Introduction: Bringing up the bodies
1 Interview with Te Kahautu Maxwell, 10 September 2017.
2 Reverend Nehe Dewes, appendix to H. P. Baker, The Strongest God, Auckland: Cape Catley, 1990, 236.
3 Personal communication, S. Best, 3 October 2017.
4 Interview with Te Kahautu Maxwell.
5 Dewes, appendix to Baker, The Strongest God, 237.
6 Interview with Te Kahautu Maxwell.
7 Personal communication, P. Lister, 5 March 2019.
1: Feculent hovel: 1841–1865
1 J. Coates to Colonial Secretary, 9 April 1842, 1A 1 1842/622, Archives NZ.
2 Blue Book 1841, 195, 1A 12 02, Archives NZ.
3 Daily Southern Cross, 10 December 1862, 3 (supp.).
4 New Zealand Herald and Auckland Gazette, 17 July 1841, 3.
5 Police Magistrate, Auckland to Lieutenant-Governor Hobson, 4 May 1841, IA1 1841/504, Archives NZ.
6 New Zealand Herald and Auckland Gazette, 13 October 1841, 3.
7 Percival Berrey, Sheriff, to Colonial Secretary, 4 November 1843, 1A1 28 1844/465, 1843/2010, Archives NZ.
8 J. R. Phillips, ‘A Social History of Auckland 1840–1853’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1966, 188.
9 Una Platts, The Lively Capital, Christchurch: Avon Fine Prints, 1971, 70.
10 New Zealand Herald and Auckland Gazette, February 1842, quoted in Platts, The Lively Capital, 79.
11 Felton Mathew to Colonial Secretary, Auckland, 28 January 1842, 1A 1 1842/168, Archives NZ.
12 IA 1 1842/1132, Archives NZ.
13 Daily Southern Cross, 10 December 1862, 3 (supp.).
14 New Zealand Herald and Auckland Gazette, 9 October 1841, 2.
15 New Zealand Herald, 24 December 1897, 1 (supp.).
16 Ibid., 24 December 1884, 2 (supp.).
17 New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator, 26 March 1842, 3.
18 lA 1 42/623, Archives NZ.
19 ‘Acts and Proceedings’, Auckland Provincial Government, XIV 1862, App. A, no. 11.
20 Richard Hill, Policing the Colonial Frontier: The Theory and Practice of Coercive Social and Racial Control in New Zealand, 1767–1867, vol. 1, Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs, Historical Publications Branch, 1986, 179.
21 Platts, The Lively Capital, 74.
22 ‘Kaumatua’ (William Porter), New Zealand Herald, 24 December 1897, 1 (supp).
23 New Zealander, 12 July 1845, 3.
24 Sadly, no further details of this intriguing legal action could be found.
25 Platts, The Lively Capital, 76.
26 J. Johnson, Colonial Surgeon, to Governor Hobson, 9 May 1842, 1A 1 1842/633, Archives NZ.
27 J. Coates to Colonial Secretary, 18 May 1842, 1A 1 1842/633, Archives NZ.
28 See, for example, Daily Southern Cross, 20 May 1843, 3.
29 New Zealand Herald and Auckland Gazette, 25 December 1841, 2.
30 ‘A Convict’s Story: Transportation to Norfolk Island’, Lyttelton Times, 25 April 1853, 4.
31 Rev. J. F. Churton to Colonial Secretary, Auckland, 4 October 1842, 1A1 16 1842/1980, Archives NZ.
32 Sheriff’s office to Governor Shortland, Auckland, 14 November 1842, 1A1 16 1842/1980, Archives NZ.
33 Daily Southern Cross, 20 May 1843, 3.
34 William Phelps Pickering, ‘Indents of Convicts Locally Convicted or Transported from Other Colonies, Hobart’, CON16/1/2, 48, Tasmanian Archives and Heritage Office.
35 Greg Newbold, The Problem of Prisons: Corrections Reform in New Zealand Since 1840, Wellington: Dunmore Publishing, 2007, 30.
36 Marginalia to Sheriff’s office to Governor Shortland, Auckland, 14 November 1842, 1A1 16 1842/1980, Archives NZ.
37 Happily for Pickering, after four years in Van Diemen’s Land he was pardoned, married and returned to New Zealand. There he found work as a government clerk and eventually owned numerous properties in the Wellington region, including a hotel in Tinakori Road. For this information I am grateful for the research of Dr Kristyn Harman, University of Tasmania.
38 P. J. Coleman, ‘A Blot on the Statute Book’ — Imprisonment for Debt in New Zealand 1840–1990, Wellington: NZHistoryJock, 2016, 13.
39 Simon Best, ‘The Queen Street Gaol: Auckland’s First Courthouse, Common Gaol and House of Correction (Site R11/1559)’, Auckland: Department of Conservation, Auckland Conservancy, 1992, 25.
40 lA 143/2010, Archives NZ.
41 Percival Berrey, Sheriff, to Colonial Secretary, 18 May 1846, 1A1 50 1846/1026, Archives NZ.
42 Ashworth quoted in Platts, The Lively Capital, 76.
43 P. Buddee, The Fate of the Artful Dodger: Parkhurst Boys Transported to Australia and New Zealand 1842–1852, Perth: St George Books, 1984, 58–59, 74.
44 Daily Southern Cross, 25 November 1843, 2.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid., 14 September 1844, 2.
47 Ibid., 3 February 1844, 2.
48 New Zealand Gazette and Wellington Spectator, 30 September 1844.
49 New Zealander, 16 August 1849, 2.
50 Johnson to Colonial Secretary, 19 June 1844, 1A1, 1844/1437, Archives NZ.
51 Daily Southern Cross, 2 December 1842, 2.
52 Ibid., 9 December 1843, 3.
53 Blue Book 1843, 215, IA 12 05, Archives NZ.
54 Newbold, The Problem of Prisons, 220.
55 1A1 1844/720, Archives NZ.
56 ‘Rules and Regulations of the Auckland Gaol’, Blue Book 1850, 198, Archives NZ.
57 1A1 1844/484, Archives NZ.
58 ‘Auckland Gaol — rules and regulations for Crown Prison’, Blue Book 1844, 197, Archives NZ.
59 Quoted in Best, ‘The Queen Street Gaol’, 47.
60 Percival Berrey, Sheriff, Auckland, to Colonial Secretary, Auckland, 24 July 1848, IA1 70 1848/1635, Archives NZ.
61 J. Dunn, ‘An Enquiry into the New Zealand Prison System 1840–1880’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1947, 12–13.
62 P. Berrey to Colonial Secretary, 8 June 1846, 1A1 1847/1964, Archives NZ.
63 Superintendent of Works to Colonial Secretary, 19 October 1843, 1A1 28 1844/465, 1843/2010, Archives NZ.
64 ‘1844 Rules and Regulations for Auckland Gaol’, Blue Book 1844, 204, Archives NZ.
65 Sheriff Berrey to Colonial Secretary, 4 November 1843, 1A1 28 1844/465, Archives NZ.
66 C. Bridge RM to Colonial Secretary, 28 September 1848, 1A1 102/1852/456 Archives NZ.
67 New Zealand Herald, 24 December 1884, 2 (supp.).
68 Daily Southern Cross, 31 August 1875, 5.
69 New Zealand Herald, 24 December 1884, 2 (supp.).
70 See, for example, ‘Return of sick prisoners treated within the gaol hospital’, Blue Book 1854, 372, Archives NZ.
71 John Johnson MD to Colonial Secretary, 19 June 1844, 1A 1 44/1437 Archives NZ.
72 F. Thatcher, Superintendent of Public Works, 5 July 1845, 1A1 43/1845/1072, Archives NZ.
73 Cotton quoted in Platts, The Lively Capital, 124.
74 Platts, The Lively Capital, 79.
75 Resident Magistrates Outward Letterbook 1848–55, 1858, quoted in Best, ‘The Queen Street Gaol’, 100.
76 P. Berrey to Colonial Secretary, 18 October 1847, 1A1 62 1847/1964, Archives NZ.
77 Quoted in Coleman, ‘A Blot on the Statute Book’, 15.
78 Daily Southern Cross, 24 February 1844, 2.
79 1A1 69 1848/1362, Archives NZ.
80 Native Secretary to Governor, 20 March 1856, 1A1 170 1856/2084, Archives NZ.
81 Ordinance for the Regulation of Prisons 1846, s. 9, 13, qPam 1846 NZ 20, Alexander Turnbull Library (ATL).
82 New Zealander, 3 June 1848, 2.
83 Ibid., 27 October 1847, 2.
84 Ibid., 21 June 1848, 2.
85 Quoted in Robert Burnett, Penal Transportation: An Episode in New Zealand History, Occasional papers in criminology no. 9, Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington, 1978, 29.
86 As with William Pickering, Margaret Reardon’s life took a kinder course after her transportation. She married an ex-convict in Australia and raised two children before her death at the age of 80. www.eoe.convictwomenspress.com.au/index.php/biographical-dictionary/22-r/144-reardon-margaret.
87 William Davies, Colonial Surgeon, 5 May 1849, 1A1 79 1849/1214, Archives NZ.
88 Percival Berrey to Colonial Secretary, 7 March 1851, 1A1 1851/421, Archives NZ.
89 G. J. Arney, ‘Memorandum Concerning the Gaols at Auckland,’ Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1861, D-2A, 11.
