Note: Page numbers in bold indicate main entries in the encyclopedia.
ABC, Americans Before Columbus, 518–519, 524
ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions), 226, 231
Aberle, Sophie D., 471
Abourezk, James, 531, 598, 602, 618
“About the Carlisle Indian Industrial School” (Landis), 365
Above World, 10
The Account by a Gentleman from Elvas, 88–89
Acoma Pueblo, 111
Act 31, 572
Adams, Hank, 534
Adams, Henry, 531
Adams, John Quincy, 211
Adena culture, 3
Adoption of Baby Boy L., 605
Adoption of Native American children by non-Native families, 598–604, 605
Adoption Resource Exchange of North America (ARENA), 601
Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (Baby Veronica case), 605, 607
Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians, 413
AFN (Assembly of First Nations), 416, 759
Agriculture
Ancestral Puebloan, 15
Hopewell culture, 5
Metacom’s Rebellion, 130
Mississippian culture, 6–8
Navajo people, 455–457
Oglala people, 302–304
Wampanoags, 137
AIHEC (American Indian Higher Education Consortium), 686, 688
AIM. See American Indian Movement (AIM)
Ainu Association of Hokkaido, 653
Akwesasne Mohawks, 483–484, 487–488
Alaska Natives. See Anti-Discrimination Act, Alaska Natives
Alaska Statehood bill, anti-reservation clause in, 411
Alaskan Native Brotherhood (ANB), 427–429
Alaskan Native Sisterhood (ANS), 427, 432
The Albany Congress–1794, 171–172
Alberti, Leon Battista, 123
Albuquerque Boarding School, 188–189
Alcatraz Island. See Occupation of Alcatraz
Alcatraz Letter, 562–563
Alcatraz Proclamation, 554, 561–562
Algonquian Tribes, 131–133
Allen, Gunn, 167
Allen, Mike, 570
Allotment policies. See General Allotment Act
Alta California, Spanish colonization of, 786–787
Ambushes, 264–265
American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 603
American Association of Colleges and Junior Colleges, 688
American Association of Indian Affairs, 601
American Association of University Women’s Achievement Award, 677
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 226, 231
American bottom, 38
American Civil Liberties Union, 574
American Contract Bridge Association, 601
American Horse (Wasicun Tasunka), 321, 325–326, 337
American Indian Centers, xxvi, 466, 469, 546, 553
American Indian Chicago Conference, 515, 517, 518
American Indian College Fund, 684–700
American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC), 686, 688
chronology, 684–686
development of, 686–688
document excerpts, 696–699
faculty at tribal colleges, 693
Hatathli, 694–696
important laws for creation and support of TCUs, 691–692
introduction to, xxvii
missions of tribal colleges, 693–694
overview of, 688–689
profiles of TCU students, 692–693
Tribally Controlled College Assistance Act of 1978, 690
American Indian Health Services, 175–190
chronology, 175–177
congressional authorization of, 189–190
development of health care for American Indians and Alaskan Natives, 177–185
Eastman, 186
health of American Indian children in boarding schools, 188–189
Montezuma, 185–186
Picotte, 186–187
smallpox, 187–188
timeline of federal American Indian policy eras, 178–179
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (USPHS), 184
American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC), 686, 688
The American Indian Intellectual Tradition (Martinez), 366
American Indian Life, 473
American Indian Magazine, 362
American Indian Movement (AIM), 527–549
Aquash, 645–647
Banks, 542–544
charges, court cases, and decisions reached from Wounded Knee occupation, 539–541
chronology, 527–529
conclusion, 541–542
Custer Courthouse, 535–536
introduction to, xxv–xxvi, 529
Iroquois tax and reservoir protests, influence of, 489
less-publicized activities, 541
Means, Russell, 544–546
origins of, 529–533
people involved in early movement, 531–532
Pine Ridge Civil War, 306
Thunder, R., 533–534
Trail of Broken Treaties, 534–535
in urban centers, 466
Wounded Knee II occupation, 536–539
Wounded Knee trials documents, 546–548. See also Anna Mae Pictou Aquash Occupation of Alcatraz
American Indian Religious Freedom Act, 612–625
allotment and loss of tribal sacred and cultural sites, 617–618
chronology, 612–613
Congressional hearings, reports and enactment of, 618–621
further federal action to protect sacred items and sites, 622
Harjo, 623
human remains, status of, 703, 705
Indian Religious Crimes Code, 615–617
introduction to, xxvii, 613–615
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Association, 620
Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Service, 620–621
NCAI and, 414
overview of, 704
sacramental use of peyote, 621–622
testimony of Suzan Shown Harjo, 624
U.S. government policy of eliminating Native American religious practice, 615. See also Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
“The American Indian, the Government, and the Country’ (Parker), 370
The American Indian Today, 470
American Revolution, xviii, 164–165
Amherst, Jeffrey, 62, 70–72, 146, 148–149, 151, 152
Amnesty International, 590, 745
Anasazi. See Ancestral Puebloan
ANB (Alaskan Native Brotherhood), 427–429
Ancestral Puebloan, 15–18, 19. See also Chaco Canyon; Mesa Verde cultures and communities
Anderson, Wallace “Mad Bear,” 484, 488–489, 502, 508, 559
Andrews, Charles T., 363
Andrus, Cecil, 619
Anna Mae Pictou Aquash, 642–650
chronology, 642–643
death of, 644–648
Looking Cloud’s murder conviction upheld, 648–650
Mi’kmaq history and culture, 644
urban Indian youth education, 646. See also American Indian Movement (AIM)
ANS (Alaskan Native Sisterhood), 427, 432
Anthony, Scott J., 289
Anthropologists, 20–23, 48, 703
Anti-Discrimination Act, Alaska Natives, 422–437
Alaskan Native Brotherhood, 427–429
chronology, 422–424
fight against discrimination, 424–432
introduction to, xxiv
Paul, 433
Peratrovich, Elizabeth and Roy, 432–433
Senate testimony on, 433–435
text of, 435–436
Antiquities Act, 704
Antiquities in the Valley of the Mississippi, 37–38
Apache Resistance, 249–266
Cabezon, Coloradas, and Cochise, 260–262
chiefs of the resistance, 255
chronology, 249–251
document excerpts, 264–265
guerrilla warfare, 258–259, 264–265
overview of Apaches, 251–253
principles of war, 259
resistance at the turn of the century, 255–258
treachery and massacres, 253–255
Victorio, Nana, and Lozen, 262–264
warfare techniques, 259–260
warriors, 253
Apalachee Indians, 82–83
Apess, William, 142–143
Apodaca, Raymond D., 723
Aquash, Anna Mae Pictou. See Anna Mae Pictou Aquash
Arapaho people, xxi. See also Sand Creek Massacre
Aravaipa Apaches, 254
Archaeological surveys and excavations at Chaco Canyon, 49–52
Archaeologists, 51–53. See also Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
Archeological Resources Protection Act, 704
Architecture
Chaco Canyon, 44–45
cliff dwellings, xv–xvi, 14, 16, 22. See also Mound Builders
ARENA (Adoption Resource Exchange of North America), 601
Armstrong, Samuel C., 353
Arrow, 357
Aspinall, Wayne, 691
Assembly of First Nations (AFN), 416, 759
Assimilation
healthcare and, 181
land tenure systems, 338–339, 341–344, 345
Myer on, 475–476
relocation and, 472
resistance to, 306. See also Friends of the Indians movement
Assimilative Crimes Act, 736, 737
Association of American Indian Affairs, 418, 608
Association of American Indian Physicians, 70
Athapascan Tribes, 115
Athletes, 360
Atlantic Monthly, 362
Atleo, Shawn, 761
Axton, Neal, 745
Ayllon, Lucas Vazquez de, 79, 85–86
“Baby Veronica” case, 605, 607
Bad Axe, Battle of, 244, 245, 246–248
Bad Bull Heart, Wesley, 535–536
Bad River Band, 574
Baldwin, Marie L. Bottineau, 369
Banks, Dennis, xxvi, 529–530, 531, 533, 536, 540, 541, 542–544, 546–548
Barbarossa, Frederick, 71
Barlow, Peter, 645
Barnes, Barbara, 162
Barreiro, Jose, 663
Bates, Charles, 306
Begay, Manley A., Jr., 723
Begay, Yazzie, 687
The Beginning and End of Rape (Deer), 746
Beinecke Library at Yale University, 365
Bell, Jennie, 606
Bell Community Revitalization Project, 676–677
Bellecourt, Clyde, xxvi, 529–530, 531, 541, 543, 546
Beloved Woman, 669
Belt, Robert V., 321
Beneath World, 10
Benedict, Ernie, 489
Berkeley Police Review Commission, 776
Bernotas, Bob, 366
BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs), xxiv, 180, 321, 371, 387–388, 409. See also Bureau of Indian Affairs American Indian relocation
Biden, Joseph, 770
Big Eagle, 273
Big Foot (Itanca Si Tanka), xxii, 317, 318, 324, 326, 331, 617
Big Foot Memorial Ride, 331
Bilchik, Shay, 600
Bill, Stephens, 371
Bill C-45 (Canada), 760–761
Billy Bowlegs’ War, 198
Biological warfare, 70–72, 151
Birdmen of Mound 72, 35–37
Black, Hugo, 504
Black Bear, Matilda (Tillie), 773–775
Black Coyote, 325
Black Elk, Wallace, 531
Black Hawk, 240–247
Black Hawk War, 240–248
1804 Treaty between the Sauk and Fox, 242
Battle of the Bad Axe, 246–248
chronology, 240
introduction to, xix
Keokuk, 246
War of 1832, 240–246
Black Kettle, xxi, 285, 288–292, 353
Black Panthers, 530
Black Power, 517
Black Seminole, 197
Blackhorse et al. v. Pro Football, Inc., 725–726, 728, 730
Blanchard, Evelyn Lance, 605–608
Blatchford, Herb, 515, 516, 517, 525
Block, Adrian, 95
Block Island, 99–100
Bloody Run, Battle of, 148, 150–151
Blue Dog, Kurt, 618
Boarding School Seasons (Child), 366
Bondage, 135
Bonnin, Gertrude, 362–363
Bonnin, Raymond, 362
Bordeaux, Lionel, 688
Bosque Redondo Reservation, 18
Boston Braves, 721
Boston Indian Council, 646
Boudinot, Elias, 226, 230, 231–233, 234, 671, 672
Bowles, William Augustus, 194
Boy Scouts of America, 186
Boyer, LaNada (Means), 555, 557, 559–560, 676, 679–681
Boyle, Robert, 141
Brackenridge, Henry, 38–40
Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 37–40
Bradford, William, 72, 98, 101, 104
Branche, Bill, 506
Brando, Marlon, 520, 531, 543–544
Brazil, 66
Bresette, Walter, 574
Brightman, Lee, 543
Brooke, John R., 321–322
Brookings Institution, 384
Brophy, William A., 471
Brown, Dee, 529
Brown, Dusten, 607
Brown, Jerry, 544
Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show, 309, 329, 359
Bull, Wesley Bad Heart, 531
Bull Head, Henry, 323, 329–330
Bureau of Indian Affairs American Indian relocation, 464–479
chronology, 464
Collier, 472–474
