Afonso I, King, 23
African agricultural ceremonies, 47, 48
Homowo Festival, 39
African currencies, 17, 18–20, 26, 75
African environment: climate zones, 35–36
constraints on agriculture, 10, 34–37
Harmattan season, 35
African ethnic groups: Akan, 13, 57–58, 63, 83, 101–2, 118–19, 121
clusters in American colonies, 4
Fon-Ewe, 47
Ga, 39
Gola, 72
Gullah, 108
Yoruba, 24
African modes of production: kinship-based, 34, 46–47, 73, 172n. 40
tribute-based in Africa, 34, 46–48, 73
African population, 20–21
African states: Akwamu, 73
Akwapem, 101–2
Banda chieftaincy, 25
Bondu, 41
Bono, 101–2
Borno, 15
Dagomba, 25
Kanem, 15
Songhay Empire, 14–15
African towns: Ardra, 90
Begho, 21–22
Benguela, 19–20
Calabar, 50–51
development in West Africa, 20–22
development in West Central Africa, 21–22
Ibadan, 21
Katsina, 21
Kommenda, 26
Kong, 41
Kormantin, 26
Koumbi-Saleh, 21
Luanda, 20
Mbanza Kongo (Sao Salvador), 20–23, 30
Mouri, 26
Niani, 21
Old Oyo, 21
Salaga, 145
Sansanding, 99
Sego, 75
town walls, 22–23
Agricultural practices: African crop zones, 40–45
crop mixtures in Africa, 7, 9–10, 34–35, 39–43, 45, 47, 91, 112
crop mixtures in the Caribbean, 55–58
crop mixtures in South Carolina, 61–63
crop mixtures in Virginia, 60–61
crop rotations in Africa, 42–45, 56, 84
crop rotations in the Caribbean, 57–58
English colonial practices, 52, 53, 61, 63
fertilization methods in Africa, 35, 43, 45–47
fertilization methods in Jamaica, 56
inventive self-reliance, 39
Native American fertilization methods, 56, 70
Native American practices, 52, 56, 60–61, 70
origins in Africa, 9
rotational bush fallow, 45
shifting cultivation, 44
tillage methods in Africa, 43–44
tillage methods in Jamaica, 56–58, 69, 80, 97
tillage methods in Maryland, 61
tillage methods in South Carolina, 63, 103–4, 108, 124
tillage methods in Virginia, 60–61, 70–71
Akeyeampong, Emmanuel, 141
Alexander, Charles, 121
Alexandria, Virginia, 118
Allen, Richard, 142
American Revolution, 4–5, 58, 63, 84, 87–88, 117, 119
Ancestors, 142
Bassar ironworkers, 26
coastal Georgia, 133
Gold Coast, 28
grave goods, 65
Middle Passage, 51
Andros, Emund, 82
Anguilla, 79–80
Animals/birds, 136, 137, 143, 149–50
instruments of violence, 139–41
planters compared to, 138–139
slave status compared to, 139–40, 144
Anquandah, James, 13, 157n. 32
Antigua, 5, 55, 121. See also Lucas family
Apprenticeships: Africa, 23, 27, 30–31
Archeology, 9, 26, 65, 89–90, 115–16
Atlantic world: indigo, 93
movement of people, 7
movement of crops, 6, 40, 49–50, 66, 71, 82
Bailey, Ronald, 1
Baker, Brooks, 118
Balandier, Georges, 48
food production, 52–55
founding, 76
maize, 52
migrants to mainland, 5, 83, 100
Native American workers, 52, 76
non-agricultural labor, 112, 114–15
slave population, 2–3
sweet potatoes, 52
tobacco, 5, 10, 52, 68–69, 76, 112
tobacco pipe, 65
Barbot, Jean, 28, 41–42, 50, 53–54, 111–12
Barth, Heinrich, 75
Beans: slave ships, 50
Virginia, 60
West Africa, 41–42, 45, 164n. 27
West Central Africa, 43
Belinga, Samuel M. Eno, 31