90 Ibid., 10.
91 Ibid., 9.
92 1A 1 1852/2629, Archives NZ.
93 Daily Southern Cross, 21 January 1853, 2.
94 Arney, ‘Memorandum Concerning the Gaols at Auckland’, 9.
95 Quoted in Alan G. L. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies: A Study of Penal Transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and Other Parts of the British Empire, London: Faber & Faber, 1966, 33.
96 New Zealander, 16 August 1849, 2.
97 Quoted in Burnett, Penal Transportation, 19.
98 Burnett, Penal Transportation, 20–21.
99 Percival Berrey, Sheriff, to Colonial Secretary, Auckland, 13 May 1846, 1A1 50 1846/1026, Archives NZ.
100 William Davies, Surgeon, to Sheriff, 18 May 1846, 1A1 50 1846/1026, Archives NZ.
101 Secondary Punishment Act 1854, s. 9.
102 Burnett, Penal Transportation, 44.
103 Maori Messenger, 1 January 1855, 10.
104 1A 12/15 pp. 351-4, Archives NZ.
105 Blue Book 1852, 170; 1854, 348, Archives NZ.
106 Arney, ‘Memorandum Concerning the Gaols at Auckland’, 11.
107 Daily Southern Cross, 18 September 1855, 3.
108 L. O’Brien, Sheriff, to William Brown, Superintendent, Auckland, 17 September 1855, ACGO 8333 1A1/158 1855/3094, Archives NZ.
109 T. M. Philson Casebook, ‘Return of Sickness Treated in City Gaol’, 1858, Auckland University Library special collections MSS & Archives, 2004/5.
110 Auckland Provincial Council Votes and Proceedings 1862, Report A, No. 11, quoted in Best, ‘The Queen Street Gaol’, 26.
111 G. Arney, ‘Report on Auckland Gaols’, J1 1861/447, Archives NZ.
112 New Zealander, 8 June 1861, 5.
113 Daily Southern Cross, 2 September 1864, 5.
114 New Zealander, 21 December 1864, 4; 23 December 1864, 5; 2 March 1865, 3.
115 Ibid., 20 December 1864, 4.
116 New Zealand Herald, 24 December 1884, 2 (supp.).
117 Ibid., 21 December 1863, 2.
118 Ibid.
119 Daily Southern Cross, 22 November 1865, 4.
120 New Zealand Herald, 19 November 1866, 4.
2: Paste-board gaol: 1855–1876
1 W. Mason, Provincial Architect, to Superintendent, Auckland, 16 November 1855, IA1 159 1855/3847, Archives NZ.
2 Jennifer Wilkins, ‘Eden in Auckland’, New Zealand Geographic, no. 140, July–Aug 2016, 88–103.
3 C. J. Martin, ‘Memorandum on Draft Report of Committee on Secondary Punishment in Lieu of Transportation’, Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1854, 1–2.
4 Ibid., 8–9.
5 Quoted in André Brett, Acknowledge No Frontier: The Creation and Demise of New Zealand’s Provinces, 1853–76, Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2016, 85.
6 Daily Southern Cross, 17 April 1855, 2; 2 October 1855, 3.
7 New Zealander, 12 April 1856, 3; Auckland Provincial Gazette, 30 July 1856, 144.
8 R. I. M. Burnett, ‘Hard Labour, Hard Fare and a Hard Bed’: New Zealand’s Search for its Own Penal Philosophy, Occasional Monographs Series no. 1, Wellington: National Archives of New Zealand, 1995 18; Weekly News, 27 August 1864, 6.
9 ‘Provincial Council Session’, New Zealander, 25 January 1862, 5.
10 Daily Southern Cross, 7 November 1867, 3.
11 New Zealander, 11 October 1856, 3.
12 Daily Southern Cross, 26 August 1856, 2.
13 Ibid., 2 December 1856, 3; 12 December 1856, 3.
14 Ibid., 25 August 1864, 5.
15 New Zealand Government Gazette, 8 September 1856.
16 Dr McGauran, 1 June 1857, 1A1 1857/894, Archives NZ; New Zealand Government Gazette, 26 June 1857.
17 Evidence of Dr Philson, ‘Board to inquire and report on matters connected with the prisons of the Province’, 20 June 1861, NZ MSS595, Auckland Provincial Council records, Auckland Public Library.
18 New Zealander, 7 December 1861, 5.
19 ‘Board to inquire and report on matters connected with the prisons of the Province’, 20 June 1861, NZ MSS 595, Auckland Provincial Council records, Auckland Public Library.
20 New Zealander, 4 May 1865, 2.
21 Auckland Provincial Government Gazette, vol. 7, no. 7, 12 March 1858, 4.
22 New Zealand Herald, 19 July 1864, 3.
23 Auckland Star, 17 March 1877, 2.
24 ‘1855 Regulations, Auckland Gaol’, ACGO 8333 1A1/158 1855/3291, Archives NZ.
25 New Zealander, 8 June 1861, 5.
26 ‘Reports and Memoranda of the Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand’, AJHR, 1861, D2-A, 5–8.
27 Ibid., 8.
28 Daily Southern Cross, 2 December 1862, 3.
29 Ibid., 2 September 1864, 5.
30 George McElwain, gaoler, 31 March 1862, NZ MSS 595, Auckland Provincial Council Records, Auckland Public Library.
31 New Zealander, 19 April 1862, 2.
32 Ibid., 4 June 1862, 3.
33 Ibid., 22 October 1864, 4.
34 Daily Southern Cross, 23 September 1863, 3.
35 Ibid., 25 August 1864, 5.
36 New Zealand Herald, 22 November 1865, 4.
37 Ibid., 19 April 1864, 4.
38 New Zealander, 13 April 1864, 3.
39 New Zealand Herald, 16 April 1864, 4.
40 Ibid.
41 New Zealander, 21 April 1864, 3.
42 Daily Southern Cross, 16 June 1864, 3.
43 New Zealand Herald, 19 July 1864, 3.
44 Daily Southern Cross, 24 August 1864, 4.
45 ‘Report Furnished by the Inspectors of Gaols and Prisons for the Province of Auckland, on the subject of granting “class” or “exertion” money to prisoners at the Mount Eden Gaol, 14 May 1867’, Auckland Provincial Council records, Auckland Public Library.
46 Daily Southern Cross, 26 November 1866, 6.
47 New Zealand Herald, 22 November 1865, 4.
48 New Zealander, 27 April 1865, 2.
49 New Zealand Herald, 4 March 1865, 5.
50 New Zealander, 4 May 1865, 2.
51 Daily Southern Cross, 4 March 1865, 4.
52 Ibid., 21 November 1866, 5.
53 New Zealand Herald, 15 February 1867, 4.
54 Ibid., 6 February 1867, 4.
55 Daily Southern Cross, 16 March 1865, 4.
56 Ibid., 12 April 1865, 4.
57 Ibid., 16 March 1865, 4.
58 New Zealander, 10 April 1865, 3.
59 Ibid., 4 May 1865, 2.
60 Ibid.
61 New Zealand Herald, 9 February 1867, 5.
62 Daily Southern Cross, 11 October 1864, 4.
63 New Zealander, 4 May 1865, 2.
64 B. Maclean, Annual Report on Mount Eden Gaol, 15 January 1875; inwards letters, 22 February 1875, AP2 27 521/75, Archives NZ.
65 Evidence of Mrs Andrewartha, New Zealand Herald, 20 February 1867, 3.
66 New Zealand Herald, 22 November 1865, 4; ‘Report of Mount Eden Goal Enquiry Committee’, Journal of the Auckland Provincial Council, Sess. XX 1866–7, A-10, 55; Robyn Anderson, ‘“The Hardened Frail Ones”: Women and Crime in Auckland, 1845–1870’, MA thesis, University of Auckland, 1981, 186.
67 Daily Southern Cross, 2 December 1865, 5.
68 New Zealand Government Gazette, no. 39, 29 June 1866, 26; Anderson, ‘“The Hardened Frail Ones”’, 182.
69 Ibid., 175; ‘Report of Mount Eden Gaol Enquiry Committee’, 53–54.
70 New Zealand Herald, 20 February 1867, 3.
71 Ibid., 14 February 1867, 4.
72 Ibid., 24 January 1866, 5.
73 Jenny Coleman, Polly Plum: A Firm and Earnest Woman’s Advocate: Mary Ann Colclough 1836–1885, Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2017, 85.
74 Daily Southern Cross, 6 December 1871, 3.
75 Coleman, Polly Plum, 122.
76 See, for example, J. Broadhead, ‘An Enquiry into the New Zealand Prison System 1840–1880’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1947, 96–102; Anderson, ‘“The Hardened Frail Ones”’, 179.
