Index

Page numbers that refer to figures are noted with f.

• Abolitionism, 3, 19, 31, 36, 57, 165. See also Mott, Lucretia; Slavery; Stone, Lucy
• Addams, Jane, 99, 166, 177, 240
• African Americans, 14, 35, 84, 104, 106, 109, 171, 174, 176; Brown v. Board of Education, 26; disfranchisement of, 95, 96, 107, 108, 172, 230, 282; lynching and, 104, 105, 272; migration to North, 105; ongoing battle for voting rights, 283; Plessy v. Ferguson, 26–27, 104; segregation and, 104, 108; temperance movement and, 105; in Washington, 172; women’s rights and, 19. See also Abolitionism; African American women; Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Race / racism; Slavery; Voting rights
• African American women, 5, 31, 175, 180; Alpha Suffrage Club, 101–109; black club movement, 172; experience of, 168–170, 174; “Jane Crow” legal strategy, 238; in labor movement, 220; need for suffrage, 20, 107, 173; in 1913 parade, 175, 196, 204; political engagement and, 107; rights of African American men and, 35–36; right to full citizenship and, 39; voters in Chicago, 105–107; Voting Rights Act and, 108. See also Race / racism; Terrell, Mary Church; Truth, Sojourner; Wells-Barnett, Ida
• Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 184, 187
• Allegory (MacKaye), 197–204, 197f
• Allen, Judith, 74
• Allender, Nina Evans: “Any Good Suffragist the Morning After,” 235f; biography, 230–236; “Come to Mother,” 222f, 223–224; postsuffrage career of, 284
• Allender Girl, The, 232, 236
• Alpha Suffrage Club, 101, 102, 103, 105–106, 107, 109, 204. See also Wells-Barnett, Ida
• American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 66, 284
• American Friends of Russian Freedom, 66
• American Woman (MacKaye), 204–205
• American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), 20, 58–59; polygamy issue and, 48–49; Truth and, 36–37
• Ames, Blanche, 226, 228; “Our Answer to Mr. Taft,” 229f
• Ames, Oakes, 226, 228
• Anderson, Mary, 220
• Anthony, Lucy, 161
• Anthony, Susan B., 2, 7, 17–27, 58, 206; at Berlin congress, 170; images of, 38f; indictment of, 22; inscription in History of Woman Suffrage, 279, 286–287; international work of, 165; in The Mother of Us All, 288; personal relationships of, 160–161; relation with African American women, 36–37, 170, 173; relation with Mormons, 49, 53; The Revolution, 58; schism and, 20, 50; test case and, 19, 21; trial of, 23–25; views of, 36; vote by, 17–19
• Anthony amendment, 234. See also Nineteenth Amendment
• Antilynching activism, 104, 105
• Antislavery feminism, 31
• Antisuffrage movement / antisuffragists, 116–122; buttons, 112; commitment to nonpartisanship, 119; emergence of right-wing activism and, 121; Gilman and, 74; iconography of, 152; leadership in, 120; in Massachussetts, 126–127; men and, 121; Meyer and, 116–117, 118–119, 122; organizations, 119–121; in Porter-Dewson scrapbook, 156; support for Catlin, 130
• “Any Good Suffragist the Morning After” (cartoon), 235f
• Appalachian Mountain Club, 185
• Appearance, physical: in Allegory, 200, 204; Catlin’s, 131–132; Inez Milholland’s, 123, 125f, 199; of suffragists, 16, 17f, 38, 231, 232, 242; Terrell’s, 167–168, 174; Truth’s, 31–32
• Are Women People? (Miller), 93
• Arizona, 191
• Armenian crisis, 56–66, 73
• Armenian Crisis in Turkey, The (Greene), 64
• Armenian Poems, 62
• Arrests, 192, 238, 247–249, 272. See also Incarceration
• Art, 236. See also Cartoons, political
• Artifacts, 6; Allegory, photograph of, 197f; ballot box, 98f, 99; buttons, 110f, 111–112; “Come to Mother,” 222f; Confederate Army reunion pin and ribbon, 85f; foreign language fliers, 211f; Gilman’s death mask, 60f, 67–68; Hagar sculpture, 91f; handbill for feminist meeting, 76f, 77; handbill from National American Woman Suffrage Association, 251, 253f; Harvard League for Woman Suffrage banner, 139f; History of Woman Suffrage, inscribed, 279, 286–287; International Woman Suffrage Alliance poster, 164f, 166; “Leaders of the Woman’s Rights Convention Taking an Airing,” 16, 17f; Milholland, 125f; 1913 parade program, 194f, 195; prison pins, 239f, 272; saddlebags, Catlin’s, 128f; scrapbook, Porter-Dewson, 156; suffrage bluebirds, 150f, 151; suffrage flag, 264f, 266, 277; survival of, 187; tree plaques, xf, 1–7; Truth’s cartes de visite, 28f; use of in history of woman suffrage movement, 4–5, 285–286; Washington Women’s Cook Book, 183f; Woman’s Exponent, 40f; Woman’s Journal button, 54f, 55. See also Material culture; Objects; Schlesinger Library
• Artists, women, 225. See also Allender, Nina Evans; Cartoons, political
• Atherton, Gertrude, 93
• Atlantic Monthly, Johnston in, 88, 89–90
• Audrey (Johnston), 88
• Automobiles, 124–125, 130, 135, 155, 156
• AWSA (American Woman Suffrage Association). See American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)

