edu/files/nrccfi-fact-sheet-2014.pdf.

25. Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, Statistics on Women Offenders 2016, 2016, https://www.csosa.gov/newsmedia/factsheets/statistics-on-women-offenders-2016.pdf.

26. Washington State Institute for Public Policy, Benefit Cost Results, Adult Criminal Justice, May 2017, http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost?topicId=2.

27. The Pew Charitable Trusts, Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility, 2010, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf.

28. BBC News, “World Prison Populations,” accessed July 26, 2017, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/06/prisons/html/nn2page1.stm.

29. Prison Policy Initiative, States of Incarceration: The Global Context, accessed July 26, 2017, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/global.

30. Amnesty International USA, Women in Prison: A Fact Sheet, accessed July 26, 2017, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/women_prison.pdf.

31. Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency, Statistics on Women Offenders 2016, 2016, https://www.csosa.gov/newsmedia/factsheets/statistics-on-women-offenders-2016.pdf.

32. Malika Saada Saar, Rebecca Epstein, Lindsay Rosenthal, and Yasmin Vafa, “The Sexual Abuse to Prison Pipeline: The Girls’ Story,” Center on Poverty and Inequality, Georgetown University Law Center, 2015, http://rights4girls.org/wp-content/uploads/r4g/2015/02/2015_COP_sexual-abuse_report_final.pdf.

33. Allen J. Beck, Marcus Berzofsky, Rachel Caspar, and Christopher Krebs, “Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates,” U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics: May 6, 2013, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf.

34. Washington State Institute for Public Policy, Benefit Cost Results, Adult Criminal Justice, May 2017, http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost?topicId=2.

35. Lauren Evans, “Incarcerated Women Are Fighting on the Front Lines of California’s Wildfires for $1 an Hour,” Jezebel, October 11, 2017, https://jezebel.com/incarcerated-women-are-fighting-on-the-front-lines-of-c-1819376951.

36. United States Sentencing Commission, Quick Facts: Minimum Penalties, 2014, http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/quick-facts/Quick_Facts_Mand_Mins_FY14.pdf.

37. ACLU, Facts about the Over-Incarceration of Women in the United States, accessed July 26, 2017, https://www.aclu.org/other/facts-about-over-incarceration-women-united-states?redirect=facts-about-over-incarceration-women-united-states.

38. Rebecca Vallas, Melissa Boteach, Rachel West, and Jackie Odum, “Removing Barriers to Opportunity for Parents with Criminal Records and Their Children,” Center for American Progress, December 10, 2015, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/reports/2015/12/10/126902/removing-barriers-to-opportunity-for-parents-with-criminal-records-and-their-children.

39. Bryce Covert, “How the System Punishes Children If Their Parent Has a Criminal Record,” Think Progress, December 10, 2015, https://thinkprogress.org/how-the-system-punishes-children-if-their-parent-has-a-criminal-record-ca9ccac0c762.

40. Jessica Jones, Katharina Obser, and Jennifer Podkul, Betraying Family Values: How Immigration Policy at the United States Border is Separating Families, Women’s Refugee Commission, Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services, KIND, January 10, 2017, https://supportkind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/BetrayingFamilyValues_Feb2017.pdf.

41. Suzanne Gamboa, “DHS Announces Arrests, Deportations as Groups Scramble to Warn Immigrants,” NBC News, January 4, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/dhs-announces-arrests-deportations-groups-scramble-warn-immigrants-n490011.

42. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, RAIO Directorate—Officer Training, International Human Rights Law Training Module, September 12, 2012, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/About%20Us/Directorates%20and%20Program%20Offices/RAIO/International%20Human%20Rights%20Law%20LP%20%28RAIO%29.pdf.

43. Jessica Jones, Katharina Obser, and Jennifer Podkul, Betraying Family Values: How Immigration Policy at the United States Border is Separating Families, Women’s Refugee Commission, Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services, KIND, January 10, 2017, https://supportkind.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/BetrayingFamilyValues_Feb2017.pdf.

44. Julia Edwards Ainsley, “Exclusive: Trump Administration Considering Separating Women, Children at Mexico Border,” Reuters, March 3, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-children/exclusive-trump-administration-considering-separating-women-children-at-mexico-border-idUSKBN16A2ES.

45. “Child Displacement,” Wikipedia, updated August 4, 2017, 22:51, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_displacement#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_19-0.

46. National Immigration Law Center, “Unconstitutional Conditions in Border Patrol Facilities,” accessed July 26, 2017, https://www.nilc.org/issues/immigration-enforcement/hieleras.

47. The Pew Charitable Trusts, Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility, 2010, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/pcs_assets/2010/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf.

48. Mark Berman, “Minn. Officer Acquitted in Shooting of Philando Castile during Traffic Stop, Dismissed From Police Force,” Washington Post, June 17, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/06/16/minn-officer-acquitted-of-manslaughter-for-shooting-philando-castile-during-traffic-stop.