77 New Zealand Herald, 2 March 1867, 5; 20 September 1866, 3.
78 Daily Southern Cross, 2 December 1865, 5.
79 Auckland Weekly News, 11 August 1866, 15.
80 Report of Penal Establishment Committee, AJHR, 1866, F-14, 3.
81 Daily Southern Cross, 6 February 1866, 5.
82 Ibid., 6 April 1866, 4.
83 Ibid., 5 April 1865, 5.
84 New Zealand Herald, 9 April 1866, 4.
85 Ibid., 7 May 1866, 6.
86 Daily Southern Cross, 18 May 1866, 3.
87 Ibid., 4 August 1866, 4.
88 Ibid., 18 May 1866, 3.
89 New Zealander, 4 May 1865, 2.
90 Daily Southern Cross, 4 August 1866, 4.
91 Report from Visiting Justices, 28 February 1866, Journals of the Auckland Provincial Council, Sess. XI, 165–66, A-14; Daily Southern Cross, 9 July 1866, 5.
92 New Zealand Herald, 5 December 1866, 5.
93 Colonist, 23 October 1866, 2.
94 Daily Southern Cross, 19 November 1866, 5.
95 Ibid., 26 November 1866, 6.
96 AJHR, 1854, Appendix A to Report of Secondary Punishment Committee, 2.
97 New Zealand Herald, 7 February 1867, 6.
98 Ibid., 16 February 1867, 6.
99 Ibid., 18 February 1867, 3.
100 Ibid., 6 February 1867, 4.
101 Ibid., 5.
102 1A1 2191 1867/1955, Archives NZ.
103 New Zealand Herald, 15 February 1867, 4.
104 Quoted in J. Dunn, ‘An Enquiry into the New Zealand Prison System’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1947, 75.
105 New Zealand Herald, 6 February 1867, 5.
106 Ibid., 14 February 1867, 4.
107 Ibid., 18 February 1867, 3.
108 Ibid., 19 February 1867, 4.
109 Ibid., 22 February 1867, 4.
110 Ibid., 5 March 1867, 5.
111 Ibid., 28 February 1867, 3.
112 Daily Southern Cross, 31 January 1867, 6.
113 Annual report of B. Maclean, Visiting Justice, 15 January 1875, AFCM 8180 A1627 AP2 27/521/75, Archives NZ.
114 New Zealand Herald, 22 November 1865, p4.
115 ‘Return, furnished by the Governor and Gaoler [R. A. Eyre], showing the number of Male Prisoners attending the school at Mount Eden Gaol from June to December 1868, their state of education, and the progress made, 20 January 1869’, Auckland Provincial Council records, Auckland Public Library.
116 Auckland Provincial Government Gazette, 4 May 1867, no. 22, 152.
117 Ibid.
118 ‘Reports of Royal Commission on Prisons’, AJHR, 1868, A-12, 3.
119 Ibid., 18.
120 Daily Southern Cross, 6 February 1867, 3.
121 New Zealand Herald, 4 March 1869, 4.
122 Daily Southern Cross, 29 September 1868, 4.
123 New Zealand Herald, 17 March 1869, 3.
124 Ibid.; Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2t32/te-wake-heremia
125 Brent McAlister, From Farms and Flats: The History of Land Use in Mount Eden, Auckland: Mount Eden Borough Council, 1983, 20.
126 Daily Southern Cross, 8 January 1863, 3.
127 Auckland Star, 17 September 1872, 2.
128 R. Clough et. al, Mt Eden Prison Monitoring: Progress Report, Wall, Wellington: Department of Corrections, 2009, 6.
129 Auckland Star, 17 September 1872, 2.
130 Ibid., 21 March 1872, 2.
131 Daily Southern Cross, 1 April 1872, 2.
132 Auckland Star, 11 May 1872, 2.
133 Ibid., 9 August 1872, 2.
134 ‘Report of the Auckland Gaol Commissioners and correspondence thereon’, AJHR, 1877, H-30, 2.
135 Report of B. Maclean, Visiting Justice, 1874, AFCM 8180 A1627 AP2 27/521/75, Archives NZ.
136 Auckland Star, 13 January 1873, 2.
137 Quoted in Anderson, ‘“The Hardened Frail Ones”’, 111.
138 R. Ayre, Governor and gaoler, to Provincial Secretary George Jeffrey, 27 January 1874, 1A1 361 1874/397, Archives NZ.
139 Wardress Mt Eden Gaol, 30 April 1874, Gaoler, HM Gaol, Auckland, to Superintendent, Auckland, AP2 46 734/76, Archives NZ.
140 ‘Reports and memoranda of the Justices of the Supreme Court of New Zealand’, AJHR, 1861, D-2a, 7.
141 ‘Reports of the Royal Commission on Prisons’, AJHR, 1868, A-12, 15, 29.
142 ‘Application from officers of the Mount Eden Gaol for increased salary and relaxation of present hours of duty’, Auckland Provincial Council Journal, Sess. XXIX, 1874.
143 Auckland Provincial Gazette, 10 October 1876, 427.
3: Stone Jug: 1877–1909
1 Auckland Star, 19 December 1876, 3.
2 Ibid., 22 December 1876, 2.
3 Ibid., 4 January 1877, 3.
4 ‘Report of the Auckland Gaol Commissioners and correspondence thereon’, Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1877, H-30, 4; New Zealand Herald, 2 October 1877, 2; AJHR, 1878, I-4, 27.
5 New Zealand Herald, 5 March 1870, 5; Daily Southern Cross, 1 April 1870, 7.
6 Auckland Star, 11 February 1878, 3.
7 New Zealand Herald, 2 October 1877, 2.
8 Report of Visiting Justice Thomas Cheeseman, 19 January 1877, Reports on Auckland (Mt Eden) prison including prison plans; gaol commission report; statistical and financial returns of gaol for 1876; J1 259 m 1880/413, Archives NZ.
9 Mr Barstow, Visiting Justice, to Minister of Justice, 6 September 1879, ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 L. O’Brien, Governor and gaoler, report to Minister of Justice, 1 January 1880, ibid.
12 O’Brien to Under-Secretary, Justice Department, 29 December 1877, ibid.
13 New Zealand Herald, 2 October 1877, 2.
14 L. O’Brien, Governor and gaoler, to Visiting Justices, 13 February 1878, Reports on Auckland (Mt Eden) prison including prison plans; gaol commission report; statistical and financial returns of gaol for 1876; J1 259 m 1880/413, Archives NZ.
15 Memorandum for acting Colonial Architect, 11 November 1878, ibid.
16 ‘Report of the Auckland Gaol Commissioners and correspondence thereon’, AJHR, 1877, H-30, 1.
17 Ibid., 4.
18 ‘Reports on Auckland prison including prison plans’, J1 259 m 1880/413, Archives NZ.
19 New Zealand Herald, 14 May 1879, 4.
20 AJHR, 1878, I-4, i.
21 New Zealand Herald, 3 February 1881, 4.
22 ‘Appointment of Inspector of Prisons,’AJHR, 1881 H-4A, 4.
23 M. P. Mayhew, The Prison System of New Zealand 1840–1824, Wellington: Department of Justice, 1959, 39.
24 Observer, 26 November 1881, 12.
25 ‘Report of Inspector of Prisons’, AJHR, 1881, H-4, 1–2.
26 Observer, 27 November 1881, 162.
27 Auckland Star, 29 November 1882, 2.
28 Thomas Y. Wilson, ‘New Zealand Prisons 1880–1909: The Administration of Colonel Arthur Hume’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1970, 101.
29 Ibid., 102.
30 New Zealand Herald, 2 October 1877, 2.
31 Wilson, ‘New Zealand Prisons 1880–1909’, 68.
32 Auckland Star, 20 February 1878, 2.
33 Patricia Webb, A History of Custodial and Related Penalties in New Zealand, Wellington: Government Printer, 1982, 112–13 and ch. 5.
34 ‘Report of Gaols Management’, AJHR, 1878, I-4, 28.
35 John Pratt, Punishment in a Perfect Society: The New Zealand Penal System 1840–1939, Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1992, 139.
36 Auckland Prison regulations in ‘Prison file of Thomas Hall, murderer’, DAHB 5861 A1282 1/, Archives NZ.
37 ‘CE Mackay inmate file (1920-26)’, W2636 J17313 /6 1920/3112, Archives NZ. I am grateful to Paul Diamond, the biographer of Mount Eden inmate Charles Mackay, for this information.
38 Auckland Star, 30 June 1887, 8.
39 ‘Prison file of Thomas Hall, murderer’, DAHB 5861 A1282 1/, Archives NZ.
40 Auckland Star, 21 April 1884, 2.
41 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), vol. 47, 23 June 1884, 278.
42 Auckland Star, 18 April 1878, 4.
43 Tristan Egarr, ‘Discipline and Defence: Military Influence on Policing and Imprisonment c. 1870–1913’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 2010, 25.
44 Mayhew, The Prison System of New Zealand, 43, 53.
45 AJHR, 1884, H-5, 4; 1886, H-4, 4.
46 Clough and Associates, Doing Time at the Mount: Archaeological Investigations at Mt Eden Prison Final Report, Wellington: Department of Corrections, 2008, 20.