• Baillie, James S., 16, 17f
• Ballot box, 98f, 99, 286
• Banner Bearers (Haskell), 10–11, 93, 285
• Barnard College, 113, 115
• Barnett, Ferdinand, 104, 107
• Barrows, Isabel Chapin, 57, 60, 61, 63
• Barrows, Samuel June, 60, 61
• Barry, Kitty, 63, 161
• Barton, Clara, 30, 58
• Beard, Mary, 286
• Beauchamp, Alexander Green, 83
• Beecher (family), 70, 71
• Bellamy, Edward, 71
• Belmont, Alva, 161, 217, 237
• Beyond Suffrage (Ware), 8
• Biography, use of in history of woman suffrage movement, 4–5, 285
• Blackwell, Alice Stone, 56–57, 58–66, 72, 158, 161, 215, 255–256, 257, 284; and Armenian crisis, 56–57, 60–62, 63–67
• Blackwell, Elizabeth, 60, 63
• Blackwell, Henry Browne, 19, 20, 55, 59
• Blake, Lillie Deveraux, 2
• Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 55, 73, 120, 124, 161, 179, 215, 216, 217, 218
• Bluebirds, suffrage, 150f, 151, 155
• Boston, 60, 226, 256. See also Massachusetts
• Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government (BESAGG), 256
• Boston Herald, 128
• Bostonians, The (James), 92
• Breshkovsky, Catherine, 66
• Brevoort, Meta, 185
• British suffragettes, 137, 143, 147, 180, 238, 265. See also International work
• Brooches. See Prison pins
• Brooks, Virginia, 102, 103
• Brown, Arthur Raymond (Ray), 140–149
• Brown, Gertrude Foster, 140, 141–145, 146, 147, 149, 280, 284
• Brown v. Board of Education, 26
• Bullis, Helen, 94
• Burn, Harry, 266, 276
• Burns, Lucy, 179, 240, 265
• Burrows, Mabel, 60
• Buttons: suffrage buttons, 110f, 111–112; Woman’s Journal, 54f

• California, 5; antisuffrage in, 120; reform climate in, 71; suffrage in, 73, 191
• Campaign buttons. See Buttons
• Cardozo, Benjamin, 114, 116
• Cartes de visite, 29–30, 285; Mott’s, 37; Truth’s, 28f, 31–33, 37, 38–39. See also Images
• Cartoons, political, 223–236; Ames’s, 226, 228; “Any Good Suffragist the Morning After,” 235f; “Come to Mother,” 222f, 223–224; “Our Answer to Mr. Taft,” 229f; race and class in, 236; Rogers’s, 226, 272. See also Allender, Nina Evans
• Cather, Willa, 179
• Catlin, Claiborne, 125–136, 155, 285
• Catlin, Joseph Albert, 127
• Catt, Carrie Chapman, 4, 145, 157, 160, 161, 179, 285; on federal amendment, 219, 260; international work of, 165, 166, 170; 1913 parade and, 200; Park and, 257; ratification and, 263, 267, 274; on Southern suffragists, 87; suffrage forest, xf, 1–7, 265; support for Blackwell, 66; White and, 270–271; Winning Plan, 95, 219, 257–258, 262; during World War I, 259
• Catt, George, 160
• Cauer, Minna, 2
• Celestial / plural marriage. See Polygamy
• Centennial, US, 206
• Century of Struggle (Flexner), 8
• Chapman, Leo, 160
• Chatschumian, Ohannes, 60–64, 65, 66, 296n15
• Chicago, 99–109. See also Alpha Suffrage Club; Illinois; Wells-Barnett, Ida
• Chicago Political Equality League, 99
• Chicago Tribune, 102, 103
• Chicago Woman’s Club, 99
• Chinese immigrants, 26, 52
• Christian Science Monitor, 224
• Church, Mary. See Terrell, Mary Church
• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), 41, 42, 44. See also Mormon women; Polygamy
• Citizenship, 13–14, 131, 221, 280; African American women and, 39; Native Americans and, 282–283. See also Fourteenth Amendment
• Civil War, 14, 30; legacy of, 84; novels about, 86–87. See also Abolitionism; Reconstruction; Slavery
• Class, 7, 146, 204, 212, 215, 236; ability to work for suffrage and, 256; in Allender’s cartoons, 236; Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, 73, 215–216; intersection with gender, 220 (see also Intersectionality); solidarity, 213, 217; Uprising of the Twenty Thousand and, 217. See also Elite / upper-class women; Working-class women
• Clay, Laura, 95
• Climbers, women, 185, 186, 187–193
• Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 66
• Clothing / fashion, 32, 37, 41, 81, 103, 128–129, 186, 237
• College Equal Suffrage League, 256
• Colorado, 51
• Colored Woman in a White World, A (Terrell), 174
• Colors, suffrage, 112, 129, 179, 195, 247
• Columbia University, 115
• “Come to Mother” (Allender), 222f, 223–224
• Confederate Army reunion pin and ribbon, 85f
• Congress, 246, 286; lobbying of, 249, 258–263; Rankin in, 223, 258
• Congressional Committee, 228, 254, 255–263. See also Paul, Alice
• Congressional Union, 192, 206, 208, 231, 233. See also Paul, Alice
• Consciousness-raising, 10, 283
• Conservative women, 121–122, 281
• Constitution, US. See Constitutional amendment, federal; Fifteenth Amendment; First Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Nineteenth Amendment; Sixth Amendment
• Constitutional amendment, federal, 27, 196, 219, 233–234; challenges facing, 251–252; lobbyists for, 251–263; need for, 251–252; passage of, 259–260, 262–263, 277; ratification, 273; South and, 269. See also Nineteenth Amendment; Winning Plan
• Consumers’ League, 112, 115, 116, 117
• Cookbooks, 181–182, 183f, 223
• Cook County, Illinois, 99. See also Chicago
• Cooley, Winnifred Harper, 9
• Copyright of photographs, 32
• Cott, Nancy, 10, 255
• Counter-inauguration march. See 1913 parade in Washington
• County Post (newspaper), 25
• Cowan, William Randolph, 106
• Crisis, The (magazine), 107–108, 172
• Cullom Resolution, 58

• Dale, Benjamin Moran, 195
• Dall, Caroline Healey, 279, 287
• Daughters of the American Revolution, 238
• Davenport, Charles, 127
• Dawes Act, 52
• Death mask, Gilman’s, 67–68, 69f
• Democrats: in Congress, 261; Solid South, 107, 267; targeting of, 235, 269
• DePriest, Oscar, 106
• Detroit Free Press (newspaper), 137
• Devoe, Emma Smith, 181, 188, 190
• Dewson, Molly, 152–163, 284
• Dickinson, Anna, 161
• Disdéri, André-Adolphe-Eugène, 29
• Disfranchisement: of African Americans, 95, 96, 107, 108, 172, 230, 282; of felons, 283; of Native American women, 282. See also Voting rights; Voting Rights Act
• Dissent, wartime repression of, 244
• Dodge, Josephine, 119
• Dominant Sex, The (Meyer), 113
• Douglass, Frederick, 19, 34

