Adams, USA snow (later brig), 17, 25, 26 (table), 31, 49, 98; renamed Detroit, 31, 42
Allan, Francis, Provincial Marine carpenter, 175
Allegheny River, Pennsylvania, 69
Allen, Benjamin, Ohio militia lieutenant, 36
Allen, Ethan, USN seaman, 173
Almy, Thomas, USN sailing master, 100 (table); commands Somers, 98; illness of, 173
Amelia (later U.S. schooner Tigress), 26 (table), 42, 43, 49, 100
Amherstburg, Upper Canada (Barclay’s home port), 16, 17, 21, 22, 25, 44, 53, 58, 65, 89–90, 104, 106, 116–17, 148, 177; shipbuilding at, 50, 53–54, 61–68, 72; logistical situation at, 94; British withdrawal from, 152–53, 161–62. See also Fort Malden
Anderson, Samuel T., USN storekeeper, 69
Anderson, William, Delaware chief, 22
Angus, Samuel, USN lieutenant, 45
Ariel, USN schooner, 63 (table), 70, 83, 96–97, 98, 100 (table), 101, 104, 110 (table), 113; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 128, 130, 134–36, 157; as Perry’s flagship, 151, 160. See also Packett, John
Armstrong, John, Jr., USA brigadier general (later secretary of war), 9, 16; and interservice cooperation, 91, 162
artillery, 110 (table), 185 (table), 187 (table); army, 55–57, 68, 95, 101; naval, 62, 68, 72, 201–2n. 22, 203, 205n. 64, 205n. 64; gunnery practice, 104–5; comparative fleet strengths in, 108–13, 205n. 64; carronade v. long gun, 111–12, 119–20; on British ships’ armament, 185–88
Artus, James, Kentucky militiaman, WIA, 135
Askin, Charles, Canadian militia captain, 35–36
Askin, John, Jr., fur trader, 28–29
Attwater, Reuben, acting governor of Michigan Territory, 22, 24
Auglaize River, Ohio, 23
Austin, Peter, USN sailor, death of, 174
Baby, James, Jacques, 30
Ball, James, USA lieutenant colonel, 81, 102
Barclay, Robert Heriot, RN acting commander, 58–61, 66, 71, 89, 100 (table), 105, 185 (table), 187 (table); receives Lake Erie command, 51–53, 73; proposes raid on Erie, 54; patrols Lake Erie, 56, 74; personnel problems of, 73–76, 83–84, 205n. 64; blockade’s failure, 84–86; and interservice cooperation, 92–96; command assignments by, 99; pre-battle preparations of, 101, 104–6; decides to attack Perry, 107–8, 116–17; comparative artillery strength, 108–10; at battle of Lake Erie, 118–20, 122–24, 127–29, 133–34, 136–37, 141–42, 144–45, 146–48; surrenders, 150; after-action report of, 153–55; post-battle career of, 177–78; on British ships’ armament, 185–88
Barron, James, USN captain, 182
Bartlett, John C., USA colonel, 102
Barton, Robert, USN surgeon, 151; defends Elliott, 164–66
bateaux: built in Cleveland, 59, 81–82, 159–60; at Amherstburg, 95; preparations for amphibious operation across Lake Erie, 103, 160
battle flag, Perry’s “Don’t Give Up the Ship,” 115, 182
Beall, Reasin, Ohio militia brigadier general, 36
Bell, Peter, Provincial Marine seaman, 175
Bell, William N., shipbuilder, 53–54, 71–72; construction of HMS Detroit, 61–68
Bignell, George, RN lieutenant, 100 (table); commands General Hunter, 99; WIA, 137
bilious fever, 106
Bird, James, USMC private, 80; court-martialed and executed, 171–72
Black Hawk, Sac chief, 22
Black Hoof, Shawnee chief, 22
Black Rock Naval Yard, New York, 41, 44, 49, 53, 61, 69, 70, 72, 118
Blanchard River, Ohio, 24
Bliss, James, USN, 173–74
Brady, William, Pennsylvania militiaman, 80, 146
Breese, Thomas, USN chaplain, 134, 150
Breman (or Brummer), John F., Provincial Marine lieutenant, 100 (table); 207–8n. 31; commands Little Belt, 99, 207–8n. 31
Brevoort, Henry B., USA captain, 17, 49, 100 (table), 114–15; assigned to Niagara, 98; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 142; commended by Perry, 157; defends Elliott, 164, 169
British Army: joint operations of, 54–57; 10th Royal Veterans, 12, 28; 41st Foot, 27–29, 55–57, 74, 75, 95, 107, 136, 148; 49th Foot, 12; 63rd Foot, 27; 100th Foot, 12; Canadian Voltigeurs, 12; Glengarry Light Infantry, 12; Royal Artillery, 75; Royal Newfoundland Regiment, 74, 75, 95, 136, 175; center division, 93; right division, 93; interservice cooperation, 101; at battle of the Thames, 163. See also artillery; command; logistics; militia; strategy; tactics
British Indian Department, 15, 36. See also Claus, William; Elliott, Matthew
Brock, Sir Isaac, major general and governor of Upper Canada, 12, 54; strategy of, 13–16, 17, 25–26; captures Detroit, 30–33; on naval strategy, 42–43, 50; death of, 44: interservice cooperation by, 92; strategic consequences of Detroit campaign, 175–76; tactical initiative of, 177
Broke, Philip, RN captain, 105
Brooks, John, USMC lieutenant, 80, 82, 100 (table), 171; assigned to Lawrence, 98; at battle of Lake Erie, 126; KIA, 130
Brown, Adam, USN shipbuilder, 70
Brown, Noah, USN shipbuilder, 48; and construction of Perry’s squadron, 70–73; crossing the Presque Isle bar, 84–85
Brownell, Thomas, USN acting sailing master, 169
