1. Stephan Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case, Together with her Joyfull Deliverance,” Sloane MS 831, British Library, repr. in Michael MacDonald, Witchcraft and Hysteria in Elizabethan London (London: Routledge, 1991), 3.
2. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 3.
3. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 4.
4. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 4.
5. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 5–6.
6. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 7.
7. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 19.
8. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 21.
9. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 21.
1. Quoted in Barbara Sicherman, “The Uses of a Diagnosis: Doctors, Patients, and Neurasthenia,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 32 (1977), 41.
2. Edward Shorter, “The Reinvention of Hysteria,” Times Literary Supplement, June 17, 1994, p. 26.
3. Eliot Slater, “Diagnosis of ‘Hysteria’,” British Medical Journal, 1 (1965), 1395–9.
4. Philip Slavney, Perspectives on “Hysteria” (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 1–2.
5. I. S. Cooper, The Victim is Always the Same (New York: Harper and Row, 1976).
6. Charles Rosenberg, “The Therapeutic Revolution,” in Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel (eds.), The Therapeutic Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 7.
7. George Rousseau, “A Strange Pathology: Hysteria in the Early Modern World,” in Sander Gilman et al., Hysteria beyond Freud (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), 107.
8. L. Targa (ed.), Celsus on Medicine, i (London: Cox, 1831), quoted in Ilza Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 21.
9. Edward Jorden, A Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother (London: Windet, 1603), fo. 5r, repr. in Michael MacDonald, Witchcraft and Hysteria in Elizabethan London (London: Routledge, 1991). (Foliation in this text is only on the front of each page, with the reverse left unpaginated. By convention, references to the front page are followed by an “r” for recto, and on the back by a “v” for verso.)
10. Jorden, A Briefe Discourse, fo. 1v.
11. Jorden, A Briefe Discourse, fo. 2r.
12. Jorden, A Briefe Discourse, fo. 2r.
13. Stephan Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” in MacDonald, Witchcraft, 28.
14. Bradwell, “Mary Glover’s Late Woeful Case,” 29.
15. Jorden, A Briefe Discourse, title page.
16. Jorden, A Briefe Discourse, The Epistle Dedicatorie [the dedication], non-paginated.
17. Jorden, A Briefe Discourse, The Epistle Dedicatorie [the dedication], non-paginated.
1. Diary and Letters of Madam D’Arbly, ed. C. F. Barrett (London: Coburn, Hurst and Blackett, 1854), iv. 239.
2. Thomas Willis, Cerebri anatome (London, 1764), 124.
3. Thomas Willis, An Essay on the Pathology of the Brain and Nervous Stock (London: Dring, Harper and Leigh, 1681), 76–8.
4. Willis, An Essay on the Pathology, 76–8.
5. William Harvey, Exercitationes de generatione animalium (London: Gardianis, 1651).
6. Willis, An Essay on the Pathology, 78.
7. Giovanni Battista Morgagni, The Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy, ii (London: Millar, Cadell, Johnson and Payne, 1769), 628–9.
8. The Entire Works of Dr Thomas Sydenham, Newly Made English, ed. John Swan (London: Cave, 1742), 367–71.
9. The Entire Works of Dr Thomas Sydenham, ed. Swan, 374–5.
10. Nicholas Robinson, A New System of the Spleen (London: Bettesworth, Innys, and Rivington, 1729), 50.
11. Thomas Willis, Two Discources Concerning the Soul of Brutes (London: Dring, Harper, and Leigh, 1683), 206.
12. Willis, Two Discources, 206.
13. John Purcell, A Treatise of Vapours, or, Hysterick Fits (London, 1702), quoted in Richard Hunter and Ida McAlpine (eds.), Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 289–91.
14. Bernard Mandeville, A Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions (London: Leach, 1711).
15. Robinson, New System, 344–5.
16. Robinson, New System, 181–3.
17. Robinson, New System, 407–8.
18. Richard Blackmore, A Treatise of the Spleen and Vapours: Or, Hypochondriacal and Hysterical Affections (London: Pemberton, 1726), 96.