Bellin, Jacques-Nicolas, 79
Bello, Muhammad, 24
Bembe copperworks, 30
Berlin, Ira, 6
Bight of Biafra, 4, 70, 83, 84, 94
Bixby, Joseph, 121
Blacksmiths: English, 112
Jamaican, 117
slave, 2, 8, 11, 116–17, 118, 121, 123, 125, 127, 174n. 59
West African, 23, 24–26, 31, 112, 116–17
West Central African, 18, 30, 116–17
Boatmen, slave, 71. See also Canoes
Brahm, William de, 104–5
Bricklayers: English, 112
Bryant, Charles, 51–52
Buford, James, 125
Byrd II, William, 118
Canal building, 122
Canoes: Gold Coast, 27–28, 111–12
Native American, 113
used by slave fugitives, 114, 128
West Central Africa, 30
Cape Verde Islands, 93
slave, 83, 97, 115, 117, 121, 123, 125, 127
Carter, Landon, 82
Cassava: the Bahamas, 55
Jamaica, 55
migration from the Americas, 40
Native Americans, 113
slave ships, 51
South Carolina, 84
Upper Guinea, 41–42
West Central Africa, 43
Caste system, West African, 10, 23–24
Catesby, Mark, 62–63
Charleston, South Carolina, 122
Collins, Josiah, 122
Colonoware, 121–22
Coopers: English, 112
slave, 71, 115, 117, 118, 121, 123
Copper workers: Jamaican, 116
West Central African, 18, 30, 116–17
Cotton: African plantations, 72
Barbados, 4, 10, 52–54, 76–78, 100, 112
Benue River, 47
colonial American, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 65, 81
Delany on, 128
England, 76
Europe, 76
genuses, 79
Liberia, 72
Maryland, 83
origins in Africa, 9
plantation management, 80
Sierra Leone, 72
skills, 11, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 84
Slave Coast, 75
South Asia, 81
South Carolina, 4–5, 83–85, 99, 100, 109, 124
Tortola, 79
Virginia, 82, 175–76n. 84, 176n. 85
West Africa, 9, 40, 41, 43, 71–76, 173–74n. 57
West African gardens, 45
wicks, 75, 81, 173n. 53. See also Spinners; Textiles; Weavers
Courteen, William, 76
Cowry Shells, 17
Coxe, Tench, 83
Cromwell, Nicholas, 101
Cromwell, Oliver, 55
Cromwell, Patrick, 101
Crop storage: Africa, 39–40, 49, 185n. 64
Barbados, 55
Maryland, 61
South Carolina, 124
Dalton, Joseph, 100
Dapper, Olfert, 91
Delany, Martin, 6, 33, 87, 128
De Marees, 15, 16, 27, 53, 90, 111
Dickinson, Samuel, 122
Disease: malaria, 3
Doegood, Robert, 50
Dun, Edward, 68
Eltis, David, 7
Epps, Edwin, 125
Equiano, Olaudah, 46, 70, 66, 75–76
Exports: American tobacco, 71
Caribbean, 175n. 75
indigo from South Carolina, 87, 100, 102
Jamaican tobacco, 69
West African indigo, 90
Faulkner, Rev. William, 124, 139
Fishing: colonial America, 11
equatorial Africa, 31
English, 112
Gold Coast, 10, 15, 26–28, 112, 120
Native American, 113
South Carolina, 7, 119, 120, 121
Upper Guinea, 27
West Africa, 22
West Central Africa, 18, 29–30, 36
work songs, 27
Fletcher, Daniel, 76–77
Floodplains: North Carolina, 123
South Carolina, 62
Ford, William, 137
Forests: African workers in South Carolina, 63
Barbados, 52
in black consciousness, 136, 141–42, 148, 189–90n. 60
deforestation in Africa, 26
slave refuge, 141–42, 144, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 153
West Africa, 14, 17, 21, 28, 34–37, 40, 146
