Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A

Abiotic stress 

biotic and  1–4

lentil  142–144

Advance Authorization Scheme (AAS)  210

Aethiopicae   10–11 , 13–14

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)  210

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation  3–4 , 146 , 153

fungal disease resistance genes  149–150

gene construct  153–155 , 154f

GUS histochemical assay  156

marker genes  175–188

molecular analysis in transgene expression  156–157

selection of transformants  155–156

status of  147–149

steps of  155–156

transgenic progenies, analysis of  157–158

Agrobacterium rhizogens   148–149

Agrobacterium tumefaciens   147–149 , 153–158

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers  99

Aneuploids  59 , 63–64

Animal source foods (ASF)  203–204

Antifungal protein (AFP) genes  149–150 , 155

amplification  157 , 194f

transformation with LBA4404/pCAMBIA2300 enh35S  191–195

Antifungal transgenic approaches  149–150

Arabidopsis thaliana   155

Ascochyta blight  84–85 , 134–135 , 142–144

Association mapping (AM)  127–128 , 131–134

B

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI)  151

Benzyl amino purine (BAP)  147

Biotechnology application  145–150

Biotic stress  142–144

Biparental mapping populations  127–128 , 131 , 132–133t

Black-box approach  30

Bold-seeded lentil  211

Breeding methods  43–44

conventional breeding  175

integrating multiple traits  85–97

lentil improvement through  144–145

genomic estimated breeding value  114–115 , 114f

haploid breeding  73–74

independent culling  89

marker-assisted  131 , 134

molecular breeding  97–115

for multiple traits  85–97 , 86f

mutation breeding  57–58 , 64

pre-breeding method  145–146

selection index  97

selective breeding  46

self-fertilizing crops  51–52

self-pollination  51–52

tandem selection  89

C

C-banding technique  62–63

Chickpeas  See also Pulses

production  204 , 207t

transformed plantlets  177

Chitinase gene  150 , 155

PCR amplification  190 , 193f

product size  157

4-Chloroindole-3 acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA)  72

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)  51 , 67

Chromosome analysis  46–47

Chromosome banding techniques  62–63

Colchicine  61–62

Colchiploidy  61–62

Comparative economics 

cost of production of lentils  213–215

lentils and competing crops  215–218 , 216t

Competing crops, economics  215–218 , 216t

Conventional breeding  175

integrating multiple traits  85–97

lentil improvement through  144–145

Conventional manipulations  47–48

Core collections development  34–35

Cotyledonary node (CN) explant 

GUS histochemical assay  178f , 179t

in-vitro regeneration  151 , 160

on MS medium  151 , 158–159 , 161t , 162f

multiple shoot buds from  158–160 , 159f , 162f

Cotyledon-attached decapitated embryo (CADE) explant  3–4 , 191

GUS histochemical assay  178f , 179t

in-vitro flower and pod formation  152 , 187t

in-vitro regeneration  151 , 160

kanamycin effect  181f , 182t

on MS medium  151 , 158–159 , 161t

Cowpeas  204 , 207t See also Pulses

Cropping systems  203–204

Crop wild relatives (CWRs)  2–3

CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University  127–128

CTAB method  156–157

Cytogenetic manipulation  46–47 , 59–61

biochemical and molecular biology approach  59

chromosome banding techniques  62–63

classical  60

molecular cytogenetic approaches  64–67

mutation studies  63–64

and ploidy status  61–62

traditional and molecular  59

D

Dal Shock of 2015–16  211

Decapitated embryo (DE) explant 

GUS histochemical assay  178f , 179t

in-vitro regeneration  151 , 160

on MS medium  151 , 158–159 , 161t

transformation with LBA4404 strain  177

DH approach  See Double-haploid (DH) approach

DNA-based molecular markers  101–102t

Double-haploid (DH) approach  73–74

DREB1A gene  149

Dry beans  204 , 207t See also Pulses

Duplicates  30

E

Economic classification  211 , 215t

Embryo-ovule rescue technique  59 , 67–73 , 70f

Ervoides   10–11

EURISCO system  26

Explants  See also specific explants

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation  177–178

multiple shoot formation  158–160 , 159f , 161t , 162f

types of  151 , 153 , 158 , 176–177

Expressed Sequenced Tags (EST)  126

Ex-situ conservation  24–26 , 25–29t

Ex-situ germplasm collections  2–3

F

Fabaceae   1–2

Feulgen stain  46–47 , 66

FISH  See Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Flanking markers  131 , 132–133t , 134–135