document excerpts, 476–478
federal funds for American Indians to relocate, 465–472
Myer, Dillon S., 474–476
outcomes of, 470–472
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), xxiv, 180, 321, 371, 387–388, 409
Burger, Warren, 584
Burgess, Marianna, 357–358
Burial grounds and graves, 708
Burial Ridge, 51
Burials at Cahokia, 36–37
Burke Act of 1906, 343
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (Brown), 529
Bush, George H. W., 705
Bushnell, George, 181
Butler, Elizur, 227–228
Cabezon, Pisago, 260–262
Cacao, 47
Cahokia, 27–41
antiquities in the Valley of the Mississippi, 37–38
astronomy and, 30–31
Birdmen of Mound 72, 35–37
Brackenridge on, 38–40
chronology, 27
Chunkey, game of, 31
cultures and communities, 27–35
decline of, 33–35
image of, 28
imagery, 8–9
introduction to, xv
Mississippian culture, 34
mounds at, 29–30
overview of, 7
trade and exchange and, 32–33
warfare and, 33
Calhoun, James, 341
California Indian history and mission era, 787–788
California Tribes, termination and, 439
Calusa Indian, 79
Camp, Carter, 531
Camp Oahe, 361
Camp Release, 274
Camp Weld Council, 288–289
Canada. See Idle No More
Canada’s Assembly of First Nations, 416, 759
Canandaigua, Treaty of, 501, 503, 505, 506, 509–510
Canandaigua Treaty, 485
Canassatego, 170
Canonicus, 96
Canonization of Junípero Serra, 782–800
California Indian history and mission era, 787–788, 794–795
canonization process, 788–790
chronology, 782–783
conclusion, 793
controversy, 790–793
Doctrine of Discovery, 178, 498, 784–787, 791, 792–793
indigenous resistance during mission era, 789–790
introduction to, xxviii–xxix, 783–784
Serra biography, 793–796
Toypurina, 796–798
Capobianco, Matt and Melanie, 607
Captivity narrative, 140–141
Cardinal, Harold, 517
Caribbean Indians, colonization of, 77–79
Carlisle Arrow, 357
Carlisle Arrow and Red Man, 357
Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 351–367
activities at, 359
archival collections, 365–366
chronology, 351–352
document excerpts, 363–365
Eastman, 361–362
future of, 358
introduction to, xxiii
life at school, 355–357
recruiting the first students, 353–354
removing any tribal influences from children, 354
Standing Bear, 358–359
surveillance and discipline, 357–358
Thorpe, 360
Zitkala-Sa (Bonnin), 362–363. See also Pratt, Richard Henry
Carlisle Indian School Hospital, 182
Carlisle Industrial Training School, 320
Carnegie Foundation, 690
Carter Code Bill, 371
Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, 22
Casco, Treaty of, 135
Case, Francis, 330–331
Cass, William, 180
Casting Light upon the Waters, 571, 578–579
Catholic Church
Franciscans, 114–117
mission system in California, 787–788, 794–795
missionary activities, 226
Pueblo Revolt, 111, 113–115, 628. See also Canonization of Junípero Serra
Cave, Alfred A., 102
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 65, 66, 68
Central Michigan University, 725
Cetanwakuwa (Charging Hawk), 277
Chaco Canyon, 41–55
chronology, 41–42
civilization collapse, 50–51
culture and communities, 43–51
culture of, studying, 48
dendrochronology, 46
first written description of, 53–55
introduction to, xvi
Pepper, 51–53. See also Mesa Verde cultures and communities; Mound Builders
Chaco Canyon National Historical Park, 48
Chaco Canyon Stratigraphy Project, 49–50
Chaco phenomenon, 44
Chandler, Samuel, 235
Change the Mascot, 726
Changing Woman, 456
Chapin, William S., 509
Chardon, Francis, 187
Charles I, 85–86
Charles II, 122–123
Chase, Richard, 663
Checkerboarding, 343–344
The Cherokee Advocate, 672
Cherokee Agency, Treaty of the, 226
Cherokee cases, 221–239
background, 224–225
Boudinot, 231–233
Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 216, 228, 236–237, 371, 388, 390, 586, 785
Cherokee Phoenix, 226–228
Cherokee treaties, 225–226
chronology, 221–223
Georgia state law, 226–228
introduction to, xx
legislation from State of Georgia, 235–236
removal, 229–230
Supreme Court cases related to, 229
Trail of Tears, 230–231
Treaty of New Echota, 229–230
Worcester, 233–235
Worcester v. State of Georgia, 216, 228–229, 237–238, 305, 388, 390, 671. See also Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 216, 228, 236–237, 371, 388, 390, 586, 785
Cherokee Phoenix, xix, 224, 226–228, 231, 232–233, 671
Cherokee Treaty of Hopewell, 225
Cherokees, 669–670, 671. See also Cherokee cases; Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Cheyenne Dog Soldiers, 285, 286, 287
Cheyenne people, xxi. See also Sand Creek Massacre
Chicago American Indian Oral History Project, 469–470
Chickamauga Cherokees, xviii
Chickasaw Treaty of Doaksville, 215
Chickasaws, 215
Chicora, Francisco de, 79, 84–86
Chief Zee, 721
Child, Brenda J., 366
Child Welfare, 599
Child Welfare League of America (CWLA), 599
Chippewa people
discrimination against, 575–578
struggle for treaty rights, 567–574. See also Ojibwe Treaty Rights
Chippewa Treaty Rights. See Ojibwe Treaty Rights
Chippewas, 181
Chiricahuas, 252, 254, 256–258. See also Apache Resistance
Chivington, John, xxi, 287, 288–291, 292–294
Choctaw Civil War, 213
Cholera Epidemic of 1849, 286
Chouteau, Pierre, 241
Christianity
Alaskan Native Brotherhood, 428
assimilation and, 615
Boudinot and, 231
Puritan missionaries, 129. See also Catholic Church
Chunkey, game of, 31
Church, Benjamin, 138
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 603
CIRCLE initiative (Comprehensive Indian Resources for Community and Law Enforcement), 777
Citizen’s Law Enforcement Review Board, 776
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 425
Civil Rights Movement, 618
Cladoosby, Brian, 417
Clan elders, 164
Clark, Ransome, 205
Clark, William, 269–270
Clarke, Dick, 520
Cliff dwellings, 16
Cliff Palace, xv–xvi, 14, 16, 22
Climate history, 46
Cochran, O.D., 434
Cockrell, Francis, 347
Coffee, John, 212
Cofitachequi (city), 83
Cofitachequi, Lady, 86–88
Coler, Jack, 531
Collier, John, 384, 389, 409, 455, 466, 472–474
Collins, Grenold, 434
Coloradas, Mangas, 254, 256, 260–262
Columbian Exchange, 60–61, 76–77
Columbian exchange, 78
Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian, 471
Committee of One Hundred, 384
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, 441–442
Congressional Resolution Affirming Haudenosaunee Influence on the United States Constitution, 173
Contagious diseases, 179–180
Coolidge, Sherman, 369, 373, 379
Cooperative Consultation Process (CCP), 506
Coosa, 83
Cordero, Jonathan, 788
Corn Blue Room (Rickard, J.), 507
Cornelius, Laura, 368
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 627
Cortez, Hernan, 79
Cosmology of Mississippian culture, 10
Costo, Jeannette, 790
Costo, Rupert, 790
Coulter, Robert Tim, 657, 662–664
Council of Forty Four, 291
Council of Matrons, 165–166
Cowkeeper, 201
Cox, Claude, 522
Craig, Richard, 554
Craven, Cornelius Augustus, 310
Crazy Bull, Cheryl, 696
Crazy Horse (Tasunka Witko), 327, 328
Creek National Council, 194
Creek War, 194–195
Criminal jurisdiction
Congressional solutions to gaps in, 770
end to over non-Indians, 768
history of federal Indian policy, 767–770
Oliphant in context, 585–589
Oliphant v. Suquamish, 582–584
Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA), 736–737. See also Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA)
Crockett, Davy, 211
Croghan, George, 71
Crook, George, 264–265, 327, 328, 551
Crosby, Alfred, 78
Crouse, Dorothy, 506
Crow Dog (Cangi Sunka), 321
Crow Dog, Leonard, 530, 531, 539
Crowd-type diseases, 59
Crown, Patricia, 49–50
Cumberland County Historical Society, 365
Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 20
Cusseta, Treaty of, 214
Custer, George Armstrong, 292, 307, 308, 321, 327–328
Custer Courthouse, 535–536
Custer Died for Your Sins (Deloria, Jr.), 420, 517, 529
“The Cutting of My Long Hair” (Zitkala-Sa), 356–357
CWLA (Child Welfare League of America), 599
Dade, Francis L., 205
Dade Massacre, 204–205
Daes, Erica-Irene, 658–659
Dagenett, Charles, 368
Dakota 38, 276
Dakota Commemorative Marches, 276
Dakota War, 266–281
aftermath and military criminal panels to execute Dakota men, 274–276
chronology, 266–268
commemorating forced march of the Dakota peoples, 276
Dakota decision to go to war, 272–274
Dakota leaders and the U.S. government, 268
deteriorating conditions in the 1850s and 1860s, 270–272
document excerpts, 277–278
General Order No. 41, 279–280
introduction to, xxi
Minnesota settlers’ racism against Dakota peoples, 275
Taoyateduta, 276–277
U.S. plan for land dispossession of the Dakota peoples, 268–270. See also Sioux Bill of 1889
Dancing Rabbit Creek, Treaty of, 212
Daniels, Jay, 473
Dartmouth College, 725
Daschle, Tom, 331
Dauenhauer, Nora, 427
Dauenhauer, Richard, 427
Davis, Shelton, 663
Dawes, Henry, xxiii, 328, 341–342, 347–348, 358
Dawes Commission, 342
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. See General Allotment Act
De Cora, Angel, 362
De Laet, John, 96
De Soto, Hernando, 9, 80–84, 86–87
De Vaca, Cabeza, 80
Declaration of Independence, 167
Declaration of Indian Juan, 634–635
Declaration of Indian Purpose, 413, 525–526
Declaration of Indian Rights, 412
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 305, 416, 489, 499, 652, 658–659, 660–661, 785
Deer, Ada, 443
Deer, Sarah, 589–591, 745–746, 748–750
Deer Island, 132
Defending the West
Apache Resistance, 1849–1886, 249–266
Dakota War of 1862, 266–281
Sand Creek Massacre, 281–297
Sioux Bill of 1889, 298–314
Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, 314–333
DeLancey, James, 171
Delancey, William, 171
Deloria, Philip, 380
Deloria, Vine, Jr., xxvi, 419–420, 517, 521, 529, 531, 534, 723
DeMers, Stephen, 442
Dendrochronology, 46
Dennison, Inez Running Bear, 469–470
Department of Health and Human Services, 604
Department of the Interior, 180, 388
Department of War, 179, 180, 386–388
Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Stockholders (DRUMS), 443
Deukmejian, George, 544
Devils Lake Sioux, 602
Diabetes, 66
Dickinson College Archives and Special Collections, 365
Dickson, Joseph, 247–248
Dietz, William “Lone Star,” 721
Dimond, Anthony, 430
DINE (Demonstration in Navajo Education), 695