West Central Africa, 29, 40, 36–38, 40, 43–44, 146
French Caribbean: African crops, 52
indigo, 87, 95, 98–99, 101, 103
livestock, 116
Gaillard, Samuel Gourdin, 124
Garden, Alexander, 84
Gardens: African, 10, 40, 42, 45, 49, 66–67
Bermuda, 89
Georgia, 124
in slave consciousness, 149
Gender: African divisions of labor, 8, 10, 27, 30–31, 34, 47–48, 72–75, 92
African iron production, 26
colonial South Carolina, 3
colonial Virginia, 4
transformation in slave labor divisions, 108, 126
colonial American, 5–7
Jamaica, 97
Slave Coast, 47
South Carolina, 61, 83–84, 100
Virginia, 61
Gold, 14, 17, 25, 31, 112, 116–17
goldsmiths, 112
ideologies, 141
influence on colonial indigo production, 101–2
slave trade, 3–4, 25, 50, 70, 101–2, 119
sugar, 53–54
textiles, 127
tobacco imports, 66
woodworking, 28. See also African ethnic groups, Akan Goodson, Thaddeus, 136–37
Gourds: Upper Guinea, 41–42
Benue River, 47
Native American, 113
Gray, Lewis Cecil, 88
Groundnuts: Benue River, 47
Florida, 124
Georgia, 124
Jamaica, 57
migration from the Americas, 40
slave ships, 50
South Carolina, 124
Upper Guinea, 42
West Central Africa, 43
Benue River, 47
colonial America, 81
exports, 56
migration from Africa, 51–52
Slave Coast, 47
West Central Africa, 43
Guyer, Jane, 31
Gwynn, Charles, 106
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo, 6–7
Harlan, J. T., 44
Housing: Delany on, 129
Gold Coast, 112
Hughes, Griffith, 55
Hurston, Zora Neale, 144
Indentured servants: Anglo-American colonies, 1, 2, 33
artisans, 112
inter-racial relations, 10
Jamaica, 94
Heinrich von Uchteritz, 77
Virginia, 4, 58–59, 70–71. See also Inter-racial labor
Bermuda, 89
colonial American, 2–5, 7, 11, 81
Delany on, 128
dyeing, 11, 75, 90, 92, 93, 97, 108, 124, 125–26, 179n. 38
exports, 87, 89–90, 94–95, 100, 102
Florida, 125–26
Georgia, 126
Gold Coast, 92
plantation management, 97, 102–3
Sierra Leone, 90
skills, 11, 92–95, 97–99, 101–5
slave mortality, 99
South Asia, 11, 88, 95, 97–98, 108–9
South Carolina, 4, 11, 62, 84, 87–89, 100–109, 124, 126
Upper Guinea, 41–42
vats, 11, 97–99, 101, 104–5, 107
Virginia, 82, 176n. 85, 178n. 28
Inter-racial labor: Caribbean, 52–53, 55
conflict, 120
non-agricultural workers, 112, 114
Spanish American indigo workers, 93, 95
tobacco workers, 67–70
Virginia, 58–60. See also Indentured servants; Native Americans
Izard, Ralph, 84
Jamaica: cotton production, 4, 10, 78–79
English colonization, 3, 55, 112–13
food production, 55–58
non-agricultural labor, 115–16
slave codes, 5
slave trade to, 2–4
slave population, 2, 3, 57, 94
tobacco production, 5, 10, 68, 69–70
Jamestown, Virginia, 33
Jefferson, Thomas, 62, 82; 118, 139, 176nn. 85, 86
Kimbrough, Jessie, 134
Kinship, Africa, 18, 25, 34, 44, 46–47, 73, 172n. 40
related to work regime, 6
Balanta, 44
slaves in Maryland, 83
slaves in South Carolina, 3
Knowledge: elders as repositories of, 123
embodied, 9, 30–31, 46, 48–49, 81
means of resistance, 11, 99, 114, 117, 120–21, 128
rice production “knowledge systems,” 6–7, 62
