Bold page numbers refer to main subjects of boxed text and graphs.
AIDS see HIV/AIDS
altitude sickness 92
amphetamines 25, 56, 58, 89, 90
animal testing 92
Annan, Kofi 102
Anslinger, Harry J 22-3
Anti-Drug Abuse Act 28
Anyone’s Child initiative 105-6, 107
Armenia 73
ASEAN 61
Austria 90
back-door problem 78
Ban Ki-moon 74
banks 42
barbiturates 25
Baum, Dan 26
Belgium 87
betel nut 93
Brazil 112
BZP 90-1
Canada 14, 32, 44, 66, 78, 87, 90
decriminalization 14, 102, 106
legalization 14, 77-84, 99, 108, 109
regulation 57, 58, 60, 77-80, 102
cannabis-infused edibles 82-3
Capone, Al 18
Chicago Tribune 18
children 52, 55, 76, 106, 107, 110
clubs, cannabis social 67, 78-80, 84
coca tea 59
cocaine 16-17, 23, 37, 47, 56, 89, 100
Cochrane Collaboration 87
Colombia 29, 32, 40, 41, 42, 48, 73, 100, 101
Colorado 57, 60, 80-3, 108, 110
commercialization of drug use 64-6
consequences of enforcement policies 34-49, 98, 100, 114
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 28
Convention on Psychotropic Substances 25
Costa Rica 44
Count the Costs of the war on drugs 36, 114
crime
organized 28, 29, 35-6, 46-7, 70-1, 96, 100, 101, 110
cultivation of drug plants 21, 79, 80, 82, 84
dagga see cannabis
Daily Mail 106
deaths, drug-induced 38-9, 75, 76, 77, 85, 86, 107
decriminalization 53, 67, 73, 74-7
definitions 52-3
detention see prison populations
developing countries and regulation 68-9
dexamphetamine 90
DMT 89
drug checking facilities 90
drug policies
goals 50-1
UN role 61-2
see also war on drugs
Drug Policy Alliance 114
drug supply regulation 57-60
drug use
effect of legalization 66-8
Duterte, Rodrigo 45
economic impact of war on drugs 40-3
The Economist 13
ecstasy see MDMA
Ecuador 73
Ehrlichman, John 26-7
energy drinks 90
enforcement 62, 63, 69, 88, 96-7, 98, 112
consequences 34-49, 98, 100, 114
ephedra 93
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 61
Finland 66
Forbes World Billionaires List 40
France 15
Gaviria, César 101
Global Commission on Drug Policy 102-4, 114
Golden Triangle 86
government-level regulation 62-3
Guatemala 29
Guinea-Bissau 47
Guterres, António 74
Guzman, El Chapo 40
Haidt, Jonathan 105
Harm Reduction International 39, 40
Harrison Act 17
hashish see cannabis
HAT see heroin–assisted treatment
hepatitis 37, 38, 39, 75, 76, 86
heroin 14, 15, 23, 27, 37, 56, 58, 67, 85-7, 100
heroin–assisted treatment (HAT) 85-9, 99
HIV/AIDS 37, 38, 74, 75, 76, 85, 86, 87, 99
homicide rates 19
HSBC 42
human rights 43-5, 48, 62, 73, 74
human stories 104-6
Iceland 66
ILO 75
Indian Hemp Drugs Commission report 20-1
indigenous rights 43, 92-3, 97
injected drugs 14, 37, 38, 39, 58, 66, 75, 76, 85-7
International Criminal Court 45
International Drug Policy Consortium 114
International Opium Conventions (1912) 16, 20; (1925) 20, 21
international regulation 61-2
Kerlikowski, Gil 109
khat 93
kratom 93
La Guardia, Fiorello 23
Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy 101
Law Enforcement Against Prohibition 114
League of Nations 9
of cannabis 14, 77-84, 99, 108, 109
key concerns 64-71
local decision-making 64
local government-level regulation 63-4
Maine 108
marijuana see cannabis
Massachusetts 108
medical prescription see prescribed drugs
mescalin 89
Mexico 21, 29, 30, 32, 36, 40, 41, 42, 46, 56, 60, 69, 86, 100
modafinil 90
money-laundering 42
morality 17, 26, 97, 98, 104-5
Morocco 20
morphine 15
Mujica, José 83
NAFTA see North American Free Trade Agreement
Napoleon 15
needle exchange and syringe programs (NSP) 38, 39, 85, 99
Netherlands 21, 59, 60, 64, 67, 68, 78, 87, 90
Nevada 108
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) 14, 90-2
