ski Stadium (Katowice), 107Abebe, Bikila, 72 fig. 4
Aberdaere, Lord, 60
Abreß, Hubert, 26
Abu Mohammed, 203
Abu Sharif, Bassam, 295n76
8-9-aus (Schmeling), 71
Adenauer, Konrad: Beitz and, 76
Diem and, 20
electoral victory of (1961), 9
inter-German politics and, 159–60
resignation of (1963), 31
Ries and, 37
Strauß and, 29
Adidas, 30
“Adorable Munich” (series), 54
Adorno, Theodor, 141
Advertising and PR campaigns, 232
Affluent Society, The (Galbraith), 28
Africa: boycott fears concerning, 39, 40
German surrogate diplomacy in, 37–40, 253n123
Aicher, Otl, 96 fig. 5
aesthetic problems as handled by, 113–15
B + P and, 109
baroque and, 102–3
color usage of, 101–3
critical acclaim of, 95
Daume and, 261n94
democracy discourse of, 103–4, 112, 132, 223–24
design philosophy of, 75, 97–98, 124–25
Diem and, 68
Krupp steel and, 75
OC presentation of, 98–99
opening ceremony music and, 119
pictograms of, 96 fig. 5, 99–100, 102
posters designed by, 100–101 figs. 6–7, 100–101
progressive past of, 96–97
selection of, as design department head, 95–97
Strahlenkranz emblem designed by, 97
Aktion Paukenschlag (PR campaign), 232
Aktuelles Sportstudio (TV program), 119
Alexander, Reginald Stanley, 252n87
Allon, Yigal, 190, 208, 212, 300n177, 301n195
Altstadtring (Munich), 227
Amendt, Günther, 142
Amsterdam (Netherlands), 179, 291n190, 301n216
Amsterdam Olympics (1928), 30
Andrianow, Konstantin, 24, 38, 161, 163, 166, 181
anticommercialism, 15
Anti-Olympic Committee (AOC), 142–43, 145
Appropriation of the Meadow, The (Grzimek), 112
Arab League, 37, 191, 198, 209
Arab states, 158
Erhard inaugural speech as received in, 167
FRG public opinion against, 234
FRG visa requirements for, 213–14
Soviet-bloc support of, 188, 219. See also Egypt
Germany, Federal Republic of—relations with Arab states
specific country
Arafat, Yasser, 194–95, 295n76
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Sportämter (ADS), 12
archaeology, 62
architecture, 272n134
B + P design for, 105–10, 106 fig. 8, 108 fig. 9, 110 fig. 10
democracy discourse and, 223–24
Nazi, Munich usages of, 82–84
in PR campaign, 50
Ariola (record company), 40
Arnim, Achim von, 67
arts, 90–94
Association Internationale de la Presse Sportive (AIPS), 36, 52–53
Association of German Architects, 108
Association of the German Sports Press, 36
Athens Olympics (1906), 20
Athens Olympics (2004), 237
Atlanta Olympics (1996), 42
Antwerp Olympics (1920), 92
Augsburg, 31
Auschwitz trial, 6
Ausländerpolitik (foreigner policy; FRG), 234
Austria, 178
Axel Springer Press, 129
Babbel-Plast (Spielstraße attraction), 138
Bahr, Egon, 6, 157, 165, 174, 176
Baier, Bernhard, 65
Baillet-Latour, Henri de, 58, 63, 64
Bantzer, Günther, 181
baroque, southern German, 102–3
Barzel, Rainer, 7, 85, 123, 210–11
Basel Art Museum, 274n183
Basic Workers Groups, 130, 154
Bastian, Der (TV series), 143, 155
Bäumler, Hans-Jürgen, 36, 252n90
Baur-Pantoulier, Franz, 118, 121
Bavaria, Free State of, 4
competitions taking place in, 30–31
as conservative stronghold, 28–29
Eastern Eu ro pe an émigré associations in, 166
economic growth in, 29–30
financing contribution of, 44–46, 276n229
folk music of, in opening ceremony, 121, 122 fig. 11, 276n229
Hellenophilic past of, 81–82
inter-German politics and, 166
Munich bid approved by, 26, 28–31, 32–33
negative stereotypes of, 113–14, 121–23
Olympic legacies in, 228
population growth in, 27–28
in PR campaign, 50–51, 255n170
Bavarian Ministry of Education and Culture, 121
Bavarian Ministry of the Interior, 148, 152, 202
Bavarian State Architectural Commission, 83
Bavarian State Chancellery, 12
Bavarian Unification (Bayerische Einigung), 107
Bayerischer Rundfunk, 239
Bayerisches Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz, 202
Bayern, Konstantin von, 33
Bayern Munich (soccer club), 110, 226, 228
Bayreuth, 102
Beamon, Bob, 127
Beatles, 149
beer, as negative German stereotype, 113–14, 151
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 119, 139, 172
Begin, Menachem, 194
Behnisch, Günther: Belling Schuttblume and, 114–15
Berlin-Munich parallels and, 124–25
democracy discourse of, 223–24
involvement of, in Munich design, 105, 113
Munich aesthetics and, 95, 119
Spielstraße and, 135
Behnisch and Partners (B + P), 45, 105–10, 135
Belling, Richard, 114–15
Belzec concentration camp, 12
Ben-Horin, Eliashiv, 198, 208, 212, 217, 218
Benjelloun, Hadj Mohammed, 38
Berlin-Kiev incident, 182
Berlin-Munich continuities/parallels: Aicher and, 96–97
behind-the-scenes personnel, 64–69
design, 94, 98–99, 102–3, 112–13
FRG-Israeli relations and, 190, 294n36
GDR and, 180–81
IOC and, 58–61
locations, 79–84
Munich terrorist attack and, 229–30
opening ceremony, 119–20
public personalities, 69–74
torch relay, 74–78
Berlin Olympiastadion, 79–80, 105
Berlin Olympics (1936): architecture, 105
Brundage and, 16–17, 166, 258n24
contesting views of, 57–58
Daume as athlete in, 11
Diem and, 20–21
German Olympic imagination and, 67
German Olympism and veneration of, 22
as Gesamtkunstwerk, 94
infrastructure improvements in, 59–60
Jewish participation in, 166, 172
landscape architecture, 112–13
as modern Olympics model, 60–61
opening ceremony of, 57, 116, 118
scholarship on, 53
spectatorship of, 59
street-theater interpretations of, 139–40
torch relay during, 20–21, 74–78. See also Berlin-Munich continuities/parallels
Berlin Olympics (aborted; 1916), 20
Berlin Republic, 224
Berlin Senate, 79
Berlin Wall, 24, 158, 160, 165, 224
Betts, Paul, 87
Biathlon World Championships (Garmisch-Partenkirchen; 1966), 165
“Big Game, The” (Spielstraße prototype), 133–34
Black September: formation of, 194, 195
German contacts of, 203–5, 299n139, 301–2n225
Germans congratulated on Olympics by, 3
Israeli operations against, 207
Libyan funeral for dead members of, 211
Mossad revenge mission against, 218
Munich attack carried out by, 2, 195–97, 196 fig. 18
name of, 194
negotiation attempts with, 197, 296n101
organizational structure of, 194–95, 203, 298n130
reconnaissance missions of, 203, 205
strategy change of, 199
surviving terrorists released, 215–16, 217, 234. See also Munich Olympics (1972)—terrorist attack
Blackthink (Owens), 73
Blauer Reiter, 82
BMW, 30
Böblingen, 31
Böll, Heinrich, 96
Borussia Mönchengladbach (soccer club), 189
Bott, Dieter, 142
Bourguiba, Habib, 214
Bowie, David, 70
boycotts/boycott threats, 10, 15, 16, 39, 40, 56, 71, 73, 161, 168, 181, 223, 230, 289n150
Braak, Kai, 117
Branca, Alexander Freiherr von, 82
Brandt, Peter, 199
Brandt, Willy, 125 fig. 13, 214
Adenauer opposed by (1961), 9
Beitz and, 76
Berlin Olympic bid (1968) submitted by, 25
Bundestag no-confidence vote against, 183, 185
electoral defeat of (1965), 25
electoral victory of (1969), 70, 130, 174, 178, 192
Fliegerbauer funeral and, 234
FRG-Arab relations and, 191, 192–93
on FRG incompetence, 308n82
FRG-Israeli relations and, 212–13, 217–18
inter-German politics and, 8, 157–58, 160, 165, 171, 172, 178, 180, 222
on Munich opening ceremony, 124, 126
Munich terrorist attack and, 2, 197, 207, 229, 308n82
as Norwegian resistance fighter, 6, 192
reelection of (1972), 217–18, 219, 224–25, 233
relationship with Meir, 217
resignation of (1972), 225
Warsaw ghetto penitence gesture of, 6, 192
Brauchle, Georg, 26, 31, 62, 80, 237
Braun, Sigismund von, 198
Brazil, 206
Bremen (cruise ship), 71–72
Brentano, Bettina, 67
Bruckmann Verlag, 91
Brühl (West Germany), 195
Brundage, Avery, 52, 106 fig. 8
ambivalence of, during Cold War, 246n94
business contracts won by, 264n158
canoe slalom competition and, 31
career background of, 16
cultural programs opposed by, 83
Diem and, 67–68
FRG-Israeli relations and, 190
inter-German politics and, 161, 162, 163, 172–73, 174, 283n21
Krupp and, 77
memoirs of, 283n22
Munich-Berlin comparison made by, 60, 258n24
Munich Olympics and, 62, 63–64
Munich terrorist attack and, 198, 199, 296n96
Nazi sympathies of, 60