19. Blackmore, A Treatise of the Spleen and Vapours, 97.
20. Robinson, New System, 102.
1. George Cheyne, The English Malady (London: Strahan and Leake, 1733), 343.
2. Cheyne’s treatment of Catherine Walpole is the subject of a series of letters to Hans Sloane between 1720 and 1723, British Library, Sloane MS 4034, from which this and the following quotations are taken.
3. Richard Blackmore, A Treatise of the Spleen and Vapours: Or, Hypochondriacal and Hysterical Affections (London: Pemberton, 1726), pp. v–vi.
4. Cheyne, The English Malady, p. ii.
5. Cheyne, The English Malady, 52.
6. Cheyne, The English Malady, 182.
7. Cheyne, The English Malady, 174.
8. Cheyne, The English Malady, 49–50.
9. Cheyne, The English Malady, pp. i–ii.
10. Cheyne, The English Malady, 158–9.
11. Cheyne, The English Malady, 2–3.
12. Cheyne, The English Malady, 3.
13. Cheyne, The English Malady, 260.
14. Cheyne, The English Malady, 261.
15. Cheyne, The English Malady, 1.
16. James Boswell, Boswell’s Column (London: Kimber, 1951), 42–3.
17. The Letters of Samuel Johnson, ed. R. Chapman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), ii. 245.
18. Jonathan Swift, “The Seventh Epistle of the First Book of Horace Imitated.”
19. Alexander Pope, “Epistle to Arbuthnot.”
20. Quoted in G. S. Rousseau, “A Strange Pathology,” in Sander Gilman et al., Hysteria beyond Freud (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Calfornia Press, 1993), 167.
21. William Heberden, Commentaries on the History and Cure of Diseases (London: Payne, 1802), 227.
22. Cheyne, The English Malady, 79–80.
23. Roy Porter, Mind Forg’d Manacles (London: Athlone, 1987), 178.
24. William Heberden, Medical Commentaries (London: Payne, 1802), 233.
25. Quoted in Richard Hunter and Ida Macalpine (eds.), Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), 475.
26. Thomas Trotter, A View of the Nervous Temperament (London: Longman, 1807), 1.
27. Cheyne, The English Malady, 101.
28. Cheyne, The English Malady, 102.
29. Cheyne to Richardson, June 22, 1738, in The Letters of Dr George Cheyne to Samuel Richardson, ed. C. F. Mullett (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1943), 38.
1. David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971).
2. Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquires and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind (5th edn., Philadelphia: Grigg and Eliot, 1835), 103.
3. Richard Reece, The Medical Guide (London: Longman, 1802), 35.
4. W. Tyler Smith, “The Climacteric Disease in Women,” London Journal of Medicine, 1 (1848), 607.
5. Robert Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment of Hysteria (London: Churchill, 1853).
6. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 20.
7. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 33–4.
8. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 34.
9. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 46.
10. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 97.
11. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 55.
12. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 69.
13. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 108.
14. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 111.
15. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 114.
16. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 123.
17. Brudenell Carter, On the Pathology and Treatment, 151.
18. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg and Charles Rosenberg, “The Female Animal,” Journal of American History, 60 (1973), 334.
19. George Man Burrows, Commentaries on Insanity (London: Underwood, 1828).
20. Horatio Storer, Reflex Insanity in Women (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1871), 78.
21. Ornella Moscucci, The Science of Woman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 104–5.
22. Storer, Reflex Insanity, 78–9.
23. Storer, Reflex Insanity, 80.
24. Dr Kellogg, quoted in Storer, Reflex Insanity, 86.
25. “Obituary: Mr Isaac Baker Brown, FRCS,” Lancet, 1 (Feb. 8, 1873), 223.
26. “Obituary: Mr Isaac Baker Brown, FRCS,” 223.
27. Isaac Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity … and Hysteria in Females (London: Harwike, 1866), p. vi.
28. Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, 10.
29. Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, pp. 10, vi.
30. Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, 7–9.
31. Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, 17.
32. Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, 16.
33. Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, 70.
34. Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 66.
35. “The Debate at the Obstetric Society,” British Medical Journal, Apr. 6, 1867, pp. 407–8.
36. “The Week,” British Medical Journal, Jan. 20, 1866, p. 77.
37. “Medical News: Spiritual Advice,” British Medical Journal, Feb. 2, 1867, p. 119.
38. “Surgery for Lunatics,” British Medical Journal, Feb. 9, 1867, p. 478.
39. Michael Clark, “The Rejection of Psychological Approaches to Mental Disorder in Late Nineteenth Century British Psychiatry,” in A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-Doctors, and Madmen (London: Athlone, 1981), 293.
40. “The Debate at the Obstetrical Society,” British Medical Journal, Apr. 6, 1867, p. 388.
41. “The Debate at the Obstetrical Society,” 409.
42. “The Debate at the Obstetrical Society,” 396.
43. “The Debate at the Obstetrical Society,” 407.
1. E. C. Spitzka, “Reform in the Scientific Study of Psychiatry,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 5 (1878), 206–10.
2. Robert Battey, “Normal Ovariotomy,” Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal, 11 (1873), 1.
3. Quoted in Andrew Wynter, The Borderlands of Insanity (2nd edn., London: Renshaw, 1877).
4. William Goodell, “Clinical Notes on the Extirpation of the Ovaries for Insanity,” Transactions of the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, 13 (1881), 640.
5. William Goodell, Lessons in Gynecology (Philadelphia: Davis, 1890), 395.
6. Wharton Sinkler, “The Remote Results of the Removal of the Tubes and Ovaries,” University Medical Magazine, 4 (1891), 173.
7. D. Maclean, “Sexual Mutilation,” California Medical Journal, 5 (1894), 38.
8. A. M. Hamilton, “The Abuse of Oophorectomy in Diseases of the Nervous System,” New York Medical Journal, 57 (1893), 181; R. T. Edes, “Points in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Some Obscure Neuroses,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 27 (1896), 1080.
9. Archibald Church, “Removal of the Ovaries and Tubes in the Insane and Neurotic,” American Journal of Obstetrics, 28 (1893), 495; R. T. Edes, “The Relations of Pelvic and Nervous Diseases,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 31 (1898), 1135.
10. Howard A. Kelly, “Conservatism in Ovariotomy,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 26 (1896), 251.
11. Silas Weir Mitchell, Rest in Nervous Disease: Its Use and Abuse (A Series of American Clinical Lectures, ed. E. G. Seguin, vol. 1, no. 4; New York: Putnam, 1875), 94.
12. George Beard, American Nervousness (New York: Putnam, 1881), 17.
13. F. C. Skey, Hysteria (2nd edn., London: Longmans, 1867), 60.
14. Henry Maudsley, The Pathology of Mind (London: Macmillan, 1895), 37.
15. Beard, American Nervousness, 69.
16. Beard, American Nervousness, 70–1.
17. Beard, American Nervousness, 13.
18. Beard, American Nervousness, 26.
19. Janet Oppenheim, Shattered Nerves: Doctors, Patients, and Depression in Victorian England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 141.
20. Silas Weir Mitchell, Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked (5th edn., Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1891), 56.
21. Mitchell, Wear and Tear, 32.
22. Mitchell, Wear and Tear, 32.
23. Henry Maudsley, “Sex in Mind and Education,” Fortnightly Review, 15 (1874), 466, 467.
24. Maudsley, “Sex in Mind and Education,” 477.
25. Maudsley, “Sex in Mind and Education,” 468, 479.
26. Maudsley, “Sex in Mind and Education,” 76.
27. Silas Weir Mitchell, Fat and Blood: An Essay on the Treatment of Certain Forms of Neurasthenia and Hysteria (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1899), 66.
28. Mitchell, Fat and Blood, 51.
29. Mitchell, Fat and Blood, 62–3.
30. Sir William Gull, “Anorexia Nervosa (Apepsia Hysterica, Anorexia Hysterica),” Transactions of the Clinical Society of London, 7 (1874), 22–8.