Brownstown, Michigan Territory (now Trenton), 13 (map), 22, 24, 46–47; battle of (1812), 28, 35
Brush, Henry, Ohio militia captain, 27, 30, 36
Bruyeres, Ralph Henry, British colonel, 50
Buchan, Edward, RN lieutenant, 100 (table); commands Lady Prevost, 99; WIA, 137
Buffalo, New York, 1, 2, 17, 38, 49, 72, 166
Bullock, Richard, 41st Foot captain, 217–18n. 9
Bunnell, David, USN seaman, 81, 118, 125, 130, 133–34
Burlington Heights, Upper Canada, 13 (map), 53
Butler, James, Royal Newfoundland Regt. private, WIA, 136, 174
Caledonia, commercial brig, 25, 26 (table), 28, 42, 43 (table), 49, 61, 65, 82, 83, 93, 98, 99, 100 (table), 110 (table), 113; at battle of Lake Erie, 123–24, 134–35, 137–40, 157; during Thames campaign, 162. See also Turner, Daniel
Camden, British vessel, 61, 65
Campbell, John, Provincial Marine lieutenant, 100 (table); commands Chippawa, 99
Camp Seneca, Ohio, 13 (map), 56, 103, 160
Canada, 8–12, 53, 60; Provincial Marines of, 16–18; militia of, 27; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 175, 183. See also Lower Canada; Upper Canada; and communities and regions such as Amherstburg; Fort Erie; Fort Malden; Fort St. Joseph; Long Point; Montreal; St. Joseph’s Island; Quebec; York
Canard River, Upper Canada, 27
Cape Ann, Massachusetts, 125
Cass, Lewis, Ohio militia colonel (later brigadier general), 18, 24, 27, 102, 208n. 36
Catherine (later U.S. schooner Somers), 26 (table), 42, 43 (table), 101 (table)
Chaine (Chene), Isadore, 22, 23
Champlin, Stephen, USN sailing master, 77, 100 (table); commands Scorpion, 98; commended by Perry, 157
Chauncey, Isaac, USN captain, 9, 59, 84; Great Lakes commodore, 37–41, 45, 81, 207n. 28; instructions to Perry, 48, 97–98; at battle of Ft. George, 48–49; at battle of York (1813), 52; and battle of Sackets Harbor (1813), 52; strategic decisions of, 58; and building of Lake Erie squadron, 69–71; quarrel with Perry, 76–78, 97, 206–7n. 24; on interservice cooperaton, 91–92, 162; on intraservice cooperation, 177; tactical operations of, 121, 175, 177; prize money for, 181
Chesapeake Bay, 13
Chesapeake Capes, battle of (1781), 139
Chesapeake, USS, 7, 105, 122, 125
Chicago, Illinois Territory, 10, 18, 21, 22, 25, 29. See also Fort Dearborn
Chippawa, commercial schooner, 26 (table), 43 (table), 55, 75, 99, 100 (table), 110 (table), 113, 185 (table), 187 (table); at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 147; captured, 150; casualties, 152; armament of, 185–86. See also Campbell, John
Chippewa Indians (Ojibwa), 14, 22–23, 24, 28, 57
Christie, David, USMC private, 130
Church of England, 12
Clarke, John, USN midshipman, KIA, 135, 157
Claus, William, British Indian agent, 15, 19
Claxton, Thomas, USN midshipman, 157
Clay, Green, Kentucky militia brigadier general, 56
Clay, Henry, congressman, 8, 44
Clerk, John of Eldin, British naval tactician, 138
Cleveland, Ohio, 18, 36, 54–55, 59, 81, 96, 149; as logistical base, 159
Colburn, James, Kentucky militia lieutenant, 82
Collingwood, Sir Cuthbert, RN vice admiral, 179
Colonel Meyers, British gunboat, 55, 62
command: interservice cooperation, 90–98; problems of, 97–99
Commencement, commercial sloop, 26 (table), 29, 42, 43 (table)
Conkling, Augustus H. M., USN lieutenant, 100 (table); promotion of, 98; commands Tigress, 98; Elliott opportunes, 169–70, 220n. 46
Connecticut Land Company, 1–2
Constitution, U.S. frigate, 79, 99, 125
Cook, Freeman, USN seaman, 173
Cooper, James Fenimore, 126–27, 140, 181; defends Elliott, 164, 182
Cornell, George, USN carpenter’s mate, 130
Cossar, Agnes (Mrs. R. H. Barclay), 178
Couche, Edward, British commissary officer, 108
Cox, Edward, USN lieutenant, 167
Crawford, William, congressman, supports Elliott, 169
Croghan, George, USA major, 56–57, 102
Crosby, Ebenezer, shipbuilder, 69–70
Crowninshield, Benjamin W., secretary of the navy, 158, 180, 181
Cunningham’s (now Kelley’s) Island, 36, 101
Cuyahoga, commercial schooner, 24, 26 (table), 29, 30, 43 (table)
Davidson, Henry, USN seaman, court-martialed and executed, 171–72
Davis, Michael, Royal Newfoundland Regt. drummer, WIA, 174
Davis, Peter, USN seaman, 173
Dearborn, Henry, USA major general, 9, 73, 162; and consequences of Lake Erie campaign, 175
Decatur, Stephen, USN captain, 182
Decost, James, USN seaman, 173
Detroit, British brig (formerly USA Adams), 42, 43 (table), 49, 65, 93
Detroit, HMS, 63 (table), 75, 96, 99, 100 (table), 105, 106, 107, 110 (table), 113, 185 (table), 187 (table); construction of, 50, 54, 61–68, 95, 101, 103, 177; artillery for, 109, 116, 185–87; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 128–30, 133–37, 144–48, 154; en route to battle, 120; after battle, 151–52, 170, 217n. 6; casualties, 152; armament of, 185–86. See also Barclay, Robert H.