on Olympic regeneration, 3–4
on Olympics, politicization of, 15
at opening ceremony, 124 fig. 12
outmoded philosophy of, 16–17, 73, 161
Owens and, 73
removal of demanded, 73
Riefenstahl and, 69
Schmeling and, 71
security protection afforded to, 206
sport as viewed by, 92
successor of, 37
Brussels Expo (1958), 87–88, 107, 125–26, 224
Budapest (Hungary), European track-and-field championships in, 168
Buenos Aires (Argentina), 34
Bulgaria, 165, 179, 181, 184, 294n46
Bund der Antifaschisten Bayern, 85
Bundert, Willi, 25
Bundesfernstraßenplan (1957), 7
Bundesgerichtshof, 219
Bundespräsidialamt, 212
Bundestag (federal parliament): approval of the Law for the Protection of Olympic Peace by, 150, 202
cost redistribution debate in, 44, 47–48
first official commemoration of the end of the Second World War by (1970), 7
Haushaltsausschuß of, 26
Nazi war crimes statute of limitations extended by, 6
no-confidence vote in, 183, 185
public-spending cuts announced in, 31
Strauß speech on Munich bid in, 29, 32
Burckhardt, Carl Jacob, 116
Burghley, David, 36–37
Burma, 178
Caan, James, 23
Cambodia, 178
Carl Diem Institute, 68
Carl Gustav (King of Sweden), 206
Carstens, Karl, 167–68
Catholic Countryside Youth of Bavaria, 141
CDU/CSU Fraktion, 4, 6, 7, 12–13, 157, 183
Ceylon, 178
Cheruth Party (Israel), 194
Chile, 178
Christian Democratic Union (CDU): Brandt and, 6, 24
in contemporary political context, 4
Daume as member of, 13
in elections (1965), 6
federal financing contribution opposed by, 46
formierte Gesellschaft concept of, 32
Munich bid and, 32
national conference of (1965), 32. See also CDU/CSU Fraktion
Christian Science Monitor, 55
Christian Social Union (CSU): in contemporary political context, 4
election ads of, 228
“Heimat groups” connected with, 107
Strauß as head of, 6. See also CDU/CSU Fraktion
CIA, 202
City Street Theater Caravan (street-theater troupe), 138
Clay, Lucius D., 176
Clayton, Derek, 275n214
Cohen, Victor, 198
coinage, as financing means, 43, 44
Cold War: conservative elite connections during, 77
inter-German politics and, 159, 184–85
Munich as beneficiary of, 27–28
Munich-Berlin connections and, 79–80
Munich bid and, 39–40
sport and, 38
College for Physical Education (Leipzig, GDR), 38
Collett, Wayne, 73–74
Colombia, 178
communication systems, 42, 59–60
concerts, open-air, 151–52
Connolly, James, 80
Constantine (King of Greece), 206
award named after, 58
Diem and, 20–21
GDR interpretation of, 162
in Halt funeral oration, 64
heart of memorialized, 116
as IOC founder, 14
Olympic vision of, 14–15, 94, 125, 145, 225
sport as viewed by, 91–92
voice of, in opening ceremonies, 117
counterterrorism units, 207
Courrèges, André, 102
Cramm, Gottfried von, 71
CSU. See Christian Social Union in Bavaria
Cultural Circle for the Protection of Munich’s Cityscape and Cultural Legacy, 107
Czechoslovakia, 185
FRG Ostpolitik treaties with, 8, 157, 158, 176–77
Soviet invasion of (1968), 172, 176
US propaganda activity in, 175
Dachau concentration camp: exhibition proposal for, 81
Israeli team absent from memorial at, 190–91
memorial events at, 85–86, 146, 190–91
Munich Olympic site location and, 188
Nazi legacy and, 64
torch relay route and, 79
Dahlgrün, Rolf, 32
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 104
Daume, Willi, 4, 10 fig. 1, 21, 31, 106 fig. 8, 287n105
Aicher and, 97–98
art programs and, 92
autonomy of, 222–23
Berlin-era personnel and, 64–65
Berlin Olympic bid (1968) and, 24
as bibliophile, 90–91
on bidding competitors, 35–36
bidding speech of, 34, 62–63, 164
on bid success, 38–39
birth of, 10
career background of, 9, 244n32, 245n54
corporate affiliations of, 250n41
cost estimates for Munich Games, 41
critical acclaim of, 123
Deutsches Mosaik and, 90–91
dual national/international commitments of, 18
financing controversies and, 45
FRG-Arab relations and, 192
FRG-Israeli relations and, 189–90
on German youth, 131
“gigantism” opposed by, 223
Halt funeral oration of, 63, 64
hostesses addressed by, 239
inter-German politics and, 160–61, 162–64, 166–67, 170, 171–72, 174, 181, 284–85n50
interpersonal skills of, 12
IOC and, 9–10, 14, 18, 25, 246–47n101
Joubert proposed as IOC general secretary by, 52
mascot selected by, 261n94
at memorial service, 208, 209 fig. 21, 235
Munich Olympics conceived by, 8–9, 26, 55
Munich terrorist attack and, 198, 235
Munich victim memorialization and, 236–37
at opening ceremony, 124 fig. 12
opening ceremony music and, 119, 120–21
political affiliation of, 13, 125
progressive views of, 22
relationship with Vogel, 9, 12–14
Riefenstahl and, 69
Schuttblume controversy and, 115
on significance of Munich Olympics, 41
Spielstraße and, 140
sport as viewed by, 13, 15, 92, 143
“Sport for All” speech of, 143
surrogate diplomacy by, 253n123
villa of, 125 fig. 13
Dawson’s Field (Jordan), 195
Dayan, Moshe, 203
Death and Life of Great American Cities, The (Jacobs), 28
decolonization, 15
Degenerate Art exhibition (1937), 82, 84
Delta Force, 207
democracy, discourse of, 103–4, 111–12
demonstrations, 147, 150–51, 214, 222
Denmark, 178
deportations, 213–14, 301–2n225
Deutsch-Arabische Gesellschaft, 208, 214
Deutsche Bank (Munich), hostage crisis at (1971), 201
Deutsche Bundesbahn, 234
Deutsche Olympische Gesellschaft (DOG), 21, 65
Deutscher Geist, 90
Deutscher Sport Bund (DSB), 9, 21, 65, 91, 117, 126, 189, 244n32
Deutscher Werkbund (DWB), 87–88, 89, 125–26
Deutsches Mosaik (OC official present), 90–91
Deutsches Museum (Munich), 144
Deutsches Olympia-Hörfunk-und-Fernsehzentrum (DOZ), 53
Deutsche Sportbehörde für Athletik, 20
Deutsche Sportjugend, 146
DGSE, 202
Diem, Carl, 20–23
Brundage and, 67–68
career background of, 20
Festspiel of, 118
Gesamtkunstwerk as goal of, 94
in Halt funeral oration, 64
Munich marginalization of, 80–81
Nazi affiliations of, 20, 155, 247n105
Olympia ceremony organized by, 116
Olympic Academy inspired by, 73
sport as viewed by, 92
as Daume’s speechwriter, 22, 67
German Olympic imagination and, 68–69
on husband’s Nazi connections, 20
Olympic mascot selection and, 261n94
Spielstraße criticized by, 134–35
Weltkulturen und moderne Kunst exhibition and, 83
Dirndl (Bavarian women’s dress), 103, 114, 123
Disney, Walt, 116
Dodd, William E., 60
Dollinger, Werner, 32
Dommermuth, Gerd, 142
Douglas, Michael, 4, 148, 299n139
Drachsler, Hans, 33
Drapeau, Jean, 35, 42, 287n127
drugs, 151–52
Düsseldorf Decree (1961), 160
Dylan, Bob, 154
earth stadiums, 107
“Easter riots” (Munich; 1968), 129, 130, 149
East German Communist Party. See SED
East German Sports Association (DTSB), 172, 178
Economic and Stability Law (1967), 7
Ecuador, 178
Edel, Kurt, 161–62
Edelhagen, Kurt, 120–21, 132–33, 224
Edition Olympia (posters), 91, 267nn21–22
as Arab League member, 37
FRG-Israeli relations and, 37, 193
GDR sports-political concept and, 178, 290n166
German community in, security threats against, 214
Munich terrorist attack uncondemned by, 208, 209–10, 234
Olympic delegation of, 198
relations with FRG, 208, 209–10, 215
relations with GDR, 191
Egyptian Foreign Office, 215
Eiermann, Egon, 88, 105, 107–8
Eisenberg, Christiane, 147
Elizabeth II (Queen of England), 206
Ellison, Ralph, 96
EMNID surveys, 231–32
English Garden (Munich), 151
e.o.plauen-Gesellschaft, 91
Erhard, Ludwig, 166
on German past and national identity, 6–7
inter-German politics and, 164–65, 167, 284–85n50
Munich bid approved by, 31–33, 41
Munich funding and, 44
on Munich opening ceremony, 123–24
OC remembrance of, 237
Erich Kästner Society, 91
Ernst, Max, 125 fig. 13
Ertl, Josef, 47
ETEBA (street-theater troupe), 138
European Community (EEC): airport security in, 301n216
import tariffs in, 193
Israeli trade relations with, 188
political coordination in, 213
West Germany as member of, 2
Everding, August, 121
Ewald, Manfred, 172
extra-parliamentary opposition (APO), 129
FDP. See Federal Democratic Party.