Diné College. See Navajo Community College
Diné community. See Navajo people
Discrimination against Alaska Natives, 426–427, 430
Discrimination Against the Indigenous Populations in the Americas, 662
Diseases. See European diseases
Disston, Hamilton, 200
Doctrine of Discovery (DD), 178, 498, 784–787, 791, 792–793
Dodge, Henry Chee, 244, 453, 454, 455, 458–459
Dodge, Henry Linn, 458
Domestic violence, 765–766. See also Violence Against Women Act Title IX: Safety for Indian Women
Dos-teh-seh, 261
Drought. See Environmental instability
Drugs, death rate due to, 66
DRUMS (Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Stockholders), 443
“The Drums Go Bang, Seaway Ugh, Mohawks Plan Move,” 491–493
Dual citizenship, xxviii
Durham, Douglas, 531
Durham, Jimmie, 531
Duro, Albert, 587
Duro v. Reina, 415, 587, 738, 769
Eadle Keatah Toh, 357
Early Native America, 1–55
Cahokia, 27–41
Chaco Canyon, 41–55
Mesa Verde cultures and communities, 12–26
Mound Builders, 1–11
Eastman, Charles Alexander, 69–70, 186, 321, 326, 361–362, 366, 368, 374
Eaton, John, 212
Eayre, George, 287
Echo-Hawk, Walter, 618
Economic development, Meriam Report on, 386
ECOSOC (U.N.’s Economic and Social Council), 654–655
Edmunds Commission, 328
Education
cultural relevancy in, 520–521, 541
Meriam Report on, 385, 397–398
relocation and, 468–469. See also Carlisle Indian Industrial School; Indian boarding schools
Educational and cultural assaults, 1870s–1920s
Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 351–367
General Allotment Act, 335–351
Meriam Report of 1928, 381–403
Society of American Indians, 367–381
Egalitarianism, 167–168
Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award, 775
Election of Annie Dodge Wauneka to Navajo Tribal Council, 451–464
chronology, 451–453
Dodge, 458–459
excerpts from speech on legal services and mineral leases, 463
introduction to, xxiv
letter from Dodge to Commissioner to Navajo Tribe, 460–461
Navajo culture and governance, 456
Neil, 460
overview of, 453–458
Wauneka reports to Navajo Tribal Council, 461–462
Election of Chief Wilma Mankiller, 667–683
Boyer, 679–681
chronology, 667
introduction to, xxvii
movement of Native peoples after World War II, 673–677
overview of, 668–673
President Andrew Jackson’s attacks against the Cherokees, 671
Ross, 678–679. See also Cherokee cases; Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Elekes, Jacques, 97
Elvas, 89
Embassy of Tribal Nations, 416
EMRIP (Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples), 660
Encomienda system, xvii, 113–114, 115, 119
Endicott, John, 99–100
English captives, 133–134
Environmental Assessment Act (Canada), 760–761
Environmental instability, 35, 50, 116
Environmental justice, 504–505
Environmental Program, 504
Environmental Protection in Indian Country, 415
Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994, 692
Eschief, Thomas and Bernadine, 515, 517
Eskeminzin, 255
The Essential Charles Eastman (Fitzgerald), 366
Ethnic cleansing, Trail of Tears as, xx, 210, 215–217
Ethnography, 48
European diseases, 57–75
American Indian medical practitioners, 67–70
Amherts, 70–72
biological warfare, 70–72, 151
chronology, 57–58
Columbian Exchange, 78
contemporary problems, 65–67
disease patterns after the Indian Wars, 63–64
health and life issues compared to whites in U.S., 68
isolated Indian tribes and diseases introduced by non-Indians, 66
Mandan chief Four Bears blames whites, 73–74
Metacom’s Rebellion, 129
Mississippian culture, 9
Native American responses to, 62–63
pandemic disease, 98
political, social, and economic consequences, 61–63
post-contact diseases, 60–61
pre-contact American Indian communities, 59–60
smallpox, 60–62, 71, 72–73, 151, 180, 187–188
Spanish entradas, 76–77
Evarts, Jeremiah, 211
Everett, Edward, 226–227
Execution of Dakota Indians, 268, 269, 274–275, 277–280
Executive Order 13007, 415, 623
Existing Indian family exception doctrine, 604
Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), 660
Exxon, 573–574
Fadden, Ray, 489
Fagan, Chris, 66
Faimon, Mary Beth, 276
Famine, 116
Fanshel, Robert, 599
Far from the Reservation (Fanshel), 599
Fast Horse, 304–306
Fast Horse, Lizzy, 533
Fastwolf, Phyllis, 469
Fausz, J. Frederick, 160–161
Fear-Segal, Jacqueline, 358, 366
Federal Indian policy, 386–389, 767–769
Federal Power Act, 503, 504, 510
Federal Power Commission (FPC), 486, 490, 501, 505, 510
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation, 503–504, 510–512
Federal Regulatory Energy Commission Environmental Impact Statement of the Niagara Project, 505–506
Fetterman, William J., 307–308
Fewkes, Jesse Walter, 20–23
Fieldwork, 48
Fighting Tuscarora (Rickard, C.), 507
Findley, Tim, 552
Firebaugh, Dennis, 776
First Nations Peoples. See Idle No More
First Seminole War, 195–196
Fitzgerald, Michael Oren, 366
Five Civilized Tribes, 192, 197, 342
Five Civilized Tribes Act, 522
Flame of Hope gala, 689
Flathead reservation, 441–442
Fletcher, Robert, 229
Fletcher v. Peck, 229
Florida State University, 725
Food rations, withholding of, 271–273
Forbes, Jack, 110
Forced march, 274–276. See also Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Foreign Missions School, 231
Fort Ancient culture, 5–6
Fort Laramie Treaty, 541
Fort Laramie, Treaty of, 284–285, 300, 551, 554
Fort McDowell Yavapai Reservation, 185–186
Fort Michilimackinac, 149
Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, 501, 503
Fort Sumner, 18
Fort Wise Treaty, 286–287
Four Bears, 73–74
Four Corners Lecture Series, 20
Fox, treaty with Sauk, 242
FPC (Federal Power Commission), 486, 490, 501, 505, 510
Fractionalization, 343
France, Native American trade with, 146–147
Francis, Pope, 786, 790–791, 793, 795
Franciscans, 114–117. See also Catholic Church
Franklin, Benjamin, 152–153, 154, 170–171, 173
Franklin, William, 171
Free, Mickey, 261
Freeman, Albert B., 380
French and Indian War, 70–71, 146, 153
Friars Minor, 114
Friends of the Indians movement, xxii, 339, 340, 341
Ft. Laramie, Treaty of, 310–311
Funerary objects, 706
Future Generations Ride, 331
Gage, Thomas, 152–153
Gaiwahgowa, 380
Galvin, Andrew, 791–792
Gansworth, Eric, 506
Garner, Van Hastings, 117–118
Gatewood, Charles B., 257
Gender roles, 252–253
General Allotment Act, 335–351
assimilation, 319–320
chronology, 335–337
effect of, 344
exemptions from, 440
Friends of the Indians movement, 340
healthcare and, 183
loss of tribal sacred and cultural sites, 617–618
Meriam Report and, 389
overview of, 337–345
Schurz, 345–347
Sioux Bill of 1889, 299–301
termination and, 440
traditional hunting and fishing places, 568–569
General Order No. 41, 279–280
George III, 152
Georgia state law, 226–228, 235–236
Ghent, Treaty of, 192
Ghost Dance
introduction to, xxii
peyote religion and, 64
in Senate testimony, 331–332
suppression of, 317–322
Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, 325, 326
Wovoka and, 69
“Ghost-sickness,” 703
Gladwin, Henry, 147–148, 150, 152
GLIFWC (Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission), 569, 573
Gogebic Taconite Company, 574
Gold, Harriet Ruggles, 231–232, 233
Golden State Warriors, 725
Goodale, Elaine, 361–362
GOON squad (Guardians of the Oglala Nation), 306, 536–538
Gordinier, Riley, 775
Gordon, Jessica, 759, 760, 761
Gourneau, Patrick, 439
Grand Council of Chiefs, 162–163
Grand Plaza, 29
Grant’s Peace Policy, 319
Grave robbers and looters, 702
Graves, protecting, 21
Great Britain, 152. See also Pontiac’s Rebellion; Proclamation of 1763
Great Depression to Alcatraz, 1929–1969
American Indian Movement (AIM), 527–549
Anti-Discrimination Act, Alaska Natives, 1945, 422–437
Bureau of Indian Affairs American Indian relocation, 1952, 464–479
election of Annie Dodge Wauneka to Navajo Tribal Council, 451–464
Iroquois tax and reservoir protests, 479–495
National Congress of American Indians, 405–421
National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), 513–527
occupation of Alcatraz, 549–564
Termination Policy, mid-1940s to mid-1960s, 437–451
Tuscarora dispossession and strategies for renewal, 1957 to the present, 495–513
Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC), 569, 573
Great Law of Peace, 163, 164, 165–166, 169
Great North Road, 49
Great Peacemaker, 169
Great Sioux Reservation, 300, 310, 313, 319, 329
Great Sioux War, 308–309
Great Swamp, 132–133, 134, 138
Green, Joe, 435
Greene, Elton, 501
Gruening, Ernest, 425, 430–431
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 252
Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOON squad), 306, 536–538
Guerrilla warfare, 258–259, 264–265
Hagerman, H. J., 460–461
“Hail to the Redskins,” 722
Hampton Institute, 353
Hansen, William, 362
Harjo, Allen, 522
Harjo, Suzan Shown, 415, 623, 624, 712–714, 723, 726–728, 792
Harjo et al. v. Pro Football, 718–733
aftermath, 724–726
American Indian mascots, 720–721
changes in attitudes, 725
chronology, 718–720
“Hail to the Redskins,” 722
Harjo, 726–728
introduction to, xxvii–xxviii, 720
NCAA guidelines for use of Native American mascots at championship events, 730
overview of, 723
R*dskins, 721–722
Statement of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights on the Use of Native American Images and Nicknames as Sports Symbols, 729–730
trademarks voided, 728
U.S. Court of Appeals ruling, 730–732
Harney, William S., 198
Harper’s, 362
Harriman, Averell, 485
Harris, Isaac N., 226
Harrison, Benjamin, 321
Harrison, William Henry, 241, 271
Hart, Arthur, 484
Hartford, Treaty of, 94, 102, 106–107
Hatathli, Ned, 694–696
Hatch, Edward, 262–263
Haudenosaunee Constitution, 160, 164
Haudenosaunee Environmental Task Force, 504
Haudenosaunees. See Iroquois influence on the U.S. Constitution
Hauptman, Laurence, 485
Hayes, Rutherford B., 347
Health
of American Indian children in boarding schools, 188–189
Meriam Report on, 386
Navajo people, 457–458, 461–462. See also European diseases
Healthcare, 64–65
Hearst Foundation, 688
Heart of the Rock (Fortunate Eagle), 559
Hemenway, Mary, 20
Herding rights, 455
Hiawatha Belt, 162
Hiawatha’s speech, oral history of, 172
Hicks, Elijah, 233
Higher Education Act, 690
Hill, Norbert S., Jr., 723
Hillwere, Dave, 536