Detroit, Michigan Territory, 1, 9, 10, 16, 18, 21, 24, 25, 28, 107, 148; British capture of, 30–34, 37, 42, 54, 92, 141; U.S. attempts to recapture, 39, 45, 58–59, 98; during Thames campaign, 159; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 176–77
Detroit River, 1, 24, 28, 30, 35, 36, 53, 59, 90, 94, 95, 103, 107, 117, 118, 148
Diana, HM frigate, 52
Dickson, Robert, British fur trader, 20–21, 22, 27–29, 56, 57; consequences of Indians’ defeat by, 176
Dobbins, Daniel, merchant captain and USN sailing master, 41–42, 48, 49, 65, 100 (table), 114, 208–9n. 40; and ship construction, 69–70, 72; commands Ohio, 98
Dog Head, Winnebago chief, 22
Done, Seth, 2
Douglas, W.A.B., Canadian historian, 85
Dover, commercial vessel, 26 (table), 43
Drake, Frederick, Canadian historian, 92, 117, 186, 187 (table)
economy of force, employed by British, 175
Edinburgh, Scotland, 178
Edwards family, 1
Edwards, John J., USN lieutenant, 100 (table); promotion of, 98; assigned to Niagara, 98; commended by Perry, 157; defends Elliott, 164–66; death of, 174
Edwards, Ninian, governor of Illinois Territory, 20
Eleanor, commercial schooner, 26 (table), 43
Ellen, commercial schooner (possibly same as Eleanor), 153, 187
Elliott, Jesse Duncan, USN lieutenant (later master commandant), 40–42, 69, 100 (table), 108, 114–15, 196n. 22; and Niagara River raid (1812), 42–44, 49, 65, 93, 99, 206n. 11; commands USS Madison, 44; commands Niagara, 81, 96, 98; promotion of, 98; rivalry with Perry, 99; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 136–44, 147–48, 150, 215–16n. 32, 216n. 38; and Perry’s after-action report, 155–58, 163; during Thames campaign, 160–62, 208–9n. 40; and Perry-Elliott controversy, 163–70, 179–81, 219n. 31; commands Lake Erie squadron, 166; lack of discipline at Erie, 167–68; solicits support, 169–70; post-battle career of, 179–82, 221n. 62
Elliott, Matthew, British Indian agent, 15, 19, 21, 22, 37, 40, 153
Elliott, Wilson, USA captain, 40, 163
England, 83
Epervier, HM sloop of war, 71
Erie, battle of Lake (1813), 2, 118–48; consequences of, 175–77, 183
Erie, Lake, ix, 1–2, 9, 14, 17, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 34–36, 150, 207n. 27; islands of, 1–2, 36, 90, 101, 104, 106, 119, 121–22, 128, 160; strategic importance of, 18, 32, 37–41, 43, 49, 53–54) 59–61, 73, 76, 77, 101; Perry sent to, 45–46; British navy on, 50, 52–54, 56, 69; Barclay sent to, 52–53; British amphibious operations on, 54–57; U.S. amphibious operations on, 59, 90, 107, 159–61; construction of fleets on, 61–73; interservice cooperation on, 92–95; intraservice rivalries, 93–97. See also Cunningham’s Island; Erie, battle of Lake; Erie, Pennsylvania; Long Point; Presque Isle Bay; Put-in-Bay; Sandusky Bay
Erie, Pennsylvania (Perry’s home port), 41, 47–48, 49, 54, 55, 65, 66, 90; construction of Perry’s fleet at, 69–73; as logistical base, 159; honors Perry and Harrison, 166; lack of naval discipline at, 167–68, 171–74. See also Presque Isle Bay
Erie, commercial schooner, 153, 185 (table), 186, 187 (table)
Essary, William, 41st Foot private, WIA, 136
Eustis, William, secretary of war, 6–7, 10, 18
Fallen Timbers, battle of (1794), 14, 15, 35, 153
Federalist Party, 8
Fifeshire, Scotland, 178
Finley, James, Ohio militia colonel, 18, 24, 27
Finnis, Robert, RN lieutenant, 100 (table); commands Queen Charlotte, 99; KIA, 135, 154; burial of, 151
FitzPatrick, Patrick, USN pilot, WIA, 146–47, 174
Foote, Edward James, RN rear admiral, 178
Forrest, Dulany, USN midshipman, 100 (table); assigned to Lawrence, 98; at battle of Lake Erie, 119, 141, 143, 157
Forrestall, Richard, 41st Foot sergeant, WIA, 174
Fort Dearborn, Illinois Territory (now Chicago), 13 (map), 22, 29, 34–36
Fort Detroit, Michigan Territory, 13 (map), 17; surrendered, 30–32, 36
Fort Erie, Upper Canada, 17, 30, 41, 42, 44, 49, 53, 65, 69
Fort Fayette, Pennsylvania, 69, 73. See also Pittsburgh
Fort George, Upper Canada, 13 (map), 30; battle of (1813), 48–49, 53, 76, 92, 97, 162
Fort Harrison, Indiana Territory (modern Terre Haute), 13 (map), 37
Fort Madison, Iowa, 13 (map), 37
Fort Malden, Upper Canada, 1, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 27–30, 35, 46, 56, 57, 59, 68, 101, 102–3, 148; U.S. capture of, 98, 161–62
Fort McArthur (modern Kenton, Ohio), 24
Fort Meigs, Ohio, 13 (map), 47, 54, 59, 103; beseiged, 55–57, 62, 68, 92, 103, 177; as logistical base, 159, 160; consequences of its defense, 176. See also Maume Rapids
Fort Michilimackinac, Mackinac Island, 13 (map), 16, 17, 21, 22, 107, 152, 207n. 27; surrender of (1812), 28–31, 36, 41; U.S. plans to retake, 59, 98; logistics to, 217–18n. 9
Fort St. Joseph, Upper Canada, 16, 21, 28, 207n. 27
Fort Stephenson (modern Fremont, Ohio), 13 (map), 36, 56–57, 82, 89–90, 102, 103; consequences of battle to Indians, 176
Fort Wayne, Indiana Territory, 22, 35, 36
Fort Wayne, Treaty of (1809), 19
Foster, Mr., illness of, 174
Fox Indians, 57
Fox, Mr., death of, 174
Fox River, 21
France, 83
French Creek, Pennsylvania, 69
Frenchtown, Michigan Territory (modern Monroe), 13 (map), 24, 36, 46. See also River Raisin
Friends Good Will, commercial sloop (later RN sloop Little Belt), 26 (table), 43, 101
fur traders, 15–16, 21, 28, 207n. 27
Gaines, Edmund P., USA colonel, 101–2, 208n. 36
Galpion (or Gilpin), John, Royal Newfoundland Regt. sergeant, WIA, 136
Garden, James C., Royal Newfoundland Regt. lieutenant, KIA, 135
Garland, John, RN lieutenant, 100 (table); assigned to Detroit, 99; KIA, 136, 154
Garwood, Samuel, USMC private, 130
General Greene, U.S. frigate, 45