1. J. M. Charcot, Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System, iii (London: New Sydenham Society, 1889), 3.
2. Quoted in Jan Goldstein, Console and Classify (2nd edn., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 324.
3. Jules Falret, Études cliniques sur les maladies mentales et nerveuses (Paris: Ballière, 1890), 502.
4. Charcot, Lectures, iii. 14.
5. J. M. Charcot, Leçons du mardi (Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical, 1887), 481–2.
6. James Braid, Neurypnology (London: Churchill, 1843), 86.
7. Michael Clark, “The Rejection of Psychological Approaches to Mental Disorder in Late Nineteenth Century British Psychiatry,” in A. Scull (ed.), Madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Madmen (London: Athlone, 1981), 290.
8. Ruth Harris, “Introduction” to the reprint edition of J. M. Charcot, Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System (London: Routledge, 1991), p. xiv.
9. Charcot, Lectures, iii. 405.
10. Charcot, Lectures, iii. 13.
11. J. M. Charcot, “Leçon d’ouverture,” Progrès medical, May 6, 1882, p. 336.
12. Charcot, Lectures, iii. 13.
13. Charcot, Lectures, iii. 18.
14. Quoted in Georges Didi-Huberman, Invention of Hysteria (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), 87.
15. Axel Munthe, The Story of San Michele (London: Murray, 1930), 296, 302–3.
16. Quoted in Elaine Showalter, “Hysteria, Feminism and Gender,” in Sander Gilman et al., Hysteria beyond Freud (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Calfornia Press, 1993), 311.
17. Quoted in Showalter, “Hysteria, Feminism and Gender,” 311.
18. Thomas Laycock, A Treatise on the Nervous Diseases of Women (London: Longman, 1840).
19. J. M. Charcot, Œuvres completes, iii (Paris: Progrès Médical, 1890), 256.
20. J. M. Charcot, quoted in Elaine Showalter, Hystories (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 67.
21. Léon Daudet, Memoirs, quoted in Henri Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious (New York: Basic Books, 1970), 92.
22. Edmond de Goncourt, Diary, quoted in Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious, 92.
23. J. J. Déjerine, Sémiologie des affections du système nerveux, i (Paris: Masson, 1914), 561.
24. Munthe, Story, 302–3.
1. George Makari, Revolution in Mind (London: Duckworth, 2008), 413, 474 (the latter a quote from Freud). This paragraph borrows its structure from the opening lines of Makari’s excellent book.
2. The Letters of Sigmund Freud, selected and ed. Ernst Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1960), 184–5.
3. Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria, trans. and ed. James Strachey (New York: Basic Books, 1957), 255, emphasis in the original.
4. Breuer and Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 160.
5. Breuer and Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 7, emphasis in the original.
6. Breuer and Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 294.
7. Breuer and Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 95.
8. Breuer and Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 185.
9. Quoted in Frank Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1979), 118.
10. Breuer and Freud, Studies on Hysteria, 17, emphasis in the original.
11. Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies on Hysteria, in Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. and ed. James Strachey, ii (reprint edn., London: Hogarth Press, 1981), preface, p. xxx.
12. Sigmund Freud, An Autobiographical Study (New York: Norton, 1963), 15–16.
13. Sigmund Freud, Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (New York: Norton, 1989), 6–7.
14. Freud, Five Lectures, 58.
15. Freud to Fliess, repr. in The Origins of Psychoanalysis: Letters, Drafts and Notes to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1902, ed. Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, and Ernst Kris (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1957), 76.
16. Quoted in Jeffrey Masson, The Assault on Truth (New York: Penguin, 1985), 9.
17. Sigmund Freud, “Fragment of a Case of Hysteria,” in Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. James Strachey, vii (reprint edn., London: Hogarth Press, 1981), 113.
18. Freud, “Fragment of a Case of Hysteria,” 34.
19. Erik Erikson, quoted in Patrick Mahony, Freud’s Dora: A Psychoanalytic, Historical, and Textual Study (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 148–9.
