`Index`

This index includes the animals, plants, places, people, categories and concepts mentioned in the text. It also includes the scientific names (in italics) of species referred to, as English names may not be familiar to some readers. The index does not include information included on the maps and illustrations.

Regular black text is used for species and general terms, bold text for geographical locations, and SMALL CAPITALS for people.

Page numbers in bold text highlight main sections in the book.

Page numbers in italics relate to the location of a photograph (in some cases there is also associated text on these pages).

Page numbers in regular text indicate other key references.

A
Accentor, Alpine (Prunella collaris) 60, 359
—, Japanese (Prunella rubida) 60, 155, 242, 357, 358, 359
Aichi Prefecture 36, 102, 242
Ainu 51, 97, 149, 150, 152, 163, 164, 167, 192, 262
Aira Caldera 26, 134, 273, 274
Aira Volcano 273
Akan Village 181
Akan–Mashū National Park 23, 30, 82, 137, 139, 156, 157, 167, 232, 233
Akiyoshidai Quasi National Park 216, 217
Akiyoshidō 216, 217
Akkeshi 206
Albatross, Black-footed (Phoebastria nigripes) 74, 340, 341, 346, 360
—, Grey-headed (Thalassarche chrysostoma) 54
—, Laysan (Phoebastria immutabilis) 340, 341, 346
—, Short-tailed (Phoebastria albatrus) 6, 27, 28, 74, 130, 131, 334, 337, 340–343, 346, 358, 360
Alder, Japanese (Alnus japonica) 83
Alpine 56, 57, 59–61, 79, 155, 244, 248, 250
Alps, Japan | Japanese 25, 33, 36, 43, 56, 100, 133, 134, 173, 212, 238, 240, 241, 242–246, 250, 262, 266, 308, 360
—, Northern 242, 244, 250
Amami Guntō National Park 312
Amami Ōshima 38, 43, 44, 64, 73, 74, 92, 129, 130, 133, 294, 299, 300, 302, 304, 307, 311–314, 324, 331, 351, 360
Amanohashidate 214, 215
Anchovy, Japanese (Engraulis japonicus) 183
Anisoptera 92
Ant, Big-headed (Pheidole megacephala) 351
Aomori Prefecture 98
Apple, Kirishima Crab (Malus spontanea) 134
—, Siberian Crab (Malus baccata) 83
Arasaki 134, 136, 139, 276–279
Ariake Inland Sea 134, 274, 276
Asahi-dake 155
Ash, Manchurian (Fraxinus mandschurica) 151
—, Späth’s (Fraxinus spaethiana) 151
Aso Caldera 23, 25, 26, 273
Aso Global Geopark 273
Aso–Kuju National Park 273
Aspen, Eurasian (Populus tremula) 83
Auklet, Rhinoceros (Cerorhinca monocerata) 74, 182–185
AUSTIN JR, OLIVER 342
Avens, Aleutian (Sieversia pentapetala) 155
Azalea, Japanese (Rhododendron japonicum) 239
—, Kaempfer’s (Rhododendron kaempferi) 274, 275
—, Kyushu (Rhododendron kiusianum) 134, 274, 275
—, Yakushima (Rhododendron yakushimanum) 133
Azusa River 244

