Abbreviations
| CCH | Clare Cecily Howard |
| CCT | Clare Chenevix Trench |
| CT | Cesca Chevenix Trench |
| HCT | Herbert Chenevix Trench |
| ICT | Isabel Chenevix Trench |
| IWM | Imperial War Museum |
| MCT | Margot Chenevix Trench |
| NA | National Archives |
| NLI | National Library of Ireland |
| ODNB | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |
| RCT | Reginald Chenevix Trench |
Prologue
1. For an account of the love affair and marriage of my grandparents in 1911 to 1915 see my Growing Up in England, pp. 345–50.
2. DeGroot, Blighty, pp. 174–96.
3. Meyer, Men of War, p. 14.
4. Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 47–71.
5. Ibid., pp. 71–2.
6. Smith, Letters sent from France, pp. 103–6.
7. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 416–17, 468.
8. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 14, 18 April 1917, RCT to ICT, 13 April 1917.
9. Philpott, Bloody Victory, p. 13.
1 ‘Quiet Earnest Faces’: The National Cause
1. ODNB, H.C.G. Matthew, Henry Herbert Asquith.
2. Jenkins, Asquith, pp. 360–5; Howard, First World War, pp. 15–26; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 1–34.
3. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 30 July 1914.
4. Ferguson, Pity of War, pp. 161–3; Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 42–9.
5. ODNB, Jane Ridley and Clayre Percy, Mary Charteris, Countess of Wemyss; Ruddock Mackay and H.C.G. Matthew, Arthur James Balfour.
6. Stanway Archive, Mary Wemyss diary, 2–5 August 1914; Jenkins, Asquith, pp. 365–70; ODNB, Kenneth O. Morgan, David Lloyd George.
7. Ferguson, Pity of War, pp. 174–7.
8. Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 13–16.
9. Pennell, A Kingdom United, esp. pp. 1–41.
10. Stanway Archive, Mary Wemyss diary, 3 August 1914.
11. Citations from Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 42–3.
12. Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 9–11.
13. Pennell, A Kingdom United, p. 36; Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 1 August 1914, CCT to RCT, 2 August 1914.
14. ODNB, Jane Ridley and Clayre Percy, Ethel Anne Priscilla Grenfell, Lady Desborough; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 183–4.
15. Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 25–7.
16. Stanway Archive, Mary Wemyss diary, 6–15 August 1914; Wemyss, A Family Record, p. 41; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 179–80; Dakers, Countryside at War, p. 26.
17. Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 33–4.
18. Trench Archive, The Times, 7 August 1914, p. 7.
19. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 44–5.
20. Cited in Gregory, Last Great War, p. 33.
21. Brooke, 1914 and Other Poems, p. 11.
22. Scott quoted in Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 72–6.
23. Ibid., p. 118; Gilbert, First World War, p. 55.
24. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 24 August 1914.
25. Wemyss, A Family Record, p. 249.
26. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 79–83.
27. His work there is discussed in Chapter 3, pp. 69–71.
28. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 6 August 1914.
29. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 19, 23 December 1914; for Sir John French in these months see Gilbert, First World War, pp. 55–123.
30. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 13, 14, 15 August, 19 October 1914.
31. See below, pp. 37–9.
32. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 19 August 1914, RCT to CCH, 13, 19 August 1914.
33. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 24 August 1914, CCH to RCT, 25 August 1914. For shell shock see below pp. 106–18.
34. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 4, 14 October 1914, Edward Burney to RCT, 27 October 1914.
35. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 2 November 1914.
36. For Herbert's enlistment see below, p. 38.
37. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to RCT, 18 November 1914; see below pp. 107–11.
38. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 13 November, 16 December 1914, RCT to CCH, 14 October, 2, 7 December 1914.
39. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 9, 16 November 1914.
40. Ibid., CCH to RCT, 6, 18, 20 October 1914. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 42–3, 81.
41. For Clare's upbringing see my Growing Up in England, pp. 78–9, 147–8, 242–3, 257–8, 345–50.
42. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 21, 23, 24 October 1914.
43. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 2, 3, 6, 13, 23 November, 8 December 1914.
44. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 5, 8, 19 November, 10, 12, 24 December 1914.
45. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 1, 3, 9, 11, 20 September 1914.
46. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 14 August 1914.
47. Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 18–24; Pennell, A Kingdom United, p. 162.
48. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, pp. 46–8.
49. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 55–77.
50. Violet Bonham Carter, cited in Simkins, Kitchener's Army, p. 35; ODNB, Keith Neilson, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Earl Kitchener of Khartoum.
51. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 111.
52. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 212–13; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 184–5.
53. Simkins, Kitchener's Army, pp. 31–78.
54. Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 29–35.
55. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 4 August 1914.
56. Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 34–7; Simkins, Kitchener's Army, pp. 221–5.
57. R.C. Sherriff, ‘The English Public Schools in the War’, in Panichas, ed., Promise of Greatness, pp. 134–54.
58. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 147–56.
59. Cited in Simkins, Kitchener's Army, p. 72.
60. Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 30–9; Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 49–51.
61. ODNB, Thomas Pinney, Rudyard Kipling.
62. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 57–67.
63. Cited in Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, p. 33.
64. Citations from Pennell, A Kingdom United, p. 66.
65. Ibid., pp. 67–8. ODNB, Alan Bishop, Vera Mary Brittain.
66. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 67–71, 92–107; David French, ‘Spy Fever in Britain, 1900–1915’, Historical Journal, 21, no. 2 (1978), pp. 335–70.
67. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 108–17.
68. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, p. 202.
69. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 55–99; Pennell, A Kingdom United, p. 118.
70. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 11, 26, 30 November, 15 December 1914; Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 106–10, 121–2.
71. Citations from Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 12–24.
72. Van Emden and Humphries, All Quiet on the Home Front, pp. 35–50.
73. Gilbert, First World War, p. 110.
74. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 131–3.
75. Gregory, Last Great War, p. 60.
76. Sanders and Taylor, British Propaganda during the First World War cited in Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 40–69.
77. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 130–1.
78. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 9 September 1914, RCT to CCH 15 September 1914.
79. Citations in Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 198–205.
80. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 22 December 1914.
81. Wemyss, A Family Record, p. 304.
82. Gregory, The Last Great War, pp. 142–50.
83. Cited in Pennell, A Kingdom United, p. 211.
84. Cited in ibid., p. 215.
85. Strachan, Oxford History of the First World War, p. 215.
86. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 221–6.
2 ‘Glad to Go’: Patriotic Idealism
1. Bond, Survivors of a Kind, p. 14.
2. ODNB, H.C.G. Matthew, Harold Macmillan. Citation from Winter, Death's Men, p. 32.
3. Carrington, Soldier from the Wars Returning, pp. 259–61.
4. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 291–2.
