Notes

1. For “father of lies,” see Cicero, De Legibus, 1.1.5.

2. Arthur A. Schomburg—in his essay “The Negro Digs Up His Past,” in Alain Locke, editor, The New Negro (New York: Boni, 1925), p. 231—speaks of “vindicating evidences” of black capacity, as found in the work of Abbe Henri Grégoire, De la littérature des Nègres (1808). St. Clair Drake, in volume 1 of Black Folk Here and There: An Essay in History and Anthropology (Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, 1987), refers to the works of Gregoire, Schomburg, and others in the copious index entries for “vindicationist scholarship.”

3. For a detailed scholarly introduction to the three works, see Herbert Aptheker’s introductions to the Kraus-Thompson Organization’s reprint editions of the published works of W. E. B. Du Bois. Also indispensable is George Shepperson’s introduction to the 1970 Oxford University Press edition of Du Bois’s The Negro.

4. Frederick Douglass, “The Claims of the Negro Ethnologically Considered: An Address Delivered in Hudson, Ohio, on 12 July 1854,” in John W. Blassingame, editor, The Frederick Douglass Papers (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979-1992), vol. 2, pp. 497-525.

5. Alexander Crummell, “The Destined Superiority of the Negro,” in The Greatness of Christ, and Other Sermons (New York: Thomas Whittaker, 1882), pp. 332-352, reprinted in Alexander Crummell, Destiny and Race: Selected Writings, 1840-1898, edited by Wilson J. Moses (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992), p. 196.

6. Du Bois apparently took no umbrage at Hayford’s criticisms, considering that he cited Hayford’s work admiringly in his 1919 publication Darkwater.

7. Bay, Mia The White Image in the Black Mind: African-American Ideas about White People. New York: Oxford, 2000. Bruce, Dickson D. Black American Writing from the Nadir: The Evolution of a Literary Tradition. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). Patrick Rael Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002; Wilson J. Moses, Afrotopia: Roots of African-American Popular History. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

8. Drake discusses vindicationism in Black Folk Here and There, p. xviii, note 339; also see the index entries for “vindicationist” and “vindicationist scholarship.”

9. This chapter had been published earlier as an article, “The Freedman’s Bureau,” in Atlantic Monthly, March 1901.

10. According to Aptheker, Du Bois compiled the index.

11. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Folk Then and Now (New York: Holt, 1939), p. 179.

12. W. E. B. Du Bois, The World and Africa (New York: Macmillan, 1946), p. 260. Kenneth R. Manning writes, “Blacks who worked together with whites on the atomic bomb included physicists Edwin R. Russell and George W. Reed, as well as the chemists Moddie D. Taylor and the brothers William J. and Lawrence H. Knox” (“Essays on Science and Society: Science and Opportunity,” http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/science-culture.html).

1. Negro in the New World, pp. 14–15.

1. “Гυρòς ένὤμοισν, μελανόχροος οὐλοκάρηνος.” Odyssey XIX, 246.

2. Cf. Ratzel, History of Mankind (Butler trans.), Vol. II, p. 313.

3. “Sources for Study of Ethiopian History,” Hansberry, Howard University Studies in History, p. 32.

4. Αὐτός δὲ εἴκασα τῆδε καὶ ὅτε μελάγχροές εσι καὶ οὐλότριχες.” Liber II, Cap. 104.