B
Badger, Japanese (Meles anakuma) 58, 134, 136, 198, 212, 259
BALOGH, GREG 343
Bamboo, Broad-leaf (Sasa palmata) 152
—, Dwarf (Sasa senanensis) 67
—, Kuril (Sasa kurilensis) 152
Bandai–Asahi National Park 127, 238, 239
Bass, Largemouth (or Black)
(Micropterus salmoides) 124, 125, 214, 270, 335
Basswood (Tilia americana) 80
Bat, Bonin Fruit (=Bonin Flying Fox Pteropus pselaphon) 336, 339, 347, 348
—, Greater Horseshoe (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) 348
—, Japanese Long-eared (Plecotus sacrimontis) 348
—, Lesser Leaf-nosed (Hipposideros turpis) 354
—, Little Bent-winged (Miniopterus fuscus) 348
—, Okinawa Fruit (=Okinawa Flying Fox Pteropus loochoensis) 355
—, Okinawa Little Horseshoe (Rhinolophus pumilus) 348
—, Ryukyu Fruit (=Ryukyu Flying Fox Pteropus dasymallus) 95, 347–349
—, Ryukyu Tube-nosed (Murina ryukyuana) 311, 312
Bay, Gesashi 317
—, Kagoshima 34, 273
—, Kinkō 134, 273
—, Tōkyō 34, 212, 280
Bayadera, Yaeyama (Bayadera ishigakiana) 318
Bear, Asiatic Black (Selenarctos thibetanus) 98, 246, 260–262
—, Brown (Ursus arctos) 16, 97, 98, 123, 150, 155, 162–164, 192, 200, 260, 352
—, Moon (=Asiatic Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus) 98, 246, 260–262
Beech, Siebold’s (or Japanese) (Fagus crenata) 30, 31, 83, 151, 217, 274
Beetle, Pandanus Bark (Phylloplatypus pandani) 349
—, Yambaru Long-armed Scarab (Cheirotonus jambar) 317, 319
Beppu 30
Biodiversity 89–95
Biogeography 92–121
Birch, Erman’s (Betula ermanii) 60, 83, 151, 155, 158
—, Japanese Monarch (Betula maximowicziana) 274
Birds 356–361
Bison, Steppe (Bison priscus) 250
Bittern, Cinnamon (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus) 302, 325, 360
—, Eurasian (Botauris stellaris) 66
—, Yellow (Ixobrychus sinensis) 66, 325
Blackvein, Eastern (Aporia hippia) 239
BLAKISTON, THOMAS WRIGHT 4, 12–17, 51, 52
Blakiston’s Line 16, 98, 218, 260, 356
Blite, Sea (Suaeda maritima) 82
Blue, Large Shijimi (Shijimiaeoides divinus asonis) 273
Blue, Scarce Large (Maculinea teleius) 273
Blueberry, Oval-leaved (Vaccinium ovalifolium) 152
Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) 124, 125, 214, 270, 335
Bluetail, Red-flanked (Tarsiger cyanurus) 60, 241, 242
Boar, Wild (Sus scrofa) 265, 324
Bonin Islands 333–351
Boobook, Northern (Ninox japonica) 154, 357, 359
Booby, Brown (Sula leucogaster) 74, 318, 334, 340, 344–345
Bōsō Peninsula 38, 256, 337
Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) 112, 357
Bulbul, Brown-eared (Microscelis amaurotis) 71, 140, 141, 237, 286–289, 297, 311, 358, 359
—, Light-vented (Pycnonotus sinensis) 360
Bullfinch, Grey-bellied (Pyrrhula griseiventris) 112
Bullfrog, American (Lithobates catesbeianus or Rana catesbeiana) 335
Bunting, Chestnut-eared (Emberiza fucata) 66, 114, 115
—, Elegant (Emberiza elegans) 114, 357
—, Grey (Emberiza variabilis) 114, 115, 358
—, Japanese Reed (Emberiza yessoensis) 66, 102, 212, 213, 359
—, Masked (Emberiza personata) 114, 115, 357
—, Meadow (Emberiza cioides) 66, 114, 357
—, Rustic (Emberiza rustica) 114, 115, 357
—, Yellow (Emberiza sulphurata) 114, 115, 134, 357, 358
—, Yellow-breasted (Emberiza aureola) 114, 115
—, Yellow-browed (Emberiza chrysophrys) 358
Bush Warbler, Japanese (Horornis diphone) 66, 234, 284, 290–291, 359
Butterflies 109
Butterfly, Ogasawara Blue (Celastrina ogasawaraensis) 350
Buttonquail, Barred (Turnix suscitator) 360
Buzzard, Eastern (Buteo japonicus) 60, 154, 159, 173, 342
—, Grey-faced (Butastur indicus) 63, 357, 360
—, Oriental Honey (Pernis orientalis) 74
—, Rough-legged (Buteo lagopus) 173