General Hunter, British brig, 16, 25, 26 (table), 29–31, 43 (table), 54, 55, 60, 61–62, 74, 75, 92, 99, 100 (table), 110 (table), 113, 185 (table), 187 (table); at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 137–39, 147; casualties, 152; veterans of, 174. See also Bignell, George
General Pike, USN sloop of war, 77
Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, 13 (map), 98, 207n. 27
Gilmor, Robert, British commissary officer, 95, 108
Gladiator, HMS, Barclay’s court-martial on board, 178
Goddard, William, USN seaman, 173
Gore, Francis, governor of Upper Canada, 19
Goueriaux, Peter, Provincial Marine carpenter, 175
Gray, Alexander, British captain, 50
Gray, Andrew, British captain, 16
Great Britain, United Kingdom of, orders in council, 6
Great Lakes, 178; strategic importance of, 9, 13–14, 18–19, 37–41, 50–52, 101, 117
Green, Isaac, USA private, WIA, 146
Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 13 (map), 17, 20, 21, 29
Greeneville, Treaty of, 14
Guerriere, HMS, 99
Hale, Rosewell, USA private, WIA, 146
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 52
Hall, George B., Provincial Marine captain, 17; quarrel with Barclay, 95–96, 99, 205n. 64
Hambleton, Samuel, USN purser, 73, 79, 96; trip to Erie, 47, 51; prize list of, 82; at battle of Lake Erie, 126, 131, 134, 157; Perry’s confidant, 156, 158, 167, 168, 179; and Perry-Elliott controversy, 163–64, 167, 179–80, 219n. 31
Hamilton, Paul, secretary of the navy, 6–7, 18, 34, 41, 76; orders to Chauncey, 38–39; on interservice cooperation, 90–92
Hamilton, USN schooner, 49
Hands, Samuel, Provincial Marine midshipman, 175
Hanks, Porter, USA lieutenant, 28–29
Hardy, Isaac, USN seaman, 79
Harrington, Harvey, USA private, WIA, 147, 174
Harrison, George, USN naval agent, 70
Harrison, William Henry, governor of Indiana Territory and USA major general, 15, 24, 35, 37, 73, 89; Indian policies of, 19–20; first Detroit campaign (1812–13), 46–47; at Fort Meigs, 55–56; strategic options (1812), 59; on interservice cooperation, 90, 101, 162–63; Thames campaign of, 159–63; and Perry-Elliott controversy, 166–67; and consequences of Lake Erie campaign, 175–77
Hazard, Newport, USN seaman, 79
Heald, Margaret (Mrs. Nathan), 35
Heald, Nathan, USA captain, 29, 34–35
Hill, Rees, Pennsylvania militia colonel, 80
Holcomb, Hector, USN seaman, 173
Holdup, Thomas, USN lieutenant, 72, 73, 100 (table); promotion of, 98; commands Trippe, 98; at battle of Lake Erie, 141, 144, 146; during Thames campaign, 162
Holmes, Andrew, USA major, 102
Hood, Sir Samuel, British admiral, 139
Horseley, Samuel, USN surgeon, 151
Howe, Richard Lord, British admiral, 138
Huidekoper, Harm Jan, 85
Hukill, Levi, USA major, 102
Hull, William, governor of Michigan Territory and USA brigadier general, 9–10, 16, 17, 18, 23–25; accepts generalship, 18; at Detroit, 25–32, 59, 141
Huron, Lake, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 29, 61, 98, 107, 207n. 27, 217–18n. 9. See also Fort Michilimackinac; Georgian Bay; Mackinac Island Huron River, Michigan, 24
Illinois River, 21
Illinois Territory, 11, 37; consequences of battle of Lake Erie to, 176
Indiana Territory, 11, 37, 46, 163
Indians, 2, 10, 207n. 27, 163; strategic importance of, 14, 17–18, 28; Indian-British relations, 14–15, 18–19, 22–23, 36–37, 57, 61, 94, 107, 117, 176, 183; tactics of, 17–19, 27, 34–37, 56, 153; Indian-American relations, 19–20, 102; at battle of Lake Erie, 132, 136–37, 175; at battle of the Thames, 163, 176; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 175–76. See also specific tribes and leaders
Inglis, George, RN lieutenant, 100 (table); assigned to Detroit, 99; at battle of Lake Erie, 137, 144, 154
Ireland, 83
Irvine, Robert, Provincial Marine lieutenant, 100 (table); assigned to Queen Charlotte, 99; at battle of Lake Erie, 136, 145
Jacques, John, Provincial Marine seaman, 175
James, William, British naval historian, on battle of Lake Erie, 178–79; on British ships’ armament, 185, 188
Jarvis, Russell, defends Elliott, 164, 170
Java, HMS, 79
Jay’s Treaty, 14
Jesup, Thomas S., USA major, 54, 81, 103, 159
Johnson, Richard M., congressman and Kentucky militia colonel, 81, 159, 162
Johnson, William, USN boatswain, 130
Johnston, John, RN midshipman, 51–52
Jones, William, secretary of the navy, 45; strategic decisions of, 58, 76; personnel decisions of, 76–77, 97; Perry’s reports to, 148, 156–58, 162; Niagara’s officers letter to, 164–66; praises Perry, 183
Julia, commercial schooner, 34
Keilly, Robert, Royal Newfoundland Regt. private, WIA, 136
Kentucky, 11, 46, 83, 177. See also militia
Kingston, Upper Canada (Yeo’s home port), 9, 13, 16, 30, 44, 51, 60, 65, 76; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 176–77
Lady Prevost, British schooner, 16, 25, 26 (table), 29, 43 (table), 53–54, 55, 60, 61–62, 74, 75, 99, 100 (table), 113, 185 (table), 187 (table); at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 137, 140–41, 146–47, 154, 165; casualties, 152; armament of, 185. See also Buchan, Edward
Lake Erie, USS (G-70), 182
Lansford, James, USN seaman, WIA, 146
Laub, Henry, USN midshipman, KIA, 132, 157
Lawrence, James, USN captain, 105, 122, 125
Lawrence, USN brig, 63 (table), 77, 79, 81, 96, 98, 100 (table), 101, 110 (table), 113–44, 150; crossing Presque Isle bar, 83–85; at battle of Lake Erie, 119–23, 125–34, 136–37, 141–44, 154, 156–58, 164–65, 168–70, 179–80; route to battle, 120; after battle, 151; veterans of, 174. See also Perry, Oliver H.; Yarnall, John
Little Belt, British sloop (formerly Friends Good Will), 75, 99, 100 (table), 110 (table), 185 (table), 187 (table), 207–8n. 31; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 141, 147, 148, 152, 165; captured, 150; armament of, 185–86, 188. See also Breman, John F.