5. History of Herodotus, translated by George Rawlinson, pp. 163, 164.

6. Reisner, Archeological Survey of Nubia, Vol. I, p. 319.

7. History of Egypt, Vol. I, p. 237.

8. West Africa to Palestine, p. 114.

9. The Contribution of the Negro, pp. 483, 484.

10. Petrie, History of Egypt, Vol. II, p. 337.

11. Chamberlain, Journal of Race Development, April, 1911.

12. Isaiah xviii, 37.

13. At least, according to her alleged photographs.

1. Voice of Africa, Vol. II, pp. 359-360.

2. Cooley, The Negro Land of the Arabs, p. 3.

3. Cooley, The Negro Land of the Arabs, pp. 61, 62.

4. Cooley, The Negro Land of the Arabs, pp. 61, 62.

1. Quoted in Du Bois: Timbuktu.

2. Claridge, History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, Vol. I, p. ix.

3. Claridee, A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, Vo1. I, p. 289.

4. Claridee. A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti. Vol. I, p. 360.

5. Claridge, A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, Vol. II, p. 413.

6. Torday, “The Kingdom of Kongo,” Africa, Anri1, 1928.

7. Africa, April, 1928, pp. 168, 169.

1. Quoted in Bent, Ruined Cities of Mashonaland, pp. 238 ff.

2. Barbosa, quoted in Keane, Vol. II, p. 482.

3. Darcy, quoted in Woolf, Empire and Commerce in Africa, p. 288.

4. Stow, Native Races of South Africa, pp. 215–216.

5. I.e., the peoples now known as Bantu, but composed originally of widely differing elements.

6. Walker, History of South Africa, p. 115.

1. Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. II, pp. 280 ff.

2. Industrial Evolution, p. 47.

3. These and other references in this chapter are from Schneider: Cultur-fähigkeit des Negers.

4. Keane, Africa, Vol. II, pp. 117-118.

5. Africa, January, 1938, Vol. XI, p. 55.

6. Chamberlain, The Contribution of the Negro, p. 494.

7. Atlanta University Publications, No. 20, p. 83.

8. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. XLIII, pp. 414, 415. Cf. also The Crisis, Vol. IX, p. 234.

9. Karl Bücher, Industrial Evolution (tr. by Wickett), pp. 57-58.

10. Hayford, Native Institutions, pp. 95-96.

11. Ratzel, History of Mankind, Vol. II, p. 376.

12. Hayford, Native Institutions, pp. 76 ff.

13. Impressions of South Africa, third ed., p. 352.

14. Wilhelm Schneider, op. cit.

15. West African Studies, Chap. V.

16. West African Studies, Chap. V.

17. Impressions of South Africa.

18. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. XX, p. 362.

19. The African Provinces, Vol. II, p. 345.

20. Claridge, A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, Vol. I, p. x.

21. Westermann, The African Today, p. 254.

22. Words from Ethiopian, Coptic and other Negro languages appear in the Koran. Cf. Bell’s Mutawakkili of As-siyuti.

23. Quoted in Schneider, op. cit.

24. Frobenius, Voice of Africa, Vol. I, p. 47.

25. Von Luschan, Verhandlungen der berliner Gesellschaft ffir Anthropologie, etc., 1898.

26. Sweeney (Ed.), African Negro Art, p. 11.

27. Sweeney (Ed.), African Negro Art, p. 21.

28. Von Hornbostel in Africa, January, 1928, p. 34.

29. lbid., p. 39.

30. Ibid., p. 60.

31. Evans-Pritchard in Africa, October, 1928, p. 446.

32. Frobenius, Voice of Africa, Vol. I, pp. 14-15.

33. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 272.

