LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
List of Figures
Figure 0.1: Map of battlefields in England during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487)
Figure 0.2: Bosworth Battlefield Visitor Centre as it was in 2004
Figure 0.3: The alternative sites for Bosworth battlefield as they stood in 2004
Figure 0.4: A small lead ball provided the first evidence that we had located the battlefield
Figure 1.1: Bosworth battlefield on Saxton’s map of 1576
Figure 1.2: Bosworth battlefield on Smith’s map of Leicestershire in 1603
Figure 1.3: Bosworth battlefield on Speed’s map of Leicestershire in 1610
Figure 1.4: Bosworth battlefield on Morden’s map of Leicestershire in 1695
Figure 1.5: Bosworth battlefield on Bowen’s map of Leicestershire in 1767
Figure 1.6: Bosworth battlefield on Prior’s map of Leicestershire in 1777
Figure 1.7: King Richard’s Well on Ambion Hill, as it was depicted in the late nineteenth century
Figure 1.8: The armies deployed on Ambion Hill, as shown by Robinson in 1785
Figure 1.9: The plan of battlefield from Hutton’s book of 1788
Figure 1.10: The area of the battlefield shown by Hutton in 1788 and as apparently defined by Saxton in 1576 redrawn to a modern map base
Figure 1.11: Pridden’s map of 1789
Figure 1.12: Burne’s reconstruction of the troop deployments and action on Ambion Hill
Figure 1.13: The reconstruction of the battlefield together with deployments and action by Williams
Figure 1.14: The modern ‘death stone’ monument, placed at the location where Williams claimed Richard had died
Figure 1.15: The location of the battlefield, the troop deployments and action as suggested by Foss
Figure 1.16: Map of Bosworth from the Battlefields Register in 1995
Figure 1.17: The location of the battlefield and the troop deployments as suggested by Wright
Figure 1.18: The area to the north-east of Atherstone suggested by Jones and Austin as the site of Bosworth battlefield
Figure 1.19: Bosworth cartoon from the Mail on Sunday (1 November 2009)
Figure 3.1: The marches of the opposing armies
Figure 3.2: The compensation payments made by Henry VII to townships which suffered losses caused by his army at the time of the battle
Figure 4.1: Contour map at 0.25 m height interval showing the broad, low lying basin within which the battlefield lies
Figure 4.2: Soils map produced for the Bosworth project
Figure 4.3: A machine dug trench, c. 1.6 m wide, cutting through the peat deposits in Fen Meadow
Figure 4.4: A samples from the section in Fen Meadow, showing layers in the upper levels of the peat
Figure 4.5: The extent of peat in Fen Meadow, defined in augering and from a slight earthwork where the peat has shrunk compared to the surrounding gravels
Figure 4.6: Close correlation between the meadow, defined by the absence of furlongs, and alluvium on the soil survey
Figure 4.7: The historic parishes, townships and settlements of the early modern period from historic map evidence, viewed against a background of relief and alluvial areas from the geology map
Figure 4.8: The open field furlong pattern and land use in c. AD 1300 for the five townships of the battlefield survey
Figure 4.9: Field names for the western part of Stoke Golding from the 1844 Tithe map
Figure 4.10: A tentative reconstruction of some of the allotments in the western part of Stoke Golding made at enclosure in 1605
Figure 4.11: Map showing the late fifteenth-century furlong and related names in Garbrod Field
Figure 4.12: Place names indicating marginal land use
Figure 4.13: Names or land use types viewed against the pattern of alluvium and furlongs reveal
Figure 4.14: Composite map of the road network in the area between Bosworth, Hinckley and Atherstone
Figure 4.15: Metalling exposed in section during ditch cleaning
Figure 5.1 Systematic metal-detecting survey underway on Bosworth battlefield in 2010
Figure 5.2: A 97 mm lead round shot, seen in situ at about 30 cm depth at the bottom of the topsoil
Figure 5.3: Metal-detecting survey showing the coverage for each intensity of survey
Figure 5.4: The distribution of round shot, other possibly battle related finds, and all other finds for which point locations have been recorded
Figure 5.5: Land use in the surveyed fields, based on Hall’s survey data from 2005–6