• Eagle Forum, 121–122
• Eastman, Crystal, 281
• Eaton, Cora Smith, 182, 185, 186, 187–192, 223, 246, 284
• Eaton, Robert A., 187
• Economic independence: for African American women, 36; Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, 73, 215–216; feminism and, 77; Gilman and, 71–72, 73; in Hagar, 86, 92; men’s support for, 147; political independence and, 117; White and, 268; woman suffrage and, 163. See also Class; Working-class women
• Edmunds Act, 50
• Edmunds-Tucker Act, 47, 50
• Education, 26–27, 104. See also Higher education for women
• Electoral College, 252
• Elite / upper-class women, 146, 213; antisuffragist, 120; in final stages of suffrage, 217; Jewish, 113–114, 116; in strikes, 217; in union movement, 214. See also Class
• Ellis, Havelock, 162
• Emory, Julia, 249
• Equal Franchise Society, 204
• Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, 73, 215–216
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 122, 206–207, 250, 298n22
• Equal Rights Pageant (MacKaye), 207
• Equal Suffrage League of Virginia, 89
• ERA (Equal Rights Amendment), 122, 206–207, 250, 298n22
• Eurocentrism, 5, 64–65, 166, 170–171. See also International work
• Evans, Eva, 230
• Everybody’s Magazine, 142; “How It Feels to Be the Husband of a Suffragette” (Brown), 138–149
• Evolution, 72, 93
• Explorer’s Club, 186

• Fanny Herself (Ferber), 93
• Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, 2
• Federal power, vs. state power, 25. See also Constitutional amendment, federal; States, suffrage initiatives in; States’ rights
• Felton, Rebecca Latimer, 95
• Femininity, prevailing notions of, 223–224, 234. See also Gender and gender roles
• Feminism, 9–10, 31, 75–78, 76f, 121, 207, 298n22; as cumulative effort, 288; diversity of women’s experiences and, 284; intersection with racism, 283–284; intersection with woman suffrage movement, 75–78; as ongoing struggle, 287; reclaiming history of, 286
• Feminism, second-wave, 284
• Ferber, Edna, 93
• Ferguson, Ellen, 46, 47
• Fifteenth Amendment, 14, 19, 23, 31, 35, 36, 95
• First Amendment, 45, 244, 270, 271, 272
• Fitzgerald, Susan, 125, 134
• Flag, suffrage, 264f, 266, 277
• Flanagan, Charlotte, 275
• Flexner, Eleanor, 8
• Fliers, 209–210, 211f, 241
• Florance, Annie Augusta, 113
• Foreign language fliers, 209–210, 211f
• Forerunner (publication), 73–75
• Forward into Light (MacKaye), 207
• Foster, Rachel, 161
• Fourteenth Amendment, 18; debates over, 31, 35; enforcement of, 95; Hunt on, 23; Native Americans and, 282–283; test case and, 19, 20–21, 25–26
• Freedman, Estelle, 9
• Free speech, 244, 270, 271, 272
• Freud, Sigmund, 162
• Friedan, Betty, 284
• Front door lobby, 251, 254–263
• Fuller, Margaret, 75, 115
• Fundraising, 129, 206

• Gage, Frances Dana, 35
• Gage, Matilda Joslyn, 23, 37
• Gale, Zona, 93
• Gender and gender roles, 72, 78, 82, 94, 113, 140, 223–224, 234–235, 240–241; career opportunities and, 225, 240–241; intersection with race, 173. See also Intersectionality
• Generations, 161, 238, 279, 280, 285; desire to document suffragists’ story and, 286; dialogues between daughters and mothers, 245; reconciliation in woman suffrage movement and, 20; shift in strategy and, 179; transitions between, 55
• Geography, suffrage and, 5, 108, 191, 253f. See also Chicago; Illinois; South (region); West (region); and individual states
• Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 4, 8, 215, 216, 284; biography, 70–79; death mask, 67–68, 69f; death of, 67–68; Forerunner, 73–75; international work, 166; Johnston and, 93
• Gilman, Houghton, 72
• Glasgow, Ellen, 89
• Gordon, Jean, 83
• Gordon, Kate, 83, 95, 96, 97
• Gram, Betty, 275
• Grand Forks Equal Suffrage Association, 187
• Greene, Frederick Davis, 64
• Grimké, Angelina, 3, 5. See also Abolitionism
• Grimké, Sarah, 3, 5. See also Abolitionism
• Grounding of Modern Feminism, The (Cott), 10
• Groups. See Organizations

• Hagar (biblical figure), 90, 91f
• Hagar (Johnston), 84, 86, 90–94, 97
• Haley, Margaret, 99
• Hallinan, Charles, 250
• Happersett, Reese, 25
• Harper, Ida Husted, 168
• Harvard League for Woman Suffrage, 137, 139f
• Harvard University, 8, 137. See also Schlesinger Library
• Haskell, Oreola Williams, 10–11, 93, 285, 292n10
• Hay, Mary (Mollie) Garrett, 1, 160
• Hazel Kirke (play), 201–202
• Henrotin, Ellen, 99
• Heterodoxy, 77
• Heteronormativity, 161, 162
• Higher education for women: Barnard College, 113, 115; cartooning and, 226; College Equal Suffrage League, 256; Columbia University, 115; expansion of, 225; New Women and, 223; Oberlin College, 179; Radcliffe College, 255, 286; Vassar College, 216, 240; Wellesley College, 153. See also Schlesinger Library
• Hill, Elsie, 247–248
• History: importance of, 279, 282; tree plaques, 1–7. See also Artifacts
• History of Woman Suffrage (Stanton, Anthony, and Gage), 37, 190–191, 206; inscribed by Anthony, 279, 286–287
• Hollis, Henry, 263
• Holloway Brooch, 238
• Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 33
• Homosexuality, 160–162. See also Sexuality
• Hoover, Herbert, 109
• Horses, 123–125; Catlin’s use of, 125–136; in 1913 parade, 192, 199; in suffrage iconography, 195
• House of Representatives. See Congress
• Howard, Elizabeth, 46
• Howard University, 175
• Howe, Julia Ward, 19, 20, 57, 59–60
• Howe, Marie Jenney, 77
• How It Feels to Be the Husband of a Suffragette (Brown), 138–149
• Howorth, Joseph, 83
• Howorth, Lucy Somerville, 83, 157
• Hoy, Helen, 216
• Human rights, 14, 221; Armenian crisis, 56–66, 73; relation with women’s rights, 57, 65, 66
• Human Work (Gilman), 78
• Hunger strikes, 192, 246, 248, 266, 272
• Hunkins, Hazel, 4, 240–250, 284
• Hunt, Ward, 23–24
• Hutton, May Arkwright, 188–190, 191