transmission from Africa, 2, 6–8, 13, 88
wealth in, 9, 14, 27, 31, 43, 77
Labor: management strategies in Africa, 39
requirements in colonial cotton fields, 77, 80
requirements in colonial indigo fields, 97, 102
West Central African divisions of, 29–30. See also Gender; Plantations
Lake Company, 122
Land clearing: Benue River, 47–48
Caribbean, 52
Gold Coast, 46–47
Lander, Richard, 91
Laurens, Henry, 84, 104, 106, 108
Leather workers: Bassar, 25
English, 112–13
Georgia, 127
Jamaica, 115–16
West Central Africa, 18, 29, 116
Legrand, Peter, 118
Lewis, Matthew, 115
Lewis, Nathaniel John, 149
Littlefield, Daniel, 6–7
Littleton, William, 92
Livestock: Barbados, 77
Central African, 10, 18, 29, 36
Delany on, 128
French Caribbean, 116
Georgia, 124
Hispaniola, 116
Louisiana, 125
North Carolina, 123
restrictions on in Africa, 34–35
Venezuela, 116. See Leather workers
Lloyd, John, 84
Lomax, Alan, 134
Lucas family, 11
cotton production, 83
indigo production, 100–102
John, 88
Lucques, Laurent de, 43
Lynch, Thomas, 79
Maize: the Bahamas, 55
Barbados, 52–53
Cape Verde islands, 93
colonial America, 81
Delany on, 128
Georgia, 124
Maryland, 123
migration from the Americas, 40, 164–65n. 16
Louisiana, 125
Mississippi, 125
Native American, 113
Nat Turner and, 142
North Carolina, 123
Sestro, 41
Sierra Leone, 41
slave ships, 51
South Carolina, 61, 63, 84, 103–4, 124
Virginia, 60
West Africa, 41–42, 44, 45, 60, 76
Manigault, Peter, 62–63, 103–4
restrictions on slaves’, 81
West African, 14–17, 21, 24, 47, 53–54, 72–76
West African textile, 72, 74–75
West African tobacco, 66
West Central African, 18, 29–30. See also Slave trade; Trade
Maryland, 5, 61, 65, 70, 82–83, 123–24
Matthias, Samuel, 63
Medicine: Africa, 47
Caribbean, 69–70
Native American, 113
South Carolina, 108
Middle Passage, 49–51, 125, 132
Migrations: European, 1, 2, 100–101, 112–13
inter-colonial American, 2, 5–6, 61 78, 83, 88, 99–102, 121
intra-African, 39, 73. See also Indentured Servants; Middle Passage; Slave trade
Senegambia region, 91
Sierra Leone, 41
Slave ships, 51
Upper Guinea 41–42
West Central Africa, 43
Mining: African, 10–11, 17, 26, 29, 116–17
Africans in Latin America, 7, 116–17
Jamaica, 116–17
Minor crops: cocoa, 6
coffee, 57
hemp, 82, 84, 100, 128, 176n. 85
okra, 45
oranges, 15, 42, 50, 55, 70, 100
sesame seed, 62
Mnemonic devices, 133–34
Morant Bay, Jamaica, 117
Morgan, Philip, 6–7
Morrison, Toni, 126–27
Moultrie, Alex, 121
Music: antebellum South, 134, 136–38, 143, 146–48, 151–53
instruments in colonial America, 115, 182n. 19
Native Americans: agricultural practices, 52, 70, 113
non-agricultural labor, 113
women, 60
workers, 1, 10, 33, 56, 59–60. See also Inter-racial labor
North Carolina, 122–23
Nyendael, David Van, 90
Obeng, Pashington, 141
Ogilby, John, 79
Oldmixon, John, 56
Pain, Samuel, 51
Park, Mungo, 42, 66, 74–75, 91, 92
Peas: the Bahamas, 55; “Congo peas,” 58
English, 61
Georgia, 124
Mississippi, 125
South Carolina, 61, 84, 100, 124
Virginia, 60