C
Cabbage, Asian Skunk (Lysichiton camtschatcensis) 159, 166
Cabbage, Deer (Fauria crista-galii) 155
Caldera, Aira 26, 134, 273, 274
—, Aso 23, 25, 26, 273
—, Kussharo 21, 26, 27, 157
—, Mashū 26, 27, 156, 233
Callianthemum, Japanese (Callianthemum hondoense) 244
Camellia, Chinese (Camellia reticulata) 296
—, Japanese (Camellia japonica) 296–297
Cape Erimo 51, 205, 207
Cape Hedo 317
Cape Muroto 143
Cape Nosappu 47, 52
Cape Ochiishi 52
Cape Sata 308
Cape Sōya 185
Cat (Felis catus) 270–271
—, Iriomote (Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis (previously Mayailurus iriomotensis)) 94, 300, 304, 305, 312, 317
—, Leopard (Prionailurus bengalensis) 300, 305, 353
—, Tsushima (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) 353
Cattle (Bos taurus) 270
Cedar, Japanese (or Yakushima) (Cryptomeria japonica) 31, 133, 134, 308, 310
Central Japan 33, 60, 63, 66, 160, 189, 218, 257, 258, 306, 351, 353, 354, 358, 359, 360
Cherry, Mountain (Prunus jamasakura) 79, 85
—, Yoshino (Prunus yedoensis) 79, 85
Chestnut, Japanese (Castanea crenata) 79
—, Japanese Horse (Aesculus turbinata) 217
Chiba Prefecture 29, 256, 280, 351
Chichi-jima 28, 95, 140, 334, 336, 347, 348, 350, 351
Chichibu–Tama–Kai National Park 239, 260
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) 270
Chinquapin, Japanese (Castanopsis cuspidata) 300
Chipmunk, Siberian (Eutamias sibiricus) 16, 97, 189, 190–194
Chōshi City 280
Chūbu Region 212
Chūgoku Mountains 214
Chūgoku Region 43, 217
Cicada, Ogasawara (Meimuna boninensis) 349
City, Chōshi 280
—, Hakodate 15, 16, 186
—, Hiroshima 80, 214, 217, 276
—, Izumi 134, 136, 276, 277, 278, 279
City, Kushiro 47, 166, 178, 181
—, Kyōto 80, 212, 221, 310
—, Nagoya 71, 80
—, Nara 212, 326
—, Ōsaka 71, 212, 218, 237
—, Shimonoseki 217
—, Tomakomai 286
—, Toyooka 214
—, Wakkanai 47, 185
Climate 41–55
Clione (=Sea Angel Clione limacina) 47
Clubtail, Yaeyama (Leptogomphus yayeyamensis) 301
Commensal(ism) 70, 71, 104, 122, 271
Competition 284–285
Coral | Coral reef 10, 32, 40, 57, 59, 74, 214, 217, 218, 298, 300, 303, 308, 312, 315, 317, 318, 330, 345
Cormorant, Great (Phalacrocorax carbo) 68, 221
—, Japanese (=Temminck’s Cormorant Phalacrocorax capillatus) 73, 165, 221, 358
—, Pelagic (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) 221
—, Red-faced (Phalacrocorax urile) 73, 221, 359
—, Temminck’s (Phalacrocorax capillatus) 73, 165, 221, 358
Corncrake (Crex crex) 336
Cottongrass, Hare’s-tail (Eriophorum vaginatum) 239
Cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) 155
Crab, Asian Soldier (Mictyris brevidactylus) 331
—, Dussumier’s Fiddler (Tubuca dussumieri) 331
—, Japanese Horseshoe (Tachypleus tridentatus) 214, 215
—, Milky Fiddler (Uca lactea) 331
—, Orange Fiddler (Uca vocans) 331
—, Orange Mud (Scylla olivacea) 331
—, Tetragonal Fiddler (Gelasimus tetragonon) 331
Crake, Ruddy-breasted (Porzana fusca) 66
—, Slaty-legged (Rallina eurizonoides) 360
Cranberry, Mountain (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) 155
Crane, Common (Grus grus) 277
—, Demoiselle (Grus virgo) 277
—, Hooded (Grus monacha) 71, 134, 136, 139, 141, 276–279, 357
—, Red-crowned (Grus japonensis) 6, 66, 126, 129, 130, 136, 139, 152, 172, 178–180, 197, 276, 335, 359
Crane, Sandhill (Antigone canadensis) 277
—, Siberian (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) 277, 279
—, White-naped (Antigone vipio) 71, 100, 134, 139, 276–279, 357
Crawfish, Louisiana (Procambarus clarkii) 351
Crayfish, Japanese (Cambaroides japonicus) 351
—, Signal (Pacifastacus leniusculus) 351
Cricket, Band-legged Ground (Dianemobius nigrofasciatus) 30
Crossbill, Red (Loxia curvirostra) 112, 113, 188
Crow, Carrion (Corvus corone) 70, 233
—, Japanese (or Large-billed) (Corvus (macrorhynchos) japonensis) 70, 71, 102, 103, 230–233, 357, 359
—, Oriental (Corvus orientalis) 70, 102, 103, 230–233
Cuckoldry 234
Cuckoo, Common (Cuculus canorus) 66, 167, 234–235, 290
—, Lesser (Cuculus poliocephalus) 234, 235
—, Oriental (Cuculus optatus) 234, 235, 290
Cultivation 70–71
Current, Kuroshio 38, 73, 134, 299
—, Oyashio 38, 73, 202, 353
—, Sōya 38
—, Tsugaru 38
—, Tsushima 38, 214
Currents 38–40
Cycad, Sago (=Japanese Sago Palm Cycas revoluta) 57, 315
Cypress, Hinoki (or Japanese) (Chamaecyparis obtusa) 31, 261
—, Patagonian (Fitzroya cupressoides) 310