5. Brooke, 1914 and Other Poems, pp. 11, 15; ODNB: Rupert Brooke. Carrington, Soldier from the Wars Returning, p. 260.
6. ODNB, Paul Addison, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill.
7. Hassall, Rupert Brooke, pp. 452–8.
8. Lehmann, Rupert Brooke, pp. 118–19; MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, p. 154.
9. MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, p. 174.
10. Hassall, Rupert Brooke, pp. 458–85, 515.
11. MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, p. 176.
12. Cited in Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman, p. 286.
13. Brooke, 1914 and Other Poems, p.15; ODNB: Rupert Brooke.
14. Copies in Trench Archive, inscribed 29 July 1915 and Xmas 1916.
15. ODNB, Adrian Caesar, Rupert Chawner Brooke.
16. Arlington Court archives. I am grateful to the National Trust for permission to consult these papers.
17. ODNB, Richard Percival Graves, Robert von Ranke Graves.
18. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 212–23: Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 184–5.
19. ODNB, Mark Pottle, Julian Henry Francis Grenfell.
20. IWM, Sweeney Letters; Moynihan, Greater Love, pp. 63–5.
21. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. xi–xii.
22. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. xi–3.
23. I am very grateful to Gordon Buxton's daughter Jessica Hawes for showing me this letter.
24. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 4–5.
25. I am grateful to Nicola Kent for this account.
26. IWM, Spencer Letters, Wilbert Spencer to his father, 14 August.
27. I am grateful to Nicola Kent for this information.
28. IWM, Spencer Letters, Wilbert Spencer to his father, 20, 25 November 1914; to his mother, 1 December 1914.
29. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. vii–xiii.
30. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 1–3.
31. Harris, Billie, p. 15.
32. Ridley and Percy, eds, Letters of Arthur Balfour and Lady Elcho, pp. 311–12.
33. ODNB, Raymond Mackenzie, Lady Cynthia Mary Evelyn Asquith; Beauman, Cynthia Asquith; for Beb see Jenkins, Asquith, pp. 55, 59, 195, 424; MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, p. 203.
34. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 46–60, 194–262: Stanway Archive, YVO 1.02; Dakers, Countryside at War, pp. 25–30
35. NA, War Office Papers: Herbert Trench; NLI, Coffey and Chenevix Trench Archive, MS 46318/2.
36. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 20 July 1914.
37. Pyle, Cesca's Diary, p. 127
38. Trench Archive, HCT to CCT, undated August 1914; RCT to CCH, 19 August 1914; A.J. Fletcher, ‘Between the Lines’, History Today, November 2009.
39. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 26 August 1914; G. Goold Walker, The Honourable Artillery Company 1537–1926, p. 268.
40. NA, War Office Papers WO 339/27123.
41. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 18 September 1914.
42. Trench Archive, HCT to ICT, 19 September 1914.
43. Simkins, Kitchener's Army, pp. 79–103; McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 25–88.
44. Piuk, Dream within the Dark, pp. 18–23.
45. Ibid., pp. 15–18.
46. IWM Newman Letters.
47. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 2, 464.
48. Moynihan, ed., God on Our Side, pp. 140–1.
49. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 223–303; Mosley, Julian Grenfell, pp. 236–57.
50. Parker, The Old Lie, pp. 125–34; ODNB, rev. Richard Ingrams, Malcolm Muggeridge.
51. J. Springhall, ‘Building Character in the British Boy: The Attempt to Extend Christian Manliness to Working-class Adolescents, 1880–1914’, in Mangan and Walvin, Manliness and Morality, pp. 52–74.
52. ODNB, Allen Warren, Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell.
53. Parker, The Old Lie, pp. 145–7; DeGroot, Blighty, pp. 36–42.
54. ODNB, Peter Newbolt, George Alfred Henty; Girouard, Return to Camelot, pp. 253–66.
55. ODNB, David Gervais, Sir Henry John Newbolt.
56. Parker, The Old Lie, pp. 56–8; Girouard, Return to Camelot, pp. 169–73, 233.
57. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School, pp. 179–206.
58. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 29 July 1912.
59. Girouard, Return to Camelot, pp. 283, 285; Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 9 September 1914.
60. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 23 December 1912; Kipling, Rewards and Fairies, pp. 175–6; H. Ricketts, The Unforgiving Minute, pp. 293–4.
61. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 19 March 1914.
62. Carrington, Rudyard Kipling, Preface, pp. 446–7; Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 48–9.
63. Cited in Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School, p. 203.
64. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 172–3, 177.
65. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 168–70.
66. Girouard, Return to Camelot, p. 281.
67. Cited in MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, p. 150.
68. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 15 December 1913; History Today, 54 (August 2004), pp. 31–2.
69. IWM, CC May Diary, 7 December 1915, 19 January, 19 March 1916.
70. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 388, 464.
71. Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 53.
72. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 221–5.
73. Cited in Dakers, Countryside at War, p. 11.
74. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT 20 July 1914, 18 November 1917.
75. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 61, 161.
76. Harris, Billie, pp. 127–8.
77. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, p. 275.
78. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 67–8.
79. IWM, Streets Letters, Will Streets to his mother, 12 July 1915.
80. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, p. 6; Cited in Winter, Death's Men, p. 32.
81. Citations in Winter, Death's Men, pp. 32–3.
82. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 106–7, 128–32, 156–7, 177–81, 217–18, 275–9.
3 ‘Ready to Go’: Training
1. Simkins, Kitchener's Army, pp. 296–300.
2. Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, pp. 35–42.
3. Winter, Death's Men, pp. 35–44 may overstate this.
4. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 1–3.
5. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 24 August, 4, 18 September 1914, RCT to CCH, 17 September.
6. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 1–2.
7. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 32–3.
8. Cited in Simkins, Kitchener's Army, p. 302.
9. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 3.
10. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 24, 26, 50.
11. Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, pp. 22–31.
12. Harris, Billie, pp. 17–30.
13. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 3–9.
14. Hanson, The Unknown Soldier, pp. 45–51.
15. IWM, Reader Letters, 1–4.
16. Harris, Billie, p. 17; Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 4–6.
17. I am grateful to Gerry Harrison for much valuable information about Charlie May.
18. IWM, May diary, pp. 1–2.
19. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 282–91, 303.
20. Ibid., pp. 46–60, 194–262: Stanway Archive, YVO 1.02; Dakers, Countryside at War, pp. 25–30.
21. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 302–7, 314.
22. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 3; H.A.R. May, Memories of the Artists’ Rifles.
23. IWM, Spencer Letters, W.B.P Spencer to his mother, 1 December 1914.
24. IWM, Spencer Letters, W.B.P. Spencer to his father 20, 25 November 1914.
25. IWM, Reader Letters, 6–13.
26. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 4–15.
27. IWM, Streets Letters, Will Streets to his mother 12 July, 25 October 1915.
28. Harris, Billie, p. 28.
29. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 222–3.
30. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 1–3.
31. IWM, Spencer Letters, W.P.B. Spencer to his father, 1 December 1914.
32. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, p. 7; Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 1.
33. IWM, Newman Letters, p. 104.
34. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 8–9.
35. Harris, Billie, pp. 43–5.
36. IWM, Reader Letters, 14–15; Hanson, Unknown Soldier, pp. 53–6.
37. Vaughan, Some Desperate Glory, pp. viii, 1–2.
38. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 2–3; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 197–201.
39. Trench Archive, Western Front letters 1–21.
40. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 10–11.
41. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 17–18.
42. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 1–2.
43. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 7–11.
44. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 5 March 1917.
45. IWM, Newman Letters, p. 106.
46. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, pp. 79–85.