Little Turtle, Miami chief, 14, 21, 22; daughter of, 35
logistics: Indian, 14–15; British, 16, 28–30, 32, 53, 59–61, 65, 94–95, 101, 104, 107–8, 201–2n. 22; U.S., 23–25, 27, 30, 61, 65, 69–73; during Thames campaign, 159, 162; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 177, 217n. 9
Long Point, Upper Canada, 13 (map), 53, 68, 90, 107, 116, 178
Lord Nelson, Canadian schooner, 34
Lower Canada (modern Quebec), 8–12
Lower Sandusky (modern Fremont, Ohio), 23, 36. See also Fort Stephenson
Lucas, John, Pennsylvania militia private, WIA, 135
Macdonough, Thomas, USN master commandant, 8, 182, 206n. 24
Mackenzie, Alexander, USN captain, on British ships’ armament, 185
Mackinac Island, Lake Huron, 10, 15–17, 20, 25, 28–29, 35, 59, 153, 176; U.S. plans to recapture, 167; British retain control of, 176
Madison, James, president, war message of, 5–6; strategic decisions, 18, 34, 41
Mad Sturgeon. See Nuscotnoemeg
Magrath, Humphrey, USN purser, animosity toward Perry, 99; at battle of Lake Erie, 138, 139, 144; in Perry’s after-action report, 158; defends Elliott, 164–66; mismanagement of accounts, 167
Maguaga, Michigan Territory, 13 (map), 24; battle of (1812), 28
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, ix, 53, 68
Main Poc, Potawatomi chief, 21, 22, 29, 35; consequences of Indians’ defeat by, 176
Malcomson, Robert, Canadian historian, 186
Malcomson, Thomas, Canadian historian, 186
Mansfield, Ohio, 36
Mary, commercial schooner, 26 (table), 43 (table), 55
Mary Eliza, British gunboat, 55, 62
Mash-i-pi-nas-i-wish, Chippewa chief, 14
Mason, Francis, USN quartermaster’s mate, 130
Mason, Sanford, USA sergeant, WIA, 146
Mattison, Andrew, USN seaman, 130
Maumee Rapids (modern Perrysburg, Ohio), 23, 24, 46, 47
Maumee River, Ohio, 23, 35, 160
Mayes, Wilson, USN carpenter’s mate, KIA, 132
McAfee, Robert, Kentucky militia captain, 27, 32, 160
McArthur, Duncan, Ohio militia colonel (later brigadier general), 18, 23, 24, 27, 30, 102, 208n. 36
McDonald, James, USN acting sailing master, 169; duel with Senat, 173
McDouall, Robert, British lieutenant colonel, 93
McManomy, George, USA private, 146
Mead, David, Pennsylvania militia major general, 55, 80
Meigs, Return J., Jr., governor of Ohio, 18, 27, 30, 35
Merritt, William H., Canadian militia captain, 30, 32
Metlin, Alexander, Pennsylvania militiaman, 173
Miami Indians, 14, 21, 22, 23, 35
Miami, British supply ship, 55
Michigan Territory, 9, 10, 11, 18, 76, 163; consequences of battle of Lake Erie to, 175, 176
Miles (Moses), James W., USN seaman, 130–31
militia: Canadian, 27, 30, 55–56, 175–76; Kentucky, 55–56, 81–82, 135, 159, 160, 162; Ohio, 27, 36; Michigan, 27; New York, 40; Pennsylvania, 55, 80–81, 82, 135, 146
Miller, James, USA colonel, 27, 28, 30
Miller, John, USA colonel, 36
Mississinewa, Indiana Territory, 22
Montgomery, J. B., USN midshipman, 96
Montreal, Lower Canada, 9, 10, 51, 108
Moraviantown, Upper Canada, 13 (map). See also Thames, battle of
Muir, Thomas, British captain (later major), 27, 28; Fort Wayne campaign, 37
Mulcaster, William H., RN captain, 52, 73
Nailor, John (maybe John Nailes), USA private, death of, 174
Nancy, commercial schooner, 26 (table), 43 (table), 55, 153, 187–88
Narragansett Indians, 132
Nelson, John, Provincial Marine sailing master, 175
Nelson, Robert, Provincial Marine midshipman, 175
New Contractor (later U.S. sloop Trippe), 26 (table), 42, 43 (table), 100 (table)
Newfoundland, 11
Newport, Rhode Island, 151, 166
Newen, John, USN quartermaster’s mate, 131
New Brunswick, 11
New England, 83; residents of conspire against Elliott, 164
New Hampshire, 8
New York, 8; New York City, 47, 48, 70, 73. See also Black Rock; Buffalo; militia; Oswego; Sackets Harbor
New York Navy Yard, 37–38
Niagara frontier, 16, 53, 54, 59, 159
Niagara River, 9, 41–44, 48, 60, 76, 99, 118
Niagara, USN brig, 63 (table), 77, 81, 83–85, 99, 100 (table), 110 (table), 113, 114; commander for, 96, 98; at battle of Lake Erie, 119, 122–23, 136–46, 154, 156–58, 164–66, 168–70; after battle, 151; officers of defend Elliott, 164–66; disturbance on board, 174. See also Elliott, Jesse Duncan; Smith, James E.