D
Daikoku Island 207
Daisetsu Mountains 58, 60, 97, 137, 149, 155, 162, 191, 247, 251
Damselfly, Amami (Rhipidolestes amamiensis) 301, 312
—, Ryukyu (Coeliccia ryukyuensis) 93, 301, 321
—, Shikoku (Rhipidolestes hiraoi) 274
—, Yaeyama Gossamer-wing (Euphaea yayeyamana) 301
—, Yakushima (Rhipidolestes yakusimensis) 274
—, Yambaru (Rhipidolestes shozoi) 321
Daylily, Amur (Hemerocallis middendorffii) 83
—, Hokkaidō (Hemerocallis yezoensis) 83
Deer, Ancient Japanese (Cervus praenipponic) 250
Deer, European Red (Cervus elaphus) 321
—, Japanese (or Sika) (Cervus nippon) 6, 96, 284, 304, 310, 321–323, 326
—, Spotted (Axis axis) 310
—, Yabe’s Giant (Sinomegaceros yabei) 250, 251
Dejima 12–15, 327
Dipper, Brown (Cinclus pallasii) 68, 217, 274, 282–284
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) 270–271
—, Raccoon (=Tanuki Nyctereutes procyonoides) 98, 228, 242, 258–259, 265, 304, 353
Dogwood, Kousa (Cornus kousa) 244, 245
Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis) 63, 359
Dolphin, Common Bottle-nosed (Tursiops truncatus) 144, 146
—, Indo-Pacific Bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus) 145, 146
—, Pacific White-sided (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) 98, 140, 143, 144, 146
—, Risso’s (Grampus griseus) 98, 144
—, Spinner (Stenella longirostris) 145, 146
Dormouse, Japanese (Glirulus japonicus) 10, 98, 100, 104, 105, 354
Dove, Oriental Turtle (Streptopelia orientalis) 102, 103, 359
—, Rock (=Feral Pigeon Columba livia) 71
Dragon, Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) 267
Dragonflies 92–93
Dragonfly, Japanese Relict (Epiophlebia superstes) 92, 93
—, Okinawa Sarasayama (Sarasaeschna kunigamiensis) 321
—, Pryer’s Petaltail (=Pryer’s Petaltail Tanypteryx pryeri) 92, 93
Duck, Eastern Spot-billed (Anas zonorhyncha) 103, 357
—, Falcated (Mareca falcata) 224, 225, 359
—, Harlequin (Histrionicus histrionicus) 118, 204, 281
—, Long-tailed (Clangula hyemalis) 119
—, Mandarin (Aix galericulata) 68, 226–229, 281
—, Tufted (Aythya fuligula) 214, 358
Dugong (Dugong dugon) 352
Dunes | Dune Forest 10, 59, 79, 82, 83, 84, 127, 191, 214, 215