Federal Chancellery (Kanzleramt), 33, 41, 166, 284n50
Federal Court (Bundesgerichtshof), 219
“federalism, cooperative,” 222
Federal Ministry of Defense, 81
Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation, 210–11
Federal Ministry of the Interior, 24, 38, 41, 79, 121–23, 148, 160, 163, 165, 166, 170–72, 185, 189, 207, 216, 301n225, 302n235
Federal Parliament. See Bundestag
Federal Press Office, 33, 51, 54–55, 231, 251n67
Fiat, 250n43
FIFA, 244n37
Finance Reform Law (1969), 46
Fink, August von, 65
Finland, 178
Fischer, Bobby, 1–2
Flammenpfennig, 33
Fliegerbauer, Anton, 200–201, 234, 237
Flitner, Andreas, 144
Flores, Clarke, 163
Foreign Office: Berlin-Munich parallels and, 67
Daume’s Soviet trip and, 292n220
FRG-Arab relations and, 209, 211, 214, 215, 217
FRG-Israeli relations and, 189, 192, 193–94, 217–18
Hallstein Doctrine as policy of, 158
inter-German politics and, 163, 166, 167–71, 173, 181, 185, 289n150
on IOC, 14
Munich aesthetics and, 121
Munich bid and, 37, 38–39, 284n39
Munich terrorist attack and, 197, 198
on OC autonomy, 222
security concerns of, 214. See also Hallstein Doctrine
Foreign Office Cultural Fund, 37
formierte Gesellschaft (aligned society), 32
Foro Mussolini, 84
Four Powers Agreement (1971), 182
Four-Year Plan, 7
France: African perceptions of, 40
Arab immigrants in, 212
counterterrorism unit established by, 207
GDR sports-political concept and, 178
Germany as perceived in, 49
nationalistic rhetoric from, 143
Olympic tourism from, 49
planification efforts in, 7–8
Franco, Francisco, 35
Franco-Prussian War, 14
Al-Frangi, Abdallah, 205, 214, 302n235
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper), 57
Frankfurter Rundschau (newspaper), 124, 126, 146
Frankfurt school, 141
Franz Zimmermann KG Nittenau, 44
Fredriksson, Gerd, 72 fig. 4
Free Democratic Party (FDP), 4, 6, 24, 32, 192, 218, 233
Free Federation of German Trade Unions (FDGB), 178
Free German Youth (FDJ), 178
Freud, Sigmund, 141–42
Friedman, Gal, 237
Frutiger, Adrien, 99
Fuchsberger, Joachim (“Blacky”), 202
Führerbau (Munich), 82
Fürstenfeldbruck airport, failed hostage rescue attempt at, 200–201, 200 fig. 20, 215, 229, 233, 235, 308n82
Galinski, Heinz, 86
Gandhi, Indira, 206
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Olympics (1936), 58, 258n24
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Olympics (1940), 58
Gastarbeiter. See guest workers
Gay, Peter, 60
Gebhardt, Willibald, 80
General Union of Palestinian Students (GUPS), 204–5, 214
General-Union Palästinensischer Arbeiter (GUPA), 214
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 183, 233
financing agreement signed by, 47 fig. 3
local firms promoted by, 30
on Munich bidding success, 41
on Munich opening ceremony, 123
Munich terrorist attack and, 197–98, 199, 212
security threats against, 215
GEO magazine, 237
Georg (Prince of Hannover), 21
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), 3
German-American Bund, 17
German Communist Party (DKP), 85, 130
German Communist Youth Association (Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands), 150
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 177
athletes’ rights at Munich, 165
athletic performance of, 175
Berlin Olympic bid (1968) and, 24
Black September and, 204, 299nn139, 151
boycott fears concerning, 289n150
destabilization campaigns of, 5, 38
DKP sponsored by, 130
FRG Ostpolitik treaties with, 8, 157, 176–77
Hallstein Doctrine and, 157–58
IAAF recognition of teams from, 37
international recognition of, 158, 173–74
IOC recognition of, 159, 163–64, 172–74
national symbols as used by, 159–60, 160 fig. 17, 165
Olympic discourse mastered by, 161–62, 222
Palestinian students welcomed in, 214
refugees from, in Munich, 27–28
relations with Arab states, 188, 191, 294n46
Soviet micromanagement of, 175–77, 178–79
Soviet rapprochement with West and, 183–84
sports-political concept of, 178–79, 290n166
team of, during opening ceremony, 187
travel restrictions on athletes from, 158
withdrawal from Biathlon Championships (1966), 165.
See also inter-German politics
German Design Council, 88
German folklore, 49
German National Olympic Committee, 9, 33, 37, 66, 159, 237, 244n32
German Olympic imagination, 73
Berlin-Munich parallels and, 57, 84
Brundage and, 62
characteristics of, 21
Daume and, 92
Diem (Carl) and, 21–22
Diem (Liselott) and, 67–69
IOC and, 223
Munich Olympics influenced by, 18
Olympia dig and, 116
German Soccer Federation (DFB), 37
German Tourism Agency (Deutsche Zentrale für Tourismus), 227
German Trade Union Congress (DGB), 114, 115
German University Sports Association (Allgemeiner deutscher Hochschulsportverband), 144–45, 146
Germany, Federal Republic of: Ausländerpolitik (foreigner policy) of, 234
Black September operations in, 195
cultural diplomacy of, 2–3, 18, 222–24
financing contribution of, 44–48
the future in government discourse, 7–8
GDR national symbols criminalized in, 158–59
intelligence operations in, 201–2
international representation of, 2–3, 41, 57–58, 87–90, 107, 110, 113–15
intra-German détente rhetoric in, 8, 157–58
IOC and, 17–22
modernist design in, 87–88
Nazi legacy in government discourse, 5–7
negative stereotypes of, 113
NGO membership of, 169
Olympic tourism from, 49
political deideologization in, 127
political power transitions in, 4
press coverage of, 51–55
security tightened in, after Munich massacre, 213–14, 234, 301–2n225
significance of Munich Olympics to, 2–4, 40, 48, 57–58
Soviet sports visits to, 182
sport development aid given by, 39, 40
visa requirements tightened, after Munich massacre, 213–14
youth in, 128, 129–32. See also inter-German politics
—relations with Arab states: FRG-Israeli relations and, 212
Israeli spoiling motions, 192–94
Israel recognition and, 191
Munich terrorist attack and, 208, 209–11, 213–16, 217
Ostpolitik and, 191–92, 294n46
—relations with Israel: complexity of, 188–89, 294n36
FRG-Arab relations and, 191–94, 212
Munich terrorist attack and, 211–13, 217–18
war reparations, 193
Gesamtkunstwerk, 94, 98–99, 124–25
Gesellschaft zur Förderung des olympischen Gedankens, 175
“Gesetz zum Schutz des Olympischen Friedens.”