His Red Nation. See Little Crow
Hockings, Nick, 570
Holder, Stan, 539
Holland, Caroline Ward, 792
Holland, Keagan, 792
Holm, Tom, 342
Holston, Treaty of, 225
Holy Rock, Johnson, 331
Holyfield, Orrey Curtiss and Vivian Joan, 606
Hopewell culture, 3–5
Hora, Padre, 788
Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 217, 244
House Concurrent Resolution 108, 412, 438, 441, 467, 560–561, 600
Hoxie, Frederick E., 365
Hubbard, William, 99
Hudson, Henry, 96
Hughes, Will S., 303
Human remains, 703, 705, 706, 707–708, 710
Humphrey’s Peak, 620–621
Hundred Slain, Battle of, 307–308
Hunger strike, 761
Hunts the Enemy (George Sword), 301, 304–306, 307–309
Hutchinson, Thomas, 171
Hyde, Fred, Jr., 51
Hyde Exploring Expedition, 50, 51
IAP (Indian Adoption Project), 599–600
ICC (Indian Claims Commission), xxiv, 330, 411, 441
ICRA (Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968), 305, 414, 419, 586, 630–633, 636–637, 739, 769–770
IDLA (Indian Defense League of America), 507
Idle No More, 755–762
chronology, 755–757
history and outline of, 758–761
introduction to, xxviii, 757–758
Iroquois tax and reservoir protests, influence of, 489
notable figures involved in, 761
IFH (Intertribal Friendship House), 469, 675, 776
IHS (Indian Health Service), 64, 67, 177, 179, 742
ILRC (Indian Law Resource Center), 655, 657, 663
Imagery of Cahokia, 8–9
Implicit divestment, doctrine of, 584, 589–590
IMS (Indian Medical Service), 64, 183
Inca Empire, 80
Ince, Thomas, 359
Indian Act (Canada), 759–760
Indian Actor’s Association, 359
Indian Adoption Project (IAP), 599–600
Indian Appropriation Act of 1871, 182
Indian Arts and Crafts Act, 415
Indian boarding schools, 181–182, 188–189, 320, 385. See also Carlisle Indian Industrial School
Indian Child Welfare Act, 67, 596–612
Adoption Resource Exchange of North America (ARENA), 601
Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (Baby Veronica case), 605, 607
Blanchard, 605–608
campaign for, 602–603
challenges after, 604–605
chronology, 596–598
Indian Adoption Project (IAP), 599–600
introduction to, xxvi–xxvii, 598
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 606
misunderstanding and inappropriate interpretation of Indian parents’ behavior, 604
removal of Indian children prior to, 598–599
statistics on removal of Indian children, 601–602
testimony of Calvin Isaac, 609–611
Indian Citizenship Act, xxiii, 305, 337, 370, 373, 389, 427, 440–441, 507–508
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 (ICRA), 305, 414, 419, 586, 630–633, 636–637, 739, 769–770
Indian Claims Commission (ICC), xxiv, 330, 411, 441
Indian Council Fire Achievement Award, 458
Indian Defense League of America (IDLA), 507
Indian Education Act, 521
Indian family exception doctrine, 604
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 305, 415
Indian Health Care Improvement Act, 414, 416
Indian Health Service (IHS), 64, 67, 177, 179, 742
Indian Helper, 357–358
Indian Homestead Act, 342
The Indian How Book (Parker), 378
Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, 216
Indian Law and Order Commission (ILOC), 739–740, 748
Indian Law Resource Center (ILRC), 655, 657, 663
Indian Medical Service (IMS), 64, 183
“Indian money.” See Wampum
“Indian New Deal.” See also Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
Indian Oil Act of 1927, 473
“An Indian Orator,” 380
Indian Religious Crimes Code, 615–617
Indian Relocation Act, 305, 553, 561, 646
Indian Relocation and Industrial Development Programs, 470
Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears, 206–221
Cherokee cases, 216
chronology, 206–209
image of, 210
implementation of Indian Removal Act, 388
Indian Relocation Act, 305, 561, 646
Indian Removal Act, passage of, 178
overview of, 672–673
removing indigenous people from their land, 1801–1858, 209–217
Ross, Chief John, 217–219
text of Indian Removal Act, 219–220
Trail of Tears description, 230–231. See also Black Hawk War Cherokee cases Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia Indian Territory Seminole Wars Worcester v. State of Georgia
Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934
healthcare and, 64
NCAI and, 409
overview of, 305
relocation and, 466
as a response to allotment, 178, 345, 441
Indian Rights Association, 362–363, 384
Indian Scouts, 353
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, 64, 179, 414, 691, 768
Indian Springs, Treaty of, 214
Indian Territory, xx
Indian Vaccination Act, 63, 180
Indians of All Tribes, 676, 681
Indians of All Tribes (IOAT), 414
Indigenous Intellectuals (Vigil), 366
Indigenous nation, definition of, 499
Indigenous Peoples Network (IPN), 663
Indigenous Rights Movement, 489
Indigenous Visions network, 560
Infant death rate, 66
Influenza, 66, 183. See also European diseases
Informal migration, 674–675
Innouye, Daniel, 571
Inouye, Daniel K., 711–712
Institute for the Development of Indian Law, 420
Institute of Ethnic Affairs, 474
Intermountain School, 468–469
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 653
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 653
International Indigenous Rights Movement, 489
International Niagara River Treaty, 500
Intertribal connections, and relocation, 469–470
Intertribal Friendship House (IFH), 469, 675, 776
Intertribal Indian militancy, xxvi
Invasions of America
European diseases, 57–75
Metacom’s Rebellion, 125–143
Pequot War, 91–108
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 144–158
Pueblo Revolt, 108–125
Spanish Entradas and Mississippian chiefdoms, 75–91
IOAT (Indians of All Tribes), 414
Iowa Burials Protection Act, 710
IPN (Indigenous Peoples Network), 663
Iroquois Dam, 487
Iroquois influence on the U.S. Constitution, 159–175
approaches to history, 160–161
arc of U.S. history and contemporary questions, 167–169
chronology, 159
colonial British-American figures, 170–172
colonial-era Haudenosaunee figures, 170
Congressional Resolution Affirming Haudenosaunee Influence on the United States Constitution, 173
Haudenosaunee Confederacy, 161–163, 164
Hiawatha’s speech, oral history of, 172
introduction to, xviii
natural law, clan mothers, and elders, 164
pre-contact Haudenosaunee figures, 169–170
ratification struggles, 165–167
Resolution 311, 100th Congress, 173–174
settlers and Indians crafting a nation, 163–165
wampum and oral history, 162
Iroquois tax and reservoir protests, 479–495
Akwesasne and Kahnawá:ke Mohawks Protest the St. Lawrence Seaway, 487–488
case law and legislation, 493–494
chronology, 479–481
continued relevance of, 488–489
“The Drums Go Bang, Seaway Ugh, Mohawks Plan Move,” 491–493
federal and New York state policies, influence of, 482–483
Iroquois Confederacy, 482
Onondaga flood control dam, 484
Rickard, 489–491
Seneca Nation of Indians protests Kinzua Dam, 485
tax protests, 483–484
Tuscarora nation protests Niagara Power Project, 485–486
Issac, Calvin, 608–611
Ives-Javits-Miller Bill, 501
Jackson, Andrew
attack against the Cherokees, 671
biography of, 390
Black Hawk and, 245
Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears, 178, 211–213, 219, 224
Seminole Wars, 195–197
on Worcester v. State of Georgia, 229
Jacob, Allen, 516
Jacqueline Fear-Segal, 365
James I, 62
Jay Treaty, 507
Jefferson, Thomas, xix, 63, 166–167, 209–211, 225, 271
Jenner, Edward, 62–63
Jesup, Thomas S., 202–203
Jim Thorpe: Sac and Fox Athlete (Bernotas), 366
Jobs and Growth Act (Canada), 760
Johansen, Bruce, 163
Johnson, Lyndon, xxiv, 413, 454, 458
Johnson, William, 71, 146, 149, 152–153, 171
Johnson v. McIntosh, 305, 390, 785
Jose, Nicholas, 797
Josepha, Regina, 798
A Journal of Race Ideals, 370
Judd, Neil, 49–50
Juh, 255–257
Julian, Rebecca, 647
Jurisdiction, 582–584
Kaakaáwiíta, 72
Kahnawá:ke Mohawks, 487–488
“Kansas Act,” 441
Kattenanit, Job, 133
Kellogg, Laura Cornelius, 376–377
Kennedy, Anthony, 593
Kickapoos, 255
Kickingbird, Kirk, 524
Kidney diseases, 64
“Kill the Indian and save the man,” 356, 599
King George’s War, 153
King Philip’s War. See Metacom’s Rebellion
Kinkel, Gottfried, 346
Kinzua Dam protests, 482, 483, 485, 509
Kivas, 45
Klamath Restoration Act, 443
Klamath Tribe, 442–443, 466, 552
Kleppe, Thomas S., 522
Krug, Julius, 465
Kunstler, William, 532, 540–541
La Vida Mission, 460
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians, et al., v. Lester P. Voigt, et al., 567
Lac du Flambeau Band v. Stop Treaty Abuse-Wisconsin, 571
Lacrosse, 149
LaFlesche-Picotte, Suzanne, 70
Lake Okeechobee, Battle of, 199
Lame Deer, John Fire, 533
Land of the Spotted Eagle (Standing Bear), 359
Land tenure systems, 338–339, 341–344, 345
Landis, Barbara, 365
Latham, William, 501
Laws of the Indies, 122–124
Lazarus, Arthur, Jr., 503
League of North American Indians (LONAI), 491
Lean Bear, 287
LeClaire, Antione, 246
Leflore, Greenwood, 213
Leon, Ponce de, 79
“Let My People Go” (Montezuma), 376
Lewis, David Gene, 446
Lincoln, Abraham, xxi, 268, 274–275
Lindneux, Robert, 284
Lineal descendants, 706
Lines from a Mined Mind (Trudell), 560
Lipans, 255
Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865, 291, 292
Little Bighorn, Battle of the, 307, 308, 321, 327–328
Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, 708
Little Crow, 272, 274, 276–277
Little Red, 727
Little Turtle, 63
“The Living Spirit of the Indian” (Walker), 365
Loco, 256–258
Logan, John, 328–329
LONAI (League of North American Indians), 491
Long Sault Spillway Dam, 500
Looking Cloud, Arlo, 532, 648–650
Lumbee nation, xxviii
Luna, Glen, 775
Luna, Tristan de, 84
Luna-Firebaugh, Eileen, 775–777
Lurie, Nancy Oestrich, 470–471
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Association, 620
Lynn, Elizabeth Cook, 542
Lyons, Oren, 168
Lyslo, Arnold, 599
Mabila, Battle of, 81
MacArthur Fellow, 746
MacArthur Foundation, 688, 746
Mahon, John, 193
Major Crimes Act of 1885, 305, 586, 737–738, 769
Maldonado, Christy, 607
Malmros, Oscar, 278
Maloney, Denise, 647
Mandan Indians, 73–74, 187–188
Manifest Destiny, xix
Manjoo, Rashida, 774
Mankiller, John, 669
Mankiller, Wilma. See election of Chief Wilma Mankiller
“Man-on-the-bandstand,” 357–358
Marquette University, 725