Figure 5.6: The extent of land disturbed by pipeline construction and earthmoving for the former airfield and car testing track
Figure 5.7: Lead and lead composite round shot as retrieved from the ground in 2009
Figure 6.1a: Roman and possibly Roman finds from single survey at either 2.5 m, 5 m or 10 m intensity, plus all finds from random survey
Figure 6.1b Finds that are medieval, possibly medieval, and round shot from single survey at either 2.5 m, 5 m or 10 m intensity, and all random survey
Figure 6.1c Finds of early modern and modern date, both certain and possible
Figure 6.2: This silver-gilt heraldic badge in the shape of a boar was probably worn in the battle by someone of high status in Richard III’s retinue
Figure 6.3: Sun and rose collar with a boar badge affixed from the effigy of Ralph Fitzherbert in the church at Norbury, Derbyshire
Figure 6.4a: A fragment of a gilded copper alloy cross-guard with roped decoration, from a fifteenth century sword
Figure 6.4b: The hilt of a late fifteenth-century sword with the fragment of the gilded guard superimposed
Figure 6.5: Copper alloy chape from the scabbard of a sword, which may be of medieval or Roman date
Figure 6.6: Map of the distribution of badges, sword guard and chapes, possible dagger rondels and chapes, spurs, and harness pendants
Figure 6.7: Heraldic badge in the form of a bird, of the late fifteenth or early sixteenth century, found close to Dadlington windmill
Figure 6.8: A badly damaged lead badge with a possible ‘sun in splendour’ device
Figure 6.9: Horse harness pendants from the Bosworth survey.
Figure 6.10: Double patard of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, recovered within the battlefield core
Figure 6.11: The distribution of medieval coins
Figure 6.12: Map of distribution of certain and possible medieval buttons, buckles and strap fittings and studs
Figure 7.1: Calibre graph showing the number of lead and lead-composite projectiles from the Bosworth survey, classified by diameter in 1 mm intervals
Figure 7.2: A map of 34 round shot and 98 bullets from single coverage systematic survey at 2.5 m, 5 m and 10 m
Figure 7.3: Examples of the spheres of iron and stone, that have been found in the Bosworth area and suggested as cannonballs from the battle
Figure 7.4: Graph of bullet calibre from detecting in Northampton-shire by B. King
Figure 7.5: Graph of all Bosworth bullets with a calibre below 20 mm, distinguishing those from the core of the battlefield
Figure 7.6: Calibre graph for bullets from the Mary Rose and from Pinkie battlefield
Figure 7.7: A heavily corroded barrel from an arquebus, from Grandson, which has exploded on firing
Figure 7.8: Calibre of Bosworth projectiles compared to the likely calibre of bullets for the small sample of Dutch hand-cannon recorded by Kempers
Figure 7.9: A 23 mm lead ball from Bosworth showing firing evidence in the form of a spiral band
Figure 7.10: A lead ball from Towton with a mass of 69 g, undertaking an original calibre of c. 23 mm, which shows heavy spiral banding
Figure 7.11: A heavily impacted ball from Bosworth of 53 g indicating an original calibre of 20.5 mm
Figure 7.12: A roughly spherical lead object of c. 22 mm diameter. This may be a bullet but has been manufactured by wrapping lead not casting
Figure 7.13: An unusual example of early modern hail-shot comprising glass bullets of approximately musket calibre placed in small wicker baskets
Figure 7.14: Round shot made from several different types of stone, varying in calibre from 46 mm to 135 mm
Figure 7.15: A cast iron ball-bearing from a canal swing bridge, preserved in the canal museum at Foxton Locks, Leicestershire
Figure 7.16: Cast iron rounds of c. 52 mm from La Neuveville, Switzerland
Figure 7.17: A wrought iron round shot of large calibre showing the distinctive faceted form, compared to the far more regular surface of an uncorroded cast iron round shot
Figure 7.18: Two wrought iron rounds of flattened form from La Neuveville, Switzerland
Figure 7.19: An unusual round shot, preserved in the museum at Murten, Switzerland, in which a cast iron ball has been partially wrapped around in lead