47 New Zealand Herald, 21 November 1882, 6.
48 Ibid.
49 New Zealand Herald, 2 November 1886, 4.
50 Ibid., 26 September 1892, 6.
51 Personal communication, Charlie Post, 29 March 2019.
52 Felix Timmerman, ‘Construction Report, Mt Eden Prison Building’, Department of Corrections, undated.
53 Auckland Star, 21 March 1889, 5; Evening Star, 17 June 1909, 2.
54 Auckland Star, 2 January 1896, 5.
55 New Zealand Herald, 7 January 1896, 5.
56 NZPD, vol. 83, 3 July 1894, 195.
57 Auckland Star, 26 June 1909, 13.
58 New Zealand Herald, 2 June 1879, 5.
59 Auckland Star, 26 June 1909, 13.
60 Ibid.
61 Ibid.
62 Sandra Coney, Standing in the Sunshine: A Social History of New Zealand Women Since They Won the Vote, Auckland: Penguin, 1993, 122. I am grateful to Sandra Coney for referring me to this information.
63 Auckland Star, 27 June 1893, 1.
64 Ibid., 22 March 1886, 4.
65 J. Dunn, ‘An Inquiry into the New Zealand Prison System 1840–1880’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1947, 74–76.
66 ‘Report of Inspector of Prisons’, AJHR, 1882, H-6, 2.
67 Bronwyn Dalley, ‘Prisons Without Men: The Development of a Separate Women’s Prison in New Zealand’, New Zealand Journal of History, vol. 27, no. 1, 1993, 41–42.
68 Department of Justice, Prisons Branch, AJHR, 1907, H-20, 5.
69 A. Friend, A Faithful Standard Bearer: Life of Duncan MacPherson, Auckland: Clark & Matheson, 1914, 115.
70 New Zealand Herald, 24 March 1890, 6.
71 Department of Justice, Prisons Branch, AJHR, 1890 H-4, 4.
72 AJHR, 1895, H-20, 5.
73 The industrial school housed boys convicted of minor crimes, or without adequate adult support. They were given some basic schooling, carried out most of the routine work of washing, cleaning and cooking, and were sent out to work as apprentices, messenger boys and the like whenever a position could be found for them. Their wage was paid to the school, which kept a little back for them on their release but put most of the money towards their upkeep.
74 New Zealand Herald, 4 November 1886, 3.
75 P. J. Whelan, ‘Care of Destitute, Neglected and Criminal Children 1840–1900’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1956, 142.
76 ‘Auckland Prison gaoler’s report’, AJHR, 1902, H-20, 9; 1907, H-20, 5.
77 ‘Inspector of Prisons report’, AJHR, 1904, H-20, 3; 1905, H-20, 4.
78 ‘Inspector of Prisons report’, AJHR, 1886, H-7, 4.
79 ‘Auckland Prison gaoler’s report’, AJHR, 1907 H-20, 4.
80 Observer, 2 May 1891, 6.
81 AJHR, 1901, H-20, 4.
82 Auckland Star, 23 May 1903, 4.
83 AJHR, 1901, H-20, 4.
84 New Zealand Herald, 13 February 1892, 1 (supp.).
85 Auckland Star, 2 September 1892, 4.
86 Ibid., 17 September 1909, 6.
87 Ibid.
88 New Zealand Herald, 11 January 1888, 4.
89 Ibid., 26 September 1892, 6.
90 Observer, 21 September 1889, 11.
91 New Zealand Herald, 5 August 1882, 5.
92 Auckland Star, 21 February 1887, 2.
93 New Zealand Herald, 23 May 1893, 5.
94 AJHR, 1905, H-20, 3.
95 NZPD, vol. 121, 5 August 1902, 181.
96 Observer, 25 March 1905, 3.
97 Evening Star, 22 July 1905, 8.
98 Observer, 25 March 1905, 3.
99 AJHR, 1905, H-20, 3.
100 Observer, 25 March 1905, 3.
101 New Zealand Herald, 28 August 1906, 4.
102 AJHR, 1909, H-20, 4; Webb, A History of Custodial and Related Penalties in New Zealand, 16–18.
103 Quoted in David Gee, The Devil’s Own Brigade: A History of the Lyttelton Gaol 1860–1920, Wellington: Millward Press, 1975, 38.
104 Quoted in Mayhew, The Prison System of New Zealand, 95.
105 NZPD, vol. 150, 1910, 349.
106 Auckland Star, 3 March 1909, 8.
107 Ibid., 11 August 1909, 4.
108 James L. A. Kayll, A Plea for the Criminal, Invercargill: W. Smith Commercial Printers, 1905, 77.
109 Whelan, ‘Care of Destitute, Neglected and Criminal Children’, 91.
110 Auckland Star, 3 March 1909, 8.
111 Hon. Dr Findlay, 22 October 1909, NZPD, vol. 147, 1909, 458–59.
4: Brutal Bastille: 1910–1922
1 Jack Perkins (producer), ‘Men of Broad Arrow’ (pt. 1), Spectrum documentary, Radio NZ, 1974.
2 J. A. Lee, Delinquent Days, Auckland: Collins, 1967, 118.
3 Ibid.
4 Otago Daily Times, 12 April 1911, 5.
5 New Zealand Herald, 2 May 1912, 8.
6 Lee, Delinquent Days, 23; New Zealand Herald, 31 January 1918, 4; Auckland Star, 8 November 1924, 12.
7 Perkins, ‘Men of Broad Arrow’.
8 Ibid.
9 Lee, Delinquent Days, 118.
10 Ibid., 120.
11 Perkins, ‘Men of Broad Arrow’.
12 Lee, Delinquent Days, 122.
13 ‘Prison Life of a Striker’, Maoriland Worker, 10 January 1913, 8.
14 Maoriland Worker, 15 November 1912, 2; Auckland Star, 19 September 1912, 5.
15 Perkins, ‘Men of Broad Arrow’.
16 Lee, Delinquent Days, 122.
17 From Kendrick Smithyman, ‘1912’, in Kendrick Smithyman, Imperial Vistas Family Fictions, Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2002, 73. I am grateful to Smithyman’s anthologist, Scott Hamilton, for drawing my attention to this poem.
18 Patricia Mayhew, The Penal System of New Zealand, 1840–1924, Wellington: Department of Justice, 1959, 105.
19 New Zealand Herald, 9 March 1974, sec. 2, 3.
20 Lee, Delinquent Days, 122.
21 ‘Prison Life of a Striker’, 8.
22 W. Parry to T. Franklin, 2 September 1912, 09/02/2060, Capper Collection, Waihī Museum.
23 New Zealand Herald, 15 November 1912, 8.
24 Lee, Delinquent Days, 125.
25 Perkins, ‘Men of Broad Arrow’.
26 Evening Post, 21 June 1911, 7.
27 Perkins, ‘Men of Broad Arrow’.
28 Lee, Delinquent Days, 120.
29 Auckland Star, 16 March 1914, 6.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1913, H-20, 5.
33 District Engineer, Public Works Department, to Under-Secretary Public Works Department, 5 May 1916, ‘Mt Eden Prison, Auckland’, AAQB 889 W3950 596/25/69 pt 2, Archives NZ.
34 ‘Plans of south wing extension, 1913’, BBAD A717 24137, Box F86, Archives NZ.
35 Under-Secretary, Department of Justice to Under-Secretary, Public Works Department, 19 June 1914, ‘Mt Eden Prison, Auckland’, AAQB 889 W3950 596/25/69 pt 1, Archives NZ.
36 AJHR, 1913, H-20, 5.
37 Ibid., 8.
38 Ibid., 1915, H-20, 9.
39 Ibid., 1918, H-20, 2.
40 Ibid., 1917, H-20, 10.
41 Ibid., 1918, H-20, 2.
42 Ibid., 1917, H-20, 3.
43 Mayhew, The Penal System of New Zealand, 111–12.
44 New Zealand Herald, 28 March 1911, 8.
45 Auckland Star, 10 May 1912, 8.
46 Maoriland Worker, 6 September 1912, 3.
47 Henry Holland, Armageddon or Calvary?: The Conscientious Objectors of New Zealand and ‘The Process of Their Conversion’, Wellington: Maoriland Worker Printing and Publishing Co., 1919, 106.
48 Auckland Star, 27 April 1917, 2; 30 April 1917, 6.
49 AJHR, 1918, H-20, 2.
50 Ibid., 1915 H-20, 9.
51 Holland, Armageddon or Calvary?, 115; New Zealand Herald, 14 January 1918, 4.
52 Mayhew, Prison System of New Zealand, 112.
53 Maoriland Worker, 3 January 1917, 4; 10 January 1917, 4.
54 Grey River Argus, 24 May 1917, 3.
55 Mayhew, The Penal System of New Zealand, 112.
56 Grey River Argus, 3 October 1917, 4.
57 AJHR, 1918, H-20, 2.
58 Holland, Armageddon or Calvary?, 116.
59 Ibid.
60 Paul Baker, King and Country Call: New Zealanders, Conscription and the Great War, Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1988, 178.
61 N.Z. Truth, 8 August 1914, 12.
62 Sunday Star-Times, 18 December 2016, 1.
63 Athol Jackson interview, Tape 2, OHC 7389_PM_S_01, Quaker Oral History Project (OHColl-0427), ATL, interviewer Katherine Knight, 20 April 1990.
64 ‘Distribution of pamphlet “Guilty” amongst conscientious objectors’, J40 W1190 262 1918/19/10, Archives NZ.
65 Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor-General, 19 June 1918, G1 233 1918/2261, Archives NZ.