Marshall, George Preston, 721
Marshall, John, xx, 216, 224, 228, 229, 234, 236–238, 371, 386, 390, 671
Marshall, Thurgood, 584, 594–595, 633
Martinez, Audrey, 630–633
Martinez, David, 366
Martinez, Julia, 629–633
Martinez, Matthew, 120
Martinez, Miguel Alfonso, 656
Martinez v. Santa Clara Pueblo, xxvii
Mascots. See Harjo et al. v. Pro Football
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 96, 104
Massasoit, 136
The Massena Observer, 483
Matriarchy, 164, 166, 252–253, 456, 669–670
Matter of Powless v. State Tax Commission, 484, 494
Mayflower Compact, 104
Maze of Injustice (Amnesty International), 590
McAfee, Joseph, 428
McCarthy, Joseph, 444–445
McCrary, George W., 354
McGaa, William Denver, 301, 306, 309–310
McGillycuddy, V.T., 309
McGovern, George, 532
McIntosh, William, 214
McKenzie, A., 368
McKinley, Howard, Jr., 515
McKusick, Marshall, 710
McLaughlin, James, 318, 322, 323, 328, 329
McRenyolds, Edwin C., 200
Means, Bill, 541
Means, George W., 306
Means, LaNada (Boyer), 555, 557, 559–560, 676, 679–681
Means, Russell, 532, 533, 536, 538–539, 540, 542, 544–548
Means, William A., 723
Medal of Honor, 712
Medical practitioners, 67–70
Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867, 292
Meetings of Religious People, 491
Meigs, Return, 217
Menominee Enterprises, Inc., 443
Menominee Indians, 413, 443, 477–478, 552
Mercer, William A., 359
Meriam, Lewis, 344, 384, 389, 390
Meriam Commission, 384–385
Meriam Report, 381–403
chronology, 381–383
citizenship, 401–402
Committee of One Hundred, 384
cooperative relationships, failure to develop, 395–396
economic education and development on the reservations, 393–394
educational program, absence of, 392–393
excerpts from, 391–402
family and community development, 394–395
family and community life, 400–401
federal Indian policy, 386–389
formal education of Indian children, 393
general economic conditions, 398–399
health, 64
Jackson, A., 390
legal protection and advancement, 395
maintenance of order and administration of justice, 401
Marshall, J., 390
medical service, 396–397
Meriam, L., 390
Meriam Commission, 384–385
missionary activities, 402
Monroe, J., 390–391
overview of, 344–345
promotion of health, 393
protection of property rights, 401
report findings, 385–386
results of, 466
school system, 397–398
settlement of claims, 401
suffering and discontent, 392
summary of findings and recommendations, 391–392
taxation of Indian property, 399–400
Work, 391
work of government on behalf of Indians, 392
Mesa Verde cultures and communities, 12–26
chronology, 12–13
descendant communities, 19
Fewkes, 20–23
Mesa Verde National Park, 19–20
other American Indian connections with, 18
protecting Native American graves and sacred objects, 21
pueblos and culture, 14–17
Spruce-tree House ruins, 23–25. See also Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
Mesa Verde National Park, 16, 18, 22
Mescalero Apaches, 255
Mestizos, 116
Metacom, 128, 130, 134, 136–138, 142–143
Metacom’s Rebellion, 96, 125–143
aftermath, 134–135
Apess’s “Eulogy on King Philip,” 142–143
chronology, 125–127
against colonials, 127–135
complexity of, 132–133
Eliot’s account of Native enslavement, 141–142
introduction to, xvii
Metacom, 136–138
pan-Indian visions in the Northeast, 131
Rowlandson’s captivity narrative, 140–141
Weetamoo, 138–139
Metcalf, R. Warren, 446
Mexico, 251–257
Miami University (Ohio), 725
Middens (trash pits), 16
Middle World, 10
Migration, informal, 674–675
Migration of Native peoples after World War II, 673–677
MIIS (Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere), 5–6, 7, 9
Mikasuki people, 200–201
Mi’kmaq history and culture, 644
Miles, George, 257
Miles, Nelson, 321, 323, 324, 328, 330, 331
Mille Lacs decision, 567
Milwaukee Public Museum, 443
Minnesota Hunting and Angling Club, 571, 573
Minnesota v. Milles Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians, 567, 573
Minton, Charles E., 515–516
Miss NCAI Scholarship Pageant, 414
Mission system in California, 787–788, 794–795
Missionary activities, 111, 113–117, 129, 226
The Missions of California (Costo), 790
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield, 606
Mississippian culture, xv, 6–11, 34, 82. See also Cahokia
Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS), 5–6, 7, 9
Mitchell, Donald, 428
Mitchell, George, xxvi, 529, 543
Miwakan. See Sword, George (Hunts the Enemy)
Mixed marriages, 629
Mixed-bloods, 301–302, 304, 306
Mohawk, John, 663
Mohawks, 101
Mohegan Tribe, 102, 106–107, 132–133
Monks Mound, 29
Mononotto, 103
Monroe, James, 211, 225, 388, 390–391
Montezuma, Carlos, 69–70, 185–186, 368, 369, 373, 374, 375–376, 378
Montreal Gazette, 491
Moppin, Gustine, 675
Morgan, Arthur, 485
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 378
Morgan, Thomas J., 183, 339, 616–617
Morning Star, 357
Morning Star Institute, 623, 713, 727
Morris, Sherry, 676
Moses, Robert, 485–486, 500, 501–503, 508–509
Moses-Saunders Power House, 500
Moshulatubbee, 212
Moultrie Creek, Treaty of, 196, 203–204
Mound B, 30
Mound Builders, 1–11
Cahokia, 7
chronology, 1–2
cosmology of Mississippian cities, 10
culture, 3–11
introduction to, xv
mounds at Cahokia, 29–30, 39–40. See also Cahokia Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Moves Camp, Louis, 532
Mundt, Karl, 408
Murphy, Diane, 571
Murphy, Joseph, 183
Muscogee Creek Treaty of 1825, 211
Muscogees, 214–215
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, 554
My Indian Boyhood (Standing Bear), 359
My Life in an Indian Barding School (Fortunate Eagle), 559
My People the Sioux (Standing Bear), 355, 359
Myer, Dillon, 412, 467, 474–476, 674
NAGPRA. See Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
Naiche, 255–258
NARF (Native American Relief Fund), 416
Narragansett War. See Metacom’s Rebellion
Narragansetts, 96, 102, 106–107, 129, 131, 132, 139
Narvaez, Panfilo de, 80
Natani, Mary White Eagle, 515, 517
National American Indian Court Judges Association, 419
National Anthropological Archives, 22
National Archives and Records Administration, 365
National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV), 774
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 729–730
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 405–421
1940s, 407–411
1950s, 411–413
1960s, 413–414
1970s, 414
1980s, 415
1990s, 415–416
2000–present, 416–417
chronology, 405–407
Deloria, 419–420
founding of, 409
Garry, 417–419
Harjo, 712
introduction to, xxiv, xxv, 407
on NAGPRA, 708
vs. NIYC, 521
pan-Indian movement, 371
Peterson, 417–419
presidents and executive directors, 410–411
Wounded Knee Massacre and, 330
National Congress of Australia’s First People, 416
National Council of American Indians, 362
National Council of Churches, 546
National Crime Information Center (NCIC), 742
National Day of Action, 758
National Environmental Policy Act, 704
National Farmers Union Insurance Companies v. Crow Tribe of Indians, 769
National Geographic Society, 49–50
National Historic Preservation Act, 704
National Indian Child Welfare Association, 600
National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), 513–527
Blatchford, 525
chronology, 513–514
Declaration of Indian Purpose, 525–526
Harjo vs. Kleppe, 522
introduction to, xxv
vs. NCAI, 413–414
overview of, 515–523
Rickard, 525
Thom, 524
Warrior, C., 523
Witt, 524. See also American Indian Movement (AIM) Red Power Movement
National Indigenous Women’s Resource Center, 775
National League for Justice to American Indians, 359
National League of Churches, 538
National Museum of the American Indian, 415, 420, 705, 726
National Museum of the American Indian Act (NMAIA), 623, 704, 705, 727
National Native Youth Cabinet (NNYC), 416
National Park Service, 19–20
National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAW) survey, 765–766
National Women’s Hall of Fame, 677
Native allies of colonial troops, 132–133
Native American Church, 69
“Native American Folklore: Essay by Standing Bear, Chief of Oglala Sioux” (Standing Bear), 365
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 700–718
accidental discoveries from Indian graves in the U.S., 714–716
chronology, 700–702
Inouye, 711–712
introduction to, xxvii, 702–705
laws that led to, 704
Mesa Verde National Park, 20
passage of, 415
Pearson, 710–711
religious freedom and, 621
repatriation, 20, 703, 706–707, 709–710, 712, 713
Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act, 415–416
Native American Languages Act of 1990, 691–692
Native American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 663
Native American Relief Fund (NARF), 416
Native Leadership Award, 728
Native Scouts, 353
Native sovereignty, 372
Natural law, 164
Navajo Arts and Crafts Guild, 695
Navajo Community College, xxvii, 687, 688, 695–696
Navajo Community College Act of 1971, 691, 696
The Navajo Long Walk, 456, 541
Navajo Medal of Honor, 454, 458
Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Service, 620–621
Navajo people
culture and governance, 456
education, 687
“ghost-sickness,” 703
herding rights, 455–457
at Mesa Verde, 18
weaving techniques, 52
Navajo Tribal Council, election of Wauneka to, 451–464
Navajo-Hopi Rehabilitation Act, 553
Navigation Protection Act (Canada), 760
NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), 729–730
NCADV (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence), 774
NCAI. See National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
NCIC (National Crime Information Center), 742
Negro, Cuchillo, 254
Neil, Lilakai (Lilly) Julian, 453, 455, 460
Neolin (the Delaware Prophet), 69, 147, 153
Nepinak, Derek, 761
New Echota, Treaty of, 215, 229–230, 232, 233, 672–673
New York State Power Authority (SPA), 486, 488, 489, 490, 500, 501, 504, 506, 508, 510
New York State Thruway, 482
Newberry Library, 468, 469, 476–477
Newcomb, Steven, 792
“Newes from America” (Underhill), 105–106
Newnan, Daniel, 202
Newspapers, 357–358. See also Cherokee Phoenix
NGO Conference on Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples in the Americas, 654
NGO Conference on Indigenous Peoples and the Land, 654
Niagara Dam, 482
Niagara Falls Gazette, 506