47. Edmonds, A Subaltern's War, pp. 120–1; Bond, Survivors of a Kind, p. 20.
48. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, pp. 90–1.
49. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 12–14.
50. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 315–17.
51. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 22–3, 29, 33, 43, 62–74.
52. IWM, Reader Letters, 18–21; Hanson, Unknown Soldier, pp. 56–66.
53. IWM, Nevill Letters, 19–27; Harris, Billie, pp. 45–54.
54. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 12–17, 80.
55. Harris, Billie, pp. 72–3.
56. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 4–24 September 1914.
57. Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 130–7, 167–70.
58. Trench Archive, CCH to RCT, 9 December 1914.
59. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 13 October–23 December 1914. A.J. Willmer to RCT, 3 January 1915; F.H.L. Errington, The Inns of Court Officers Training Corps, pp. 13–30, 49–65.
4 ‘Write as Often as You Can’: Letters and Parcels
1. IWM, McGregor Letters, 10 June 1916.
2. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 3, 10, 36, 43, 61, 77, 100, 125, 128.
3. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 1–33; IWM, McGregor Letters, 30 June, 7 July.
4. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 32, 61, 63, 74–5, 115, 174, 185, 246–7.
5. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 31 March 1917.
6. Particularly transparent examples are Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 20 March and 24 October 1917.
7. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 1 May, 4 July, 3, 8 August, 21 September, 16 October 1917.
8. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 19 March, 18, 20, 23 April, 19 August 1917.
9. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 125, 361, 378, 381, 413; History Today, 59 (November 2009), pp. 49–50.
10. IWM, Sweeney Letters. Volumes 1 and 5 contain much miscellaneous material on his career before the Great War and after it; volumes 2 to 4 contain letters from the Front, mostly with their envelopes, in chronological order.
11. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. xix, 322–31.
12. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 130–1.
13. Trench Archive, HCT to ICT, September 1914, 16 July 1915.
14. Harris, Billie, pp. 1–11, 116; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 59.
15. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. vii, 8–9, 19–20.
16. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 315–30.
17. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 11–21, 37–8, 96–9, 119–20.
18. IWM, Spencer Letters, 8–31.
19. Harris, Billie, p. 5; IWM, Streets papers, Will Streets to Ben, 20 June 1916.
20. IWM, Reader Letters, 30.
21. IWM, Reader Letters, 15–77.
22. IWM, Newman Letters, p. 469.
23. IWM, McGregor Letters, 27 July, 29 August 1916.
24. Bourke, Dismembering the Male, p. 22.
25. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 134.
26. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 183, 213–14.
27. IWM, Streets Papers, undated 1916.
28. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 100.
29. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 20 March, 17 October 1917.
30. IWM, Newman Letters, p. 422.
31. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 16 April, 5 May, 2, 13 June 1917, 14 February 1918; History Today 54 (August 2004), pp. 35, 59; (November 2009), p. 48.
32. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 327–52, 408.
33. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 89–90.
34. Harris, Billie, pp. 95, 112–15.
35. Roper, Secret Battle, p. 64.
36. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 126–7.
37. IWM, Reader Letters, 12–72; Meyer, Men of War, pp. 22–3, 26.
38. IWM, Sweeney Letters, 10 September 1916; Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 63–85.
39. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 108.
40. IWM, McGregor Letters, 30 June 1916; Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, p. 19.
41. IWM, Spencer Letters, 3 January 1915; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 66.
42. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 79–82; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 66.
43. I am grateful to Michael Roper for skilful analysis of this letter in ‘Maternal Relations: Moral Manliness and Emotional Survival in Letters Home during the First World War’, in S. Dudink, K. Hagermann and J. Tosh, eds, Masculinity in Politics and War (2004), pp. 295–315.
44. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 5–25 April 1917; RCT to ICT, 16 April 1917.
45. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 159–61, 317–18.
46. IWM, Reader Letters, 30, 44.
47. IWM, Reader Letters, 18; Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 10; Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, p. 26.
48. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 7, 22, 31 December 1915, 19 March, 13 April, 7 May 1916; above.
49. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 29 May, 5, 19 September, 15 November 1917.
50. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 22, 29 January, 5 February 1918.
51. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 14, 18, 23 April, 1 September 1917, RCT to ICT, 13 April 1917.
52. IWM, Spencer Letters, 17,19.
5 ‘Sticking it Out’: Fear and Shell Shock
1. Showalter, Female Malady, p. 169.
2. Roper, Journal of British Studies (JBS) 44 (2005), pp. 350–2; Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 140–1.
3. Roper, Secret Battle, p. 20.
4. Ibid., p. 17; Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, p. 59.
5. IWM, Newman Letters, 1–4 August 1916.
6. Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, p. 55.
7. Hankey, A Student in Arms, pp. 32–3.
8. Roper, JBS 44 (2005), pp. 351–5.
9. ODNB, R.R.H. Lovell, Charles McMoran Wilson, first Baron Moran.
10. Moran, Anatomy of Courage, pp. 27–9, 125–41.
11. Roper, JBS 44 (2005), pp. 356–8; Moran, Anatomy of Courage, pp. 41–74; Keith Simpson in Cecil and Liddle, eds, Facing Armageddon, p. 577.
12. Winter, Death's Men, pp. 115–20; McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, p. 200.
13. Cited in Winter, Death's Men, pp. 118–19.
14. Middlebrook, ed., Diaries of Private Bruckshaw, p. 153.
15. Cited in Roper, Secret Battle, p. 17.
16. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 241–3; Mosley, Julian Grenfell, pp. 240–3.
17. IWM, Newman Letters, 24 May 1915, 24 March 1918; Meyer, Men of War, p. 21.
18. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 24, 63, 79; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 17.
19. Harris, Billie, pp. 55, 66, 95.
20. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 295–300.
21. Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 263–6.
22. IWM, Reader Letters 24, 31, 36; Meyer, Men of War, pp. 18, 21.
23. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 18–19.
24. Moynihan, ed., God on Our Side, p. 123.
25. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 13 April 1917.
26. IWM, Spencer Letters, 14.
27. IWM, Spencer Letters, 9.
28. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 52–3.
29. Harris, Billie, p. 103.
30. Vaughan, Some Desperate Glory, p. 192.
31. Cited in Roper, Secret Battle, p. 255.
32. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, p. 72.
33. IWM, May Diary, 27 March 1916.
34. Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, p. 49.
35. Campbell, In the Cannon's Mouth, pp. 1–39.
36. ODNB, F.C. Bartlett, rev. Hugh Series, Charles Myers.
37. Showalter, Female Malady, p. 174.
38. Roper, Secret Battle, p. 31.
39. Shephard, A War of Nerves, pp. 21–32.
40. Stryker, ‘Mental Cases: British Shellshock and the Politics of Interpretation’, p. 161.
41. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to Cesca CT, 26 September 1914, CCH to RCT, 3 October 1914.
42. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to Cesca CT, undated October 1914.
43. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to MCT, 29 October 1914.
44. Trench Archive, RCT to CCH, 8 November 1914.
45. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to MCT, 15 November 1914.
46. Herbert Trench Archive, typescript copy of postcard from HCT to Sheelah Trench, with manuscript note by Benjamin Bloomfield Trench; HCT to RCT, 18 November 1914.