See Law for the Protection of Olympic Peace
“gigantism,” 25, 95, 116, 141, 184, 223
Giuliani, Rudy, 237
Gleißner, Franz, 41
Glücksspirale lottery. See Spiral of Fortune
Glyptothek (Munich), 81
Goethe Institute, 3
Golden Plan for Health, Play, and Recreation (1960), 7
Golym data-processing system, 30
Goodmann, Alfred, 120
Goppel, Alfons, 28–29, 31, 44, 45–46, 234
Göppingen, 31
Grand Coalition, 7, 44, 47–48, 125, 129, 171
Grand Magic Circus (street-theater troupe), 138
Grass, Günter, 70, 92, 118, 192
Greek Olympic Committee, 21, 118
Grenoble Winter Olympics (1968), 52, 160
Gromyko, Andrei, 185
Großdeutsches Olympia, 247n105
Große Kunstausstellung München, 82
“Großer Hessen-Plan” (1965), 7
“Große Spiel, Das” (Spielstraße prototype), 133–34
Grupe, Ommo, 144
Gruppo Sperimentazione Teatrale (street-theater troupe), 138, 139–40
Grzimek, Günther, 111–13, 115, 124–25, 135, 223–24
GSG9 (counterterrorism unit), 207
guest workers, 234, 281–82n133
Guinea, 178
Gutbrod, Rolf, 88, 106, 108, 224
Haase, Karl-Günther von, 251n67
Habas, George, 195
Habermas, Jürgen, 104
Haddad, Wadi, 195
Hallstein Doctrine, 157–58, 159, 165, 167–69, 171
Halt, Karl Ritter von, 16, 24, 62–64, 72, 81, 259n44, 264n158
Hamid, Afif Ahmed (Black September commando), 298n130
Al Hamishmar (newspaper), 191
Handelsblatt (newspaper), 41
Hapoel (Israeli sports association), 189
Haptic Way and Smell Events (Spielstrßie attraction), 138
Harlem Globetrotters, 79
Harpers and Queen, 55
Hartmann, Gustav von, 88
Al-Hasan, Hani, 195
Hassan (King of Morocco), 38, 39
Haus der Kulturindustrie (Munich), 82
Haus der Kunst (Munich), 82, 83–84, 227, 277n19
Haushofer, Albrecht, 78
Heath, Edward, 206
Hedin, Sven, 117
Heigl, Anton, 149
“Heimat groups,” 107
Heinemann, Gustav, 10 fig. 1
Fliegerbauer funeral and, 234
FRG-Israeli relations and, 218
inter-German politics and, 184
at memorial service, 209 fig. 21
memorial service speech of, 208, 212, 233
at opening ceremony, 119
Weltkulturen und moderne Kunst exhibition and, 84
Heinle, Erwin, 108
Heisenberg, Werner, 95
Hellmann, Rudi, 185
Helsinki Olympics (1952), 56, 62, 69, 116, 159
Henne, Ernst, 250n41
Henrich, Dieter, 144
Hentig, Hartmut von, 144
“Hippie Olympics,” 142–43
Berlin architecture and, 105
Halt and, 63
Jewish participation in Berlin Olympics and, 166, 172
Mengden and, 66
Olympia excavation financed by, 21
Owens and, 71–73
street-theater interpretations of, 139
Hoberman, John, 141–42
Hochschule für Leibesübungen (Berlin), 67, 247n105
Hochschule für Musik (Munich), 82
Hockney, David, 91
Hoegner, Wilhelm, 13
Hohenemser, Herbert, 97, 132, 133–34, 236, 277n19
Holiday on Ice, 36
Holocaust, 11–12
Homo ludens (Huizinga), 136
Honecker, Erich, 137, 157, 177, 180
Hong Kong delegation, 197, 206, 296n88
Huber, Ludwig, 29, 47 fig. 3, 95, 140
Hübner, Gerhard, 66
Hungary, 15, 165, 179, 181, 184, 294n46
Hussein (King of Jordan), 194, 195
IBM, 30
Inbar, Josef, 189
Inciarte, Alfredo O., 163, 252n87
India, 178
industrial design, 87, 95, 125
infrastructure improvements, 27, 42, 225–28
Ingolstadt, 31
Innsbruck Winter Olympics (1964), 26, 36
intelligence failure, 201–2
inter-German politics: boycott fears concerning, 289n150
Cold War and, 184–85
division accepted in, 158
FRG Munich bid and, 164–67
GDR recognition, 157, 158, 163–64, 167–74
Hallstein Doctrine and, 157–58, 165, 167–69
Munich Olympics and, 222
Ostpolitik and, 8, 157–58, 174–84
significance of national symbols in, 158–60, 167
united GDR/FRG team proposal, 159–63
USSR and, 175–77
International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), 36–37, 168
International Comité Dachau, 85
Internationale Olympische Akademie (IOA), 21, 57
International Folklore Festival, 93
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 4
Amsterdam meeting of (1970), 291n190
art programs and, 93–94
Berlin Olympic bid (1968) submitted to, 24
Berlin Olympics (1936) and, 58–61, 84
bid presented to, 34–40, 62–63
bribes offered to members of, 35
commercialization and, 43–44
cultural diplomacy and, 223
Daume-Vogel team and, 9–10, 14
democratization of, 63–64
disqualifications made by, 36, 252n90
dysfunctionality of, 14
GDR recognized by, 163–64, 172–74
geopolitical hosting patterns of, 56
German courting of, 36–37, 246–47n101, 252n87, 260n57
Germany and, 17–22
Hitler-Owens myth and, 72
inter-German politics and, 159–64, 165–67, 170, 171–74, 283n21
Madrid meeting (1965), 163–64, 166, 167, 171–72
Mexico City meeting (1968), 172, 177, 287n127
Munich terrorist attack and, 195
Munich victims unmemorialized by, 235
Nazism and, 59
opening ceremony music and, 119–20
Ostpolitik and, 181–82
outmoded principles informing, 14–17
Paris meeting (1906), 91;
presidential election (1968), 64
problems facing (1960s), 15
progressive members of, 63–64
relations with host countries, 17–18
right-wing leanings of, 58–59, 85
Rome meeting, 166–67
Samaranch as president of, 244n37
security and, 150
statutes of, 26, 33, 36, 43–44, 53, 116, 252n90
Tehran meeting (1967), 172
voting in, 284n39
Warsaw meeting (1969), 80, 172
International Olympic Institute (Berlin), 58
international sports federations, 15, 25–26, 63, 116, 171, 176
Inter Nationes, 51
In the Middle of this City (Olympic brochure), 50
IRA, 206
Isler, Heinz, 272n134
Israel: Brandt visit to, 218
FRG public sympathy for, 233–34
FRG recognition of (1965), 37, 191
Rhodesia boycott threat and, 294n30
security negligence of, 206–7
team of, during opening ceremony, 187–88
terrorism in, 196, 197, 301nn195–96. See also Germany, Federal Republic of—relations with Israel
Israeli Foreign Office, 190
Israeli National Olympic Committee, 189, 223
Israeli Olympic team, 86, 206. See also Munich Olympics (1972)—terrorist attack
Israelitische Kultusgemeinde München, 85, 301n196
Issa (Black September commando). See Massalha, Muhammad
Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), 63–64
Italy, 178
ITN (British news service provider), 197
Jaeger, Richard, 32
Jagger, Mick, 70
Jahncke, Lee, 16
Japanese Red Army, 196
Jaumann, Anton, 45
Jawad, Khalid (Black September commando), 298n130
Jens, Inge, 90
Jens, Walter, 90
Jensen, Herbert, 28, 105, 226, 227
Jerusalem, Eichmann trial in (1961), 5, 6
Jerusalem Post (newspaper), 190, 294n36
Je später der Abend (talk show), 69–70
“Jesus People,” 154
Al-Jishey, Adnan (Black September commando), 298n130
Al-Jishey, Jamal (Black September commando), 298n130
Johnson, Lyndon B., 19
Jordan, 194–95, 203, 204, 211, 300n191
Joubert, Edgar, 52
Judt, Tony, 127–28
Junghans, 30
Jungk, Robert, 139
Al-Kabas (newspaper), 214
Kaffee Hag, 37
Kanzleramt. See Federal Chancellery
Kapuzinerhölzl (Munich), youth camp at, 145–48
Karlsplatz (Munich), 226
Karlstor (Munich), “storming” of, 150–51
Kästner, Erich, 92
Katowice, 107
Katzer, Hans, 32
Keino, Kip, 275n214
Kennedy, Edward, 233
Kenzo Tange, 106
Kfar Makkabiah (Israel), 189
KGB, 12
K-groups, 129–30, 131, 148, 150, 155
Khadif, Mohammed, 198
Khalaf, Salah, 203
Khaled, Leila, 213
Kicker (sports magazine), 77
Kieler Woche, 81
Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 7, 44, 123, 171, 192
Kießling, Friedrich, 57–58
Kimihara, Keino, 275n214
Klein, Aaron, 202
Klein, Hans (“Johnny”), 106 fig. 8
Brundage memoirs translated by, 283n22
career background of, 33
Diem and, 68
inter-German politics and, 181
Munich aesthetics and, 95
Munich-Berlin connections and, 80
as press office chief, 33, 52, 53–54, 232, 251n67
Klett, Arnulf, 25
Klingeberg, Werner, 170
Kluge, Alexander, 92
Kohl, Michael, 178