66 Lowell Thomas, The Sea Devil’s Fo’c’sle, London: William Heinemann, 1930, 250–51.
67 Robin Hyde, Nor the Years Condemn, Dunedin: Otago University Press, 1995 (1st edn 1938), 194.
68 Thomas, The Sea Devil’s Fo’c’sle, 254–55.
69 Auckland Star, 7 August 1916, 3; 3 August 1916, 5.
70 New Zealand Herald, 28 September 1916, 6.
71 Professor Taiarahia Black, personal communication, 6 April 2018.
72 Translation by Prof. Taiarahia Black.
73 New Zealand Herald, 14 January 1918, 4.
74 Quoted in Monty Soutar, Whitiki Whiti! Whiti! E!: Māori in the First World War, Auckland: David Bateman, 2019, 268–70.
75 Quoted in Michael King, Te Puea, Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton, 1982, 94.
76 Ibid.
77 Dominion, 29 May 1919, 6.
78 Quoted in Soutar, Whitiki Whiti! Whiti! E!, 268–70.
79 Baker, King and Country Call, 201.
80 H. Urquhart to C. E. Matthews, 10 March 1919, ‘Re list submitted by the Defence Department of Conscientious Objectors, 1919’, J40 Box 206, 1919/14/1, Archives NZ.
81 Jim McAloon, ‘Thorn, James’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4t15/thorn-james.
5: Rock College: 1923–1946
1 Auckland Star, 15 August 1922, 2.
2 Ibid., 24 April 1923, 5.
3 Ibid., 23 August 1919, 15.
4 Ibid., 8 November 1924, 19.
5 Anonymous, Five Years for Fraud, London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1936, 16.
6 ‘Reminiscences of Mount Eden Prison’, H. E. Thatcher papers, University of Auckland manuscript A53, folder 5, 8.
7 New Zealand Herald, 20 September 1923, 8.
8 Robin Hyde, Journalese, Auckland: National Printing Co., 1934, 208.
9 N.Z. Truth, 12 December 1929, 10.
10 Auckland Star, 23 August 1919, 15.
11 Ibid., 26 August 1919, 11; 20 February 1920, 5.
12 New Zealand Herald, 21 September 1923, 9.
13 Ibid., 20 August 1919, 9.
14 Auckland Star, 9 March 1921, 7.
15 Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1937, H-20, 11.
16 New Zealand Herald, 20 September 1923, 8; Auckland Star, 4 November 1931, 6.
17 Ibid., 22 May 1924, 7.
18 Ibid., 19 July 1921, 2.
19 Donald F. McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, Auckland: Methuen NZ, 1980, 47.
20 Ibid.
21 AJHR, 1920, H-20, 5–6.
22 Auckland Star, 13 June 1925, 15.
23 ‘Reminiscences of Mount Eden Prison’, 25.
24 New Zealand Herald, 5 June 1935, 14.
25 Ibid., 20 December 1934, 23.
26 Auckland Star, 26 November 1925, 10.
27 AJHR, 1924, H-20, 8.
28 Auckland Star, 9 November 1920, 5.
29 Ibid., 7 July 1925, 5.
30 Ibid., 20 February 1920, 5.
31 Ibid., 7 September 1934, 3.
32 AJHR, 1931, H-20, 3–4.
33 New Zealand Herald, 13 April 1932, 13.
34 Auckland Star, 29 September 1932, 8.
35 AJHR, 1932, H-20, 12–13; New Zealand Herald, 29 September 1932, 13.
36 New Zealand Herald, 21 September 1923, 9.
37 Ibid., 10 July 1921, 6; Auckland Star, 27 July 1921, 2.
38 New Zealand Herald, 1 July 1927, 14. The league was formed in Britain in the nineteenth century and named for an eighteenth-century pioneer of penal reform. The New Zealand branch remains active.
39 Alan Mulgan, ‘B. E. Baughan: Some Memories’, Landfall, vol. 12, no. 4, December 1958, 333–35. I am indebted to Carol Markwell for this reference from her forthcoming biography of Blanche Baughan.
40 See, for example, New Zealand Herald, 9 November 1922, 6; N.Z. Truth, 22 December 1922, 7.
41 New Zealand Herald, 20 December 1928, 13.
42 Quoted in Michael Field, Mau: Samoa’s Struggle for Independence, Auckland: Polynesian Press, 1991 (1st edn 1984), 131.
43 Evening Star, 9 February 1929, 18.
44 Field, Mau, 132.
45 Auckland Star, 26 January 1929, 13.
46 Ibid., 30 December 1929, 7.
47 Field, Mau, 142.
48 Auckland Star, 30 December 1929, 7.
49 AJHR, 1933, H-20, 2.
50 See, for example, Auckland Star, 13 February 1934, 3.
51 New Zealand Herald, 6 April 1945, 7.
52 ‘Reminiscences of Mount Eden Prison’, 33–34. I am grateful to Scott Hamilton for drawing my attention to this useful resource.
53 Ibid., 6.
54 New Zealand Herald, 27 January 1931, 12.
55 ‘Reminiscences of Mount Eden Prison’, 8.
56 Auckland Star, 28 September 1931, 8.
57 Melville Harcourt, A Parson in Prison, Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs 1942, 270–75.
58 Charles Farrell and Rebecca Ellis, The Trials of Eric Mareo, Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2002, 110, 214–15.
59 Ibid., 153.
60 AJHR, 1925, H-20, 12; Marie Gray, About Time: Biography of a Prison Chaplain, Wellington: Moana Press, 1991, 71.
61 New Zealand Herald, 2 February 1931, 10.
62 Conrad Bollinger, Against the Wind: The Story of the New Zealand Seamen’s Union, Wellington: New Zealand Seamen’s Union, 1968, 155.
63 ‘Reminiscences of Mount Eden Prison’, 27.
64 New Zealand Herald, 23 October 1925, 10; 30 October 1925, 10.
65 Graeme Dunstall, ‘Governments, Police and the Left, 1912–51’, in P. Maloney and K. Taylor (eds), On the Left: Essays on Socialism in New Zealand, Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2002, 94–95.
66 Auckland Star, 12 October 1925, 8.
67 New Zealand Herald, 20 August 1919, 9.
68 Ibid., 22 September 1923, 6.
69 Harcourt, A Parson in Prison, 288–89.
70 New Zealand Herald, 8 September 1919, 9.
71 Auckland Star, 20 February 1920, 5.
72 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), vol. 217, 24 July 1928, 689.
73 New Zealand Herald, 13 August 1932, 12.
74 AJHR, 1929, H-20, 8.
75 New Zealand Herald, 1 July 1927, 14.
76 AJHR, 1929, H-20, 8; New Zealand Herald, 21 August 1929, 12.
77 Hyde, Journalese, 208.
78 Auckland Star, 11 October 1921, 5.
79 Ibid., 2 May 1936, 10.
80 New Zealand Herald, 21 December 1926, 16.
81 I am grateful to Mackay’s biographer, Paul Diamond, for sharing his researches on this cruelly maligned figure, including the intriguing information that the riot in which Mackay was killed featured in a 2017 historical TV drama series, Babylon Berlin.
82 ‘Reminiscences of Mount Eden Prison’, 19.
83 New Zealand Herald, 10 January 1931, 6.
84 N.Z. Truth, 10 January 1929, 3; quoted in Harcourt, A Parson in Prison, 184.
85 Auckland Star, 4 May 1925, 8.
86 Ibid., 25 August 1932, 7.
87 Ibid., 20 November 1929, 7.
88 Ibid., 18 July 1928, 9.
89 New Zealand Herald, 21 September 1929, 10.
90 Ibid., 9 October 1935, 16.
91 Auckland Star, 30 July 1918, 6.
92 New Zealand Herald, 5 October 1926, 12.
93 Auckland Star, 9 September 1927, 9.
94 New Zealand Herald, 29 August 1928, 12.
95 Ibid., 11 October 1929, 15.
96 New Zealand Observer, 26 March 1931, 3–4.
97 New Zealand Herald, 4 October 1940, 9.
98 Auckland Star, 23 October 1940, 11.
99 Fraser, Semple and other Labour MPs were held at other prisons than Mount Eden.
100 James Edwards, Waiting for the Revolution, Auckland: David Ling Publishing, 1998, 133.
101 Evening Post, 26 July 1932, 8.
102 New Zealand Herald, 31 December 1932, 11.
103 New Zealand Observer, 4 October 1932, 5.
104 Edwards, Waiting for the Revolution, 139.
105 Auckland Star, 27 April 1936, 8.
106 Ibid., 28 April 1936, 8.
107 AJHR, 1936, H-20, 7.
108 S. Heydon, ‘McMillan, David Gervan’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4m25/mcmillan-david-gervan
109 AJHR, 1939, H-20, 6.
110 Auckland Star, 28 April 1937, 8; AJHR, 1938, H-20, 8.
111 Auckland Star, 29 March 1932, 8.
112 Ibid., 2 October 1940, 9.
113 New Zealand Herald, 9 October 1940, 8.
114 Heydon, ‘McMillan, David Gervan’.
115 Evening Post, 16 November 1943, 3.
116 Ian Hamilton, Till Human Voices Wake Us, Auckland: Ian Hamilton, 1953, 116.
117 Ibid., 104.
118 New Zealand Herald, 17 October 1941, 6.
119 Harcourt, A Parson in Prison, 182.
120 Ibid., 144.
121 Ibid., 172–73.
122 Evening Post, 19 November 1942, 3.
123 Auckland Star, 21 November 1942, 6.
124 David Grant, Out in the Cold: Pacifists and Conscientious Objectors in New Zealand During World War II, Auckland: Reed Methuen, 1986, 94.