47. Pyle, Cesca's Diary, p. 176.
48. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to Cesca CT, 14/20 December 1914.
49. NA, War Office Papers WO339/27123
50. Pyle, Cesca's Diary, pp. 183–6.
51. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to MCT, 15 November 1914.
52. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to ICT, 16 July 1915; NA, War Office Papers WO339/22227123.
53. ODNB, rev. Wilder Penfield, Sir Gordon Morgan Holmes.
54. Babington, Shellshock, pp. 75–103; Shepherd, A War of Nerves, pp. 30–2; A.D. Macleod, ‘Shellshock, Gordon Holmes and the Great War’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 97 (2004), pp. 86–9; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 357–8.
55. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 137–9.
56. Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, p. 157.
57. Marks, The Laughter Goes from Life, p. 67.
58. ODNB, Richard A. Storey, Max Plowman.
59. [Plowman], A Subaltern on the Somme, pp. 52–4; Bond, Survivors of a Kind, p. 108.
60. Keith Simpson, ‘Dr James Dunn and Shellshock’, in Cecil and Liddle, eds, Facing Armageddon, pp. 502–20.
61. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 56, 61–3, 129; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 247.
62. Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, pp. 161–5.
63. http://web.mala.bc.ca/davies/letters.images/Fereday/Fereday.collection.htm, Canadian Letters and Images Project. I am grateful to Malcolm Kitch for this reference.
64. Cited in Meyer, Men of War, p. 22.
65. Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, pp. 156–7.
66. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 68–9.
67. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 276–81.
68. Carrington, Soldier from the Wars Returning, pp. 191–7; Bond, Survivors of a Kind, pp. 21–3.
69. Trench Archive, HCT to Cesca CT, 30 September 1915.
70. NLI, Coffey and Chenevix Trench Archive, 46323/6.
71. Trench Archive, HCT to Cesca CT, 20 February 1916.
72. NLI, Coffey and Chenevix Trench Archive, 46323/8.
73. Trench Archive, HCT to MCT, 19 September 1916.
74. NA, War Office Papers WO339/27123; NLI, Coffey and Chenevix Trench Archive, 46323/12; Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 12 May 1917, 3 February 1918.
75. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 13 September 1917; RCT to ICT, 27 February 1918.
76. Stryker, ‘Mental Cases’, pp. 163–8.
77. Roper, JBS 44 (2005), pp. 350–3.
6 ‘A Certain Sense of Safety with Him’: Leadership
1. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 13 May 1917; RCT to CCT, 30 April 1917.
2. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 75.
3. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 5 July 1917.
4. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 279–82.
5. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 25 December 1915.
6. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 468, 514–15.
7. Cited in Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, p. 193.
8. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 78.
9. Cited in Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, p. 137.
10. Wemyss, A Family Record, p. 316; Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 2; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 173.
11. IWM, Spencer Letters, 10; Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 9–16; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 175.
12. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 316, 333–4; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 176.
13. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 96, 115, 142.
14. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, p. 240.
15. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 31, 139–40.
16. Bracco, Merchants of Hope, pp. 155, 165.
17. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 352, 461.
18. IWM, Sweeney Letters, pp. 223–9.
19. Panichas, ed., Promise of Greatness, pp. 133–54; Middlebrook, ed., Diaries of Private Bruckshaw, p. 165.
20. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, p. 15.
21. Harris, Billie, p. 127.
22. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 2 June 1917.
23. IWM, Newman Letters, p. 158.
24. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 13 May, 25 June, 8, 10, 12 August 1917.
25. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 25, 73, 83, 106, 120–1.
26. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 22, 95–6.
27. Harris, Billie, pp. 60, 136, 155–6.
28. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 14, 24 November 1917.
29. IWM, Charlie May Diary, p. 24.
30. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 182.
31. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 2 June 1916; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 166–7.
32. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 18 December 1915, 30 January 1916.
33. Cited in Holmes, Tommy, p. 170.
34. Spicer, Letters from France, p. 5.
35. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 51.
36. Holmes, Tommy, pp. 359–62.
37. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 3, 8.
38. Ibid., p. 119.
39. Ibid., p. 351.
40. I am grateful to Lieutenant Colonel Adrian Bunting for information about this relationship.
41. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 23 April, 19 May 1917.
42. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 8 March 1918; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 145.
43. Trench Archive, Albert Lane to CCT, undated 1950s.
44. Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 137–8, 157.
45. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 132.
46. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 51–4; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 138–42.
47. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 68–70; IWM, Sweeney Letters, 17 December 1915.
48. Harris, Billie, pp. 118–19, 168.
49. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 72, 114–15.
50. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 262, 362.
51. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 59.
52. IWM, Reader Letters, 21.
53. Middlebrook, ed., Diaries of Private Bruckshaw, pp. xxii–xxiii, 150.
54. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 148, 178.
55. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 82
56. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 4–6 December 1915.
57. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 107, 119–20.
58. Sherwood Foresters Regimental Museum, Operation Orders 27–30, 2/5th Battalion.
59. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 11, 13 October 1917.
60. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 59.
61. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 24 November 1917.
62. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 29 February, 8 March 1916.
63. IWM, Spencer Letters 9.
64. Harris, Billie, pp. 117–18.
65. Spicer, Letters Sent from France, pp. 3–6.
66. Spicer, ibid., p. 55 has a map showing the regiment's positions at 7.30 a.m. and at nightfall on 1 July.
67. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 74–127.
68. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 101–7, 260, 275–86.
69. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 38–51, 69–73, 112–17, 159–60.
70. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 308–9.
71. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 5 April 1917, RCT to ICT, 13 April 1917; Sherwood Foresters Regimental Museum, 2/5th Battalion diary of events 23/2/17–3/8/18; Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 57–75; History Today, 54 (August 2004), pp. 35–6.
72. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 3, 7 May 1917; RCT to ICT, 3, 10 May 1917; Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 79–87.
7 ‘Such a Helpless Lot of Babes’: Care for the Men
1. Winter, Death's Men, pp. 95–8.
2. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 13 April 1917; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 122–3.
3. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 66.
4. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 19 May 1917.
5. Griffith quoted in Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 81–2.
6. Roper, Secret Battle, p. 165.
7. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 130.
8. Harris, Billie, p. 47.
9. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 28 February, 2 March 1917.
10. IWM, Spencer Letters, 8.
11. Meyer, Men of War, p. 51.
12. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 109, 130; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 124–5.
13. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 388, 391, 445; Meyer, Men of War, p. 32.
14. Cited in Duffett, ‘A War Unimagined: Food and the Rank and File Soldier of the First World War’, in Meyer, ed., British Popular Culture and the First World War, p. 50.
15. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, pp. 96–8.
16. Holmes, Tommy, pp. 314–15, citing Dolden.
17. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 21 September 1917; RCT to ICT, 24 October 1917.
18. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, p. 97; Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, p. 59.
19. Cited in Holmes, Tommy, pp. 320–1; Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 227–8.
20. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 13, 22 May 1917; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 112.
21. History Today, 54 (August 2004), p. 34.
22. Hall, Green Triangle, p. 153.
23. Ibid.
24. Meyer, ed., British Popular Culture and the First World War, pp. 53–4.
25. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 23 August 1917.
26. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 19 August, 5, 9 September 1917.
27. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 3 February 1918.
28. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, pp. 82–3; Bowman, Irish Regiments in the Great War, pp. 26–7.
29. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 16 March 1916.
30. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, pp. 184, 203–5.
31. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 188–90.
32. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 42–3, 52–3.
33. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 5, 9 September 1917; RCT to CCT, 29 August, 10 September 1917.
34. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 7, 9, 30 October 1917, 15 February 1918, RCT to ICT, 14 February 1918; Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 120–30; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 132–3.
35. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 23 March, 18 April 1917.
36. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, p. 287; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 134.
37. Trench Archive, 9 November 1917.
38. Spicer, Letters from France, p. 2.
39. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 233, 244, 253, 261; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 189.
40. Cited in Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, p. 82.
41. Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 133–4.
42. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 105, 121, 125; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 130–1.
43. Harris, Billie, pp. 69, 183–4; Winter, Death's Men, pp. 146–7.
44. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 5, 9, 10 March 1917, RCT to ICT, 3 March 1917; Roper, Secret Battle, p. 121.
45. History Today, 54 (August 2004), pp. 34–5.
46. Harris, Billie, p. 77.
47. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 44, 56.
48. Harris, Billie, p. 74.
49. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 26 January 1918.
50. Winter, Death's Men, pp. 155–6; Holmes, Tommy, p. 604; Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, p. 91.
51. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, p. 268.
52. Cited in Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, p. 88.
53. Ibid., pp. 88–9, 94; Hall, Green Triangle, p. 98.
54. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 366, 439.
55. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 22 April 1916.
56. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 132.
57. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, p. 255.
58. Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 94–6.
59. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, p. 91.
60. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 1 June, 30 July, 7, 20 August, 18 September 1917, 3 February 1918; RCT to ICT, 19 August 1917; History 60 (2005), pp. 533–4, 542.
61. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 106–7, 128–9.
62. For this argument see Roper, Secret Battle, esp. pp. 159–63.
63. Cited in Holmes, Tommy, pp. 577–8; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 164–5.
64. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 112–18,
65. Spicer, Letters from France, p. 16.
66. Harris, Billie, pp. 56, 62.
67. Burgoyne Diaries, p. 85.
68. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 27 February 1917.
69. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 27 February, 11 April 1917.
70. Bond, Survivors of a Kind, p. 108.
71. [Plowman], A Subaltern on the Somme, pp. 63–4.
72. Burgoyne Diaries, p. 77.
73. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 7, 10 March 1917; RCT to ICT, 24 October 1917.
74. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 4 January 1918.
75. Harris, Billie, p. 140.
76. Holmes, Tommy, pp. 604–10.
77. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 77–8, 132.
78. Holmes, Tommy, pp. 602–3; Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, pp. 94–110, 186–93.
79. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 20 April 1916.
80. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, pp. 185–6.
81. ODNB, rev. Eric Midwinter, Stanley Augustus Holloway.
82. ODNB, Eric Shorter, Leslie Henson.
83. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 79, 184.
84. ODNB, Frank M. Scheide, Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin.
85. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 133–4; Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, pp. 110–13.
86. Hall, Green Triangle, p. 95; Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 23 September 1917.
87. Holmes, Tommy, pp. 503–24; Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, pp. 100–4.
88. I am grateful to Dr Edward Madigan for these figures.
89. Trench Archive, The Times, 3 June 1963; Blackburne, This Also Happened on the Western Front.
90. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 18, 75, 85–7, 109–10, 135–6.
91. Ibid., p. 174.
92. Chapman, Passionate Prodigality, p. 117; Holmes, Tommy, pp. 514–15.
93. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, p. 216.
94. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 14 April, 5, 23 August 1917.
95. Trench Archive, letter from Rev. H.P. Greaves to the Evening Standard, undated; Hall, Green Triangle, p. 155.
96. Moynihan, ed., God on Our Side, pp. 116–43.
97. Ibid., pp. 144–73.
98. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 331, 370, 375, 445.
99. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, pp. 99–104.
100. Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture, pp. 26–7.
8 ‘Drops of his Blood on my Hand’: Horror and Endurance
1. Todman, The Great War, pp. 1–26.
2. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 199–201.
3. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 20–8, 52–4.
4. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 102–7.
5. Ibid., pp. 279–81.
6. See, for this repression, Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 247–51.
7. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. xiv, 3–6. See above pp. 136–7.
8. Harris, ed., Billie, p. 145
9. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 61–3, 125–6.
10. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 6, 13 December 1917, RCT to ICT, 8, 22 December 1917.
11. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, p. 21.
12. Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, pp. 246–7.
13. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 74, 81–3, 86–8.
14. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 279–82.
15. Cited in Todman, The Great War, pp. 46–7.
16. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, p. 200.
17. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 18 April, 9 October 1917, 14 February 1918.
18. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 417–19, 424–5, 466–8, 477.
19. Moran, Anatomy of Courage, pp. 42, 128.
20. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 6 April, 24 June 1916; Meyer, Men of War, pp. 57–60.
21. Harris, Billie, pp. 98–9, 120, 170.
22. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 73, 75–6, 79, 100, 127. For Ginchy see above pp. 219–20.
23. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 29, 30 April, 1, 2, 7 May 1917; RCT to ICT, 16 April, 3, 10 May 1917.
24. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 9, 12 May 1917; RCT to ICT, 22 May 1917; History Today 59(November 2009), p. 49.
25. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 9 October, 2 December 1917, 9 March 1918.
26. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 9, 15, 17–18, 89, 131.
27. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 160–4.
28. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 21.
29. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 9–10.
30. For spiritualism see Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, pp. 5, 54–77
31. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 3, 29 July, 10, 25 August, 24, 28 November 1917: Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 91–2
32. Middlebrook, ed., Diaries of Private Bruckshaw, pp. 153–4; Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, p. 25.
33. Harris, Billie, p. 135.
34. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 59, 77–87.
35. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 30 April 1917.
36. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 11 February 1917.
9 ‘I Merely Did my Duty’: Discipline and Morale
1. Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 56–8, 140–1.
2. Bowman, Irish Regiments in the Great War, p. 21.
3. Carrington, Soldier from the Wars Returning, p. 172.
4. Babington, For the Sake of Example; Putkowski and Sykes, Shot at Dawn; McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 162–3.
5. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 93; Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 66–7; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 160, 166.
6. See the table on p. 173 of McCartney, Citizen Soldiers.
7. Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 59.
8. Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 63–4; Holmes, Tommy, p. 558.
9. Bourke, Dismembering the Male, pp. 99–101.
10. Citations from Sheffield, Leadership in the Trenches, pp. 64–5.
11. Citations from Holmes, Tommy, p. 559.
12. MacArthur, For King and Country, pp. 175–6.
13. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 108–9.
14. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 163–7.
15. Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 39.
16. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 172–5, citing Moran, Anatomy of Courage, p. 69.
17. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 5 June 1917.
18. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 167–8.
19. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 88–9, 114; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 158–9.
20. [Plowman], A Subaltern on the Somme, pp. 84–5, 87–9.
21. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 168–71, 173.
22. Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 40.
23. [Plowman], A Subaltern on the Somme, pp. 189–91, 198–9.
24. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 16, 23–27 December 1915, 19 January 1916.
25. Ibid., 28–29 March, 23 April 1916.
26. Citations from Holmes, Tommy, p. 556; Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 61.
27. For rules and procedure see Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, pp. 221–7.
28. Middlebrook, ed., Diaries of Private Bruckshaw, p. 173.
29. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 152.
30. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 26 August 1917, 22 January 1918, RCT to ICT, 5 January 1918. For this incident see p. 166.
31. Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 56–9.
32. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 25–30 July 1917.
33. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 29, 31 July, 11 September 1917, 20 February 1918.
34. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 55–9, 74–127.
35. IWM, Streets Papers; Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, pp. 27–8, 58, 63.
36. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 438–44, 508–9.
37. Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 64.
38. Citations ibid., p. 63; Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 111.
39. Simkins, Kitchener's Army, pp. 79–103; Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 64–5.
40. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 22 August, 1, 12, 21 September, 2 October, 15 November 1917, RCT to ICT, 16 September 1917.
41. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 75.
42. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 9 October 1917; Hall, Green Triangle, facing p. 99.
43. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, pp. 248–9
44. Moran, Anatomy of Courage, p. 16.
45. Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 70–1.
46. Moynihan, ed., God on Our Side, p. 133.
47. Ferguson, Pity of War, pp. 357–66; Winter, Death's Men, pp. 210–11.
48. Fraser-Tytler, Field Guns in France, pp. 51, 255.
49. Fitzwilliams, Letters from a Gunner, pp. 16–17, 69, 72, 245–53, 299.
50. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, p. 111.
51. IWM, Newman Letters, p. 165; cited in Meyer, Men of War, p. 19.
52. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 11 May 1917.
53. Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 73–84.
54. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 24 October 1917.
55. Cited in Holmes, Tommy, p. 545.
56. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 130–1.
57. MacArthur, ed., For King and Country, pp. 82–5.
58. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 21 March 1916.
59. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 12–13.
60. Ashworth, Trench Warfare, p. 19.
61. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 16–17.
62. Housman, ed., War Letters of Fallen Englishmen, p. 241.
63. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 136.
64. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 55.
65. Smith, Letters Sent from France, p. 86.
66. For this argument see Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 141–7.
67. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 115–17.
68. Captain Liddell Hart cited in Ashworth, Trench Warfare, p. 25.
69. Ibid., pp. 24–7.
70. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 117–19; Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, pp. 52–5; Holmes, Tommy, pp. 544–6.
71. Winter, Death's Men, pp. 220–2; Ashworth, Trench Warfare, pp. 27–39; McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, pp. 178–9.
72. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 98–9.
73. Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 149.
74. Sheffield and Todman, eds, Command and Control on the Western Front, pp. 6–8.
75. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 12–79, esp. pp. 40–1.
76. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 3–30, esp. 15–16.
77. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 20–8. For a narrative of the battle see Gilbert, First World War, pp. 196–201.
78. Simkins, Kitchener's Army, pp. 316–17.
79. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 154–7.
10 ‘Very Gallant in Every Way’: Early Losses
1. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 122–3; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 132–3.
2. IWM, Spencer Letters 31 and condolence letters.
3. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, p. 124.
4. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 287–99; Mosley, Julian Grenfell, pp. 252–67; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 191–4; Gilbert, First World War, p. 161.
5. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 197–204.
6. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 314–34.
7. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 136–44.
11 ‘Blighty, oh Blighty in about a Week’: Leave
1. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 157–8, 181–3.
2. McCartney, Citizen Soldiers, p. 101.
3. Thompson, ed., Julian Grenfell, pp. 247–59.
4. Smith, Letters Sent from France, pp. 58, 65, 73, 101–2, 107.
5. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 64–5, 84, 104, 181, 196.
6. Harris, Billie, pp. 120, 126.
7. Ibid., p. 134.
8. Ibid., pp. 142, 182–6.
9. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 27–32, 71.
10. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 3–17 February 1916.
11. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 16–172.
12. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 83, 91, 127–40.
13. Ibid., pp. 141–50, 194, 297–8.
14. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, p. 185.
15. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 10, 12 June 1917.
16. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 29 May, 23 June, 4, 25 July 1917.
17. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 2 August 1917, 1 January 1918; RCT to ICT, 22 December 1917.
18. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 20 February 1918; Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 139–48.
19. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 222–32.
20. ODNB, Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, Douglas Haig, First Earl Haig.
21. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 387, 413, 418–19, 427–8.
22. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 73–6; IWM, Sweeney Letters, 2 May, 23 June 1916.
23. IWM, Sweeney Letters, 19 November, 8 December 1916.
24. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 85–6.
25. Winter, Death's Men, pp. 165–9.
26. Campbell, In the Cannon's Mouth, pp. 96–8; Holmes, Tommy, pp. 610–12.
12 ‘I Am Serene, Unafraid’: The Somme
1. For the planning of the battle and preparations between January and June 1916 see Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 88–171; Howard, First World War, pp. 64–5.
2. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 1 March 1916.
3. Watson, Enduring the Great War, p. 150.
4. IWM, Charlie May Diary, 14 May, 15, 16 June 1916.
5. Cited in Philpott, Bloody Victory, p. 171.
6. Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, p. 276.
7. Howard, First World War, pp.64–5.
8. Strachan, The First World War, pp. 186–8; Holmes, The Western Front, pp. 124–6.
9. Gilbert, The First World War, pp.256–60
10. I am grateful to the producer of the film Lions Led by Donkeys, Brian Harding, for lending me a DVD of the film he made.
11. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 107.
12. For the plan and preparations see Middlebrook, The First Day on the Somme, pp. 53–106.
13. Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, p. 63.
14. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. 50; Harris, Billie, pp. 190–2.
15. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 108–9.
16. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 8–9, 600–1.
17. Middlebrook, First Day on the Somme, p. 210; for Mametz see Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 184–7.
18. IWM, Charlie May Diary 17 June–1 July; correspondence between Maud May and Arthur Bunting.
19. I am grateful to Lieutenant Colonel Adrian Bunting for this information.
20. Middlebrook, First Day on the Somme, p. 124; ODNB, Roger T. Stearn, Wilfrid Percy Nevill; for Montauban see Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 172–84.
21. Harris, Billie, pp. 195–206.
22. IWM, Streets Papers, letters to Ben Streets 20 June 1916, his mother 23 June 1916.
23. J.W. Streets, The Undying Splendour, ed. H.W. Streets, pp. 6–10.
24. Piuk, A Dream within the Dark, pp. 65–78; Gilbert, The First World War, p. 261; for Serre see Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 187–92.
25. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, p. 115.
26. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 276–9.
27. Citations in this paragraph from Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 150–1.
28. The best short account of the battle in July and August is Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 209–82.
29. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 110–49.
30. Spicer, War Letters from France, pp. 55–75.
31. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 50–75.
32. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 348–9.
33. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 69–73; see above p. 140.
34. IWM, McGregor Papers; Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 26–34.
35. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 359–66.
36. For a full account of the battle see Hanson, Unknown Soldier, pp. 165–88.
37. IWM, Reader Letters, 68–77; Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, pp. 105–8; Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 538–40.