Kokoschka, Oskar, 91
Kommune I (Berlin), 142
König, Fritz, 237
Königsplatz (Munich), 81–83
Königsdorff, Chlodwig, Graf von, 264n163
Konkret (leftwing magazine), 57
Körbs, Werner, 117
Korea, North, 172, 178, 180, 290n166
Körner, Hans-Joachim, 66
Kozłowiecki, Adam, 86
KPD, 130
KPD/AO, 130
Kramer, Ferdinand, 228
Kranz, Mattiyahu, 206
Krauss-Maffei, 147
Kreisky, Bruno, 206
Krombholz, Gertrude, 239
Kronawitter, Georg, 131, 221, 223, 225, 228–29, 234
Krupp, 75–78, 84–85, 263n142, 264n163
Kunze, Herbert, 65, 68, 134, 250n41, 263n142
Kunzelmann, Dieter, 204
Kuwait, 208
Lahr, Rolf, 287n105
Lamm, Hans, 301n196
Landau, Ernest, 234
Landgericht München I, 219
landscape architecture, 111–13
Lang, Ernst Maria, 105
Large, David Clay, 230
Laufer, Heinz, 85
Law for the Protection of Olympic Peace, 150, 202
Leber, Georg, 207
Led Zeppelin (band), 152
Lenbachhaus gallery (Munich), 221, 225
Lenk, Hans, 144
Leonhardt and Andrä (engineering firm), 272n134
Liberia, 37
Libya, 203, 211, 213, 216, 234, 294n46
Liebknecht, Karl, 139
Lindeiner, Klaus von, 239
Lod Airport (Tel Aviv, Israel), terrorist attacks on, 196, 197, 301nn195–96
London Olympics (1948), 56, 60, 91–92, 159
Longines, 30
Los Angeles (Calif.), 181, 291n190
Los Angeles Olympics (1932), 11, 15, 42, 59, 116, 139
Los Angeles Olympics (1984), 116, 230, 239
lottery, as financing means, 30, 43, 231, 232, 307n74
Louis, Joe, 59
Lübeck, 81
Lübke, Heinrich, 19, 38, 39, 61
Ludwig I (King of Bavaria), 22
Luft, Friedrich, 92
Lufthansa, 51, 95, 207, 215–16
Luftwaffe, 207
Luxemburg Treaty (1952), 193
MacDonald, Kevin, 2, 190–91, 237, 299n139.
See also One Day in September (film; 1999)
MacLeod, Aubrey Halford, 37
Madrid (Spain): IOC meeting in (1965), 163–64, 166, 167, 171–72
as Munich competition, 34, 35–36
Magalhães Padilha, Sylvio de, 37, 61
Mahler, Horst, 203
Maibohm, Brigitte, 123
Makkabia, 218
Makkabi Deutschland e.V., 189
Mali, 178
Manchester United (soccer club), 201
Mandell, Richard, 43, 53, 62, 123, 154, 205, 241n9
Mann, Golo, 95
Mann, Thomas, 50
March, Werner, 66, 80, 105, 260n67
Marcuse, Herbert, 141–42
Maria, Walter de, 115
Marx, Karl, 161
März publishing company, 57
Masaru Katsumi, 99
Massalha, Muhammad (Black September commando), 203, 206, 297n109.
Mattes, Wilfried, 138
Matthews, Vincent, 73–74
Mauritania, 294n46
Max Planck Society, 236
Mayer, Helene, 80
Mecklenburg, Adolf Friedrich von, 63
Meir, Golda: FRG-Arab relations and, 192–93, 194
FRG-Israeli relations and, 211, 212–13, 217, 218
Israeli politics and, 194
Munich terrorist attack and, 197, 207, 211, 233
relationship with Brandt, 192, 217
Melbourne Olympics (1956), 3, 15, 56
Melody Maker (magazine), 152
Mengden, Guido von, 66, 68, 117, 118, 124
Merk, Bruno, 197–98
Mestiri, Mahmoud, 198
Metallophony (Spielstraße attraction), 138
Mexican “Pre-Olympic Weeks” (1966), 169–71
Mexico, 178
Mexico City Olympics (1968): art programs at, 93, 94
boycott threat during, 73
cost of, 42
data-processing glitches at, 30
FRG-GDR sports rivalry at, 184
GDR participation in, 159, 175
as “gigantist” project, 25, 223
inter-German politics at, 169–71, 172
IOC meeting at, 172, 177, 287n127
opening ceremony of, 116–17
press coverage of, 52
press facilities at, 52–53
radical politics at, 127, 132, 230
regenerative potential of, 4
security at, 205–6
spectatorship of, 59
street-theater interpretations of, 140
television revenues at, 43
visitors to, 49
Meyfarth, Ulrike, 2
Mielke, Erich, 204
Miró, Joan, 91
Mischnik, Wolfgang, 192
MI6, 202
Mitscherlich, Alexander, 128
Mitscherlich, Margarete, 128
Mixed Media Company (street-theater troupe), 138, 139–40
Mogadishu (Somalia), liberation of hijacked Lufthansa jet (1977), 207
Möller, Alex, 48
Montreal (Canada), 34, 35, 287n127
Montreal Expo (1967), 34, 88–90, 91, 99, 106, 125, 134
Montreal Olympics (1976), 42, 93, 175, 181–82, 230, 291n190
Moragas, Miquel de, 231, 235, 237
Morocco, 37, 38, 39, 211, 213–14, 294n46
Moscow Olympics (1980), 9–10, 93, 161, 181, 230
Movement 2 June, 130
Müller, Günther, 255n170
“Münchner Linie” policing policy, 149, 150–53, 202
München. Heimat und Weltstadt (schoolbook), 50
München 1972 Schicksalsspiele? (GDR publication), 175
Münchner Bläserbuben, 83
Münchner Jüdische Nachrichten (newspaper), 234, 300n177
“Münchner Kindl” (city emblem), 102
Münchner Stadtpfeifer, 121
Munich—A City Applies (promotional film), 34, 61, 256n176
Munich—A City Invites (PR film), 232, 256n176
Munich—A City Prepares (PR film), 51, 256n176
Munich, City of: advantages of, as Olympics site, 25–26, 48, 50–51, 133
architectural/urban planning debate in, 107
Beatles concerts in (1966), 149
colors associated with, 102
competitions outside city limits of, 30–31
Eastern European émigré associations in, 166
“Easter riots” in (1968), 129, 130, 149
financial difficulties of, 27
financing contribution of, 43, 45–46
hippies in, 151
inter-German politics and, 166
IOC session (1959) hosted in, 24, 25, 35
journalists courted in, 36–37
Munich bid approved by, 26–28
Nazi-era architecture in, 82–84
Olympic legacies in, 225–28
policing policy in, 149
population growth in, 27–28
in PR campaign, 50–51, 255n170
tourism in, 227
undeveloped sites in, 43
Vogel as mayor of, 9
Munich Citizens’ Council (Münchner Bürgerrat), 107
Munich City Council, 25, 26, 41, 46, 61, 62, 63, 66, 80, 82, 145, 150, 224, 234
Munich City Hall, 9, 26, 33, 55, 90, 91, 114, 115, 130–131, 185
Munich Council of Elders (Ältestenrat), 26
Munich Diary (Mandell), 241n9
Munich Olympic Park, 23, 238 fig. 24
architecture of, 105–10, 106 fig. 8, 108 fig. 9, 110 fig. 10
brownfield site of, 104–5, 107
cost of, 110
landscape architecture in, 111–13
as lasting tourist attraction, 227–28
modernist roof of, controversies over, 45, 108–10, 110 fig. 10
opening of, 183
post-Olympics income from, 226
press facilities at, 53
symbolic value of, 110
terrorist threat against, 207. See also Spielstraße (“Avenue of Games”)
Munich Olympics (1972): athletic prowess displayed during, 2
Berlin-era public personalities involved in, 69–74, 72 fig. 4
Berlin Olympics (1936) compared to, 56–57, 61
brochure for, 50
continuation of, after terrorist attack, 146
as “cooperative federalism” example, 33
cost estimates, 31, 32, 41–43, 45, 109, 255n152
cultural program of, 90–94, 138, 151–52, 278n50
external context of, 221–22
film portrayals of, 2, 4, 148, 190–91, 201, 216, 219
financing of, 41, 42 t. 1, 43–48, 47 fig. 3
flame-lighting ceremony, 78, 118
FRG cultural diplomacy and, 222–24
FRG-GDR sports rivalry at, 184
future-orientation of, 22–23, 32, 221
GDR athletes’ rights at, 165
GDR athletic performance at, 175
GDR goals at, 175
as Gesamtkunstwerk, 94, 98–99, 124–25
individuals responsible for concept of, 8–14, 55
inter-German politics and, 222
IOC hosting patterns and, 56
legacy of, 219–20
medal ceremony, 74
New Left criticism of, 141–43
official guidebook to, 54
official report of, 68–69
opening ceremony, 160 fig. 17, 187–88, 190, 218, 294n36
opposition to, 41, 45, 108–9, 141–43
Ostpolitik and, 174–84
PR campaign for, 48–51, 71–72, 231, 255n170, 256n176
press coverage of, 51–55
press facilities at, 53
in public memory, 235–40
public opinion of, 231–33
racial tensions during, 73–74
security at, 148–53, 205–6, 281–82n133
significance of, to West Germany, 2–4, 40, 48, 57–58
spectatorship of, 51–52
Strahlenkranz emblem of, 97
suspension of, 197
time required to prepare, 225
torch relay during, 74–78, 81–82, 83, 119, 179, 181, 184–85, 275n214
Youth Camp, 66
youth culture and, 221–22.