125 New Zealand Herald, 4 October 1941, 12.
126 Superintendent Leggett to Dallard, Controller-General of Prisons, 28 November 1941, ‘Naval and military defaulters — general’, ACGS 16211 J1 12/2/10, Archives NZ.
127 E. Wright to Dallard, Controller-General of Prisons, 6 November 1941; Acting Superintendent to Controller-General of Prisons, 26 November 1941, ‘Naval and military defaulters — general’.
128 Paul Ostereicher, ‘“They Would Not Fight”: A Survey of Conscientious Objection During World War II’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1955, 124–25.
129 Auckland Star, 9 July 1942, 4.
130 Evening Post, 3 March 1945, 6.
131 New Zealand Howard League for Penal Reform, pamphlet, Roth collection, 83-247-15, Alexander Turnbull Library, 7.
132 AJHR, 1945, H-20, 6.
133 Ibid., 4.
134 Ibid., 6.
135 Evening Post, 11 July 1944, 7.
136 Ibid., 4 August 1944, 4; Bruce Morris, Jailbreak: Violent Episodes in New Zealand Prisons, Auckland: Wilson and Horton, 1975, 7–9.
137 Press, 20 February 1945, 6; Ostereicher, ‘“They Would Not Fight”’, 128.
138 ‘Recalcitrant defaulters in prison’, Memo for Minister of Justice, 16 February 1945, ‘Naval and military defaulters — general’.
139 New Zealand Herald, 7 April 1945, 9.
140 Ibid., 10 March 1945, 6.
141 Auckland Star, 12 September 1945, 7.
142 Hamilton, Till Human Voices Wake Us, 82.
143 Ibid., 110.
144 B. L. Dallard, Controller-General of Prisons to Superintendent Auckland Prison, 15 November 1945, ‘Naval and military defaulters — general’.
145 New Zealand Herald, 15 January 1946, 6.
146 Ibid.; Ostereicher, ‘“They Would Not Fight”’, 168.
1 N.Z. Truth, 26 April 1924, 7.
2 Meccano was a brand of children’s construction toy, very popular in the 1950s, made of metal strips connected by bolts and screws.
3 Donald F. McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, Auckland: Methuen NZ, 1980, 73.
4 Pauline Engel, The Abolition of Capital Punishment in New Zealand 1935–1961, Wellington: Department of Justice, 1977, 1–2.
5 Colonel Balneavis, Sheriff, Auckland, to Minister of Justice, 15 September 1873, ‘Suggestions as to conducting executions of criminals’, ACGS 16211 J1 146/bd 1873/2554, Archives NZ.
6 Ibid., marginalia.
7 New Zealand Herald, 23 June 1920, 6.
8 New Zealand Times, 23 June 1920, 4.
9 Criminals Execution Act 1883, s. 5.
10 Controller-General of Prisons to Thomas Vincent, Superintendent, Auckland Prison, 15 December 1920; T. Vincent to Controller-General of Prisons, 24 December 1920, ACGS 16211 J1 980/1920/805, Archives NZ.
11 A. Stubbs to Under-Secretary of Justice, 20 December 1920, ACGS 16211 J1 980/1920/805, Archives NZ.
12 Auckland Star, 10 October 1921, 7.
13 N.Z. Truth, 7 August 1930, 1.
14 Criminal Code Act 1893, ss. 77, 106, 167.
15 Berkeley Dallard, Fettered Freedom: A Symbiotic Society or Anarchy?, Wellington: Department of Justice, 1980, 112
16 Department of Justice, Crime in New Zealand, Wellington: Government Printing Office, 1968, 234.
17 Engel, The Abolition of Capital Punishment, 4–6.
18 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 75, 80.
19 Engel, The Abolition of Capital Punishment, 13.
20 Evening Post, 12 September 1941, 4.
21 Engel, The Abolition of Capital Punishment, 10.
22 Dallard, Fettered Freedom, 55–56.
23 Jock Barnes, interviewed in Shattered Dreams, dir. Francis Wevers, 1990, accessed Ngā Taonga — Sound and Vision, Wellington.
24 ‘Auckland Prison — breakdown of routine duties’, BBAF 1390 A528 1/a, Archives NZ.
25 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 13–14.
26 New Zealand Herald, 10 April 1945, 7.
27 Greg Newbold, Punishment and Politics: The Maximum Security Prison in New Zealand, Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1989, 41.
28 New Zealand Observer, 25 February 1948, 6.
29 New Zealand Herald, 4 May 1946, 6.
30 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 13.
31 Deputy Controller-General of Prisons to Controller-General, 11 February 1948, ‘Auckland Prison Mt Eden Pt. 1 1940-49’, ACGS 16211 J1/1409 11/11/2 pt 1, Archives NZ.
32 Dominion, 2 February 1948, 8.
33 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 12.
34 New Zealand Herald, 3 February 1948, 6.
35 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 18–19.
36 Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1959, H-20, 20.
37 Ibid., 1950, H-20, 9.
38 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 43.
39 J. L. Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants: Policy Development in the New Zealand Justice Department, Wellington: Government Printing Office, 1987, 58–59.
40 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 44.
41 Andrea G. Napier, ‘Each Day Is Different: Prison Officers and Their Work’, MA thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 2012, 113.
42 AJHR, 1950, H-20, 11.
43 Napier, ‘Each Day Is Different’, 112.
44 New Zealand Herald, 27 March 1950, 6; 2 November 1950, 8.
45 AJHR, 1950, H-20, 9.
46 Ibid., 1951 H-20, 12.
47 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), vol. 300, 20 October 1953, 1886–87.
48 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 21–22.
49 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 23.
50 AJHR, 1950, H-20, 17.
51 New Zealand Herald, 2 July 1952, 5; Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 37.
52 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 25.
53 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 31–32.
54 Ibid., 38.
55 ‘Auckland Prison — breakdown of routine duties’, BBAF 1390 A528 1/a, Archives NZ.
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
58 James Edwards, Waiting for the Revolution, Auckland: David Ling Publishing, 1998, 135.
59 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 44.
60 ‘Formation of prisoners’ council at Auckland Prison, 1952’, ACHS 16211 J1/1602 21/2/26, Archives NZ.
61 Memo, 12 July 1951, ACHS 16211 J1/1602 21/2/26, Archives NZ.
62 Barnett, Secretary for Justice, reply to Haywood, Superintendent, 21 August 1952, ACHS 16211 J1/1602 21/2/26, Archives NZ.
63 Prison Council report, from inauguration 14/2/1952 to 10/6/1952, in ibid.
64 Deputy Chief Prison Officer, Minute Sheet, 20 November 1952, in ibid.
65 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 20.
66 Department of Justice, Crime and the Community: A Survey of Penal Policy in New Zealand, Wellington: Government Printer, 1964, 66.
67 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 22.
68 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 11.
69 Ibid., 48.
70 Ibid., 15–16.
71 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 25.
72 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 67.
73 Ibid., 22.
74 Julie Glamuzina and Alison J. Laurie, Parker and Hulme: A Lesbian View, Auckland: New Women’s Press, 1990, 100.
75 Ibid., 101.
76 N.Z. Truth, 8 September 1954, 21.
77 Peter Graham, So Brilliantly Clever: Parker, Hulme and the Murder That Shocked the World, Wellington: Awa Press, 2011, 249.
78 Joanne Drayton, The Search for Anne Perry, Auckland: HarperCollins, 2012, 285.
79 Graham, So Brilliantly Clever, 246.
80 Quoted in Drayton, The Search for Anne Perry, 284.
81 Glamuzina and Laurie, Parker and Hulme, 104.
82 Drayton, The Search for Anne Perry, 280.
83 Graham, So Brilliantly Clever, 259.
84 Anne Perry, Silence in Hanover Close, London: Grafton, 1988, 296.
85 Quoted in Drayton, The Search for Anne Perry, fn 60, 288.
86 Quoted in Engel, The Abolition of Capital Punishment, fn 41, 35.
87 Ibid., 27–28, 55.
88 NZPD, vol. 293, 21 November 1950, 4389.
89 N.Z. Truth, 7 February 1951, 9.
90 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 74.
91 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 94.
92 Dick Scott, Would a Good Man Die?: New Zealand, Niue and the Late Mr Larsen, Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton/Southern Cross Books, 1993, 142.
93 Ibid., 151.
94 Sherwood Young, Guilty on the Gallows: Famous Capital Crimes of New Zealand, Wellington: Grantham House, 1999, 9–10.
95 ‘Auckland Prison — breakdown of routine duties’, BBAF 1390 A528 1/a, Archives NZ; Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 104.
96 ‘Auckland Prison — breakdown of routine duties’.
97 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 73.
98 New Zealand Herald, 30 August 1986, sec. 2, 2.
99 Young, Guilty on the Gallows, 14.
100 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 154.
101 Department of Justice, Crime in New Zealand, 65.
102 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 76.