38. Cited in Philpott, Bloody Victory, p. 433.
39. Ibid., pp. 434–45.
13 ‘Capable of Finishing the Job’: Battles of 1917–1918
1. Howard, First World War, pp. 81–2; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 308–9.
2. Strachan, First World War, p. 192.
3. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 17 March 1917, RCT to CCT, 18, 20 March 1917.
4. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 104–5.
5. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 81–2, 93–6.
6. Howard, First World War, pp. 88–90; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 361–5.
7. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 93–7.
8. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT, 20 June, 29 September 1917.
9. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 190–216; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 319–23, 336–8, 361–5, 377–83; Howard, First World War, pp. 81–5, 88–90.
10. Cited in Watson, Enduring the Great War, pp. 153–5.
11. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 216–20.
12. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 21 November 1917, RCT to ICT, 24 November 1917.
13. Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 129–30; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 378–83; Howard, First World War, p. 90; Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 216–20.
14. Gregory, Last Great War, p. 213; Brown, IWM Book of 1918: Year of Victory, pp. 1–18.
15. Gilbert, First World War, p. 365.
16. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 190–6; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 319–21.
17. For the whole story see Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 352–5.
18. Howard, First World War, pp. 99–101; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 406–7; Strachan, First World War, pp. 282–9.
19. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 21 March 1918.
20. Middlebrook, The Kaiser's Battle, pp. 146–222: Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 497–8.
21. Middlebrook, The Kaiser's Battle, pp. 223–260.
22. Trench Archive, Captain H.J. Greaves to Mrs Trench, 30 June 1918.
23. Trench Archive, Drummer Field to Colonel Stepney, 28 January 1919; Private Borchat to Mrs Trench, 1 January 1919; R.W. Lloyd to Mrs Trench, 28 April 1930.
24. Trench Archive, A.J. Lane to Mrs Trench, 12 May 1918; Brigadier T.W. Stansfield to Mrs Trench, with enclosures, 11 April 1918; schedule of questions sent to A.J. Lane by CCT and his replies.
25. Trench Archive, CCT to RCT, 26, 29 March 1918.
26. Trench Archive, C.Q.M.S. Wild to Mrs Trench, 3, 29 May 1918.
27. Hall, Green Triangle, pp. 152–3.
28. Trench Archive, Captain Barrows to Mrs Trench, 27 April 1918, Lieutenant Rossiter to Mrs Trench, 16 January 1919, Brigadier Stansfield to Mrs Trench, 27 March 1918; Major Pratt to Mrs Trench, 9 April 1918, Captain Stebbing to Mrs Trench, 20 April 1918.
14 ‘The Men Cannot Grasp It’: Armistice
1. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 107–9.
2. Ibid.
3. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 498, 538–9.
4. http://web.mala.bc.ca/davies/letters.images/Fereday/Fereday.collection.htm, Canadian Letters and Images Project. I am grateful to Malcolm Kitch for this reference.
5. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 110–15.
6. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 503–15; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 406–19; Howard, First World War, pp. 101–2.
7. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 221–42; Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 519–27; Howard, First World War, pp. 105–6.
8. Cited in Gilbert, First World War, p. 455.
9. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 172–82.
10. Cited in Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, p. 323.
11. Ibid., pp. 323–31.
12. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 184–6.
13. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, pp. 242–51; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 454–71; Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 527–32.
14. ODNB Jon Stallworthy, Wilfred Edward Salter Owen.
15. Sheffield, Forgotten Victory, p. 257.
16. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 532–3; Howard, First World War, pp. 107–12; Gilbert, First World War, pp. 469–500.
17. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 189–98.
18. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 494–8.
19. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 198–202.
20. Brown, IWM Book of the Western Front, pp. 339–44.
21. Gregory, Silence of Memory, p. 64.
22. Winter, Death's Men, pp. 235–7.
23. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. 124–5.
24. MacArthur, ed., For King and Country, pp. 400–2.
25. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 203–4.
26. Cited in Winter, Death's Men, p. 237.
27. Bond, Survivors of a Kind, pp. 27–35.
28. Holmes, Tommy, pp. 613–14.
29. MacArthur, ed., For King and Country, pp. 402–4.
30. Todman, The Great War, pp. 49–50.
31. Cited ibid., p. 50.
32. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to MCT, 1 February 1917; HCT to Cesca Trench, 12 April, 17 May 1917.
33. Gilbert, First World War, pp. 351–2.
34. Trench Archive, F.H. Chenevix Trench to ICT, 12 April 1918; Georgiana Steel to CCT, undated and 9 April 1918.
35. Herbert Trench Archive, HCT to Cesca Trench, 27 July 1918.
36. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 88–92.
37. IWM, Newman Letters, pp. 540–1.
38. Newman archive reflections November 1918.
39. Newman archive reflections 1919.
40. DeGroot, Blighty, pp. 253–7; Holmes, Tommy, pp. 617–22; Winter, Death's Men, pp. 238–43.
41. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. 248–51.
42. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, pp. 205–10.
15 ‘We Will Remember Them’: Remembrance and Commemoration
1. ODNB, John Hatcher, Laurence Binyon.
2. http://www//en,Wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode of Remembrance.
3. Todman, Great War, pp. 50–1.
4. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, pp. 102–4.
5. Cannadine, ‘War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain’, in Whaley, ed., Mirrors of Mortality, pp. 187–252.
6. Newman archive.
7. These paragraphs draw heavily upon Gregory, Silence of Memory, pp. 8–50.
8. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, pp. 78–98.
9. Gregory, Silence of Memory, pp. 28–9; Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, pp. 95–7.
10. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, p. 107.
11. Cited in Dakers, Countryside at War, p. 210.
12. Ibid., p. 209.
13. Pevsner, Gloucestershire, p. 632.
14. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 311–12, 539–44.
15. Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning, pp. 106–7.
16. Citations from Dakers, Countryside at War, pp. 185–6: Jalland, Death in War and Peace, pp. 50, 61–3.
17. Jalland, Death in War and Peace, p. 69.
18. Ibid., pp. 63–77.
19. Dakers, Countryside at War, illustrations between pages 192 and 193, p. 187.
20. Trench Archive, correspondence between CCT, the Red Cross and the War Office, June 1918–September 1919.
21. History Today, 54 (August 2004) with a recent photograph of the site, p. 37.
22. Trench Archive, HCT to MCT, 2 August 1919.
23. Imperial War Graves Commission to H. Reader, 7 August 1923. I am grateful to Doug Goodman for sight of this letter.
24. I am grateful to Doug Goodman for conversations about the family's acts of remembrance.
25. Gregory, Silence of Memory, pp. 98–108.
26. Ibid., pp. 34–41: Todman, Great War, pp. 51–6.
27. Middlebrook, The First Day on the Somme, p. 314.
28. Philpott, Bloody Victory, pp. 544–8.
29. Middlebrook, The First Day on the Somme, p. 314.
16 ‘All the Best and Choicest and Unblemished’: War Heroes
1. Gregory, Last Great War, cites this from Lloyd George's own pamphlet, Through Terror to Triumph (1914) but many versions of the speech were circulated.