Norris, John, Kentucky militia private, 81
North West Fur Co., 15–16, 26 (table), 28, 153
Nova Scotia, 11
Nuscotnoemeg (Mad Sturgeon), Potawatomi chief, 22, 29, 35
Ohio, 10, 18, 36, 46, 163; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 177. See also Cleveland; Fort McArthur; Fort Meigs; Put-in-Bay
Ohio, commercial vessel, 26 (table), 42, 43 (table), 49, 83, 98, 100 (table), 113. See also Dobbins, Daniel
O’Keefe, Arthur, 41st Foot lieutenant, 150
Oliver Hazard Perry, USS (FG-7), 182
Oneida, USN brig, 34
Ontario, Lake, 8, 25, 34, 45, 58, 74, 77, 82, 99, 107, 207n. 27; strategic importance of, 14, 37–42, 44, 53, 59–61, 76, 93–94; Royal Navy on, 50, 60, 116; shipbuilding race on, 76; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 175, 176–77
Ordell, Matthew, Royal Newfoundland Regt. corporal, WIA, 136
Ormsby, Oliver, USN naval agent, 71
Oswego, New York, 25
Packett, John, USN lieutenant, 100 (table); promotion of, 98; commands Ariel, 98; commended by Perry, 157
Paine, John, Kentucky militia captain, 81–82
Parsons, Usher, USN assistant surgeon, 79, 106; at battle of Lake Erie, 126, 129, 131–32; after battle, 150–51, 173–74; Perry’s confidant, 156
Peacock, USN sloop, 71
Peckham, Isaac, USN carpenter’s mate, WIA, 174
Pennsylvania, 83. See also Erie; militia; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Presque Isle Bay
Perkins, Isaac, Kentucky militiaman, WIA, 135
Perkins, Simon, Ohio militia brigadier general, 36
Perry, James Alexander, USN midshipman, at battle of Lake Erie, 141, 216n. 37
Perry, Oliver Hazard, USN master commandant, 8, 47, 58, 89, 100 (table); sent to Lake Erie, 45; character of, 45–46, 85; Chauncey’s instructions to, 48, 97–98; at Erie, 48–49, 69–73; at battle of Fort George (1813), 48–49; “Perry’s luck,” 49, 118–19, 122; brings Black Rock ships to Erie, 49–50, 118; personnel problems of, 76–84, 203n. 34; quarrel with Chauncey, 76–78, 97; crossing Presque Isle bar, 84–86; command relationships of, 90–99, 206–7n. 24; resignation from command, 97; pre-battle preparations of, 98, 101–6; and interservice cooperation, 102–3, 162–63; and amphibious attack on Canada, 103–4, 106, 208–9n. 40; comparative artillery strength, 108–10; tactical planning, 112–16; at battle of Lake Erie, 119–34, 140–46, 216n. 38; after-action reports of, 148, 155–58; during Thames campaign, 159–63; and Perry-Elliott controversy, 163–67, 179–82; promoted to captain, 167; consequences of his victory, 175–76; court-martial charges against Elliott, 181, 221n. 67; post-battle career of, 181–83
“Perry” class of fast frigates, 182
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 48, 70, 73, 182
Phillips, James, USN seaman, WIA, 135
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 48, 69–71, 73. See also Fort Fayette
Pohig, Charles, USN seaman, KIA, 132
Porcupine, USN schooner, 63 (table), 70, 83, 98, 100 (table), 110 (table), 113, 114, 152; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 141; during Thames campaign, 162. See also Senat, George
Portage River, Ohio, 103, 106, 159, 160, 162
Port Dover, Upper Canada, 84. See also Long Point
Porter, Peter B., congressman and New York militia brigadier general, 18, 40–41
Potawatomi Indians, 21, 22, 23, 29, 35
Presbyterian Church, 12
Presque Isle Bay, Pennsylvania, 13 (map), 41, 43, 44, 50, 54, 57, 61, 72 (map), 94, 96, 106, 118; crossing sandbar at, 84–86, 89, 102, 178; execution at, 172. See also Erie, Pennsylvania
Prevost, Sir George, lieutenant general and governor of British North America, 11–12, 33, 50, 51, 52, 74; strategy of, 15, 59; problems of command, 94–96
Prince de Neufchatel, privateer schooner, 71
Procter, Henry, British lieutenant colonel (later major general), 37, 54, 89; to Fort Malden, 16, 28; and Fort Wayne campaign, 37; and River Raisin campaign, 46–47; and condition of naval forces on Lake Erie, 50, 74; at Fort Meigs, 7; at Fort Stephenson, 55–56, 82, 90; and interservice cooperation, 92–96, 101, 108; Indian relations of, 102; logistical situation, 108; withdrawal from Fort Malden, 152–53; defeat at Thames, 162
Provincial Marine, the, 16–18, 50, 74–75, 92, 99, 178; cooperation with Royal Navy, 92–93, 95–96, 105, 149; veterans of, 175; strategic consequence of its efforts, 175–76
Purvis, Francis, Provincial Marine lieutenant, 100 (table), 185 (table), 187 (table); assigned to Detroit, 99; on British ships’ armament, 185–88
Put-in-Bay, South Bass Island (Lake Erie), 1–2, 103–4, 119, 149, 150, 152; officers’ burial at, 151; during Thames campaign, 160
Quebec, Lower Canada, 12–13, 16, 51
Queen Charlotte, British ship, 16, 25, 26 (table), 29–30, 43 (table), 60, 61, 66, 68, 74, 75, 92, 95, 99, 100 (table), 101, 110 (table), 113, 114, 116–17, 185 (table), 187 (table); at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 134–41, 144–46, 148, 154, 164–65, 169, 179; after battle, 151–52, 170, 217n. 6; casualties, 152; veterans of, 174; armament of 185–87. See also Finnis, Robert
Queenston Heights, battle of (1812), 44
Rankin, James, USMC private, court-martialed and executed, 171–72
Reams, John, USA private, WIA, 146
Republican Party, 8
Revenge, USN schooner, 45
Rhea, James, USA captain, 37
Rhode Island, 47, 83. See also Newport
Richardson, John, Canadian militiaman, 95, 107, 153
Richellieu River, Lower Canada, 9, 12, 13
rigging, 67–68, 73, 214nn. 6, 8