E
Eagle, Golden (Aquila chrysaetos) 173, 246
—, Steller’s (Sea) (Haliaeetus pelagicus) 47, 136, 159, 165, 170–172, 174, 356
Eagle, White-tailed (Sea) (Haliaeetus albicilla) 47, 159, 165, 170–172, 175, 359
Earthquakes 28–29
Edo 14, 29, 33, 34, 43, 71, 72, 86, 134, 160, 162, 333
Edo Period 296
Egret, Eastern Cattle (Bubulcus coromandus) 357, 359
—, Intermediate (Egretta intermedia) 357, 360
—, Little (Egretta garzetta) 359
—, Pacific Reef (Egretta sacra) 73, 360
Elephant, Naumann’s (Palaeoloxodon naumanni) 89, 250, 251
Elm, Father David (Ulmus davidiana) 151
EMPEROR TENMU 296
Endemism 90–91
Ermine (=Stoat Mustela erminea) 197
Extinction 123–125
Ezo Fuji 186, 187

F
Falcon, Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) 159
Fennel, Hog’s (Peucedanum multivittatum) 155
Fern, Siebold’s Wood (Dryopteris sieboldii) 15
Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) 358
Fig, Curtain (Ficus macrocarpa) 310
—, Sea (Ficus superba var. japonica) 310
Finch, Asian Rosy (Leucosticte arctoa) 112
Fir, Maries’ (Abies mariesii) 31, 244, 245
—, Momi (Abies firma) 31, 274
—, Nikko (Abies homolepis) 31
—, Sakhalin (Abies sachalinensis) 83, 151
—, Veitch’s Silver (Abies veitchii) 31
Fish, Barbel Flying (Exocoetus monocirrhus) 98
Flatworm, New Guinea (Platydemus manokwari) 351
Flora 77–87
Flutterer, Variegated (Rhyothemis variegata) 301
Flycatcher, Blue-and-white (Cyanoptila cyanomelana) 234, 240, 285, 357, 359
—, Grey-streaked (Muscicapa griseisticta) 357
—, Japanese Paradise (Terpsiphone atrocaudata) 63, 285, 358, 360
—, Narcissus (Ficedula narcissina) 241, 242, 285, 358
Flying Fox, Bonin (Pteropus pselaphon) 336, 339, 347, 348
—, Okinawa (Pteropus loochoensis) 355
—, Ryukyu (Pteropus dasymallus) 95, 347–349
Flying Squirrel, Japanese (Pteromys momonga) 90, 189, 195, 218, 219, 220
—, Japanese Giant (Petaurista leucogenys) 88, 100, 134, 136, 189, 212, 218, 219, 220
—, Siberian (Pteromys volans) 100, 156, 189, 190, 194–196, 218, 353
Fox, African Bat-eared (Otocyon megalotis) 258
—, Red (Vulpes vulpes) 16, 97, 160–161, 263, 353
Fritillary, Dark Green (Speyeria aglaja) 109
—, East Asian (Argyynis ruslana) 109
—, Silver-washed (Argynnis paphia) 109
Frog, Amami Brown (Rana kobai) 303
—, Amami Green Tree (Rhacophorus viridis amamiensis) 303
—, Amami Ishikawa’s (Odorrana splendida) 91, 303, 312
—, Amami Tip-nosed (Odorrana amamiensis) 303, 312
—, Eiffinger’s Tree (Chirixalus eiffingeri) 318
—, Greater Tip-nosed (Rana supranarina) 317
—, Hallowell’s Tree (Hyla hallowellii) 303
—, Hokkaidō Brown (Rana pirica) 166
—, Holst’s (Rana holsti) 317, 321
—, Namie’s (Rana namiyei) 320, 321
—, Okinawa Ishikawa’s (Odorrana ishikawae) 317, 319, 321
—, Okinawa Tip-nosed (Odorrana narina) 317
—, Otton (Rana subaspera) 303
—, Owston’s Green Tree (Rhacophorus owstoni) 318
—, Ryukyu Brown (Rana okinavana) 303, 317
—, Ryukyu Kajika (Buergeria japonica) 302, 303
—, Utsunomiya’s Tip-nosed (Odorrana utsunomiyaorum) 317
—, Yaeyama Harpist (Rana psaltes) 317
Fuji Five Lakes 212
Fuji–Hakone–Izu National Park 240, 338
Fukushima 29, 239
Fungus, Green PePe (Mycena chlorophos) 334
Fur Seal, Northern (Callorhinus ursinus) 40, 50, 98, 202–205