49. Mitch Smith, “Video of Police Killing Philando Castile Is Publicly Released,” New York Times, June 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/20/us/police-shooting-castile-trial-video.html.

50. Thomas Frank, “Black People Are Three Times Likelier to Be Killed in Police Chases,” USA Today, December 1, 2016, https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/blacks-killed-police-chases-higher-rate.

51. Nicole Flatow, “Report: Black Male Teens Are 21 Times More Likely to Be Killed by Cops than White Ones,” Think Progress, October 10, 2014, https://thinkprogress.org/report-black-male-teens-are-21-times-more-likely-to-be-killed-by-cops-than-white-ones-72fb08a1dbda.

52. Cristina Silva, “Black Lives Matter Wins Global Peace Prize for Championing Justice and Equality,” Newsweek, May 31, 2017, http://www.newsweek.com/black-lives-matter-wins-global-peace-prize-championing-justice-and-equality-618217.

53. “Fatal Force,” Washington Post, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/police-shootings-2016.

54. Kali Nicole Gross, “We Must Make Police Brutality against Black Women an Issue in 2016,” The Root, June 10, 2015, http://www.theroot.com/we-must-make-police-brutality-against-black-women-an-is-1790860110.

55. Kimbriell Kelly, Wesley Lowery, Steven Rich, Julie Tate, and Jennifer Jenkins, “Fatal Shootings by Police Remain Relatively Unchanged after Two Years,” Washington Post, December 30, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/fatal-shootings-by-police-remain-relatively-unchanged-after-two-years/2016/12/30/fc807596-c3ca-11e6-9578-0054287507db_story.html.

56. Alex Ronan, “It’s Time to Talk about the Female Victims of Police Brutality,” The Cut, April 29, 2015, https://www.thecut.com/2015/04/black-women-and-girls-face-police-brutality-too.html.

57. Jamilah King, “Michael Brown’s Death Didn’t Happen in a Vacuum,” Color Lines, August 11, 2014, http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/08/michael_brown_st_louis.html.

58. Maia Szalavitz, “Study: Whites More Likely to Abuse Drugs than Blacks,” Time, November 7, 2011, http://healthland.time.com/2011/11/07/study-whites-more-likely-to-abuse-drugs-than-blacks.

59. Glenn Blain, “Sean Bell’s Mother Petitions Albany Lawmakers to Support Special Prosecutors in Cop-Related Shootings,” New York Daily News, March 11, 2015, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/special-prosecutors-killings-vic-mom-article-1.2146348.

60. “Police Abuse Cases Need Special Prosecutors,” Washington Post, December 6, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/police-abuse-cases-need-special-prosecutors/2014/12/06/fcf57e28-7cd6-11e4-b821-503cc7efed9e_story.html.

61. Donovan X. Ramsey, “What Does It Take to Indict a Killer Cop?” Demos, December 3, 2014, http://www.demos.org/blog/12/3/14/what-does-it-take-indict-killer-cop.

62. Sarah Ryley, Nolan Hicks, Thomas Tracy, John Marzulli, and Dareh Gregorian, “Exclusive: In 179 Fatalities Involving On-Duty NYPD Cops in 15 Years, Only 3 Cases Led to Indictments—and Just 1 Conviction,” New York Daily News, December 8, 2014, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/179-nypd-involved-deaths-3-indicted-exclusive-article-1.2037357.

63. Sophia Kerby, “The Top 10 Most Startling Facts about People of Color and Criminal Justice in the United States,” Center for American Progress, March 13, 2012, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2012/03/13/11351/the-top-10-most-startling-facts-about-people-of-color-and-criminal-justice-in-the-united-states.

64. Christopher Uggen, Ryan Larson, and Sarah Shannon, “6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Disenfranchisement 2016,” Sentencing Project, October 6, 2016, http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/6-million-lost-voters-state-level-estimates-felony-disenfranchisement-2016.

65. Adapted from “#KeepMarching: MomsRising Advocacy and Organizing Tactics and Tips,” https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.momsrising.org/images/Keep_Marching_Toolkit_2_1. pdf and https://www.momsrising.org/blog/updated-keepmarching-meeting-guides-and-recordings. Beth Messersmith, MomsRising senior campaign director, led the creation of this guide along with the MomsRising team.

Conclusion

1. “2016 November General Election Turnout Rates,” United States Election Project, accessed July 23, 2017, http://www.electproject.org/2016g.

2. Erica Chenoweth and Jeremy Pressman, “This Is What We Learned by Counting the Women’s Marches,” Washington Post, February 7, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/02/07/this-is-what-we-learned-by-counting-the-womens-marches.

Policy Recommendations

1. “Harassment,” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/harassment.cfm.