103 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 100.
104 Ibid., 103.
105 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 76–77.
106 Leonard P. Leary QC, Not Entirely Legal, Auckland: Whitcoulls, 1977, 174–75.
107 Engel, The Abolition of Capital Punishment, 58; Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 105.
108 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 80.
109 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 113–14.
110 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 164.
111 ‘Auckland Prison — breakdown of routine duties’; Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 74.
112 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 76.
113 Michael Burgess, Mister, London: New Authors Ltd no. 44, 1964, 81.
114 New Zealand Herald, 23 July 1954, 11.
115 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 88.
116 New Zealand Herald, 6 July 1954, 11.
117 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 67.
118 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 57.
119 N.Z. Truth, 14 December 1955, 1.
120 New Zealand Herald, 17 December 1955, 14.
121 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 71.
122 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 54.
123 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 54.
124 Western Leader, 6 December 2005, 7.
125 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 49.
126 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 65–66.
127 NZPD, vol. 313, 13 September 1957, 2405, 2407.
128 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 13–14.
129 AJHR, 1964, H-20, 6–7.
130 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 89.
131 Ibid., 93.
132 Ibid., 92.
133 New Zealand Herald, 15 June 1958, 8.
134 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 95.
135 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 35–36.
136 Ibid., 59–60.
137 New Zealand Herald, 15 June 1958, 8.
138 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 95.
139 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 59–60.
140 New Zealand Herald, 21 November 1962, 3.
141 Ibid., 14 June 1958, 12.
142 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 96.
143 N.Z. Truth, 30 June 1959, 41.
144 New Zealand Herald, 23 June 1959, 15.
145 N.Z. Truth, 19 July 1960, 5.
146 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 58–59.
147 Bruce Morris, Jailbreak: Violent Episodes in New Zealand Prisons, Auckland: Wilson & Horton, 1975, 11–14.
148 Ibid.
149 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 58–59.
150 AJHR, 1959, H-20, 5.
151 Ibid., 27.
152 Ibid., 1960, H-20, 9.
153 Ibid., 13.
154 Ibid., 10.
155 Ibid., 11.
156 Ibid., 21.
157 Ibid., 1959, H-20, 5.
158 H. Haywood, Superintendent, to Secretary for Justice, 17 April 1962, ‘Auckland Prison, riots and behaviour of prisoners’, ACGS 16211 J1/1420 12/6/4 1A, Archives NZ.
159 J. Robson, Secretary for Justice, to Superintendent, Auckland Prison, 26 April 1962, ACGS 16211 J1/1420 12/6/4 1A, Archives NZ.
7: ‘Burn, burn, burn’: 1963–1969
1 Jim Shepherd interview, 19 September 2018.
2 Ibid.
3 Jim Shepherd, Mr Asia: Last Man Standing, Sydney: Macmillan, 2010, 6–8.
4 Greg Newbold, Punishment and Politics: The Maximum Security Prison in New Zealand, Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1989, 79.
5 Ibid., 127.
6 Bruce Morris, Jailbreak: Violent Episodes in New Zealand Prisons, Auckland: Wilson & Horton, 1975, 19.
7 ‘Mt Eden Prison — quarry 1960-1967’, BBAD A463 1054, Box 524 a 10/4 2, Archives NZ.
8 Jim Shepherd interview.
9 Penal Institutions Amendment Act 1964, s. 2.
10 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 124.
11 Auckland Star, 18 July 1963, 1.
12 N.Z. Truth, 30 April 1963, 20.
13 Auckland Star, 18 July 1963, 1.
14 Howard Morrison Quartet, ‘The Wild(er) New Zealand Boy’, La Gloria, 1963.
15 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), vol. 331, 17 August 1962, 1521.
16 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 114.
17 Ibid., 131.
18 Ibid., 132.
19 Ibid., 135.
20 New Zealand Herald, 20 July 1963, 1; 22 July 1963, 1.
21 Morris, Jailbreak, 27–32.
22 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 117.
23 Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1961, H-20, 13.
24 NZPD, vol. 335, 27 June 1963, 88.
25 Department of Justice, Crime and the Community: A Survey of Penal Policy in New Zealand, Wellington: Government Printer, 1964, 67.
26 N.Z. Truth, 23 April 1963, 20.
27 Shepherd, Mr Asia, 20.
28 Sunday News, 30 August 1964, 3.
29 Donald F. McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, Auckland: Methuen NZ, 1980, 69.
30 Ibid.
31 Sunday News, 6 September 1964, 2–3.
32 Ibid.
33 ‘Notes of evidence of enquiry into alleged happenings at Auckland Prison, 21 October 1964’ in ‘Prisoner — General — Auckland Prison — insubordinate behaviour of prisoners’, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
34 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 38.
35 B. Pimley, The Rock Orchid, in Webber, Cyril Ernie Richard: Papers (MS-3333/197 and 198) Hocken Collections, University of Otago.
36 ‘Notes of evidence of enquiry into alleged happenings at Auckland Prison, 21 October 1964’, 14.
37 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 26.
38 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 140.
39 Quoted in Morris, Jailbreak, 33–37.
40 Owen J. Cherrett, ‘Without Fear or Favour’: 150 Years Policing Auckland 1840–1990, Auckland: New Zealand Police, 1989, 311; ‘Enquiry into escape of John Frederick Gillies, Leonard Edwin Evans and George Wilder from Mt. Eden — 4 February 1965 — Report of A. A. Coates S.M.’, ACGS 16251 J68/1, Archives NZ.
41 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 22.
42 Ibid., 142.
43 Western Leader, 21 July 2005, 6.
44 Shepherd interview.
45 Ibid. Police, however, later suspected that a former prison officer had smuggled the gun but were unable to prove it; N.Z. Truth, 1 March 1966, 48.
46 Auckland Star, 21 December 1965, 1, 3.
47 Ibid.
48 Shepherd interview.
49 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 148.
50 Ibid., 127.
51 8 O’Clock, 20 July 1974, 53.
52 Shepherd interview.
53 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 148.
54 Tim Shadbolt interview, 6 October 2017.
55 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 161.
56 ‘Inquiry into prison riots and fire at Mt Eden [Auckland Prison] on 20-21 July 1965’, 12, BADW 11459 A1426 1/, Archives NZ.
57 Sunday Star-Times, 16 July 1995, C6.
58 McKenzie, While We Have Prisons, 71.
59 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 162.
60 Shepherd, Mr Asia, 28–29.
61 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 150.
62 Evening Post, 20 July 1965, 18.
63 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 149.
64 Letters to the editor, New Zealand Herald, 27 July 1965, 6.
65 Shepherd interview.
66 Evening Post, 20 July 1965, 18.
67 Shepherd, Mr Asia, 31.
68 MOVIETONE NEWS A2158: ‘Auckland; riots and fires in NZ prison drama; catalogue ref. F59438 personal record, Cunningham, Gordon Hamilton, Mt Eden Gaol fire’, catalogue ref. F47854, accessed Ngā Taonga — Sound and Vision, Wellington.
69 Evening Post, 20 July 1965, 18.
70 Shepherd, Mr Asia, 32.
71 ‘Report by David Scott on Mount Eden prison riot, July 1965’, catalogue ref. 237328, accessed Ngā Taonga — Sound and Vision, Wellington.
72 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 152.
73 Shepherd interview.
74 Evening Post, 20 July 1965, 18.
75 Sunday Star-Times, 16 July 1995, C6.
76 Cherrett, ‘Without Fear or Favour’, 312–13.
77 ‘Report by David Scott on Mount Eden prison riot, July 1965’.
78 James McNeish, catalogue ref. 27314, RNZ Sound Archives.
79 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 169; Shepherd interview.
80 Star (Christchurch), 24 July 1965, 1.
81 NZPD, vol. 332, 14 October 1965, 3563.
82 Commission of Inquiry (1965a), Report into Disturbance at Auckland Prison on 20–21 July, 1965, Wellington: Department of Prisons, 1965, 18.
83 ‘Coverage of Mt Eden Riot, 1965’, catalogue ref. 216066, RNZ Sound Archives.
84 Commission of Inquiry, Report into Disturbance at Auckland Prison.
85 Auckland Star, 21 December 1965, 1, 3.
86 New Zealand Herald, 27 July 1965, 6.
87 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 147.
88 J. L. Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants: Policy Development in the New Zealand Justice Department, Wellington: Government Printing Office Publishing, 1987, 9.
89 NZPD, vol. 332, 15 October 1965, 3563.
90 New Zealand Herald, 9 August 1965, 1.
91 Sunday Star-Times, 16 July 1995, C6.
92 NZPD, vol. 343, 27 July 1965, 1416–33.
93 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 159.
94 Quoted in ibid., 158.
95 New Zealand Herald, 10 February 1969, 14.
96 Shepherd interview.
97 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 171; Report of enquiry in hunger strike in security section, by F. McCarthy, SM, 21 November 1967, in ‘Prisoners — General — Auckland Prison — insubordinate behaviour of prisoners’, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
98 Shepherd interview.
99 Ibid.
100 Ibid.
101 Sunday Times, 3 January 1971, 11. I am grateful to Tim Balme, creator of a one-man show based on George Wilder’s life, for sharing his extensive research on this complex and elusive figure.