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)  3

cytogenetic manipulation  46–47

molecular cytogenetics  64–67

Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS)  3–4

Fungal disease  142–144 , 149–150

Fusarium oxysporium   142–144

Fusarium wilt-resistance (Fw) gene  131

G

G-banding technique  62

Gene bank Information Management System (GIMS)  26

Gene pools  14–16

classification  58–59 , 58f

genetic diversity  134

primary and secondary  3 , 44–45 , 48

species distribution and  22

tertiary and quaternary  67–68

Gene pyramiding  3–4 , 109

marker-assisted backcrossing  110–112

convergent/separate backcrossing  110–112 , 112f

simultaneous backcrossing  110–112 , 111f

stepwise backcrossing  110–112 , 111f

through multiple parents crossing  109–110

Gene stacking  109

Genetic correlation  88–89 , 90–96t

Genetic diversity  47

Genetic engineering  46

Genetic linkage maps  100

Genetic manipulation  46–51

Genetic transformation  3–4

Agrobacterium-mediated  See Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation

antifungal gene constructs  188–195

in-vitro flowering and pod formation  165–166 , 174f

anthers from  166 , 170f

auxins concentrations effect on  168t

bitter melon  167

development  166–167 , 167f , 169f

explants for  173t

pollen grains  166–167 , 170f

protocol for  152–153 , 165f

transformed shoots  184–185 , 185–186f

in-vitro regeneration  146–147

explants types  151

plant materials used for  151

root development  151–152 , 160–163

shoots development  151 , 158–160

Genome in-situ hybridization (GISH)  3 , 64–65

Genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV)  114–115 , 114f

Genomic selection  114–115 , 114f

Genotype×environment (G×E) interactions  125–126

Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) method  3 , 15–16

Germplasm  30

characterization and evaluation  30–32

conservation  22–30

quality traits  31t

Giemsa C-banding technique  62

GISH  See Genome in-situ hybridization (GISH)

Global Crop Diversity Trust (GCDT)  24

Grain legumes  See Pulses

GUS reporter gene  147–148 , 155

chimeric expression  183–184 , 184f

histochemical assay  156 , 177 , 183

PCR amplification  148 , 157 , 188 , 188f

putative transformed shoots  183 , 183f

H

Haploid breeding  73–74

I

Illumina GA/GAIIx system  126

Illumina Genome Analyzer  126–127

Illumina GoldenGate (GG)  126–127

Independent culling  89–97

Index selection  97 , 115

India 

lentil in  211

cost of cultivation  213–215 , 214t

economic classification  211 , 215t

prices of  215–217 , 217t

temporal trend and compound growth rate  213t

trade scenario  213

pulses in  209–211 , 209t

Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR)  127–128

Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), in-vitro shoots 

flowers  166 , 167f

in-vitro pods formation  172f

root induction  164–165f , 164t

Insect pests, lentil  142–144

In-situ conservation  23–24

Intermediae   10–11

International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA)  2–3 , 22–24 , 25t , 26 , 27–29t

Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers  99 , 128–131

Interspecific hybridization  51 , 64–65 , 68–69 , 70f

Intraspecific linkage map  128–131

Introgression  1–2 , 46–48 , 59 , 67–68

In-vitro flowering  165–166 , 174f

anthers from  166 , 170f

auxins concentrations effect on  168t

bitter melon  167

development  166–167 , 167f , 169f

explants for  173t

pollen grains  166–167 , 170f

protocol for  152–153 , 165f

transformed shoots  184–185 , 185–186f

In-vitro regeneration  146–147

explants types  151

plant materials used for  151

root development  151–152 , 160–163

shoots development  151 , 158–160

In-vitro seed germination  172–175 , 175f

In vivo intergeneric grafting techniques  72

K

Kanamycin  155–156

albino shoots development  180 , 180f

chickpea  181–183

effect on developing shoots  180–181 , 181f , 182t

GUS expression  183–184

in-vitro flower on shoot recovered through  185f

nptII gene  191

L

Legumes  See Pulses

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)  1–2 , 7–8 , 43–44 , 57–58 , 83 , 125 , 206–209

BAP effect on root formation  147

biotechnological approaches  145–150

biotic and abiotic stress factors  142–144

carbohydrates  125

comparative economics of  215–218 , 216t

core collections development  34–35

cultivated in countries  141–142

cytogenetic manipulation  46–47

distribution  13–14

domestication  16–17

duplicates  30

ex-situ conservation  24–26

floral biology  11–13

fungal diseases  142–144

gene distribution  45f

gene pool  14–16

genetic linkage maps of  100

genetic manipulation  46–51

germplasm characterization and evaluation  30–32

germplasm conservation  22–30

history  8–9

improvement through conventional breeding  144–145

in India  211

cost of cultivation  213–215 , 214t

economic classification  211 , 215t

prices of  215–217 , 217t

temporal trend and compound growth rate  213t

trade scenario  213

insect pests causing damage to  142–144

in-situ conservation  23–24

morphology  11–13

morphophysiological variation  50t

multiple shoot formation  146–147 , 158–160 , 161t

origin  9–11

protein content  141

region-wise targeted traits  87t

safety duplicate  30

salinity affect  144

seeds  142 , 144f

species distribution and gene pools  22

taxonomy  11–13 , 44–46 , 58–59

trait of interest  33–34t

wild species  44–47 , 49–50 , 49t

Linkage map development  99–100

M

Macrosperma  10–11 , 43–44 , 46–48 , 142

Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC)  103–109 , 108f , 134–135