Pepper: slave ships, 50–51
West Africa, 14, 15, 41–42, 45
Pereira, Pacheco, 72
Phillips, Thomas, 90
Pinckney, Charles Coatesworth, 88, 119
Pinckney, Thomas, 88
Jamaica, 55–57
slave ships, 50
Upper Guinea, 41
Poppin, Mathew, 121
Port Royal, 112
Potatoes: Antigua, 55
the Bahamas, 55
Georgia, 124
Gold Coast, 15
Upper Guinea, 41
Virginia, 60
Pottery: African workers in colonial iron works, 117
Bassar, 25
English, 112
Gold Coast, 112
South Carolina, 121–22
Virginia, 121–22
West Africa, 25, 31, 92. See also Tobacco pipes
Potts, James, 121
Power: African concepts of, 141, 145
exercised by slaves, 50–51, 81, 120–21, 141–53, 184n. 47. See also Resistance; Violence
Price, Charles, 3
Provision grounds, 114
cotton grown in, 81
scarcity of land in Barbados, 55, 167n. 82. See also Gardens
Punt, Thomas, 78
Purry, Peter, 100
Rainfall: African agriculture, 39
Caribbean agriculture, 80
Jamaica, 56
in slave consciousness, 137–38 147–48
South Carolina agriculture, 62
Virginia agriculture, 60
Ranton, William, 121
Reeder, John, 117
Religion: African, 27–31, 39, 48, 136, 141, 148, 161n. 45
haunting, 133–34
slave, 12, 61, 108, 131, 135–37, 142, 144–48, 151
ring shout, 147, 152–53, 185n. 83. See also African agricultural ceremonies; Ancestors
Resistance, 115
African, 72–73
Middle Passage, 50–51
indigo production, 99
runaways, 12, 114, 141, 143–44, 145. See also Power, exercised by slaves
Rice: Balanta, 44
Barbados, 55
Benue River, 47
China, 7
colonial American, 2–4, 7, 65, 76, 81, 85
debate over American origins, 6–7
Delany on, 128
Jamaica, 55–56
Netherlands, 7
North Carolina, 122–23
“Rice Coast,” 8
Sestro, 41
Sierra Leone, 41
slave ship provisions, 50
South Carolina, 62, 63, 83–84, 88, 100, 104, 124
Upper Guinea, 41
Virginia, 33
Richards, Paul, 39
Richardson, David, 7
Rivers: African, 17, 27–30, 44, 47–48, 73, 75, 91
in black consciousness, 133–34, 142–43, 151, 153
Caribbean, 56, 95–96, 113, 116
North America, 88–89, 120, 122, 128
Rogers, Joseph, 118
Royal African Company, 1, 3–4, 50
Salt: Gold Coast, 112
and leather working, 127
North African mines, 17
slave ships, 51
West Africa, 17
West Central Africa, 18, 20, 29
Savannah: crops grown in African, 40, 76
South Carolina, 63
West African towns, 21
West African zone, 29, 35–37, 43–44
West Central African zone, 29, 36, 38, 40
Sayle, Nathaniel, 99
Schaw, Janet, 63
agriculture, 41
indigo, 92
leather trade, 116
slave metal-worker from, 118
slave trade, 62–63, 70, 83, 104, 106, 108
tobacco, 66–67
Skinner, Elliot, 15
Slave Coast: agriculture, 45, 47
cotton, 75–76
indigo, 90
slaves in Jamaica, 94
tobacco trade, 66
Slave mortality: American plantations, 2–4, 12
Georgia, 136–37
indigo workers, 99
Jamaica, 56–57
North Carolina, 122–23
slave ships, 51
Virginia, 60
Slave plantation overseers, 2, 134–35, 145–46
Covey, 146–47
Slave plantations/estates: Ball family, 63
Drax Hall, 117
Duckenfield Hall, 115
Garden Hill, 88
Greenpark, 57
Green Valley, 58
Lucky Valley, 97
7 Plantation, 97
Seville, 117