102 Evening Post, 15 August 1967, 12.
103 Dominion Sunday Times, 15 October 1967, 11.
104 New Zealand Herald, 16 August 1967, 1.
105 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 172; New Zealand Herald, 14 September 1967, 1.
106 Sunday Times, 20 August 1967, 5.
107 Eve, August 1969, 11.
108 New Zealand Herald, 4 May 1969, 7, magazines.
109 Sunday Times, 9 August 1970, 5.
110 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 195.
111 Shepherd interview.
112 Shepherd, Mr Asia, 1–2.
113 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 195.
114 Newbold, Punishment and Politics, 163.
115 Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants, 195.
8: Death on remand: 1970–2011
1 J. Hobson, Superintendent, to Secretary for Justice, 30 November 1970, in ‘Prisoners — General — Auckland Prison — insubordinate behaviour of prisoners’, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
2 J. Hobson, Superintendent, to Secretary for Justice, 22 December 1970, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
3 J. Hobson, Superintendent, to Secretary for Justice, 30 November 1970, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
4 Bob van Ruyssevelt interview, 2 April 2018.
5 Sunday Times, 16 August 1970, 13.
6 New Zealand Herald, 7 November 1970, 4.
7 Tim Shadbolt interview, 6 October 2017.
8 Ibid.
9 Te Rangikaheke Kiripātea interview, 8 September 2017.
10 Shadbolt interview.
11 Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR), 1971, H-20, 27.
12 Te Puna Wai Korero, ‘Teaching Maori in Prisons’, 1977, catalogue ref. 45358, NZ Sound Archive.
13 New Zealand Herald, 30 December 1970, 3; AJHR, 1970, H-20, 24.
14 Ibid., 21 March 1971, 1.
15 Kiripātea interview.
16 New Zealand Herald, 8 April 1971, 5.
17 AJHR, 1972, H-20, 3.
18 New Zealand Herald, 8 April 1971, 5.
19 Ibid., 21 March 1971, 1.
20 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (NZPD), vol. 371, 23 March 1971, 635.
21 Greg Newbold, ‘What Works in Prison Management: Effects of Administrative Change in New Zealand’, Federal Probation, vol. 56, December 1992, 56.
22 New Zealand Herald, 28 January 1978, 2.
23 Evening Post, 28 January 1984, 8.
24 New Zealand Herald, 15 October 1988, 12; 1 December 1993, 9.
25 AJHR, 1970, H-20, 13; Neil Darragh, ‘Social Relations of Prison Inmates’, MA anthropology thesis, University of Auckland, 1973, 36.
26 New Zealand Herald, 17 April 1971, 14.
27 Auckland Star, 26 January 1974, Weekender, 4.
28 New Zealand Herald, 22 January 1986, 2.
29 Shadbolt interview.
30 New Zealand Herald, 28 January 1978, sec. 2, 2.
31 Miriam Saphira interview, 9 January 2018.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Dorothy Costar interview, OHColl-0549/1, Alexander Turnbull Library.
35 Anonymous interview, 3 July 2016.
36 Sandra Coney interview, 28 November 2017.
37 Sandra Coney, Broadsheet, July/August 1982, 58–61.
38 Coney interview.
39 New Zealand Herald, 8 November 1985, 1.
40 Raewyn Abbott interview, 11 November 2019.
41 Dominion, 6 December 1991, 3.
42 New Zealand Woman’s Weekly, 11 October 1999, 34.
43 Mary Woodward interview, 22 January 2018.
44 Express, 11 September 2002, 7–8.
45 New Zealand Herald, 2 September 1976, 3.
46 Ibid., 27 October 1976, 1.
47 Auckland Star, 2 October 1976, 17.
48 Zane Paine interview, 9 October 2019.
49 Auckland Star, 7 January 1978, 5.
50 J. Rogers, Superintendent to Secretary for Justice, 27 July 1977, in ‘Prisoners — General — Auckland Prison — insubordinate behaviour of prisoners’, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
51 Christine Mintrom, Tommy Adderley 1940–1993: The Man and His Contribution to Pop, Jazz and Rock Music in New Zealand, New York: iUniverse, 2003, 111,113.
52 Quoted in ibid., 117.
53 Metro, October 2008, 54–59.
54 J. Rogers, Superintendent to Secretary for Justice, 27 July 1977, in ‘Prisoners — General — Auckland Prison — insubordinate behaviour of prisoners’, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
55 Auckland Star, 2 October 1976, 17.
56 Oliver Sutherland interview, 10 January 2018.
57 ACORD, Children in State Custody, Auckland: ACORD, 1979 (rev. edn 1981), 3–4; Submissions on Children’s and Young Person’s Bill, 1974, xii.
58 Auckland Star, 2 December 1984, A3.
59 Shadbolt interview.
60 New Zealand Herald, 22 Nov. 2016, A34.
61 Ibid., 14 August 1984, 11.
62 A. J. Hardie, First Officer, Remand Division, to Secretary for Justice, 17 January 1985, in ‘Prisoners — General — Auckland Prison — insubordinate behaviour of prisoners’, ACGS 16211 J1 W2304/31 12/6/4 2, Archives NZ.
63 Ibid.
64 Saphira interview.
65 J. Rogers, Superintendent, to Secretary for Justice, 27 July 1977, in ‘Prisoners — General — Auckland Prison — insubordinate behaviour of prisoners’.
66 Paine interview.
67 New Zealand Herald, 12 September 1983, sec. 1, 1.
68 Ibid., 21 May 1985, sec. 1, 1.
69 Ibid., 31 January 1990, sec. 1, 1.
70 Ibid., 12 October 1987, 1.
71 Ibid., 29 December 1990, sec. 2, 1.
72 Central Leader, 20 December 1983, 4.
73 Ibid., 26 August 1994, 1.
74 New Zealand Herald, 31 October 1986, 2; Greg Newbold, ‘Women Officers Working in Men’s Prisons’, Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, no. 25, July 2005, 107.
75 Quoted in Newbold, ‘Women Officers Working in Men’s Prisons’, 111.
76 ‘No Joy in Eden’, PSA Journal, June 1989, 5.
77 Paine interview.
78 New Zealand Truth, 10 July 1998, 4.
79 Express, 11 September 2002, 7–8.
80 Abbott interview.
81 Auckland Star, 14 December 1985, B9.
82 New Zealand Herald, 16 May 1986, 15.
83 Ibid., 30 August 1982, S2, 2; 16 February 1987, 8.
84 Ibid., 5 August 1986, 3.
85 Ibid., 4 August 1986, 1.
86 Ibid., 8 June 1987, 5.
87 Paine interview.
88 Auckland Star, 21 October 1987, 3.
89 Ibid., 4 June 1987, 3.
90 Anonymous interview, 21 October 2019.
91 Dominion, 16 August 1994, 3.
92 Simon Kerr interview, 16 October 2019.
93 Dominion, 18 June 1990, 1.
94 Anonymous interview, 1 November 2019.
95 New Zealand Herald, 23 May 1998, H3.
96 Central Leader, 1 August 2008, 15.
97 Metro, October 2008, 54–59.
98 Neville Mark interview, 28 August 2019.
99 New Zealand Herald, 23 May 1998, H3.
100 Ibid., 21 May 1994, sec. 2, 1.
101 Metro, October 2008, 48–53.
102 New Zealand Listener, 14 March 1998, 18–22.
103 New Zealand Herald, 23 May 1998, H3.
104 New Zealand Listener, 14 March 1998, 18–22.
105 Ibid.
106 Anonymous interview.
107 Express, 11 September 2002, 7–8.
108 Mark interview.
109 ‘Mt Eden Prison Site Redevelopment Project’, 18 May 2007, Cabinet paper PM7/P13/25/33/3, 3.
110 Mark interview.
111 Central Leader, 25 June 2010, 10.
Epilogue: Releasing the ghosts
1 New Zealand Herald, 13 May 2004, A15.
2 Dominion (editorial), 13 April 1971, 12.
3 New Zealand Herald, 12 December 1973, 3.
4 Ibid., 18 May 1974, sec. 2, 3.
5 Ibid., 12 December 1973, 3.
6 Ibid., 2 September 1976, 6 (editorial).
7 List entry record no. 88, Heritage NZ Pouhere Taonga.
8 Auckland Star, 16 August 1984, 3.
9 Ibid., 4 June 1987, 8.
10 New Zealand Herald, 4 August 1988, 5.
11 P. Lister, personal communication, 17 December 2019.
12 Sunday Star-Times, 18 August 1993, A3.
13 New Zealand Herald, 6 May 1998, A14 (editorial).
14 Ibid., 8 May 1998, 1.
15 Central Leader, 25 August 2000, 5.
16 New Zealand Herald, 31 August 2000, A13.
17 Central Leader, 18 October 2000, 1.
18 New Zealand Herald, 27 February 2006, A4.
19 ‘Mt Eden Prison Site Redevelopment Project’, 18 May 2007, Cabinet paper PM7/P13/25/33/3.
20 New Zealand Herald, 9 May 2008, A10.
21 Anonymous interview.
22 New Zealand Herald, 7 May 2008, A7; 9 May 2008, A10 (editorial).
23 Charlie Post interview, 29 March 2019.
24 Ibid.