Contents

  List of Illustrations

  System of Transliteration and Dating

  Preface

  Introduction: A Sea with Many Names

PART ONE
The First Mediterranean, 22000 BC–1000 BC

  1. Isolation and Insulation, 22000 BC–3000 BC

  2. Copper and Bronze, 3000 BC–1500 BC

  3. Merchants and Heroes, 1500 BC–1250 BC

  4. Sea Peoples and Land Peoples, 1250 BC–1100 BC

PART TWO
The Second Mediterranean, 1000 BC–AD 600

  1. The Purple Traders, 1000 BC–700 BC

  2. The Heirs of Odysseus, 800 BC–550 BC

  3. The Triumph of the Tyrrhenians, 800 BC–400 BC

  4. Towards the Garden of the Hesperides, 1000 BC–400 BC

  5. Thalassocracies, 550 BC–400 BC

  6. The Lighthouse of the Mediterranean, 350 BC–100 BC

  7. ‘Carthage Must Be Destroyed’, 400 BC–146 BC

  8. ‘Our Sea’, 146 BC–AD 150

  9. Old and New Faiths, AD 1–450

10. Dis-integration, 400–600

PART THREE
The Third Mediterranean, 600–1350

  1. Mediterranean Troughs, 600–900

  2. Crossing the Boundaries between Christendom and Islam, 900–1050

  3. The Great Sea-change, 1000–1100

  4. ‘The Profit That God Shall Give’, 1100–1200

  5. Ways across the Sea, 1160–1185

  6. The Fall and Rise of Empires, 1130–1260

  7. Merchants, Mercenaries and Missionaries, 1220–1300

  8. Serrata – Closing, 1291–1350

PART FOUR
The Fourth Mediterranean, 1350–1830

  1. Would-be Roman Emperors, 1350–1480

  2. Transformations in the West, 1391–1500

  3. Holy Leagues and Unholy Alliances, 1500–1550

  4. Akdeniz – the Battle for the White Sea, 1550–1571

  5. Interlopers in the Mediterranean, 1571–1650

  6. Diasporas in Despair, 1560–1700

  7. Encouragement to Others, 1650–1780

  8. The View through the Russian Prism, 1760–1805

  9. Deys, Beys and Bashaws, 1800–1830

PART FIVE
The Fifth Mediterranean, 1830–2014

  1. Ever the Twain Shall Meet, 1830–1900

  2. The Greek and the unGreek, 1830–1920

  3. Ottoman Exit, 1900–1918

  4. A Tale of Four and a Half Cities, 1900–1950

  5. Mare Nostrum – Again,1918–1945

  6. A Fragmented Mediterranean, 1945–1990

  7. The Last Mediterranean, 1950–2014

  Illustrations

  Conclusion: Crossing the Sea

  Further Reading

  Notes