See also Berlin-Munich continuities/parallels
—aesthetics: architecture, 105–10, 106 fig. 8, 108 fig. 9, 110 fig. 10, 272n134
colors, 101–3
elites responsible for, 124–25, 222–23
landscape architecture, 111–13
opening ceremony, 115–23, 122 fig. 11, 275n214, 276n229
pictograms, 96 fig. 5, 99–100, 102
posters, 91, 100–101, figs. 6–7, 100–101
success of, 123–26
youth and, 132–33
—bid: Bavaria State approval of, 28–31
Berlin Olympics (1936) and, 61
Brundage and, 62
competing cities for, 33–36, 287n127
consent given for, 26
federal approval of, 31–33
inter-German politics and, 164–67
Israeli support of, 190
by local companies, 30
Munich as beneficial site, 25–26, 34, 133
Munich City approval of, 26–28
placement of, in Rome, 33–40
success in, 34, 35 fig. 2, 38–40, 41, 167
surrogate diplomacy in, 37–40
—legacies: aborted closing speech and, 221
infrastructure improvements, 225–28
participation, 239–40
public memory, 235–40
terrorist attack, 229–30, 233–35
—terrorist attack, 153
Arab reaction to, 209–11, 300n191
Black September communiqué issued in, 196–97
civic hospitality cancelled following, 221
diplomatic aftermath of, 201, 207–8, 218–19
execution of, 195–97, 196 fig. 18
failed rescue attempt, 200–201, 200 fig. 20, 229, 230, 233, 235, 308n82
FRG-Arab relations following, 208, 209–11, 213–16, 217
FRG incompetence in dealing with, 197–201, 208, 296n96, 297nn109, 112, 116, 308n82
FRG-Israeli relations before, 188–94, 294n36
FRG-Israeli relations following, 211–13, 217–18
FRG security tightened following, 213–14, 301–2n225
legal proceedings following, 219
location of, 80
memorial service following, 208, 209–10, figs. 21–22, 235
negotiations during, 196, 197, 296n101
Olympics suspended as result of, 197
protests against, 198 fig. 19
in public memory, 235–37
security context of, 201–7, 301n216
shared East-West outrage at, 154
significance of, 219–20
surviving terrorists released, 215–16
Munich Technical University, 108
Munich University, 22
music, 118–21, 122 fig. 11, 151–52
MUSIK, FILM, DIA, LICHT Festival, 93
Nachmann, Werner, 189
Nairobi (Kenya), 24
National Democratic Party (NPD), 5, 117, 188
Nazal, Yussef (Black September commando), 203, 206
Nazi-Olympiade, Die, 57
Nazi Olympics, The (Mandell), 62
Nazism: Daume-Vogel team and, 10–12
Degenerate Art exhibition, 82, 84
design philosophy of, 98, 101–3, 112–13
Halt and, 62–63
IOC and, 59
legacy of, in 1960s government discourse, 5–7
modernist design and, 87
Munich personnel involved in, 64–69
Riefenstahl and, 70
site selection and, 82–84
Negri, Mario L., 37
Neske, Günther, 236
Nestler, Paulo, 118, 132, 277n19
Neuendorff, Edmund, 247n105
Neue Pinakothek (Munich), 82, 107
Neue Staatsgalerie (Munich), 81
New Left, 141–43, 144–45, 214, 223
New Musical Express (magazine), 152
New York Athletics Club, 73
New York Museum of Modern Art, 70, 274n183
Nixon, Richard M., 1–2, 181, 183
Noel, Camillo, 33, 142, 221, 223
Noel-Baker, Philip, 229
Norden, Albert, 178
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2, 40, 158, 168
North German Lloyd, 51
Nothelfer, Adam, 66
Nowikow (Soviet politician), 183
NPD. See National Democratic Party
Nuremberg, 31
Nymphenburg Channel, 112
Nymphenburg Palace, 34
Oberwiesenfeld (Munich), 104–10, 111–13. See also Schuttberg (Munich)
Oeftering, Heinz Maria, 65
Oeser, Adam, 67
Official Report of the 1972 Olympics, 68–69
Okamoto Kozo, 196
Oktoberfest, 80, 82, 113–14, 151
Olivetti, 30
Olympia (film; 1937), 58, 69, 139, 190
Olympia (Greece), 73
flame-lighting ceremony in, 118
German excavations at, 21–22, 116
Olympia-Baugesellschaft, 6, 29, 45, 46, 108, 115, 120, 251n67
Olympia Press (newsletter), 54
Olympic Academy, 73
Olympic Diploma, 69
Olympic exhibit 1936–1972: Development of the Class Struggle in the Federal Republic, 154
Olympic Games: as business forum, 77, 264n158
commercialization of, 43–44
dual past/future focus of, 5, 221
expensive vs. inexpensive, 42
German enthusiasm for, 19–20, 258n24
history of, street-theater interpretations of, 138–41
modern, Berlin (1936) as model for, 60–61
New Left criticism of, 141–43
politicization of, 15
regenerative potential of, 3–4, 26
torch relay as Berlin’s legacy to, 74–75
US-German animosity and, 59
world fairs as inspiration for, 59. See also specific games
Olympic Games—Pro and Contra (conference; 1970), 142
“Olympic Guest” project, 231
Olympic Museum (Lausanne), 98
Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR), 73
Olympics Fund of German Industry, 75
“Olympics of Hospitality” (PR campaign), 231
Olympic Sponsors Association (Olympiaförderverein), 44, 81
Olympic Summer (arts program), 92–94
Olympic village: architecture of, 106 fig. 8, 108, 108 fig. 9
Black September reconnaissance in, 203, 205
cinema in, 93
memorial plaque in, 236, 236 fig. 23
newspaper of, 205
security at, 205–6
youth camp as extension of, 145
youth residence in, 154
Olympic Youth Camp, 66, 131, 145–48
Olympische Jugend (festival play), 94
Olympischen Spiele der Neuzeit, Die, 66
Olympisches Feuer (NOC journal), 66
Olympisches Lesebuch (reader), 66–67, 118, 175
Olympism: ambivalent effects of, 78
German inflection on, 21–22
as religion, 14, 16, 21. See also Olympic Games
Al-Omri, Fakhri, 203
One Day in September (film; 1999), 2, 4, 148, 190–91, 204, 216, 219, 237
Onesti, Giulio, 63–64
OPEC oil crisis (1973), 225
Opel, Georg von, 222
Operation Ikrit and Biram, 194–95. See also Munich Olympics (1972)—terrorist attack
Ordnungsdienst (“Olys”), 100, 153, 204, 205, 297n112, 298n131
Orff, Carl, 92, 94, 118–19, 120, 121, 134–35
Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972 (OC), 250n43, 251n67
advisory council of, 41
aesthetic problems and, 113–15
art programs and, 93–94
B + P backers in, 108–9
Bavaria-Munich rivalry and, 33
Berlin-era personnel in, 65
Berlin Olympics (1936) and, 61, 84
bomb threats against, 234
cost concerns of, 44
Dachau memorial ceremony of, 85–86
Diem and, 22
final meeting of (1977), 225, 236–37
German youth and, 131–32
insurance policy of, 219, 304n96
Krupp and, 75–76
local bids and, 30
minute-taker for, 239
Moscow exhibition of, 182
Munich official report and, 68–69
Munich victims unmemorialized by, 235–37
official present from, 90–91
Olympic Sponsors Association and, 44
Ostpolitik and, 183
PR department of, 131–32
press department of, 52–54
security organized by, 148–53
torch relay and, 78
voting in, 33
youth-oriented undertakings of, 145–48. See also Daume, Willi
Vogel, Hans-Jochen
Ortega y Gasset, José, 91
Osaka World Fair (1971), 90
Ostpolitik: Beitz and, 76
FRG-Arab relations and, 191–92, 294n46
inter-German politics and, 8
Munich Olympics and, 174–84
Soviet Union and, 222, 292n220
Otto, Frei, 88–89, 106, 108, 109, 110, 134, 224, 228
Oudeh, Mohammed Daoud, 203
Owens, Jesse: on Berlin Olympics, lack of racial discrimination at, 60