• Iconography, 285. See also Artifacts; Images
• Idaho, 51
• Illinois, 100, 101–102, 105, 109. See also Chicago; Wells-Barnett, Ida
• Illinois Equal Suffrage Association, 101–102
• Illinois Women’s Suffrage Association, 100
• Images: control of, 37–38; importance of, 37; political cartoons, 223–236. See also Artifacts; Cartes de visite; Photography
• Immigrant voters, 126, 209–210, 211f
• Imprisonment. See Arrests; Incarceration
• Incarceration, 247–249; Night of Terror, 246; prison pins, 237–238, 239f, 272, 285–286; whistle-stop tour and, 272–273
• International Congress of Women, 177, 308n6
• International Council of Women, 51, 53, 165, 167–170, 308n6
• International human rights, 56–66
• International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), 214, 219
• International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), 164f, 165, 166–167, 170
• International work, 3, 165–167; assumptions about superiority of Western civilization in, 170–171; Eurocentrism of, 166; networks, 165; organizations, 53, 165, 167–170, 177; racism in, 173, 176
• Intersectionality, 173, 220, 238, 283–284, 287
• In This Our World (Gilman), 71
• Irwin, Inez Haynes, 228, 230, 231, 255
• IWSA (International Woman Suffrage Alliance), 164f, 165, 166–167, 170

• Jacobs, Aletta, 2
• Jail, suffragists in. See Incarceration
• James, Henry, 92
• “Jane Crow” legal strategy, 238
• Jews: immigrant, in New York, 213, 218; Nathan sisters, 113–122; prejudice against, 115; Schneiderman, 213–221; treatment of, 176
• Jim Crow segregation, 104, 108. See also Disfranchisement; Segregation
• Joan of Arc, 195, 265
• Joan of Arc Suffrage League of New York, 192
• Johnston, John William, 87
• Johnston, Joseph E., 87
• Johnston, Mary, 86, 284; activism of, 89–90; biography, 87–89; Hagar, 84, 86, 90–94; mysticism of, 97; race and, 96; works by, 88
• Judge (magazine), 227
• Julia France and Her Times (Atherton), 93
• Juniper Ledge, 1–7, 291n1
• Jury, trial by, 23–24
• Jury nullification, 22

• Kansas, 191, 230
• Kearney, Belle, 95, 96
• Keller, Helen, 200
• Kelley, Abby, 3. See also Abolitionism
• Kent, Elizabeth Thatcher, 237
• King, Cora Smith Eaton. See Eaton, Cora Smith
• King, Judson, 191
• Koranyi, Anna So’os, 166
• Krafft-Ebbing, Richard von, 162

• Labor, 180, 214, 217, 220, 246. See also Schneiderman, Rose; Working-class women
• Labor legislation, protective, 166, 232
• LaFollette, Fola, 77, 78
• Laidlaw, Harriet Burton, 138, 161, 205
• Laidlaw, James, 138, 205
• Lancaster State Industrial School for Girls, 153
• Languages: in international work, 168; leaflets and, 209–210
• “Leaders of the Woman’s Rights Convention Taking an Airing” (Baillie), 16, 17f, 37
• Leaflets, 209–210, 211f, 241
• League of Women Voters (LWV), 3, 65, 108, 119, 122, 263, 284
• Lemlich, Clara, 218, 312n4
• Lesbians. See Sexuality
• Lewis, Dora, 247
• Lewis, Edmonia, 91
• Lewis Rand (Johnston), 88
• Likeness, legal rights to, 32
• Lincoln, Abraham, 30, 170
• Literature, suffrage, 92–93. See also Hagar (Johnston); and individual publications
• Littledale, Clara Savage, 78
• Lobbying, 251–263, 273, 275, 287
• Looking Backward (Bellamy), 71
• Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 115
• Luscomb, Florence, 209
• Lynching, 104, 105, 272

• MacKaye, Hazel, 196, 197, 201–208, 223, 285
• MacKaye, Percy, 202, 203
• MacKaye, Steele, 201–202
• Marches. See Parades and marches
• Marriage, 146, 147, 160; Gilman on, 72; Park and, 256–257; suffragists’, 140–149, 161–162, 250
• Marston, William, 226
• Massachusetts: antisuffragists in, 152; Catlin in, 126–136; ratification of Nineteenth Amendment, 152; suffrage in, 251. See also Boston; Dewson, Molly; Porter, Polly
• Massachusetts Association Opposed to Further Extension of Suffrage for Women, 119
• Massachusetts Political Equality Union, 125, 126. See also Catlin, Claiborne
• Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA), 151–152, 154–163, 256
• Material culture, 6–7, 285. See also Artifacts; Objects
• Mazamas, The, 186
• McCormick, Ruth Hanna, 109
• McCullough, Catherine Waugh, 99, 103
• Medbery, Mary, 201
• Media / press. See Press / media; and individual newspapers; individual publications
• Memphis Free Speech (newspaper), 104
• Men: antisuffragist, 116, 121; disfranchisement of African American, 95, 96, 107, 108, 172, 230; domestic support system enabling women’s activism, 149; “How It Feels to Be the Husband of a Suffragette” (Brown), 138–149; Men’s League for Woman Suffrage, 137–138, 146, 148f, 204–205; support of, 131, 137–138, 146
• Men’s League for Woman Suffrage, 137–138, 146, 148f, 204–205
• Meyer, Alfred, 115
• Meyer, Annie Nathan, 112–122, 213
• Middleton, George, 78
• Midwest (region). See Chicago; Illinois; and individual states
• Milholland, Inez, 123, 125f, 126, 199, 205, 216, 247
• Militance, 6, 175, 180; Anthony’s, 206; British suffragettes, 137, 143, 147, 180, 238, 265; World War I and, 160. See also Incarceration; National Woman’s Party (NWP); Paul, Alice; Picketing
• Mill, John Stuart, 75
• Miller, Alice Duer, 93
• Miller, Spencer, 205
• Minor, Francis, 20, 25
• Minor, Virginia, 20, 25
• Minor v. Happersett, 25–26
• Mitchell, Margaret, 87
• Mitchell, S. Weir, 70
• Montana, 191, 240–241, 258
• Morgan, Anne, 212, 217
• Mormon Question, 42. See also Polygamy
• Mormon women, 41, 43, 45–46; activity in national politics, 51–52; as delegates to national conventions, 51; disfranchisement of, 47; politicization of, 44; polygamy and, 42 (see also Polygamy); relation with NWSA, 50; Relief Society, 48, 53; suffrage leaders’ distancing from, 52; Wells, 41, 42, 47–48, 50–53, 59; Woman’s Exponent, 40f, 41, 48, 56, 59
• “Mormon” Women’s Protest (pamphlet), 43
• Mother of Us All, The (Stein and Thomson), 288
• Mothers to Men (Gale), 93
• Mott, Lucretia, 3, 15, 37, 165. See also Abolitionism
• Mountaineering, 182, 185, 192–193, 223
• Mountaineers Club, 182, 185
• Mount Rainier, 182, 185, 188, 193
• Murray, Pauli, 238
• Muslims, 64–65