New York Times 17
The New Yorker 109
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 61
Norway 66
NPS see New Psychoactive Substances
NSP see needle exchange and syringe programs
Ochoa Brothers 40
ODI see Overseas Development Institute
OHCHR see UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
Olympics 85
opioid substitution treatment (OST) 38, 85, 99
Opium Exclusion Act 16
OSF Global Drug Policy Program 114
OST see opioid substitution treatment
overdoses see deaths, drug-induced
Overseas Development Institute (ODI) 40
pain control 56
Pakistan 46
party drugs see stimulant drugs
peace impacts 45-8
Peru 44
pharmaceuticals see medical drugs
Pharmacy Act 16
Philippines 45
Portugal 74-7
possession of drugs 21, 53, 79, 80, 82
prescribed drugs 58, 67, 86, 89, 108
prison populations 28, 38-9, 43-4, 76, 100, 101
prohibition
drugs 9, 11, 15-16, 19-23, 27, 50, 52, 100
public attitudes 27, 69, 81, 88, 97, 98-9, 101, 103, 104, 107, 108
public health, threats to 37-9
Pure Food and Drug Act 16
racism 16-17, 20, 21-2, 27, 28, 44
Reefer Madness 22
regulation 12-13, 32, 51-64, 90-2, 103
cannabis 57, 58, 60, 77-80, 102
key concerns 64-71
regulatory institutions 60-4
religious attitudes 97
retail outlets 21, 59, 63, 67, 68, 78, 81, 84
rhetoric, anti-drug 17, 25-6, 96, 104, 109
sale of drugs see retail outlets
Schultz, George 102
security impacts 45-8
Shanghai Opium Commission 16
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 9, 23, 24, 26, 34, 96
South Africa 20
cannabis social clubs 67, 78-80
stimulant drugs 25, 58, 59, 89-90, 92, 93, 107
substitute drugs 38, 58, 85, 90, 99
supermarket model 55
supervised injection facilities 39, 58, 66, 85, 86
Sweden 66
Switzerland 14, 20, 39, 87-9, 90, 99
synthetic drugs 90-2
temperance movement 9, 17, 22, 97
Thatcher, Margaret 100
THC 83
The Hague 16
The Times 13
tobacco 54, 57, 61, 65, 67, 69
Transform Drug Policy Foundation 114
Transnational Institute Drugs and Democracy program 114
Transparency International 48
Trump, Donald 110
tuberculosis 75
Tunisia 20
Turkey 56
UNDP see United Nations Development Programme
UNGASS see United Nations General Assembly Special Session
United Kingdom 16-17, 21, 38, 44, 56, 87, 90, 100, 106
United Nations
drug conventions 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 78, 80, 86, 98, 111, 112; (1961) 9, 23, 24, 26, 34, 96; (1971) 25; (1988) 28
role in global drug policy 61-2
support for decriminalization 74-5
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 32, 75
United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on Drugs (1998) 30; (2016) 29, 30-1, 32
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) 39, 74
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 35-6, 39, 40, 45, 47, 62, 75, 9
United States 64
homicide rates 19
prison populations 28, 38-9, 100
racism 16-17, 21-2, 27, 28, 44
shifts in drug policy 106, 108-12
see also under individual cities and states
UNODC see United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Uruguay 14, 32, 57, 60, 63, 67, 78, 83-4, 99, 110
violence 17, 18, 22-3, 36, 46, 100, 101
Volcker, Paul 102
Wachovia 42
war on drugs 10-11, 25-9, 95-8
benefits 48-9
failure 10, 28, 34, 53, 88, 97, 114
history 15-29
withdrawal of support for 29-33, 109
see also drug policies
War on Drugs report 102
Washington District of Columbia 80
Washington State 60, 63, 108, 110
WHO see World Health Organization
Wolff, Pablo Osvaldo 23
World Health
Organization (WHO) 39, 61, 62, 75
Expert Committee on Drugs liable to produce Addiction 23
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 57, 61, 65, 69
Yemen 93
youth counterculture 24-5