at Munich Olympics, 69, 70–74, 72 fig. 4, 147
myth of resistance of, 72–73, 80
return to Berlin (1951), 79
Pacepa, Ion, 195
Pakistan, 214
Palästinensische Revolution, 205
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 194–95, 201, 203, 205, 209, 295n76
Palestinian Youth Federation, 195
Palme, Olof, 206
Parsberg/Oberpfalz (West Germany), 45
Passau, 31
Paulmann, Johannes, 18, 222, 224, 230–31, 238–39
Pearson, William, 85
Peitschenknaller (“Goaßlschnalzer”), 121
Penderecki, Krzysztof, 120
Pepsi, 30
Peru, 206
Peters, Mary, 154
Pfeil, Ulrich, 225
philhellenism, 19, 21–22, 67, 81, 116
pictograms, 96 fig. 5, 99–100, 102
Piene, Otto, 102
Pierre de Coubertin Cup, 58
Pindar, 120
Pöhner, Konrad, 29, 45, 48, 237
Poland, 185
FRG Ostpolitik treaties with, 8, 157, 158, 165, 176–77
Poliakoff, Serge, 91
police, 148–53
Pompidou, Georges, 206
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 195, 201, 202, 213, 215–16
posters, 91, 100–101, figs. 6–7, 100–101, 231
Presley, Elvis, 120
Preuss, Holger, 42
Prinz-Carl-Palais (Munich), 227
professionalization, 235
Prokop, Ulrike, 141–42
Promyslow, V. F., 182–83
Propyläen (Munich), 81
proSport Verlag, 68
public relations, 48–51
Puma, 30
Quebec (Canada), 42
radio, 54
Radio Free Europe, 175–76
Radio Liberty, 175–76
Rauch, Georg von, 204
Real Madrid (soccer club), 34
Reczek, Włodzimierz, 61
Red Army Faction, 130, 196, 202, 203, 207, 225
Regensburg, 31
Rehbein, Herbert, 119
Reichenau, Walther von, 58, 247n105
Reichsausschuß für Leibesubüngen, 20, 247n105
Reichssportführer, 58, 63, 66, 71, 264n158
Reiter, Dunja, 231
Renner, Walter, 297n109
Rennert, Günther, 92
Rhodesia, 15, 16, 39, 40, 73, 190, 294n30
Riedl, Erich, 255n170
Riefenstahl, Leni, 58, 61, 69–70, 71, 139, 190
Riem, 201
Ries, Alfred, 37
Rigauer, Bero, 141–42
Roby, Douglas, 170
Roche, Maurice, 33
rock music, 151–52
“Rock Olympics,” 152
Rollerball (film; 1975), 23
Rolling Stones (band), 152
Romania, 165, 179, 180, 184, 294n46
Rome, IOC meeting in (1966), 166–67, 171
Rome Olympics (1960): cost of, 42
fascist sites used for, 84
French showing at, 143
as “gi-gantist” project, 15, 25, 223
IOC hosting patterns and, 56
opening ceremony of, 116
press coverage of, 52
security at, 205–6
television revenues at, 43
visitors to, 49
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 72
Rosendahl, Heide, 154–56, 155 fig. 16, 189
Rossow, Walter, 88
Roth, Richard, 95
Ruf, Sep, 88
Ruhnau, Werner, 134, 135–36, 140, 141, 223–24
Rupprecht, Reinhard, 152
Ruskin, John, 94
Ryan, Jim, 275n214
Safady, Mohammed (Black September commando), 298n130
Samaranch, Juan Antonio, 244n37, 252n90
Sapporo (Japan), 58
Sarger, René, 109
Savary, Jérôme, 138
Sayeret Matkal (Israeli special defense unit), 195, 198, 207
Schedl, Otto, 48
FRG-Israeli relations and, 192, 211
at memorial service, 209 fig. 21
on Munich opening ceremony, 123
on Schmeling, 71
on significance of Munich Olympics, 3
terrorism summit proposal supported by, 213
Schilgen, Fritz, 78
Schipol Airport (Amsterdam), security at, 301n216
Schlaich, Jörg, 267n22
Schleißheim Palace, 34
Schmeling, Max, 59, 69, 70–71, 74, 79, 147
Schmidt, Heide-Irene, 39
Schmidt, Manfred, 255n170
Schmidt-Hildebrand, Bruno, 36
Scholl, Hans, 96
Scholl, Sophie, 96
Scholtyseck, Joachim, 174
“schöne Münchnerin” (PR model), 50
Schöttle, Erwin, 44
Schreiber, Manfred: on marksmen’s inexperience, 297n116
“Münchner Linie” policing policy of, 149, 152–53, 202
Munich aesthetics and, 95
Munich terrorist attack and, 197–98, 201, 202, 297n109
negligence charges against, 219
as security commissioner, 148–53, 205–6, 281–82n133
security threats against, 215
Schröder, Gerhard, 162–63, 165, 166, 167
Schröder, Jörg, 57
Schüller, Heide, 218
Schuttberg (Munich), 104–10, 107, 113, 114–15, 136 fig. 14
Schuttblume (sculpture; Belling), controversy over, 114–15
Schwabbelbrücke (Spielstraße attraction), 138
Schwabing Riots (Munich; 1962), 149
Schwarze Korps, Das (SS newspaper), 113
Schwerindustrie und Politik, 76
Second German Television (ZDF), 69, 147
SED (East German Communist Party): AG 72 (Party Commission for the Political and Ideological Preparation of the Olympic Games), 178, 180, 289n156, 290n165
secretariat for international relations, 166
Seebohm, Jürgen, 32
Seeger, Mia, 88
Selassie, Haile, 206
Senegal, 294n46
Severud and Associates, 109
Seymour, Gerald, 197
Sheik Taa, Ahmed (Black September commando), 298n130
Shilon, Dan, 197
Shinnar, Felix, 193
Sidky, Aziz, 199
Sieber, Georg, 202
Siegfried, Detlef, 6
Ślski Stadium (Katowice), 107
Social Democratic Party (SPD): Brandt as leader of, 24, 25
in contemporary political context, 4
electoral victory of (1972), 224–25, 233
FRG-Israeli relations and, 218
Hallstein Doctrine and, 158
Marxist heritage shed by at Bad Godesberg conference (1959), 8, 130
Munich Olympics and, 128
Nazi legacy and, 6
Ostpolitik and, 182
post-1968 growth of, 130
youth organization of, 130–31
Socialist German Workers Youth (SDAJ), 130
Arab states supported by, 188, 219, 294n46
boycott fears concerning, 289n150
Eastern Europe invasions of, 15, 172, 176
FRG Ostpolitik treaties with, 8, 157, 158, 176–77
inter-German politics and, 166, 175–77, 178–79, 182–83
international reputation of, 176
Olympic bid of (1976), 181–82, 291n190
Olympic discourse mastered by, 161
team of, during opening ceremony, 187
Spassky, Boris, 1–2
Speer, Albert, 105
Spiegel, Der (magazine), 29, 52, 56–57, 133, 197, 229, 234
Spiegel, Daniel, 152
Spielstraße (“Avenue of Games”), 131, 137 fig.15
conceptual frame of, 135–38
controversy over, 133–35
mainstream and, 155
policing of, 151
political potency of, 138–40
prototype for, 133–34
shutting down of, 140–41
success of, 138
Spiral of Fortune (TV lottery), 43, 231, 232
Spitzer, Andre, 219
Spitzer, Ankie, 219
sponsors, 44
sport: as cultural entity, 91–92
democraticization of, 223–24
Hallstein enforcement in, 168
interdisciplinary scientific congress on, 143–45
internationalization of, 59
New Left criticism of, 141–43
Ostpolitik and, 174
20th-century spectatorship rise in, 20
Sporthochschule (Cologne), 38, 67, 68, 154–55, 189, 218
Sportinformationsdienst, 123, 134–35
“Sport in the Modern World—Chances and Problems” (congress; 1972), 143–45
Sportpark GmbH, 81
Squaw Valley Winter Olympics (1960), 116
Stade de la Révolution (Algiers), 192, 294n46
Stankowski, Anton, 132, 277n19
State Committee for Physical Exercise and Sports, 178
Stecher, Renate, 156
Steltzer, Hans Georg, 209, 215
Stern magazine, 84
Stockholm Art Museum, 274n183
Stockholm Olympics (1912), 16, 145
Stoph, Willi, 180
Stoytchev, Vladimir, 60–61
Strauß, Franz Josef: B + P and, 109
Bavarian politics and, 28–29
as CSU leader, 29
in election ads, 228
Munich bidand, 32, 45–46, 47–48
Munich terrorist attack and, 198
Nazi legacy and, 5–6
as possible OC representative, 33