1. Max Weber to Marianne Weber, quoted in Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber (London: Routledge, 1991), 22.
2. Quoted in Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Random House, 2004), 141.
3. Quoted in Ben Shephard, A War of Nerves (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 18.
4. Quoted in John Keegan, The First World War (London: Pimlico, 1999), 390.
5. John T. MacCurdy, “War Neuroses,” Cornell University Medical Bulletin, 7 (1918), 21.
6. Charles Mercier, A Textbook of Insanity and Other Mental Diseases (2nd edn., London: Allen and Unwin, 1914), 17
7. Quoted in Marc Roudebush, “A Battle of Nerves,” in Mark Micale and Paul Lerner (eds.), Traumatic Pasts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 261.
8. Paul Lerner, “From Traumatic Neurosis to Male Hysteria,” in Micale and Lerner (eds.), Traumatic Pasts, 150–6.
9. Quoted in Lerner, “From Traumatic Neurosis to Male Hysteria,” 156.
10. Lerner, “From Traumatic Neurosis to Male Hysteria,” 158, 162.
11. Janet Oppenheim, Shattered Nerves: Doctors, Patients, and Depression in Victorian England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 309.
12. MacCurdy, “War Neuroses,” 6.
13. Quoted in Shephard, War of Nerves, 87–8.
14. Harvey Cushing, From a Surgeon’s Journal, 1915–1918 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1936), 489.
15. Quoted in Linda McGreey, Bitter Witness: Otto Dix and the Great War (New York: Lang, 2001), 304.
16. Shephard, War of Nerves, 63.
17. Quoted in Daniel Hipp, The Poetry of Shell Shock (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005), 31.
18. Thomas Salmon, The Care and Treatment of Mental Diseases and War Neuroses (New York: National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 1917), 25.
19. Paul Lerner, Hysterical Men (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 102.
20. Roudebush, “A Battle of Nerves,” 262.
21. Quoted in Roudebush, “A Battle of Nerves,” 269.
22. Quoted in Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 176–7.
1. Étienne Trillat, Histoire de l’hystérie (Paris: Seghers, 1986), 274.
2. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, “The Hysterical Woman,” in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Knopf, 1985), 17.
3. Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), 89.
4. Albert J. Glass, “Lessons Learned,” US Army Medical Department, Neuropsychiatry in World War II (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1966), ii. 999–1000.
5. Paul Chodoff, “A Re-Examination of Some Aspects of Conversion Hysteria,” Psychiatry, 17 (1954), 76.
6. Henry Laughlin, The Neuroses in Clinical Practice (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1956).
7. Ilza Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 273–4.
8. Roberta Satow, “Where Has All the Hysteria Gone?” Psychoanalytic Review, 66 (1979), 463–77.
9. Trillat, Histoire, 274.
10. Quoted in Stuart Kirk and Herb Kutchins, The Selling of DSM: The Rhetoric of Science in Psychiatry (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992), 108.
11. Mitchell Wilson, “DSM III and the Transformation of American Psychiatry: A History,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 150 (1993), 407.
12. Quoted in Wilson, “DSM III and the Transformation of American Psychiatry,” 407.
13. Edward Shorter, From Paralysis to Fatigue (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. x.
14. Quoted in Trillat, Histoire, 272.
15. Simon Weseley, “New Wine in Old Bottles: Neurasthenia and ‘ME,’” Psychological Medicine, 20 (1990), 39.
16. Bernard Sachs, “Commentary on ‘The Attitude of the Medical Profession toward the Psychotherapeutic Movement,’ by E. W. Taylor,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 40 (1908), 405.
17. Jon Stone, Russell Hewett, Alan Carson, Charles Warlow, and Michael Sharpe, “The ‘Disappearance’ of Hysteria: Historical Mystery or Illusion,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101 (2008), 12–18.
18. Aubrey Lewis, “The Survival of Hysteria,” Psychological Medicine, 5 (1975), 9–12.