Somerset Place (North Carolina), 122–23, 137
Somerset Plantation (Jamaica), 57
Spring-vale, 57
Worthy Park, 3
Slaves: Armici Adams, 140
Samuel Adams, 121
Nathaniel Allen, 122
Byrl Anderson, 124
Angola, 118
Charles Ball, 120
Fannie Berry, 147–48
Henry Bibb, 139–40, 143–44, 151
Arrie Binns, 126
James Bolton, 126–27
Henry Brand, 124
Henry Box Brown, 119–20, 135, 136, 137–38, 139
Liza Brown, 144
Simon Brown, 124, 138–39, 144, 148
William Wells Brown, 135, 138, 146
Berkeley Bullock, 144
Patience Campbell, 126
Albert Carolina, 122
Cornelia Carter, 144
Cato, 138
Coromantee Molly, 57
Cuffee (Jamaica), 57
Cuffee (Virginia), 118
Baily Cunningham, 150
Demby (slave), 134
Edie Dennis, 150
Dick (slave), 118
Dinkie, 146
Sallie Douchard, 145
Frederick Douglass, 61, 123, 138, 141, 145–46
Callie Elder, 151
Ryer Emmanuel, 146–47
Elisha Doc Garey, 151
C. W. B. Gordon, 128
Charles Grandy, 150
Rosa Grant, 147
Guinea, 118
Hagar, 108
Mildred Heard, 149–50
Sylvia Heard, 127
Fountain Hewes, 139
Julia Henderson, 153
Carrie Hudson, 151–52
Charlie Hudson, 134
Charles Hunter, 149
Lorenzo Ivy, 145
Harriet Jacobs, 139, 140, 146–47, 149
Benjamin Johnson, 135
Priscilla Joiner, 149
Absolom Jones, 142
Rastus Jones, 150
Frances Kimbrough, 134
Ellen Lindsey, 150
Macow, 115
Bernard Moore, 118
Lindsey Moore, 127
Mungo, 118
Solomon Northrup, 135, 137, 143, 144, 149
Patsey, 125
Harriet Powers, 150
Sandy, 145
Philip Simmons, 122
Marrinda Jane Singleton, 148
Paul Singleton, 133
Strap, 115
Ben Sullivan, 111
Tonsler, Horace, 144
Nat Turner, 141–42
Rhodus Walton, 126
Dye Williams, 136–37
Henry Williams, 127
John Williams, 121
Genia Woodberry, 126
Daphney Wright, 150–51
Slave ships: Arthur, 50
Camden, 122
Dorothy, 116
Elizabeth, 106
Florida, 51
Jennett, 122
Judith, 50
Pindar, 3
Providence, 50
Slave trade: Anglo-American colonies, 2–5, 9, 11, 12
compared to European migration, 1
domestic, 118, 120–21, 125, 132, 133, 34, 135, 136, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152
inter-colonial, 5
Florida, 126
memories of capture, 125–26, 185n. 71
South Carolina, 3, 62–63, 84, 87–88, 104, 106–108, 119–21, 125
from West Central Africa, 20. See also Middle Passage; Migrations, Slave ships
Soil: African fertility rates, 35–39
African preservation techniques, 40, 42–46
black claims on, 142
site of religious conversion, 152–53
West Central Africa, 36, 44. See also Agricultural practices; Land clearing
South Carolina: African population of, 3–4, 119, 125
cotton, 4–5, 83–85, 99–100, 109, 124
food production, 61–63
indigo, 4, 62, 84, 87–89, 100–109, 124, 126
livestock, 116
non-agricultural labor, 119–22, 124
rice production, 6 7, 63, 83–84, 88, 100, 104, 124
slave codes, 5
Spinners: Africa, 72–74, 172–73n. 44
early U.S., 119
spindle whorl in South Carolina, 65
Spoeri, Felix Christian, 93–94
Spotswood, Alexander, 82
Sun: African agriculture, 36
sign of power, 54, 134–35, 151
Sugar: Barbados, 3, 53–55, 69, 76, 77, 112
colonial American, 2–6, 65, 76, 82, 88, 112, 114–15, 116
Gold Coast, 53–54