Strauß, Richard, 118
street-theater troupes, 138–41
Strength through Joy (Nazi leisure organization), 58
Stücklen, Richard, 32, 255n170
student movement, 129
Stuttgart, 25
Stüver company, 195
Sudan, 174, 178, 191, 211, 290n166
Süddeutsche Zeitung (newspaper), 35 fig. 2, 109
Sud-Ouest (newspaper), 55
Suez Crisis, 15
Suhrkamp, Peter, 90
Sunday Times (newspaper), 70, 71
Sweden, 178
Syria, 37, 178, 191, 208, 214, 290n166
Szymiczek, Otto, 57
Tasmania, 178
Tehran (Iran), IOC meeting in (1967), 172, 283n21
television, 54
Olympic audience, 51–52, 59–60
opening ceremony as covered by, 188
terrorist attack as covered by, 187, 197
Al-Tell, Wasfi, 195
Tenjo Sajiki (street-theater troupe), 138, 140, 141
Terayama, Shuji, 140
terrorism: airport security and, 301n216
cultural impact of, 225
FRG-Israeli relations and, 189, 218
in Israel, 196, 197, 301nn195–96
intelligence failure on, 201–2
Munich attack as influence on, 207
Munich terrorists’ release obtained through, 215–16
PFLP and, 195, 215–16. See also Black September
Munich Olympics (1972)—terrorist attack
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Red Army Faction
specific terrorist group
Teufel, Fritz, 142
Thaon di Ravel, Paolo, 235
“Third World”: German surrogate diplomacy in, 37–40
sport development aid in, 39
Thought Hole (sculpture; de Maria), 115
Tito, Josip Broz, 216
Tlatelolco Massacre (1968), 127, 140
Tokyo Olympics (1964), 25
architecture, 105–6
bribes offered in bid for, 35
cost of, 42
Diem as consultant for, 21
as “gigantist” project, 15, 25, 223
inter-German tensions at, 160, 163
IOC hosting patterns and, 56
opening ceremony of, 116
pictograms used at, 99–100
press coverage of, 52
regenerative potential of, 3–4
security at, 205–6
visitors to, 49
Tommy (rock opera; The Who), 151
Tony (Black September commando). See Nazal, Yussef
Touny, Ahmed Eldemerdash, 197, 198
Travemünde, 81
Troost, Paul Ludwig, 81–82
Truman, Harry, 176
Tschammer und Osten, Hans von (Reichssportführer), 66, 71, 81, 264n158
Tunisia, 37, 198, 203, 213–14, 294n46
Tutu, Desmond, 101
TV Eintracht Dortmund (sports club), 11–12
U-Bahn (subway lines), 28, 226
Uecker, Günther, 151
UFA film studios, 60
Ulbricht, Walter, 173, 177, 178, 180
Ulm, 31
Ulm College of Design, 89, 95, 98, 111
Ulm Einsatzgruppen trial (1958), 5
Ulm School of Engineering, 111
Ulrich, Timm, 137
Umminger, Walter, 66–67, 68, 118, 175
Under the Tent Roof, 147
Unfähigkeit zu trauern, Die (Mitscherlich and Mitscherlich), 128
United Arab Republic (of Egypt and Syria), 178, 290n166
United Kingdom, 49
United Nations, 157
United States: Berlin boycott threatened by, 73
Brundage and, 246n94
counterterrorism unit established by, 207
German embassy in, 264n158
Germany as perceived in, 49
Krupp and, 77
Munich as perceived in, 50
Olympic tourism from, 49
propaganda radio stations of, 175–76
team of, during opening ceremony, 187
television audience in, 51–52
United States Amateur Athletics Union, 16
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 16, 73
Unseld, Siegfried, 90
Uruguay delegation, 206
Verein “Gegen Vergessen—für Demokratie,” 236
Vereinigte Bayerische Trachtenkapelle aus Bernau und Ruhpolding, 121
Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes, 85
Verwaltungsbau of the NSDAP (Munich), 82
Vienna (Austria), 33–34
Vienna Workers’ Olympics (1931), 59
Vier Dimensionen des Avery Brundage, Die (Festschrift), 162
Village News, 205
Virén, Lasse, 2
Vogel, Bernhard, 12
Vogel, Eberhard, 123
Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 4, 10 fig. 1
art programs and, 92
as Bavarian SPD leader, 131
Berlin stadium stone presented to, 80
bidding speech of, 34
birth of, 10
budget projected by, 31, 32, 41, 110
as cabinet member, 131
career background of, 9
electoral defeats of, 10
final OC meeting addressed by, 225
financing controversies and, 46–47, 47 fig. 3, 48
flame-lighting speech of, 78
FRG-Israeli relations and, 188
inter-German politics and, 164, 166–67, 171–72, 284–85n50
interpersonal skills of, 12
local company bidding and, 30
at Lod Trauerfeier, 301n196
Munich Olympics conceived by, 8–9, 55, 61
Munich official report and, 68
Munich terrorist attack and, 198, 235
Munich victim memorialization and, 235–37
Nazi legacy and, 10–11
organizational skills of, 13
political affiliation of, 12–13
relationship with Daume, 9, 12–14
Schuttblume controversy and, 114–15
security concerns of, 149–50
Soviet trip of, 182
sport as viewed by, 13
urban planning views of, 97
Young Socialists and, 130
Volkswagen, 51
Wagner, Richard, 94
Wailing Beam (sculpture König), 237
Warhol, Andy, 70
IOC meeting in (1969), 80, 172
Warum wurde Krupp verurteilt? (Wilmowsky), 76
Web and the Rock, The (Wolfe), 50
Weber, Karlheinz (Carlo), 105, 107, 111
Weichmann, Herbert, 25
Weinberg, Moshe, 235–36
Weizsäcker, Richard von, 10
Weltkulturen und moderne Kunst (art exhibition), 82, 83–84, 92–93
Werder Bremen (soccer club), 37
West Berlin, 10, 27, 28, 89, 107, 129, 138, 139, 142, 152, 157, 166, 176, 179, 182, 185, 204, 224
Westdeutscher Rundfunk, 120
Westernization, 8
Western Sahara, 290n166
Westfalian Landestheater, 151
West German Sports Youth (Deutsche Sportjugend), 145
Westrick, Ludger, 31
West-Verlag, 76
Who, The (band), 151
Wichmann, Werner, 301n196
Wiepking, Heinrich, 112–13
Wiesen, S. Jonathan, 77
Wilcox, John, 197
Wilmowsky, Tilo, 76
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 67
Windelen, Heinrich, 46
Wirsing, Werner, 95, 132, 277n19
Wischer, Robert, 108
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 97
Wolf, Markus, 204
Wolfe, Thomas Clayton, 50
Workers’ Olympics (Vienna; 1931), 59
Working Party on the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, 118
World Biathlon Championships (Garmisch-Partenkirchen; 1966), 165
World Cup (1954), 238
World Fair (Montreal; 1967), 34, 88–90, 91, 99, 106, 125, 134
World Fair (Osaka; 1971), 90
World Health Organization, 173
World Jewish Congress, 70
World War I, 67
World Youth Festival (East Berlin; 1973), 204, 299n151
Wrede, Walter, 21
Yad Veshem, 76
YMCA, 154
Young Socialists, 130–31
youth: Arab, following terrorist attack, 234
impact on Munich Olympics, 153–56, 221–22
mainstream and, 154–56
Munich public memory and, 238–40
opening ceremonies and, 117–18
radicalization of, 127–28, 146–47
security and, 148–53
Spielstraße and, 132–41
in West Germany, 128, 129–32, 146–47. See also Spielstraße (“Avenue of Games”)
Yugoslavia, 184, 215–16, 217, 218, 294n46
Zagreb (Yugoslavia), 215–16, 217, 218
Zahn, Günter, 119
Zamo near Lublin (Belzec holding area), 12
Zapp, Carl August, 169–70
Zappa, Frank, 152
Zatopek, Emil, 71, 72 fig. 4, 147, 172, 235
Zeit, Die (newspaper), 97, 181
Zentrale Hochschulsportanlage (Munich), 53
Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland, 216, 301n196
Zuckmayer, Carl, 92
Zwerenz, Gerhard, 57