Marker-assisted backcrossing-gene pyramiding  110–112

convergent/separate backcrossing  110–112 , 112f

simultaneous backcrossing  110–112 , 111f

stepwise backcrossing  110–112 , 111f

Marker-assisted breeding program  131 , 134

Marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS)  112–113 , 113f

Marker-assisted selection (MAS)  126

backcrossing program  134–135

breeding materials  134

gene pyramiding  98 , 98f , 100 , 104–107t

Marker genes, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation 

genetic transformation  175–178 , 179t

in-vitro flowering and pod formation  184–185 , 185–186f

regeneration/selection of transformed shoots  178–184 , 180f

transgene integration, analysis of  188

Marker-trait association analysis  131–134

Marker-trait linkage analysis  125–126 , 131 , 132–133t

Mature seeds  153

Micrografting technique  147 , 163

Microsperma  10–11 , 43–44 , 46 , 142

genetic base  47–48

healthy lentil plants growing in field  142–144 , 143f

hybridization  47–48

in-vitro regeneration  147 , 150

mature dry seeds of  144f

varieties  151

Molecular analysis  156–157

Molecular breeding  97–115 , 145

Molecular cytogenetics  59 , 64–67

Molecular linkage maps  128–131 , 129–130t

Molecular markers  35 , 84–85 , 97–115 , 126–127

deployment of  125–126

genetic diversity  134

identification  99–100

Morphological and isozyme markers  99

Morphophysiological variation  50t

Multiple parents crossing  109–110

Multiple traits 

breeding schemes for  89–97

conventional breeding integrating  85–97

genetic correlation  88–89 , 90–96t

genomic selection  114–115 , 114f

for potential genetic improvement  88f

selection  3–4

Murashige and Skoog (MS) media 

embryo-ovule rescue technique  69 , 71–72

explants  158–160 , 162f

indole-3-butyric acid  151–152

with thiadiazuron  146–147

Mutation breeding  57–58 , 64

Mutation studies, cytogenetic techniques  63–64

N

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)  26 , 26t

NATP projects  26

Next-generation sequencing  126–127

Northern blot  157 , 193–195

nptII genes 

coding sequence  156–157

PCR amplification  148 , 157 , 188 , 189f , 191 , 193–195 , 194f

Nucleolar organizing region-banding (N-banding)  62

O

Optical density (OD)  155–156 , 177

Oxyquinoline  59–60

P

PCR-based markers  100

PGRdup  30

Phenotypic selection (PS)  112

Phenotypic Variance Explained (PVE)  132–133t

Phosphinothricin (PPT)  156 , 188–190 , 190–191f , 192t

Phytohormones  167

Pigeon peas  204 , 207t See also Pulses

Pilosae   10–11

Plant breeders  145

Plant genetic transformation  145–146

experiments on  191

fungal disease resistance  149–150

Pod formation  165–166 , 174f

anthers from  166 , 170f

auxins concentrations effect on  168t

bitter melon  167

development  166–167 , 167f , 169f

explants for  173t

pollen grains  166–167 , 170f

protocol for  152–153 , 165f

transformed shoots  184–185 , 185–186f

Pollen grains  152 , 166–167 , 170f

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 

chitinase gene  190 , 193f

GUS reporter gene  148 , 157 , 188 , 188f

marker genes  185

nptII genes  148 , 157 , 188 , 189f , 191 , 193–195 , 194f

Polyploidy  61–62

Population-specific linkage maps  128–131

Pre-breeding method  145–146

Pulses  141 , 203–204 See also Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

consumption  204

Dal Shock of 2015–16  211

import duty on  210t

in India  209–211 , 209t

nutritive value  205t

production  204–206 , 206f , 207t , 208f

SWOT analysis of domestic production vis-à-vis import  211 , 212t

trade policy on  210

Q

Q-banding  62

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) 

Ascochyta blight  134–135

biparental mapping population  131–134 , 132–133t

gene pyramiding  84–85 , 100–103 , 112–113

mapping  99–100

R

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers  99

Recombinant inbred line (RIL) population  127–131 , 127t , 134–135

Resistance gene analogue (RGA) markers  99

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers  99

Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)  157 , 191

AFP gene  194f

nptII gene  194f

Rhizactonia solani   142–144

Rice fallows  217–218

Rice-lentil system  8

Root development, in-vitro regeneration  151–152 , 160–163

S

Safety duplicate  30

Salinity  144

Salt tolerance  8

Satellite (SAT) chromosomes  62–63

Second-generation technology  126

Selective breeding  46

Self-pollination 

breeding programs  51–52

ovary  166–167 , 171f

pollen viability and tube growth  152–153

Shoots development, in-vitro regeneration  151 , 158–160

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers  126–131

Single-seed descent (SSD)  71–73

Small-seeded lentil  211

SNP-based linkage map  100

Southern blot  149 , 157 , 193–195

Species distribution  22

SSR markers  99 , 126–127

Stemphylium blight  134–135 , 142–144 , 143f

Subspontanea   10

Sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)  67

SWOT analysis  211 , 212t

T

Tandem selection  89

Taxonomy, lentil  44–46 , 58–59 , 58f

Tissue culture technique  73–74 , 158

Trade policy, on pulses  210

Trait-specific mapping populations  127–128

Transcriptome sequencing  126

Transformed shoots 

nptII gene PCR amplification  189f

phosphinothricin  189–190

putative  183f , 185 , 188 , 190–191 , 193–195

regeneration/selection  178–184 , 180f , 182t

Transgenic plant technology  71–72

Transgenic progenies  157–158

TRIZOL reagent  157

Truncation selection  89–97

Tyrosine  160

U

Uromyces fabae   142–144

USDA-ARS  25t , 26

V

Vacuum infiltration technique  148

Vicia   10–11

W

Waterlogging  8

Whole genome sequencing  46

Wild species 

genetic manipulations  44–47 , 49–50 , 49t

germplasm collection  2–3