2. Pennell, A Kingdom United, pp. 57–91.
3. Stanway Archive, Melcho MFD4, Diary 2–24 October 1915.
4. Cynthia Asquith, Diaries 1915–1918, p. 62; Dakers, Countryside at War, p. 88.
5. Stanway Archive, YVO6.
6. Peter Warlock, The Life of Philip Heseltine (1994), p. 38. I am grateful to the Earl of Wemyss for this reference and for advice about Hubert Allen.
7. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 337, 339–42.
8. Ibid., pp. 335–6.
9. MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, pp. 180–262.
10. Jenkins, Asquith, pp. 464–6.
11. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 194–7.
12. Cited ibid., p. 196.
13. Citations ibid., pp. 197, 199.
14. For Mary and Balfour see Ridley and Percy, eds, Letters of Arthur Balfour and Lady Elcho.
15. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 337–8.
16. Ibid., pp. 263–4, 372–405.
17. Ibid., p. 372; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 231–2.
18. Wemyss, A Family Record, pp. 404–5.
19. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 208–9.
20. MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, p. 189.
21. Ibid., pp. 4–22, 223–4, 231–42.
22. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 192.
23. MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, pp. 242–58.
24. Stanway Archive, Melcho ME5, Frances Horner to Mary Wemyss, 3 December 1917.
25. MacKenzie, Children of the Souls, p. 262.
26. Trench Archive, Maud Tennyson Smith to CCT, 20 April 1918.
27. Trench Archive, ICT to RCT, 24 March 1918, CCT to RCT, 24 March 1918.
28. Trench Archive, Brigadier Stansfield to Mrs Trench, 27 March 1918; Captain Clifford to Mrs Trench, 30 March 1918.
29. Trench Archive, Joyce Shipley to CCT, 15 April 1918.
30. Trench Archive, Dr Battiscombe to CCT, 8 April 1918.
31. Trench Archive, RCT to CCT, 18 November 1917.
32. D. Cannadine, ‘War and Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain’, in Whaley, ed., Mirrors of Mortality, pp. 195–6.
33. Trench Archive, Joyce Pollock to CCT, 3, 8, 14, 18 April 1918.
34. Trench Archive, Laura Pollock to CCT, 2 April 1918; Maud Mead to Mrs Trench, 15 April 1918; Lilian Morris to CCT, 16 April 1918.
35. ODNB, F.H. Lawson, rev. Peter North, Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire; Christopher Foxley-Norris, Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire.
36. Trench Archive, Primrose Cheshire to ICT, 16 April 1918; Margaret Sheepshanks to ICT, 15 April 1918; Violet Ashtown to ICT, 5 May 1918.
37. Trench Archive, Sister Ida to CCT, 9 April 1918, Dorothy Howard to CCT, 10, 17 April 1918.
38. Ibid., Walter, Edgar and Stanley Howard to CCT, 7, 8 April 1918.
39. Ibid., Emily Ismay to CCT, 20 April 1918; F.H. Chenevix Trench to CCT, 4 April 1918; Ethel Gore-Booth to CCT, 12 April 1918.
40. Ibid., Edward Burney to CCT, 9, 23 April 1918, 30 January 1919, 18 May 1963; Edward Burney to ICT, 10 April 1918.
41. Ibid., Walter Wood to ICT, 12 January 1919; Guy Beech to ICT, 16 May 1918.
42. Ibid., Mary Holgate to CCT, n.d.
43. For comment on the manner of Reggie's death see Meyer, Men of War, pp. 93–5.
44. IWM, Spencer Archive, Glasgow High School Magazine, Harold Dehry to Mr Spencer, 21 March 1915.
45. Trench Archive, William Swan to CCT, 3 May 1918; Isabelle Davis to CCT, 3 May 1918; Maud Alliban to CCT, 4, 12 April 1918.
46. Trench Archive, Ethel Gore-Booth to CCT, 12 April 1918; Edward Burney to CCT, 23 April 1918; George Fearn to CCT, 8 April 1918.
47. Trench Archive, P.T. Godsal to Benny Trench, 13 April 1918; Edward Godsal to Benny Trench, 15 April; Josie Carson to ICT, 4 May 1918; Meyer, Men of War, p. 93.
48. Williams, Religious Belief and Popular Culture in Southwark.
49. Gregory, Last Great War, pp. 152–86.
17 ‘Among the Happiest Years I Have Ever Spent’: Survivors
1. Cited in Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, Introduction.
2. Ibid., pp. xiii–xiv and illustrations.
3. Pevsner, Buckinghamshire, p. 248.
4. Feilding, War Letters to a Wife, p. ix, Introduction.
5. Edmonds [Carrington], A Subaltern's War, pp. 192–5.
6. Greenwell, An Infant in Arms, pp. ix–xix; Bond, Survivors of a Kind, pp. 13–17.
7. ODNB, Brian Holden Reid, Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart.
8. Spicer, Letters from France, pp. vii–viii, 131. I am grateful to Sir Nicholas Spicer, Susanna Spicer and David Young for reminiscences.
9. Moynihan, ed., Greater Love, pp. 90–1; IWM, Sweeney Letters. See above p.
10. I am grateful to David Newman for making available the albums and papers from his family archive on which these paragraphs are based.
11. I am grateful to Robina Lockyer and Valerie Kerslake for conversations about their father.
12. Trench Archive, HCT to MCT, 11 February 1930.
13. Trench Archive, Albert Lane to CCT, 15 May 1918.
14. Trench Archive, Mrs Lane to CCT, 23 May 1918.
15. Trench Archive, Albert Lane to CCT, 14 August 1918.
16. Trench Archive, Mrs Lane to CCT, 13 October 1918.
17. Trench Archive, Albert Lane to CCT, 17 December 1918.
18. Trench Archive, Albert Lane to CCT, 27 January 1961; Delle Fletcher to John Fletcher, 14 August 1977.
19. Trench Archive, Ron Lane to CCT, 25 September 1980; Roper, Secret Battle, pp. 145–6.
20. Nason, ed., For Love and Courage, pp. 262, 362.
21. Ibid.
22. I am grateful to Jessica Hawes for telling me this story.
23. See above, pp. 130–1.
Epilogue: The Great War in Perspective
1. Barbusse, Under Fire, introduction by Jay Winter, pp. vii–xv.
2. Trench Archive, RCT to ICT and to CCT, 5 November 1917.
3. Bond, Survivors of a Kind, pp. 93–112.
4. Ibid., pp. 1–11.
5. Ibid., pp. xiii–xvi, 13–44.
6. Edmonds [Carrington], A Subaltern's War, pp. 192–5.
7. Carrington, Soldier from the Wars Returning, pp. 259–61; Bond, Survivors of a Kind, pp. 13–26
8. Bond, Survivors of a Kind, pp. 27–34; Jameson, wife of Chapman, A Passionate Prodigality, pp. 8–9.
9. Dakers, Countryside at War, pp. 11–19.
10. Campbell, In the Cannon's Mouth, pp. 41, 99, 143.
11. See the comments by Dan Todman in The Great War, pp. 200–1.
12. L. Macdonald, They Called it Passchendale; Somme; 1914; 1914–1918: Voices and Images of the Great War; 1915: The Death of Innocence; To The Last Man: Spring 1918.
13. Holmes, Tommy, p. 441.
14. These paragraphs owe much to Dan Todman's exploration of myth and memory in The Great War, pp. 187–219.