Louisiana, 125
South Carolina, 61
West Africa, 44
Swamps: Boggy Gut, 133–34, 136
and slave consciousness, 133–37, 139–140 143–44
South Carolina, 62
Sweet potatoes: Barbados, 52
Gold Coast, 42
Louisiana, 125
Maryland, 61
Mississippi, 125
Slave Coast, 47
South Carolina, 124
West Africa, 42
West Central Africa, 43
Tailors, English, 112
slave, 23
Taylor family, 121
Tertre, Jean Baptiste du, 98
Textiles: African currency, 17
English, 5
European imports to Africa, 17, 20
Florida, 125
West Africa, 9, 11, 23–24, 72–76, 89–93, 172n. 40
Thistlewood, Thomas, 114
Tobacco: adopted in Africa, 9, 40, 66
colonial American, 2–5, 7, 10–11, 65, 68, 76, 81–82, 85
Jamaica, 69–70
Native American, 113
Nevis, 69
North Carolina, 122
Virginia, 7, 58–60, 69–71, 82, 176n. 85
Tobacco pipes: Barbados, 65, 77, 112
Jamaica, 70
Maryland, 65
Trade: African tobacco, 66–67
English-Indian, 52–53
global textile, 93
Trans-Saharan, 14–15, 17–18, 21
Virginia tobacco, 71
West African, 14–18, 21, 23, 26–28, 46, 158n. 8
West African textiles, 72–76
West African leather, 116
West Central African, 18–20, 29–30, 48. See also Markets; Slave trade
Tussac, Richard de, 52
Upland fields: Barbados, 77
West Africa, 41–42, 81, 82, 91
Upper Guinea, 27
agriculture, 41–42
cotton, 72
slave trade from, 50–51, 63, 84
tobacco, 66
Urbanization: African, 10
in colonial America, 112–13
Van Den Broecke, Pieter, 29–30
Villault, Nicolas, 41
Violence: colonial American militias, 3
of plantation regimes, 12, 114, 131–42, 144–45
in West Africa, 25–26. See also Power; Resistance
food production, 59–61
indigo, 82, 176n. 85, 178n. 28
inter-racial labor in, 58–59
non-agricultural labor, 117–20
tobacco, 3, 5, 7, 10, 58–60, 69–71, 82, 176n. 85
Waller, John, 113
Walrond, Humphrey, 114
Weavers: African, 24, 31, 72–76, 90
English, 84
Native American, 113
Wentworth, Hugh, 78
Whaley, William, 112
Winyah Indigo Society, 103
Wolf, Eric, 132
Women: African agricultural workers, 10, 41, 43, 47–48, 71, 73–74
African textile workers, 72–74
agricultural innovators, 47, 71
American agricultural workers, 124–25
clothing, 91
colonial American indigo workers, 108
colonial American potters, 116, 122
colonial American rice production, 69–70
colonial American textile workers, 82, 84
colonial Virginia, 58–59
kitchen gardens, 45–46
slave doctor, 69–70
slave trade, 51
Woodworkers: Barbados, 93–94
Equatorial Africa, 31
Georgia, 128
Gold Coast, 28
Jamaica, 97
Louisiana, 125
Native American, 113
Virginia, 71
West Central Africa, 29
Work culture, 12
African agriculture, 48
African ironworking, 26
Maryland agriculture, 61
South Carolina indigo production, 11, 88, 102–8
slave iron work, 122. See also African agricultural ceremonies; Ancestors; Religion
Work tools: hoes, 43, 61–63
mortars/pestles, 7, 55–56, 62–64, 91–94, 113
Yams: Antigua, 55
the Bahamas, 55
Balanta, 44
Barbados, 55
Benue River, 47–48
migration to the Americas, 52
Mississippi, 125
slave ship provisions, 50–51
South Carolina, 61–62
West Africa, 45
West Central Africa, 43