• Narrative of Sojourner Truth (Truth), 35
• Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave (Douglass), 34
• Nast, Thomas, 224
• Nathan, Frederick, 114, 117, 138, 302–303n11
• Nathan, Maud, 112–122, 138, 161, 213, 284
• Nathan, Robert Weeks, 113
• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 1, 59, 146, 157, 190, 251; Congressional Committee, 228, 231, 254, 255–263 (see also Paul, Alice); Congressional Union’s split from, 233 (see also Paul, Alice); constitutional amendment and, 234; conventions, 83, 84, 157, 173; foreign language flier, 211f; formation of, 50; handbill, 251, 253f; racism of, 84, 101–102; ratification and, 274; rivalry with NWP, 259; Seattle convention, 184–185, 188; South and, 271; Terrell and, 173; Wells and, 53; Winning Plan, 95, 219, 257–258, 262; younger recruits in, 179. See also Catt, Carrie Chapman; Shaw, Anna Howard
• National Armenian Relief Committee, 58
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 107–108, 172, 174–175
• National Association of Colored Women (NACW), 172, 174
• National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 120
• National College Equal Suffrage League, 256
• National Council of Women Voters (NCWV), 192
• National Organization for Women (NOW), 250
• National Organization Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 119
• National Recovery Administration, 220
• National War Labor Board, 246
• National Woman’s Party (NWP), 4, 6, 162, 179, 228, 265; Allender and, 224; burning of Wilson’s effigy, 272; constitutional amendment and, 234; Eaton in, 192; formation of, 233; Hunkins and, 241–250; pageant for, 206–207; prison pins, 237–238, 239f, 272, 285–286; Prison Special tour, 272–273; racism in, 108; radical turn, 233 (see also Picketing); ratification and, 274, 275–277; rivalry with NAWSA, 259; in South, 269–270; strategies of, 258; suffrage flag, 264f, 266, 277; valentines campaign, 232–233; watchfires for freedom, 249; White in, 271; World War I and, 160. See also Arrests; Incarceration; Militance; Picketing
• National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), 20; New Departure strategy, 21, 26, 36–37; polygamy issue and, 49; relation with Mormon women, 50; Wells and, 50
• Native Americans, 26, 53, 205, 282–283, 319n6
• NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association). See National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
• Negro Fellowship League, 105
• Nevada, 191
• New Deal, 156, 157, 284
• New Departure strategy, 21, 26, 36–37
• New Jersey, 251
• Newman, Pauline, 218
• New Orleans, 83
• New Women, 77, 82, 86, 90, 223. See also Hagar (Johnston)
• New York: antisuffrage sentiment in, 120; Browns’ activism in, 140–149; representation in suffrage forest, 5; role of socially prominent married women in, 146; suffrage campaign in, 138, 219; suffrage in, 122, 159, 218, 251, 261; working-class suffrage activism in, 218
• New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 119
• New York State Woman Suffrage Association, 2, 140, 145
• New York Times (newspaper), 78, 200; on Allegory, 204; Meyer’s letter to, 122
• New York Woman Suffrage Party, 218
• Night of Terror, 246. See also Arrests; Incarceration
• Nineteenth Amendment, 1, 9, 53, 281–282; African American women and, 175; lobbyists and, 257–263; passage of, 277; ratification of, 152, 266–277. See also Constitutional amendment, federal
• 1913 parade in Washington, 8, 101–103, 149, 195–204; African American women in, 109, 175, 196, 204 (see also Wells-Barnett, Ida); disruption of, 199, 200; Eaton in, 192; press coverage of, 200; program for, 194f, 195, 285; support for, 231
• Nonpartisanship, commitment to, 119, 263
• North Dakota, 187
• Noyes, Florence Fleming, 198, 206

• Objects, 4–5, 6, 187, 285–286. See also Artifacts; Material culture
• Occoquan Work House, 192, 246, 248. See also Arrests; Incarceration
• Ohio, 218, 231, 251
• Olson, Harry, 106
• Open-air meetings, 155–156, 179–180, 216. See also Parades and marches
• Oregon, 191
• O’Reilly, Leonora, 215, 218
• Organizations: African American, 101, 172–173 (see also Alpha Suffrage Club); antisuffragist, 119–121; climbing clubs, 182, 185; clubwomen, 99; of conservative women, 121–122; feminist, 250; racism in, 84, 108; reform and, 158. See also individual organizations
• Orleck, Annelise, 217
• Ottoman Turks, 57. See also Armenian crisis
• “Our Answer to Mr. Taft” (Ames), 229, 229f