Figure 7.20: The iron dice is visible within this composite round shot from Flodden because lead has been ripped off in an impact
Figure 7.21: NEUTRA, where our experiments with early round shot were undertaken
Figure 7.22: Photograph alongside images produced using neutron tomography, showing the external form and the internal composition of a round shot from Bosworth
Figure 7.23: A lead composite ball containing an iron dice, cast in a modern mould, for use in experimental firing
Figure 7.24: Composite round containing flint shards, some of which are visible at the surface
Figure 7.25: Images of a lead-stone composite round shot, produced using neutron tomography
Figure 7.26: A graph comparing the mass and diameter of round shot from Bosworth
Figure 7.27: A graph of the la Neuveville round shot comparing mass and diameter
Figure 7.28: A composite lead-iron round shot from Towton the smallest so far recovered from a battlefield
Figure 7.29: An experimentally cast 60 mm lead round shot
Figure 7.30: Graph of lead and lead composite round shot from Bosworth classified by material and calibre
Figure 7.31: A late fifteenth-century illustration of a ribaudequin or organ gun and of a single barrelled artillery piece
Figure 7.32: Late fifteenth-century illustration of field artillery in use by the army of the Swiss Federation in the war with the Burgundians in 1476
Figure 7.33: Example of a short, composite barrelled artillery piece of the later fifteenth century with a simple but effective system to elevate the barrel
Figure 7.34: A ball fired experimentally through a modern smooth bore barrel creating a simple partial band
Figure 7.35: A wrought iron composite swivel gun of gutter-built construction
Figure 7.36: A lead ball with a simple curved firing band with no apparent facets
Figure 7.37: Round shot with a tapering band
Figure 7.38: The muzzle and the central section of the bore of a wrought iron stave-built gun barrel
Figure 7.39: Faceted partial band with a central ridge oriented along the length of the barrel
Figure 7.40: A heavily corroded barrel reveals the form of a gutter-built gun
Figure 7.41: View of the breech of a gutter-built barrel showing one of the two lap joints between the gutters
Figure 7.42 Experimental firing using a reproduction gutter-built gun
Figure 7.43: A reproduction lead ball fired from a gutter-built gun and an original ball from Bosworth with a similar firing signature
Figure 7.44: Firing band with single scarp and slight ridge, suggesting it was fired from a gutter-built barrel
Figure 7.45: A solid forged wrought iron gun in the Heresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna
Figure 7.46: A cast bronze breech loading gun, captured from the Burgundians at the battle of Murten in 1476
Figure 7.47: The consistent geometry of the bore of the cast bronze breech loading gun from Murten
Figure 7.48: Two superimposed rotational impact grooves on a lead round shot from Bosworth
Figure 7.49: A lead round of 60 mm replaced, to give an indication of scale, in one of the deep gouges it created as it bounced down range
Figure 7.50 A massive impact on this round shot from Bosworth has left a concave surface with distinctive overlapping small leaf-shaped features, all in the same orientation
Figure 8.1: The approach routes to Bosworth battlefield
Figure 8.2: A conjectural terrain reconstruction showing the two main options for the deployment of the royal army
Figure 8.3: Looking south-eastward across the centre of the battlefield, from close to the north-western limit of the round shot scatter
Figure 8.4: Map of Bosworth battlefield showing the distribution of round shot
Figure 8:5: The distribution of projectiles indicating both composition and calibre
Figure 8.6: Distribution of projectiles indicating calibre and the firing evidence
Figure 8.7: Potentially battle related artefacts from all survey at Bosworth
Figure 8.8: The position of the two armies and the maximum possible frontage at Towton
List of Tables
Table 1: Selected place names from the Dadlington court rolls, based on the translations and transcriptions by Page
Table 2: Detecting results on 11 transects, each 165 m long, detected in all-metal mode on 29/04/2010 in field 547
Table 3: Distribution of finds by period and area