River Raisin, Michigan, 24, 28, 36; battle of (1813), 46–47, 141; massacre of, 47; revenge for, 162. See also Frenchtown
Roberts, Charles, British captain, 28–29
Rock River, Illinois (and Wisconsin), 10, 21, 176
Rogers, William S., 45
Roman Catholic Church, 12
Roosevelt, Theodore, 53
Rottenburg, Francis de, British major general, 54, 93–94
Roundhead. See Stayeghtha Royal George, HMS, 54, 62
Royal Navy, 104, strategic planning of, 17; on Lake Ontario, 44; on Lake Erie, 44, 50–51, 58–60; personnel, 68, 73–77, 89, 94–95, 99, 103, 108; at battle of Lake Erie, 119–20, 122–25, 127–30, 133–47; casualty list, 152; officers of refuse to defend Elliott, 170; strategic consequences of battle of Lake Erie, 176, 183; treatment of Barclay by, 177–78; artillery in Barclay’s squadron, 185–88. See also Amherstburg; Barclay, Robert H.; Kingston; Yeo, ’James L.; and various ships
Russell, Jack, USN seaman, 79
Sac Indians, 57
Sackets Harbor (New York) naval station (Chauncey’s home port), 38, 42, 45, 58, 163; battle of (1813), 52, 76, 92
Sackett, James, sailmaker, 70
Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, 21
Salina, commercial vessel, 26 (table), 41, 43 (table), 65
Sandusky Bay, Ohio, 34, 36, 56, 81, 101
Sandusky River, Ohio, 22, 23, 56, 160
Sandwich, Upper Canada (modern Windsor), 30, 148, 162
Sault Ste. Marie (Falls of St. Mary’s), 15, 21, 28
Scott, Winfield, USA colonel, 49
Scorpion, USN schooner, 63 (table), 70, 83, 98, 100 (table), 101, 110 (table), 113, 114; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 128, 130, 134–35, 147, 150, 157; during Thames campaign, 162. See also Champlin, Stephen
Scourge, USN schooner (formerly Lord Nelson), 34
Senat, George, USN midshipman, 80, 100 (table); commands Porcupine, 98; during Thames campaign, 162; duel with McDonald, 173
Sergeant, Hosea, USA private, 141
Shannon, HMS, 125
Sharp, Nicholas, USN seaman, 173
Shawnee Indians, 14, 19, 23, 102
Sheaffe, Roger H., British major general, 44, 50
Shelby, Isaac, governor of Kentucky and militia general, 35, 199n. 50, 200n. 1
shipbuilding, 37–38, 44–45; at Black Rock, 41; at Erie, 41–43, 48, 54–55, 61, 69–73, 92; at Amherstburg, 44, 50, 53–54, 61–68; at Kingston, 44, 54; at York, 44, 52; Perry’s experience at, 45–46, 71–73; shipbuilding race, 53, 54, 61, 76; at Cleveland, 54–55, 159. See also Bell, William; Brown, Noah
Sholes, Stanton, USA captain, 54
Siggenauk (Blackbeard), Potawatomi chief, 22, 35
Silhammer, John, Pennsylvania militia private, KIA, 135
Sinclair, Arthur, USN captain, 9, 162; assumes Lake Erie command (1814), 167
Sioux Indians, 20
Sloss, William, USN landsman, WIA, 135
Smith, Joseph E., USN lieutenant, 99, 100 (table); assigned to Niagara, 98; commended by Perry, 157; defends Elliott, 164–66
Smith, Thomas, USA colonel, 162
Smith, William, 41st Foot private, WIA, 136
Smith, William, USA private, WIA, 135
Smyth, Alexander, USA brigadier general, 44
Somers, USN schooner (formerly Catherine), 49, 79, 83, 98, 100 (table), 101, 110 (table), 113; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 141, 147, 165
Southampton, HMS, 51
South Bass Island. See Put-in-Bay
South West Fur Co. (Michilimackinac Co.), 15, 29
St. Clair, Lake, 16, 27, 62, 107; during Thames campaign, 159, 162
St. George, Thomas, British lieutenant colonel, 27
St. Joseph’s Island, Upper Canada, 28, 29
St. Lawrence River, 9, 10, 13, 30, 51, 60
Stayeghtha (Roundhead), Wyandot chief, 21, 46, 55
Stewart, Charles, USN captain, 18
Stickney, Benjamin F., U.S. Indian agent, 22–23
Stokoe, Thomas, RN lieutenant, 100 (table); assigned to Queen Charlotte, 99; at battle of Lake Erie, 136, 137–38
strategy, U.S., 7–11, 17, 31–32, 37–42, 58–59, 89, 102–3, 200n. 1; during Thames campaign, 159–60; British, 11–12, 17, 31–32, 44–45, 50–53, 58–60, 89–90, 107–8, 152–53; consequences of battle of Lake Erie, 175–77. See also logistics; tactics
Sulvey, Robert, 41st Foot private, WIA, 136
Superior, Lake, 28
Swartwout, Augustus, USN midshipman, 157
Swiftsure, HMS, 52
tactics: British, 89; Indian, 17–19, 27, 34–35; joint operations, 54–57, 59, 89, 90–98, 102, 200n. 1
tactics, U.S.: port defense, 54–55; fort defense, 55–57; amphibious attack across Lake Erie, 103–4, 106, 159–61; pre-battle planning, 112–17, 119; at battle of Lake Erie, 119–24, 127–30, 133–34, 136–47, 211nn. 66, 67, 212n. 72; consequences of Perry’s victory upon, 176. See also artillery; logistics; strategy
Tahre (the Crane), Wyandot chief, 14, 22
Taylor, William V., USN sailing master, 71, 73, 79, 185 (table); at battle of Lake Erie, 121, 143, 157, 214n. 5; on British ships’ armament, 185
Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, 19–20, 22, 23, 28, 34, 36, 102; at Fort Meigs, 55–56; and British withdrawal, 152–53; at battle of the Thames, 163; consequences of his defeat, 176
Tenskwatawa, Shawnee medicine man, 19–22; consequences of Indians’ defeat by, 176
Thames, battle of (Upper Canada, 1813), 8, 152, 162–63
Thames, River (Upper Canada), 153, 159, 162
Thames, commercial vessel, 26 (table), 43
Thomas, Samuel, Pennsylvania militia captain, 80
Thompson, James, USN seaman, 173
Thompson, William, USN seaman, WIA, 131, 174
Tiffany, Cyrus, USN seaman, 79
Tigress, USN schooner, 63 (table), 70, 83, 98, 100 (table), 113, 114, 152; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 141, 147, 169; during Thames campaign, 162; veterans of, 174. See also Conkling, Augustus H. M.