• Page, Mary Hutcheson, 256
• Pageants: Allegory, 196, 197–204; increase in, 179–180; MacKaye’s, 202–208; performing whiteness in, 204
• Painter, Nell Irvin, 31, 37
• Palmer, A. Mitchell, 233
• Palmer, Robert Freeman, 257
• Pankhurst, Emmeline, 137
• Pankhurst, Sylvia, 238
• Parades and marches, 126, 155–156, 179–180, 201; automobiles in, 124; Catlin’s ride and, 125–136; horses in, 124; images of, 148f; Men’s League for Woman Suffrage in, 148f; Milholland in, 123, 125f; Women’s Marches, after Trump inauguration, 9. See also 1913 parade in Washington; Public spectacle
• Paris Peace Conference, 220
• Park, Alice, 112
• Park, Charles Edward, 257
• Park, Maud Wood, 66, 161–162, 251–263, 274, 284, 286
• Paul, Alice, 6, 101, 161, 162, 163, 179, 195, 228; African American women and, 175; Allender and, 231; hunger strikes, 192, 246, 266; incarceration of, 237, 238; leadership of, 208; memorial service, 250; national constitutional amendment and, 219; opinions of, 265; personality of, 265–266; picketing and, 243, 245; prison pins and, 238; ratification and, 274; relation with Hunkins, 242; suffrage flag, 264f, 266, 277; World War I and, 160. See also Congressional Committee; Congressional Union; Militance; National Woman’s Party (NWP); 1913 parade in Washington; Picketing
• Perkins, Frances, 280
• Peticolas, Sherry, 68
• Phillips, Wendell, 19
• Photography, 29, 32. See also Cartes de visite; Images
• Picketing, 179–180, 233, 238, 242–250, 259; African Americans in, 175; in garment worker strike, 217; Silent Sentinels, 242, 269; during World War I, 269. See also Arrests; Incarceration; Public spectacle; Strategies, woman suffrage movements
• Plaques, 1–7, 265, 291nn3–4
• Plessy v. Ferguson, 26–27, 104
• Plural wives. See Polygamy
• Poems, Armenian, 61–62
• Political engagement: African American women and, 107; Blackwell’s, 65–66; blueprint for, 287; diversity of viewpoints and, 119, 121–122 (see also Conservative women; Voting bloc); domestic support system enabling, 149; in postsuffrage era, 280–281, 284, 287–288. See also Strategies, woman suffrage movements
• Political Equality League of Spokane, 191
• Political machines, 126
• Pollitzer, Anita, 275
• Polygamy, 42; issue of, relation with suffrage, 48–53; legacy of challenges to, 52–53; legal challenge to, 46; official end of, 50–51; opposition to, 44–45; Supreme Court and, 50; women’s defense of, 45–46
• Porter, Polly, 152–163
• Postsuffrage era: effects of woman suffrage movement, 280; in political engagement, 281; suffragists in, 284
• Pratt, Romania, 46
• Presidential and Municipal Suffrage Bill, 105
• Press / media: Allegory in, 200; coverage of 1913 parade, 200; on lobbyists, 254; portrayal of suffragists in, 16, 17f, 37, 231, 232, 242; using in political engagement, 287. See also Cartoons, political; and individual newspapers; individual publications
• Prisoners of Hope (Johnston), 88
• Prison pins, 237–238, 239f, 272, 285–286
• Prison Special tour, 272–273
• Program for 1913 parade, 194f, 195, 285
• Progress (newsletter), 185
• Progression. See 1913 parade in Washington
• Progressive reform. See Reform
• Propaganda: political cartooning, 224; prosuffrage literature, 92–93; suffrage plays, 74; themes in, 195. See also Strategies, woman suffrage movements
• Property, violence against, 147
• Protests. See Hunger strikes; Incarceration; 1913 parade in Washington; Picketing
• Publications. See Cartoons, political; and individual publications
• Publicity / public relations, 18, 24–25, 126, 184–185. See also Strategies, woman suffrage movements
• Public spectacle, 179–180, 208, 287; claiming public space, 132, 198. See also Open-air meetings; Pageants; Parades and marches; Picketing; Strikes

• Queer theory, applied to suffrage movement, 160–162, 306n2, 306n11. See also Sexuality

• Race / racism, 7, 96, 177, 236; in Allender’s cartoons, 236; in international suffrage movement, 170–171, 173; intersectionality and, 173, 220; intersection with feminism, 283–284; linked with sex discrimination, 238; in pageants, 204–205; Southern suffrage and, 95–97; in suffrage organizations, 84, 108; in temperance movement, 105; woman suffrage and, 5, 19–20, 39, 96–97, 101–103, 108, 109, 175; in “The Yellow Wallpaper,” 79. See also African Americans; African American women; Native Americans
• Radcliffe College, 255, 256, 257, 286. See also Schlesinger Library
• Radcliffe Women’s Archives, 286. See also Schlesinger Library
• Railroads: segregation on, 104; whistle-stop tour, 272–273
• Rankin, Jeannette, 222f, 223, 258
• Rape, in Armenian crisis, 64
• Ratification, of Nineteenth Amendment, 263, 266–277, 318n17
• Reconstruction, 13, 14, 20, 94, 95. See also Civil War
• Reed, John, 137
• Reform: attacks on reformers, 121; Boston and, 60; California and, 71; Dewson’s work in, 153; eight-hour bill, 158; relation with suffrage, 74, 158
• Refugees, Armenian, 62
• Reicher, Hedwig, 197f, 199
• Relationships, personal, 160–162. See also Marriage; Sexuality
• Relief Society, 48, 53
• Religion: Armenian crisis and, 57; First Amendment and, 45; relation with law and morality, 42. See also Mormon women; Polygamy
• Remick, Bertha, 205
• Republican Party, 101; black votes and, 107; Burn, 266; in Congress, 261; Wells-Barnett in, 109
• Respectability: African American women and, 175; socially prominent married women and, 146; Terrell and, 168; in West, 189
• Revolution, The (publication), 58
• Reyher, Rebecca Hourwich, 270
• Reyneau, Betsy Graves, 238
• Richards, Emily, 51
• Right-wing activism, emergence of, 121–122
• Robins, Margaret Dreier, 214, 215
• Rochester Fifteen, 21
• Rogers, Annie Lucasta “Lou,” 226, 236, 272; “Tearing off the Bonds,” 226, 227f
• Roosevelt, Eleanor, 66, 115, 220
• Roosevelt, Franklin D., 220, 280
• Rowe, Anna Louise, 241
• Russian Revolution, 244
• Rye, Thomas Clarke, 268