Niagara Power Project, 485–486, 500, 502, 504–505
Nichols, Darlene, 649
Nieblas, James, 791
Nipmucs, 131
Nixon, Richard, xxvi, 414, 443, 558, 563–564
NIYC. See National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
NMAIA (National Museum of the American Indian Act), 623, 704, 705, 727
NNYC (National Native Youth Cabinet), 416
Nordwall, Adam Fortunate Eagle, 552–553, 554, 555, 558
Northrup, Sarah Bird, 231
Northwest Indian War, 241
Not Your Mascots, 726
Nunpa, Chris Mato, 276
NVAW (National Violence Against Women Survey) survey, 765–766
Oakes, Richard, 532, 552–553, 554–557, 558–559, 676
Obama, Barack, 416, 588, 741, 748
Objects of cultural patrimony, 706–707, 709
O’Brien, Sharon, 440
Occupation of Alcatraz, 549–564
Alcatraz Letter, 562–563
Alcatraz Proclamation, 561–562
Boyer, 681
chronology, 549–550
Eagle, 559
House Concurrent Resolution 108, 560–561
Indian Relocation Act, 561
introduction to, xxv
Iroquois tax and reservoir protests, influence of, 489
Means and, 545
Nixon’s special message, 563–564
Oakes, 558–559
overview of, 550–558
relocation program, 553
termination policy, 552
Trudell, 560
War Jack, 559–560. See also American Indian Movement (AIM); National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
Occupy Wall Street movement, 758
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 620
OEO (Office for Economic Opportunity), xxiv, 413
Of Plymouth Plantation (Bradford), 104
Office for Economic Opportunity (OEO), xxiv, 413
Office of Indian Affairs (OIA)
healthcare and, 180, 181, 183–184, 186
Oglala Lakota College, 687
Oglala Lakota culture, 299–306
Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organization (OSCRO), 536
Oglala Sioux Landowners’ Association (OSLA), 536
Oglethorpe, James, 201
Ohiyesa: Charles Eastman, Santee Sioux (Wilson), 366
Ohlone people, 554
Ojibwe Treaty Rights, 565–580
Bresette, 574
“Casting Light Upon the Waters,” 578–579
chronology, 565–567
Crist, 574
educational mandate of Act 31, 572
Fort Michilimackinac and, 149
Maulson, T., 574–575
Meyer, G., 575
report on discrimination against Chippewa Indians, 575–578
struggle for treaty rights for Chippewa people, 567–574
Thompson, 575
Oklahoma Indian Territory, 197
Oklahoma’s Poor Rich Indians, 363
Olaya, Hugo, 675
Old Indian Legends (Zitkala-Sa), 362
Old Smoke, 307
O’Leary, Carmen, 777–779
Oliphant v. Schlie, 582–583, 584
Oliphant v. Suquamish, 580–595
chronology, 580–582
context of, 585–589
Deer, 589–591
Duro Fix, 587
introduction to, xxvi
jurisdictional authority for crimes committed in Indian County after, 585
Kennedy’s dissenting opinion, 593
Marshall’s dissenting opinion, 594–595
Ninth Circuit Court’s ruling, 592
Rehnquist’s majority opinion, 593–594
significant cases and legislation following, 769
text of Suquamish Indian Tribe’s legal brief, 591–592
tribal criminal jurisdiction, 582–584, 738, 768, 770. See also Tribal Law and Order Act Violence Against Women Act Title IX: Safety for Indian Women
Olympic Games, 360
Omaha World-Herald, 310
One Feather, Gerald, 688
Oneida Indian Nation, 726
Onondaga Creek Dam, 482
Onondaga flood control dam, 484
Onondaga Nation, 484
“Operation Bootstrap,” 412
Ortiz, 81
Ortiz, Juan, 88–89
Osceola, 202
OSCRO (Oglala Sioux Civil Rights Organization), 536
Oskison, John Milton, 369
OSLA (Oglala Sioux Landowners’ Association), 536
Outing System, 359
Pacific Northwest protests, 520, 569
Palmer, Perain P., 318
Palmeter, Pam, 758
Palóu, Francisco, 794
Pame Indians, 794
Pandemic disease, 98. See also European diseases
Pan-Indian movement, 368, 371, 409, 702–703. See also specific organizations
Papago Indians, 254
Parker, Arthur C., 369, 370, 373, 377–378, 379
PARR (Protect American Rights and Resources), 569, 570
Paternalism, 67
Patriarchy, 166
“Patterns of Anglo-Indian aggression and accommodation along the mid-Atlantic coast, 1584–1634” (Fausz), 160–161
Patterson, Harry, Sr., 501, 506
Pauketat, Timothy, 36–37
Pawnee Tribe, 705
Paxton Boys, 152–153
Payne, John Howard, 230–231
Payne, King, 202
Payne’s Landing, Treaty of, 198, 214
Peace of Paris, 146
Peacemaker, 169
Pearson, John, 710
Pearson, Maria Darlene, 710–711
Peck, John, 229
Pecos Pueblo, 118
Pequot War, 1634–1638, 91–108
Bradford, 104
causes of, 97–99
chronology, 91–93
effect of on other Native Americans, 129
introduction to, xvii
Mason, 105
Miantonomo, 131
“Newes from America” about the slaughter of the Pequot people, 105–106
other important New England tribes, 96
overview of, 93–95
pandemic disease, 98
Pequot people, 95–96
Sassacus, 103
Tatobem, 102–103
Treaty of Hartford, 106–107
Wampum network, 96–97
war and its aftermath, 99–102
Winthrop, 104
Pequots, 132–133
“Peration Bootstrap for the American Indian,” 413
Peratrovich, Elizabeth, xxiv, 424–426, 427, 429–432, 435
Peratrovich, Frank, 429
Peratrovich, Roy, 424–426, 427, 429–433, 434–435
Perdue, Theda, 669
PERM (Proper Economic Resource Management), 573
Peyote, sacramental use of, 614–615, 621–622
Peyote religion, 64, 69–70, 373
Philip, King. See Metacom
Phillip II, 123
Pickering, Timothy, 509
Pickering Treaty, 509–510
Picotte, Henry, 70
Picotte, Susan LaFlesche, 186–187
Pierce v. State Tax Commission, 494
Pike, Zebulon, 269
Pilgrims, 702
Pinal Apaches, 254
Pine Ridge Civil War, 306
Pine Ridge Reservation, xxii, 300, 302, 306, 313, 321–322
Pipestone (Fortunate Eagle), 559
Pithouse villages, 15
Pizarro, Francisco, 79
Platero, Dillon, 695
Plymouth Colony, xvii, 127, 129. See also Metacom’s Rebellion
Po he yemu. See Popé
Pocumtucks, 131
Point IX program, 412
Policy Research Center, 416
Ponteach: or the Savages of America (Rogers), 153
Pontiac, 69, 146, 150, 153–154
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 144–158
aftermath, 152–153
Battle of Bloody Run, 148
biological warfare, 71–72
Indian warfare and, 146–153
introduction to, xviii, 144–145
massacre at Fort Michilimackinac, 149
Pontiac, 153–154
Pontiac’s speech to followers, 154
Proclamation of 1763, 154–157
Pontiac’s War, 62
Poor People’s Campaign, 521, 524
Poor Sarah (Boudinot), 231
Popay. See Popé
Popé, xvii, 117–118, 119–120, 628, 634–636
Porcupine Bear, 286
Post-contact diseases, 60–61
Potowatomie, 439
Pouley, Theresa M., 746–748, 750–752
Pourier, Batiste “Big Bat,” 309, 310
Powell, Levi N., 202–203
Prairie du Chien treaty, 269
Pratt, Richard Henry
background, 353–354
healthcare and, 182
introduction to, xxiii
music and art classes, 359
newspapers, 357–358
papers of, 365
removing tribal influences from children, 353, 354
seeking support of white Americans, 357, 358
Pratt, William, 342
Pre-contact diseases, 59–60
Presidential Medal of Freedom, 454, 458, 677, 712, 728
Presidential Medal of Honor, 623
Prestige goods, 47–48
Prichette, Kintzing, 275
Prince, Thomas, 99
The Problem of Indian Administration. See Meriam Report
Proclamation Line, 152
Proclamation of 1763, xviii, 146, 152, 153, 154–157
A Program for Indian Citizens, 471
Proper Economic Resource Management (PERM), 573
Protect American Rights and Resources (PARR), 569, 570
Provost, John, 309
Psychological problems, 66–67
Public Law 85–159, 493–494
Public Law 85–671, 439, 443–444
Public Law 88–533, 494
Public Law 89–159, 501
Public Law 280, 412, 586, 600, 738–739, 743
Pueblo Bonito, xvi, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49–50, 51, 52
Pueblo Hungo Pavie, 43
Pueblo people, xv–xvi, xvii. See also Mesa Verde cultures and communities; Pueblo Revolt
Pueblo Revolt, 108–125
Catholic Church, 111, 113–115, 628
chronology, 108–110
encomienda system, 113–114
expanded chronology of, 112–113
introduction to, xvii
Laws of the Indies, 122–124
Popé, xvii, 117–118, 119–120, 628, 634–636
Vargas, 120–122
warfare in 17th century North American Southwest, 110–119
Puget Sound Fish-ins, 489, 569
Puritans. See Pequot War
Pushmataha, 212
Putnam, Fredric Ward, 51–52
Pyramids. See Mounds
Quanopohit, James, 133
The Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians, 370, 379
“Question of Best Interest” (Blanchard), 608
R*dskins, 721–722
“Racist Stereotypes and Cultural Appropriation in American Sports,” 728
Radio Free Alcatraz, 557
Ramos, Battle of, 254
Ray, Robert D., 710
Read, Jon, 776
A Record of California Mission Life (Tac), 790
Red Cloud, 301, 302–303, 306, 307, 308, 317, 320, 324
Red Cloud, Jack, 321
Red Man, 357
Red Man and Helper, 357
The Red Man’s Moses (Goodale), 361
Red Power Movement
contemporary problems and, 65
Indian Child Welfare Act, 603
occupation of Alcatraz, 550
tax and reservoir protests, 489, 504
Red Stick Rebellion, 214, 217, 678
Red Sticks, 194
Red Tomahawk (Chankpi Duta), 323, 329–330
Refugee Act of 1953, 445
“Register, Inform Yourself and Vote,” 418
Rehnquist, William, 583, 593–594
Religious freedom, xxvii, 166, 318
Religious persecution, 317–321
Relocation centers, 467
Relocation Program, xxiv
Relocation program. See Bureau of Indian Affairs American Indian relocation
Removal of Indian children. See Indian Child Welfare Act
Repartimiento, policy of, xvii
Repatriation, 20, 703, 706–707, 709–710, 712, 713
Representación (Indian Bill of Rights), 790–791
Revitalization movements, 64, 69. See also Ghost Dance; Peyote religion
Reynolds, E.B., 318
Reynolds, John, 242–243
Rickard, Clinton, 489, 506–508
Rickard, Jolene, 506–507
Rickard, Karen, 515, 517–518, 520, 525
Rickard, William, 489–491, 501, 502, 505, 507
Ridge, John, 230, 231, 232, 233, 671–672
Ridge, Major, 218, 230, 233, 670–671, 672
Ritual cannibalism, 16–17
Rituals. See Ceremonial practices
Roadways, 49
Roberts, Albert Hubbard, 204
Robertson, Ann Eliza W., 235
Robinson, Raymond, 761
Rochester Museum, 378
Rockefeller Foundation, 384, 688
Roe Cloud, Henry, 374–375
Rogers, Robert, 153
Romero, Mateo, 723
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 475–476
Roosevelt, Franklin D., xxiii, 409, 474, 487
Roosevelt, Theodore, 617
Roseanne, Hoefel,, 366
Rosebud Reservation, 321
Ross, John
biography of, 217–219, 678–679
Cherokee cases, 216
Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 228
Cherokee Phoenix, 227
introduction to, xx
Jackson and, 225
split in Cherokee Nation, 670, 671
Treaty of New Echota, 215, 233. See also Cherokee cases
Rough Rock Demonstration School, 695