Tippecanoe, battle of (1811), 20
Tivo, John, 41st Foot private, WIA, 136
Tompkins, Daniel, governor of New York, 25
Trapnell, Joshua, USA private, KIA, 146
Treaty of Paris (1783), 14
Trippe, USN sloop (formerly New Contractor), 49, 83, 98, 100 (table), 110 (table), 113, 114; at battle of Lake Erie, 123, 141, 144, 146–47, 150; veterans of, 174. See also Holdup, Thomas
Turner, Daniel, USN lieutenant, 100 (table), 203n. 34; commands Caledonia, 98; at battle of Lake Erie, 134, 137, 138, 139, 157; Perry’s confidant, 156; Elliott opportunes, 169–70
Upper Canada (modern Ontario), 8, 10, 12–13, 16, 27, 30, 53, 57, 59; western district of, 93, 153, 163; consequences of Lake Erie campaign to, 175–76. See also Amherstburg; Brock, Sir Isaac; Fort Erie; Fort Malden; Kingston; militia; Niagara frontier; Provincial Marine; Thames, battle of; Thames River; York
Urbana, Ohio, 23
U.S. Army: personnel, 7; senior officership in, 7; snow Adams, 17; strategy of, 34, 59
U.S. Army units: 1st Light Dragoons, 146; 2nd Artillery, 54; 2nd Infantry, 49; 4th Infantry, 18, 27; 17th Infantry, 141, 146; 19th Infantry, 36; 19th Infantry, 160; 26th Infantry, 135; 27th Infantry, 146; 28th Infantry, 146; Northwestern Army, 59, 153, 159; Regt. of Riflemen, 162. See also militia
U.S. Marines, 80, 82, 83, 98, 126, 130; lack of discipline among, 171–72
U.S. Navy, 2, 7–8; national strategy of, 17; Great Lakes strategy of, 17, 34, 37–42, 59; command problems in, 41–42, 45, 76–78, 81, 203n. 34; personnel, 73–84, 99, 102, 103, 104–5, 132, 134–35, 146–47, 178–79, 204n. 60, 207nn. 25, 28; African Americans in, 77–80; and interservice cooperation, 102–4, 162–63; amphibious attack by, across Lake Erie, 103, 208–9n. 40; illnesses in, 106, 173–74; casualty list, 151–52; lack of discipline at Erie, 167–74; significance of the battle of Lake Erie to, 182–83. See also Chauncey, Isaac; Elliott, Jesse Duncan; Hamilton, Paul; Jones, William; Perry, Oliver Hazard; shipbuilding; various ships
Van Horne, Thomas, Ohio militia major, 28
Van Rensselaer, Stephen, New York milxitia major general, 40, 44
Varnum, George, USN seaman, WIA, 131, 174
Vermont, 8
Vincent, John, British colonel (later brigadier general), 50
Vixen, USS, 51
Wadsworth, Elijah, Ohio militia major general, 36
Walk-in-the-Water, Wyandot chief, 22, 24
Walsh, James, Provincial Marine seaman, 175
War of 1812: rationale for, 5–6; senior U.S. officership in 7–10; senior British officership in, 11–14; opposition to, 8. See also strategy; tactics
Warburton, A. F., 41st Foot lieutenant colonel, 149
Washington, D.C., 18, 41–42, 45, 58, 162, 166
Washington Navy Yard, 41
Waterford, Pennsylvania, 69
Wayne, Anthony, USA major general, 15, 35, 40
Webster, Nelson, USN sailing master, 139, 215n. 32; commended by Perry, 157; defends Elliott, 164–66
Wells, William, USA captain, 35
White, Edward, 41st Foot private, WIA, 136, 174
White, John, USN boatswain’s mate, KIA, 135
Williams, Anthony, USN seaman, 79
Williams, Charles, USN seaman, 173
Williams, Jesse, USN seaman, 79
Wilson, Robert, USN seaman, WIA, 135
Wilson, Thomas, USN seaman, 173
Winchester, James, USA brigadier general, 37; and battle of River Raisin (1813), 46–47, 141
Wingfield, David, RN midshipman, 76
Wood, Eleazer D., USA major, 102, 160, 208n. 36
Woolley, Abram R., USA captain, 73
Woolsey, Melancton T., USN lieutenant, 34
Woolwich, HMS, 51
Worthington, Thomas, U.S. senator, 18
Wyandot Indians, 14, 23, 24, 57, 102
Yarnall, John, USN lieutenant, 99, 100 (table); promotion of, 98; assigned to Lawrence, 98; at battle of Lake Erie, 132, 141, 143, 156, 157; criticizes Elliott, 156; arrest of, 170
Yeo, Sir James Lucas, RN captain, 89, 185 (table); Great Lakes commodore, 50–52, 73, 153; strategic decisions of, 58, 60, 75–76, 93–94; on interservice cooperation, 92, 95; blamed for not furnishing Barclay with sailors, 155; on British ships’ armament, 185
York, Upper Canada (now Toronto), 12, 13 (map), 30, 44, 53, 65, 76, 92, 97, 162
Zypher, commercial schooner, 26 (table), 42, 43 (table)