• Sacco and Vanzetti case, 66
• Saddlebags, 128f
• Saulsbury, Willard, 261
• Schlafly, Phyllis, 121
• Schlesinger Library, 8, 68, 83, 136, 286–287
• Schneiderman, Rose, 210, 212, 213–221, 284
• Schwarz, Maud, 220
• Schwimmer, Rosika, 166
• Sculptors, 91
• Segregation, 26–27, 104, 108
• Selden, Henry R., 21
• Self-presentation, 32, 37. See also Respectability
• Senate, US. See Congress
• Seneca Falls Convention, 15–16, 173, 206–207, 216; Declaration of Sentiments, 15, 207
• Settlement work, 127
• Sewall, May Wright, 170
• Sex discrimination, linked with race discrimination, 238. See also Intersectionality
• Sexual emancipation, 77, 162, 250
• Sexuality, 63, 82, 160–162. See also Marriage; Queer theory
• Shafroth, John, 233, 234
• Shaw, Anna Howard, 126, 145, 157, 161, 179, 261; at Berlin congress, 170; international work, 165; 1913 parade and, 200; plaque, xf, 2; in Seattle, 184
• Shaw, Pauline Agassiz, 256
• Sheppard, Alice, 232
• “She Who Is to Come” (Gilman), 79
• Shipp, Ellis R., 46
• Shuler, Nettie Rogers, 87, 285
• Silent Sentinels, 242, 269. See also Picketing
• “Similar Cases” (Gilman), 71
• Six Periods of American Life (MacKaye), 204–205
• Six Point Group, 250
• Sixth Amendment, 23
• Slavery, 33, 34, 44, 90, 94, 169. See also Abolitionism; African Americans; Civil War
• Smith, Annie Peck, 192–193
• Smith, Joseph, 44, 48
• Smith College, 226
• Smoot, Reed, 259
• Snow, Eliza R., 48
• Snow, Lilian, 130
• Socialism, 121, 214–215
• Solomon, Hanna G., 170
• Somerville, Nellie Nugent, 83, 95
• “Something to Vote For” (Gilman), 74
• South (region): constitutional amendment and, 251–252, 269; gender roles in, 94; NAWSA and, 271; NWP and, 269–272; organizations in, 89, 97; segregation in, 104, 108, 174; suffrage movement in, 81–97; Tennessee, ratification fight, 266–277; voting rights in, 108, 251, 282 (see also Disfranchisement). See also individual states
• Southern Horrors (Wells), 104
• Southern States Woman Suffrage Council, 97
• Spectacle, public. See Open-air meetings; Parades and marches; Picketing; Public spectacle; Strategies, woman suffrage movements
• Squire, Belle, 102, 103
• Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 2, 20, 38f, 161; on images, 38; International Council of Women and, 165; international work, 165; polygamy issue and, 49; racist views of, 36; relation with Anthony, 160; relation with Mormons, 49; relation with Truth, 36–37; The Revolution, 58; schism and, 20; Seneca Falls Convention and, 15
• Statehood, woman suffrage and, 51. See also West (region)
• States, suffrage initiatives in: Illinois, 100, 105; Kansas, 230; Massachusetts, 151–152, 154–163, 251; national constitutional amendment and, 251–252, 258, 262–263; New Jersey, 251; New York, 218–219, 251, 261; Ohio, 218, 251; Southern states, 251; state constitutions and, 27, 97; Utah, 42–53; Washington, 190–191; Western states, 180, 191. See also individual states
• States’ rights, 25–26, 84, 269. See also South (region); States, suffrage initiatives in
• Stein, Gertrude, 288
• Stetson, Charles Walter, 70
• Stetson, Katharine, 70–71
• Stevens, Doris, 162, 246, 247, 265
• “Stirrup Cups” (Catlin), 136
• Stone, Lucy, 3, 19, 20, 48–49, 54f, 55, 56, 58–59, 63, 161, 256. See also American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)
• Strategies, woman suffrage movements, 27, 179, 234, 251; emergence as mass movement, 179; hunger strikes, 192, 246, 248, 272; leaflets, 209–210; legal challenges, 15–27; lobbying, 251–263; mountaineering, 182, 185–187, 192; New Departure strategy, 21, 26, 36–37; political cartoons, 223–236; watchfires for freedom, 249; whistle-stop tour, 272–273; Winning Plan, 95, 219, 257–258, 262. See also Arrests; Constitutional amendment, federal; Incarceration; Militance; Open-air meetings; Parades and marches; Paul, Alice; Picketing; Public spectacle; Strikes
• Strikes, 179–180, 210, 217
• Suffrage. See Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Nineteenth Amendment; States, suffrage initiatives in; Suffrage, universal; Voting rights
• Suffrage, African American. See Fifteenth Amendment; Voting rights; Voting Rights Act
• Suffrage, universal, 19, 35, 37
• Suffrage forest, 1–7, 265
• Suffrage House, 254
• Suffragette, use of term, 147. See also British suffragettes
• Suffragist, The (publication), 248, 270–271; on Allender, 228, 232; “Come to Mother” (cartoon), 222f, 223–224; establishment of, 231; MacKaye in, 202; White as editor of, 272
• Supreme Court, US: Brown v. Board of Education, 26; Minor v. Happersett, 25–26; Plessy v. Ferguson, 26–27, 104; polygamy issue and, 50
• Swift, Mary Wood, 170

• Tactics. See Strategies, woman suffrage movements
• Taft, William Howard, 229f
• Tarbell, Ida, 120
• “Tearing Off the Bonds” (Rogers), 226, 227f
• Temperance, 3, 105, 165
• Tennessee, 268–272; ratification fight in, 274–277
• Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association, 268
• Terminology, 147, 148
• Terrell, Mary Church, 167–177, 176f, 180, 282, 284
• Terrell, Phyllis, 172, 175
• Terrell, Robert H., 171–172
• Territorial affairs, 43. See also Utah; West (region)
• Thomas, M. Carey, 256
• Thompson, William Hale “Big Bill,” 106–107
• Thomson, Virgil, 288
• Thoreau, Henry David, 151
• To Have and To Hold (Johnston), 86, 88
• Treasury Building. See Allegory
• Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, 210, 212
• Trout, Grace Wilbur, 100, 101–102
• Truth, Sojourner, 4, 29, 107, 173; attempt to register, 30–31; biography, 33–36; cartes de visite, 28f, 30, 31–33, 37, 38–39, 285; final images of, 39; sale of photographs, 38–39
• Tubman, Harriet, 31
• Turkey, 58. See also Armenian crisis
• Turner, Banks, 276

• Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, 9
• United Confederate Veterans, 83, 84
• United Friends of Armenia, 58
• University of Missouri, 240, 241, 243f
• Upper class. See Class; Elite / upper-class women
• Uprising of the Twenty Thousand, 210, 217
• Utah, 42–53, 191, 294n2
• Utah Woman Suffrage Association, 51

• Valentine, Lila Meade, 89
• Vassar College, 123, 206, 216, 240, 241, 243f
• Violence: confrontations, 199, 200, 244; from prison authorities, 246; against property, 147
• Virginia, 84, 86–87, 88, 89, 99; suffrage organizations in, 89
• Voter registration: by Alpha Suffrage Club, 105–106; Anthony’s, 18–19; Truth’s, 30–31
• Voter suppression, 283
• Voting, in nineteenth century, 15–16
• Voting bloc, women as, 118, 122
• Voting rights: ongoing battle for, 283; in South, 282. See also Fifteenth Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment; Nineteenth Amendment; States, suffrage initiatives in; Voting Rights Act
• Voting Rights Act, 108, 282, 283

• Wage Earners’ League for Woman Suffrage, 218
• Waite, C. J., 26
• Walker, Lucy, 185
• Walker, Seth, 276
• War effort. See World War I
• Washington State, 188–191
• Washington, DC: activism in, 228 (see also National Woman’s Party [NWP]; 1913 parade in Washington; Paul, Alice); African American community in, 167, 172
• Washington Equal Suffrage Association (WESA), 181–182, 188
• Washington Herald (newspaper), 200
• Washington Women’s Cook Book, 4–5, 181–182, 183f
• Watchfires for freedom, 249
• Weed, Helen Hill, 238, 248
• Weeks, John W., 261
• Wellesley College, 8, 153
• Wells, Daniel H., 48
• Wells, Emmeline B., 41, 42, 47–48, 50–53, 59. See also Mormon women; Woman’s Exponent
• Wells, Ida B. See Wells-Barnett, Ida
• Wells-Barnett, Ida, 99–109, 173, 175, 180, 204, 284
• WESA (Washington Equal Suffrage Association), 181–182, 188
• West (region), 180, 189, 191, 192, 283. See also individual states
• “What is Feminism? Come and Find Out” (panel), 76f, 77
• Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill, 94
• Whistle-stop tour, 272–273
• White, Sue Shelton, 157, 266–277, 284; biography, 267–268; relationship with Carrie Chapman Catt, 270–271
• White House, picketing, 242–250. See also Picketing; Wilson, Woodrow
• White supremacy, 83, 84, 96. See also Race / racism
• Willard, Frances, 3, 105, 165. See also Temperance
• Willard, Mabel Caldwell, 256
• Williams, Zina Young, 50
• Wilson, Woodrow, 101, 124–125, 192, 195, 197, 233, 234, 242, 243, 247, 249, 260–261, 272
• Wilson administration, 158, 249
• Winning Plan, 95, 219, 257–258, 262. See also Constitutional amendment, federal; Nineteenth Amendment; States, suffrage initiatives in; Strategies, woman suffrage movements
• Wollstonecraft, Mary, 75
• Woman Citizen, The (publication), 260, 284
• Woman Patriots, 121
• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 105
• Woman’s Column (publication), 59
• Woman’s Exponent (publication), 40f, 41, 48, 56, 59. See also Mormon women
• Woman’s Journal (publication), 55, 59–66, 200; Armenian crisis in, 57, 64; button for, 54f; cartoons in, 228; Gilman and, 72; “Our Answer to Mr. Taft,” 229f; on Rogers, 226. See also Blackwell, Alice Stone
• Woman’s Rights Collection, 286. See also Schlesinger Library
• Woman Suffrage Procession. See 1913 parade in Washington
• Women: career possibilities, 225, 240–241; conservative, 121–122, 281; demand for fair and equitable treatment, 283; diversity of experiences, 284; private lives of, 133; in public sphere, 119; as social group, 10; as voting bloc, 118, 122. See also African American women; Elite / upper-class women; Working-class women
• Women and Economics (Gilman), 71–72, 73, 78, 93, 216
• Women’s Archives, 286–287
• Women’s history, 286; African American, 169–170; emergence of field of, 286
• Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), 176–177, 176f
• Women’s Marches, after Trump inauguration, 9
• Women’s rights movement, 19, 31, 35, 36, 57; novels associated with, 92; as ongoing struggle, 287; relation with human rights, 65, 66; Seneca Falls Convention, 15–16. See also Feminism
• Women’s Second Ward Republican Club, 105
• Women’s Social and Political Union, 238
• Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), 214–215, 220
• Wonder Woman (comic), 226
• Woodhull, Victoria, 30, 295n13
• Working-class women, 35, 180, 209–221, 232; concerns of, 117; eight-hour bill, 158; Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, 215; Schneiderman, 213–221; in suffrage movement, 212–221; Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire, 212; vote and, 131. See also Class
• World’s Columbian Exposition, 105, 184
• World’s fairs, 105, 184, 187
• World War I, 158, 166; Allender’s cartoons during, 234; antisuffrage sentiment and, 120–121; militants and, 160; National War Labor Board, 246; protests and, 259; restrictions on free speech during, 244, 272; suffrage and, 261; suffrage work and, 159–160, 244, 258–259
• World Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 3, 165
• Wright, Martha Coffin, 15
• Wyoming, 51

• “Yellow Wallpaper, The” (Gilman), 70, 79
• Young, Brigham, 44, 48
• Young, Ella Flagg, 99
• Younger, Maud, 269
• Your Vote and How to Use It (Brown), 146