34. Journal of Negro Education, Vol. III, pp. 499 ff.

35. T. R. Garth, Journal of Negro Education, Vol. III, p. 322.

36. Keane, Africa, Vol. II, pp. 117-118.

1. Lichtenberger, Development of Social Theory, p. 153.

2. Cooley, The Negro Land of the Arabs, p. 139.

3. Williams, The People and Politics of Latin America, p. 100.

4. Cf. Helps, Spanish Conquest, Vol. IV, p. 401.

5. Helps, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 219-220.

6. Helps, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 18-19.

7. Helps, op. cit., Vol. III, pp. 211-212.

8. Herskovits, “On the Provenience of the New World Negroes,” Social Forces, December, 1933, pp. 251, 252.

9. Theal, History and Ethnography of South Africa before 1795, Vol. I, p. 476.

10. Williams, “Africa and the Rise of Capitalism,” in Howard University Studies in the Social Sciences, Vol. I, No. 1.

11. Quoted in Williams, p. 28.

12. Ingram, History of Slavery, p. 152.

1. Of course it has been explained that he was no real “Negro,” but only “dark.”

2. J. F. Rippy, Journal of Negro History, Vol. VI, p. 183.

3. Helps, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 421.

4. Rippy, loc. cit.

5. Cf. Du Bois, Gift of Black Folk, Chap. 1.

6. Herskovits, Rebel Destiny, p. 7.

7. Williams, Whence the “Black Irish” of Jamaica? p. 5.

8. Edwards, History of the West Indies, edition 1805–06, Book II, p. 259.

9. Edwards, History of the West Indies, p. 27.

10. Leger, Haiti, p. 46.

11. Edwards, History of the West Indies, p. 66.

12. Thiers, French Revolution, Vol. II, p. 35.

13. Waxman, The Black Napoleon, p. 79.

14. Beard, The Negro Patriot of Haiti, p. 61.

15. Ibid., p. 60.

16. Steward, The Haitian Revolution, p. 58.

17. Waxman, op. cit., p. 101.

18. See Vinogradov, The Black Consul, p. 299.

19. Edwards, History, Civil and Commercial of the British Colonies in the West Indies, p. 236.

20. From Santhonax’s diary, in Vinogradov, The Black Consul, p. 311.

21. Vinogradov, The Black Consul, p. 324.

22. Vinogradov, The Black Consul, p. 359.

23. Vinogradov, The Black Consul, p. 413.

24. Marquis d’ Hermonas. Cf. Johnson, Negro in the New World, p. 158.

25. Santhonax’s diary, in Vinogradov, The Black Consul, p. 309.

26. DeWitt Talmage in Christian Herald, Nov. 28, 1906.

1. Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, Vol. IV, p. 379.

2. Beals, The Crime of Cuba, p. 316.

3. Williams, The People and Politics of Latin America, p. 270.

4. The author used “metis” as indicating the Negro-white mixture and not the Indian-white. Cf. Spiller’s Inter-racial Problems, pp. 377–382.

5. Beals, America South, pp. 150–153.

6. Beals, America South, pp. 156–159.

7. Johnston, Negro in the New World, p. 109.

1. Eleven to fifteen per cent, 1850 to 1890.

2. Cf. Herskovits, The American Negro.

1. Keltie, The Partition of Africa, p. 196.

2. Keltie, The Partition of Africa, p. 132.

3. Cf. Mair, Native Policies in Africa, Chap. I.

4. Cobb, The Thermopylae of Africa, p. 40.

1. Padmore, op. cit., Chap. VI; and Olivier, Anatomy of African Misery, Chap. IV.

2. Wallbank, “British Colonial Policy and Native Education in Kenya,” Journal of Negro Education, October, 1938.

3. Padmore, How Britain Rules Africa, pp. 30, 31.

4. Consult Davis, Modern Industry and the African.

5. WooIf, Empire and Commerce in Africa, pp. 310-312.

6. Harris, Dawn in Africa.

7. Padmore, How Britain Rules Africa, pp. 58, 59.

8. D. R. O. Thomas, Journal of Adult Education, April, 1933, Vol. VI, No. 2. Cf. Herskovits, Dahomey, Vol. I, Chap. IV.

1. “Memorandum of the case of the National Congress of British West Africa,” etc., p. 2.

2. Padmore, How Britain Rules Africa, p. 312.

3. The Congo, Vol. I. Chap. III.

4. Johannesburg Star, December 28,1933.

5. His exact title since the Statute of Westminster is “High Commissioner for Basutoland, the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland.” His former powers over natives in the Rhodesias are now exercised by the Colonial Office in London.

1. Mumford and Orde-Browne, Africans Learn to be French, p. 50.

2. Africans Learn to be French, p. 47.

3. Ibid., p. 95.

4. Ibid., p. 96.

5. Ibid., p. 48.

1. Beer, African Questions at the Paris Peace Conference, p. 275.