Rountree, John H., 247
Routel, Colette, 745
Rowlandson, Mary, 133–134, 139, 140–141
Running Moccasins. See Pearson, Maria Darlene
Russell, Rudolph, 468–469
Sacred and cultural sites, 617–618, 622. See also Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Sacred Expedition, 786
Sacred items, 21, 706–707, 709, 712, 713. See also Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
SAI. See Society of American Indians (SAI)
San Francisco American Indian Center, 675, 676, 681
San Francisco Indian Center, 553–554, 557
San Juan Basin, 44
Sand Creek Massacre, 281–297
Black Kettle, xxi, 285, 288–290, 291–292, 353
Captain Soules’ letter to Major Ned Wynkoop, 294–296
Cheyenne Dog Soldiers, 285, 286, 287
Chivington, xxi, 287, 288–291, 292–294
chronology, 281–283
introduction to, xxi
Lieutenant Joseph Cramer’s letter to Major Wynkoop, 296–297
overview of, 283–291
Santa Clara Pueblo Membership Ordinance, 636
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 625–642
chronology, 625–627
conflicting values in the struggle for tribal self-determination, 627–633
excerpts from, 638–642
Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, 637
jurisdiction definition, 630
Popé, 634–636
Santa Clara Pueblo Membership Ordinance, 636
tribal sovereign immunity, 632
Santa Fe Indian Youth Council, 525
Satanta, 709
Sauk people, 240–246
Saville, J.J., 303
Scalping Columbus and other Damn Indian Stories (Fortunate Eagle), 559
Schermerhorn, John, 230
Schifter, Richard, 503
Schmitz, Darld, 535–536
Schoellkopf Power Station, 500
The School News, 363–364
Schurz, Carl, 339, 341, 345–347, 354
Scott, Tolber, 434
Scott, Winfield, 244
Second Seminole War, 196–198, 203–204, 214
Section 904, 771
Secularization Act, 789
Self-Determination Act, 552
Self-determination and sovereignty, 1970–present
American Indian College Fund, 684–700
American Indian Religious Freedom Act, 612–625
Anna Mae Pictou Aquash, 642–650
Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 586
election of Chief Wilma Mankiller, 667–683
Harjo et al. v. Pro Football, 718–733
Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, 596–612
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 700–718
Ojibwe Treaty Rights, 565–580
Oliphant v. Suquamish, 580–595
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 625–642
Tribal Law and Order Act, 733–753
United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations, 651–667
Seminole Wars, 191–206
aftermath of, 198–201
Battle of Lake Okeechobee, 199
Black Seminole, role of, 197
chronology, 191–192
colonial European-American figures, 202–203
colonial Seminole figures, 201–202
Dade Massacre, 204–205
early colonial Seminole leaders, 201
factors leading to, 193–195
First Seminole War, 195–196
Indian Removal Act and the, 214
narratives of Second Seminole War, 203–204
Second Seminole War, 196–198
Seminoles, 193
Third Seminole War, 198
Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 203–204. See also Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Seneca, 151
Seneca Nation Compensation Act, 483
Seneca Nation of Indians (SNI), 483, 485, 509–510
Seneca Nation of Indians v. Wilbur M. Brucker et al., 494
Serra, Junípero. See Canonization of Junípero Serra
Services Training Officers Prosecutors Violence Against Indian Women (STOP VAIW), 770
Shattuck, Allen, 424–425, 434–435
Shave Head (Pakakoga), 323, 329
Sheridan, Philip, 257
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 347
Shirley, Harry, 363–364
Short Bull (Tatanka Ptecela), 321
Shreve, Bradley, 520
Sibley, Henry, 274–275
Siebert, Frank T., Jr., 301
Sinclair, Clayton, 491–493
Sinte Gleska College, 687
Sioux Bill, 298–314
chronology, 298–299
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, 311–312
introduction to, xxii
McGaa, 309–310
Miwakan, 307–309
Red Cloud, 307
significant legislation on Native issues, 305
text of, 313
Treaty of Ft. Laramie, 310–311
turning point in Oglala Lakota culture, 299–306
use of Lakota instead of Sioux, 301
Sitting Bull (Itanca Tatanka Iyotake), 300
biography of, 327–330
Ghost Dance and, 617
killing of, xxi–xxii, 323–324, 330
Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, 317, 318, 321, 323–324, 327–330
Six Nations Confederacy Council, 503
Six Rivers National Forest, 620
Sky World, 36
Slavery
Eliot’s account of, 141–142
kidnappings, 85–86
Metacom’s Rebellion, 134–135
Spanish entradas, 79–80
Smallpox, 60–61, 62, 71, 72–73, 151, 180, 187–188. See also European diseases
Smiley, Albert K., 340
Smithsonian Institution, 705
Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, 22
Smoke Dancing (Gansworth), 506
SNI (Seneca Nation of Indians), 483, 485, 509–510
Snowbowl Case, 620–621
Snyder Act of 1921, 64, 183–184, 189–190
Society of American Indians (SAI), 367–381
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 371
chronology, 367–368
Cloud, 374–375
document excerpts, 379–380
history of, 368–374
introduction to, xxiii
Kellogg, 376–377
Montezuma, 375–376
native sovereignty, 372
Parker, 377–378
Tecumseh, the Shawnee, 379. See also National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
Sokaogon Chippewa Community, 573–574
Sold American (Mitchell), 428
South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, 774
Southwest Regional Indian Youth Council, 515–516
The Sovereignty and Goodness of God (Rowlandson), 133
SPA (New York State Power Authority), 486, 488, 489, 490, 500, 501, 504, 506, 508, 510
Spanish Entradas and Mississippian chiefdoms, 75–91
Chicora, 84–86
chronology, 75–76
Columbian exchange, 78
conquistadors aggressively hunt for Indian captives, 88–89
Entradas from Spain, 76–84
Indians disrupt conquistador conquests, 89–90
Lady Cofitachequi, 86–88
Mississippian peoples warfare, 82. See also European diseases
Spanish Influenza outbreaks, 183
Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 659
Spokane Indians, 725
Spotted Tail, 354
Spruce, Beryl, 518
Spruce-tree house ruins, 23–25
Squanto, 702
St. Lawrence Seaway, 482, 486, 487–488, 491–493, 500, 509
St. Louis, 241
St. Louis, Treaty of, 245
St. Regis Tribe v. State of New York, 494
STA (Stop Treaty Abuse-Wisconsin), 569, 570, 574
Stalking, 765–766
Standing Arrow, 492
Standing Bear, Henry, 368
Standing Bear, Luther, 355, 358–359, 365–366
Standing Rock Reservation, xxii, 300, 317, 329
Stands Looking, Maggie, 364–365
Stanford University, 725
State of Muskogee, 194
State Power Authority (SPA), 486, 488, 489, 490, 500, 501, 504, 506, 508, 510
State Tax Commission v. Barnes, 493–494
Statement of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights on the Use of Native American Images and Nicknames as Sports Symbols, 729–730
Steiner, Stan, 467
Sterilizations, 67
Stillman, Isiah, 243–244
Stimson, Henry, 474
Stop Treaty Abuse-Wisconsin (STA), 569, 570, 574
STOP VAIW (Services Training Officers Prosecutors Violence Against Indian Women), 770
Stories of the Sioux (Standing Bear), 359
“Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations” (the Cobo Study), 654
Suicides, 66
Summit Springs, Battle of, 286
Sun Dance, 362
Sundown, Corbett, 484
Swan, Clara, 601
Sword, George (Hunts the Enemy), 301, 304–306, 307–309
Sword-Owner, 309
Tac, Pablo, 790
Tadodaho, 169–170
Talking Back to Civilization (Hoxie), 365
Talton v. Mayes, 739
Tanka, Itancan Wambdi. See Big Eagle
Taoyateduta, Itancan (Little Crow), 272, 274, 276–277
Tasker, Benjamin, 171
Tassels, George “Corn,” 229, 234
Tassels v. Geor, 229
Tax, Sol, 516
Taylor, Zachary, 199
TCUs. See Tribal colleges and universities (TCUs)
Teaching and Research in Bicultural Education (TRIBE), 646
Tecumseh, the Shawnee, 69, 379
Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States, 433, 785
Ten Books of Architecture (Vituvius), 123
Tenario, Frank, 618
Tenskwatawa (Shawnee Prophet), 69, 153
Termination Policy, 437–451
adoption of Native American children by non-Native families, 600
chronology, 437–438
introduction to, xxv
text of, 446–450
Watkins, 444–446. See also Meriam Report
Terrazas, Joaquin, 263
Teters, Charlene, 724
Tewa Pueblo Indians, 117
The Indian, America’s Unfinished Business (Brophy and Aberle), 471
Third World Liberation Front Strike, 676
Thom, Mel, 515, 516, 517, 519, 520, 522, 524
Thomas, Frank “Standing Arrow,” 487–488
Thompson, W.O., 368
Thorne, John, 420
Thunder, Raymond Yellow, 533–534
Tourism, 200–201
Toypurina, 796–798
Trachoma, 64
Trade and exchange, 32–33, 47–49
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB), xxvii–xxviii, 720, 723
Traditional healing, 182
Traditional hunting and fishing places, 567–574
Traditional medicines and lifeways, 69
Trail of Broken Treaties, 534–535, 560, 645
Trail of Tears. See Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
Trauma, effects of, 66–67
Treaties, Cherokee, 225–226
Treaties of Tellico, 226
Treaty of Canandaigua, 501, 503, 505, 506, 509–510
Treaty of Casco, 135
Treaty of Cusseta, 214
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 212
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 284–285, 300, 551, 554
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 501, 503
Treaty of Ft. Laramie, 310–311
Treaty of Ghent, 192
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 252
Treaty of Hartford, 94, 102, 106–107
Treaty of Holston, 225
Treaty of Indian Springs, 214
Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 196, 203–204
Treaty of New Echota, 215, 229–230, 232, 233, 672–673
Treaty of Payne’s Landing, 198, 214
Treaty of St. Louis, 245
Treaty of the Cherokee Agency, 226
Treaty with the Choctaws, 584
Treaty-making era, 178
Tree rings, 46
Treviño, Juan Francisco, 117
Tribal colleges and universities (TCUs)
American Indian College Fund, 686–688, 689
faculty at, 693
important laws for creation and support of, 691–692
introduction to, xxvii
missions of, 693–694
student profiles, 692–693
Tribally Controlled College Assistance Act of 1978, 690–692. See also American Indian College Fund
Tribal criminal jurisdiction
Congressional solutions to gaps in, 770
end to over non-Indians, 768
history of federal Indian policy, 767–770
Oliphant in context, 585–589
Oliphant v. Suquamish, 582–584
Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA), 736–737. See also Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA)
Tribal foster care and adoption services, 604
Tribal Government Tax Status Act of 1983, 415
Tribal Governments at the Crossroads of History, 415
Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA), 733–753
asserting sovereignty with, 735–736
chronology, 733–735
cooperation and coordination, 740–742
criminal jurisdiction in Indian country, 737
evolution of federal Indian policy and criminal jurisdiction, 736–739
introduction to, xxviii
major provisions of, 740
NCAI and, 416
overview of, 588, 739–744, 769
tribal policing, training, and cross-deputization, 742–743
tribal sovereignty, enhancing, 743–744. See also Violence Against Women Act Title IX: Safety for Indian Women
Tribal membership, 628–632
Tribal Nations, 131
Tribal policing, 742–743
Tribal Policing (Luna-Firebaugh), 776
Tribal Principles for Climate Change, 416
Tribal self-determination, conflicting values in the struggle for, 627–633
Tribal sovereign immunity, 632, 633
Tribal sovereignty, 584, 743–744, 765, 772–773. See also Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA)
Tribal Voices (Trudell), 560
Tribally Controlled College Assistance Act of 1978, 690–692
Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act, 687
Tribble, Fred and Mike, 568
TRIBE (Teaching and Research in Bicultural Education), 646
Tribes of Washington State, 520
Trimble, Charles, 414
Trudell, 560
Trudell, John, 532, 533, 543, 557, 560, 649, 681
“Trust doctrine,” 371
TTAB (Trademark Trial and Appeal Board), xxvii–xxviii, 720, 723
Tuberculosis, 64. See also European diseases
Tulalip Tribal Court, 747
Tullberg, Steve, 663
Turner, William, 134
Turtle Mountain Chippewa, 439
Tuscarora dispossession and strategies for renewal, 495–513
Anderson, 508
chronology, 495–498
Federal Power Act, 510
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation, 510–512
impact and renewal, 504–507
indigenous nation, definition of, 499
Moses, 508–509
overview of, 498–504
Rickard, 507–508
Treaty of Canandaigua, 509–510
Two-Row Wampum or Kaswentha, 505
Tuscarora Grassland Restoration Proposal, 504–505
Tuscarora Nation, 485–486, 489–490
Tuscarora Nation of Indians v. State Power Authority, 494, 503
Tuscarora Resistance Committee, 486, 490
Twenty-first century, 2000–present
canonization of Junípero Serra, 782–800
Idle No More, 755–762
Violence Against Women Act Title IX: Safety for Indian Women, 762–782
Twiss, Thomas, 309
Two Axe, Lawrence, 491
Two Strike (Numpkahpa), 321
Two-Row Wampum or Kaswentha, 505
Udall, Tom, 779–781
U.N. Commission of Human Rights, 660
U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 305, 416, 489, 499, 652, 658–659, 660–661, 785
U.N. Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 659
UNA (United Native Americans), 414, 559, 676
Underhill, Ruth, 332
UNESCO World Heritage Site, 19, 43
United Bay Area Council of American Indian Affairs, Inc., 559
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 305, 416, 489, 499, 652, 658–659, 660–661, 785
United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations, 651–667
chronology, 651–652
Coulter, 662–664
Declaration of Principles, 664–666
innovations in WGIP’s structure and composition, 654–656
introduction to, 652–654
legacy of, 659–660
mandate to draft international standards on Indigenous rights, 658–659
mandate to review Indigenous rights developments, 656–658
U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 305, 416, 489, 499, 652, 658–659, 660–661, 785
United Native Americans (UNA), 414, 559, 676
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, 184
United States Public Health Service (USPHS), 183–184
United States v. McBratney, 736, 737
United States v. Means and Banks, 540, 546–548
Unity Caravans, 489
University of Illinois, 725
University of North Dakota, 725
University of Oklahoma, 727
The Unjust Society (Cardinal), 517
U.N.’s Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 654–655
Upper World, 34
Urban Indian Relocation Program, 412
Urban Indian youth education, 646
U.S. Census enumerations of Native Americans, 1900 to 2000, 65
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 570, 729–730
U.S. Constitution. See Iroquois influence on the U.S. Constitution
U.S. Forest Service, 620–621
U.S. v. Mazurie, 769
USPHS (United States Public Health Service), 183–184
Ute Mountain Indian Reservation, 18
Ute people, 18
Valentine, Robert G., 183
Van Wassenaer, Nicholas, 95
“Vanishing policy,” 342
Vargas, Alonso de, 120–121
Vargas, Diego, 628
Vargas, Diego de, 118–119, 120–122
Vermillion Accord on Human Remains, 710
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, 770
Victorio, 252, 256, 258–259, 262–264
Vigil, Kiara M., 366
Violence Against Women Act, 416
Violence Against Women Act Title IX: Safety for Indian Women, 762–782
Black Bear, 773–775
chronology, 762–764
Congressional solutions to gaps in criminal jurisdiction, 770
criminal justice and violence against women, 765–766
history of federal Indian policy, 767–769
introduction to, xxviii
Luna-Firebaugh, 775–777
overview of, 770–772
passage of, 588–589
significant cases and legislation following Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 769
statistics on violence against American Indian and Alaskan Natives women, 766
testimony of Carmen O’Leary, 777–779
tribal sovereignty, enhancing, 765
tribal sovereignty, exercising to end domestic violence, 772–773
Udall letter, 779–781. See also Oliphant v. Suquamish Tribal Law and Order Act (TLOA)
Violence Against Women in Indian Country Task Force, 771
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 770
Vituvius, 123
Vizcarra, Jose Antonio, 49
Vizenor, Gerald, xxvi
Voigt, Lester, 569
W. K. Kellogg Foundation Higher Education Initiative, 688
Waabanong Run, 573
Wagon Box Fight, 308
Wakinyantanka (Big Thunder), 277
Wald, Patricia M., 614
Walk for the Ancestors, 792
Walker, Glenn, 365
Wampanoag, 96, 102, 131, 138, 533. See also Metacom’s Rebellion
Wampum network, 96–97
Wanamaker, Andrew, 432
War Jack, LaNada. See Means, LaNada
War of 1832, 240–246
War Relocation Authority (WRA), 412, 467, 475
Warfare
in 17th century North American Southwest, 110–119
Apache Resistance, 259–260
Cahokia, emergence of, 33
diseases and, 62
guerrilla warfare, 258–259, 264–265
Mississippian culture, 82
Mississippian peoples, 82
Pontiac’s Rebellion and, 146–153
principles of war, 259
role of in Indian societies before European colonization, xviii
techniques, 259–260
Warhrhaftig, Al, 517
Warner, Glenn “Pop,” 360
Warrior, Clyde, 515, 516, 517, 518–519, 520–521, 523, 727
Warrior, Della, 520
Washington, George, 152–153, 154, 173
Washington Redskins, 721–722
Was-Swa-Gon Treaty Association, 570, 574
Watie, Buck. See Boudinot, Elias
Watie, Stand, 218
Watkins, Arthur, 442–443, 444–446, 552
Waukazoo, Muriel, 533
Wauneka, Annie Dodge. See Election of Annie Dodge Wauneka to Navajo Tribal Council
Wauneka, George, 454
WBCWS (White Buffalo Calf Woman Society), 774
WCIP (World Council of Indigenous Peoples), 499
“We Are Born at a Time When the Indian People Need Us” (Spruce), 518
Weiser, Conrad, 170
Welfare agencies, 602
Wesley, Clarence, 417
Westerman, Floyd Red Crow, 532
Western removals
American Indian Health Services, 175–190
Black Hawk War of 1832, 240–248
Cherokee cases, 221–239
Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears, 206–221
Iroquois influence on the U.S. Constitution, 159–175
Seminole Wars, 191–206
Wetherill, Richard, 49–50, 51–52
Whaley, Frank, 434
“What She Says, It Be Law” (Deer), 591
Wheeler, John F., 226–227
Wheeler-Howard Act. See Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
Wheelock, Dennison, 373
Where White Men Fear to Tread (Means and Wolf), 546
“Which One Are You? Five Types of American Indian” (Warrior), 519
White, James, 443
White Bear, Mathalene, 649
White Buffalo Calf Woman Society (WBCWS), 774
“White husbands,” 301–302, 304, 306, 309
White Man’s Club (Fear-Segal), 365, 366
Whitside, Samuel, 324
Wilkinson, Gerald, 521
Williams, Ron, 532
Wills, Wirt, 49–50
Wilson, Dick, 306, 532, 536–537
Wilson, Raymond, 366
Winnebago Tribe, 276
Winthrop, John, 62, 99, 103, 104
Winthrop, John, Jr., 104
Wiping of the Tears Ceremony, 774
Wisconsin Heights, Battle of, 244
Wishart, David, 338
Witness for Non-Violence for Treaty and Rural Rights, 570–571, 574
WKLDOC (Wounded Knee Legal Defense/Offense committee), 540
Wolf, Marvin, 546
Womeldorf, Jack, 468–469
Women. See Anna Mae Pictou Aquash; election of Annie Dodge Wauneka to Navajo Tribal Council; election of Chief Wilma Mankiller; Violence Against Women Act Title IX: Safety for Indian Women
Wootonekanuske, 138
Worcester, Leonard, 233
Worcester, Samuel A., 226, 227–229, 232, 233–235
Worcester v. State of Georgia, xx, 216, 228–229, 237–238, 305, 388, 390, 671. See also Cherokee cases
Work, Hubert, 185, 344, 384, 391
Working Group on Indigenous Populations. See United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations
Workshops on American Indian Affairs, 516–518
World Archaeological Congress, 710
World Council of Indigenous Peoples (WCIP), 499
Wounded Knee II occupation
AIM and, 536–539
charges, court cases, and decisions reached from, 539–541
trial documents, 546–548
Trudell, 560
Wounded Knee Legal Defense/Offense committee (WKLDOC), 540
Wounded Knee Massacre, 314–333
“assimilation” and “civilization” training, 319–320
chronology, 314–316
hearings for compensation to descendants, 331–332
introduction to, xxi–xxii, 316–317
massacre and desecration, 324–327
military cover-up and memorials to Lakota Peoples, 330–331
mobilization of U.S. military forces, 321–323
religious freedom and, 617
Sitting Bull, 317, 318, 321, 323–324, 327–330
U.S. government’s control policies on the reservations, 319–320
U.S. religious persecution and suppression of the Ghost Dance, 317–321
WRA (War Relocation Authority), 412, 467, 475
Wynkoop, Ned, 288–291, 294–297
Wyoming Stock Growers Association, 302
Yazoo Land Act of 1795, 229
Yazzie, Allan, 695
Yellow Thunder Protests, 543
Yellow Thunder, Raymond, 532, 541
Yellowtail, 412
“Zitkala-Sa: A Biography” (Hoefel), 366