G
GADOW, HANS 269
Gadwall (Mareca strepera) 359
Gap, Kerama 311, 355
Garganey (Spatula querquedula) 357
Gecko, Kuroiwa’s Ground (Goniurosaurus kuroiwae) 320, 321, 327
Gecko, Micronesian Saw-tailed (Perochirus ateles) 336
Geography 33–37
Geology 18–31
Geopark, San’in Kaigan 129, 214
—, Unzen Volcano Area 26, 129
Geoparks 129
Gesashi Bay 317
Gifu Prefecture 36, 191, 221, 222, 242
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) 13, 85, 86–87
Glacial Maximum 10, 89, 248, 249, 250
Glacier 244, 250, 251
Glasswort, Common (Salicornia europaea) 82
Global Geopark, Aso 273
Goat, Feral (Capra aegagrus hircus) 351
Goldeneye, Common (Bucephala clangula) 119
Goosander (=Common Merganser Mergus merganser) 118, 119, 359
Goose, Brent (Branta bernicla orientalis) 73
—, Cackling (Branta hutchinsii) 224, 225
—, Greater White-fronted (Anser albifrons) 136, 137, 210, 224, 224, 359
—, Lesser White-fronted (Anser erythropus) 224
—, Snow (Anser caerulescens) 224, 225
—, Taiga Bean (Anser fabalis middendorffii) 359
—, Tundra Bean (Anser serrirostris) 224
Gorge, Three-Level 217
Goshawk, Northern (Accipiter gentilis) 159, 226, 228
GOWLAND, WILLIAM 245
Grass, Bamboo (Sasa veitchii) 66, 151
—, Murain (Ischaemum anthephoroides) 83
Grassbird, Marsh (Locustella pryeri) 66, 102, 213, 359
Grasshopper Warbler, Lanceolated (Locustella lanceolata) 66, 102
—, Middendorff’s (Locustella ochotensis) 66, 101, 102
—, Sakhalin (Locustella amnicola) 66, 101, 102, 359
—, Styan’s (Locustella pleskei) 339, 340
Grasslands 66–67
Grebe, Black-necked (Podiceps nigricollis) 118
—, Red-necked (Podiceps grisegena) 118, 359
—, Slavonian (Podiceps auritus) 118
Greenfinch, Ogasawara (Chloris kittlitzi) 334, 336
—, Oriental (Carduelis sinica) 102, 103, 112, 195, 340, 357, 359, 361
Greenling, Japan Sea (Pleurogrammus azonus) 183
Grosbeak, Japanese (Eophona personata) 112
—, Pine (Pinicola enucleator) 60, 112, 113, 359
Grouse, Hazel (Tetrastes bonasia) 60, 148, 173, 249, 359
Guillemot, Common (Uria aalge) 185, 359
—, Spectacled (Cepphus carbo) 165, 185, 359
Gull, Black-tailed (Larus crassirostris) 116, 120, 121, 358
—, Common (Larus canus) 121
—, Common BIack-headed (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) 357
—, Franklin’s (Leucophaeus pipixcan) 357
—, Glaucous (Larus hyperboreus) 121
—, Glaucous-winged (Larus glaucescens) 121
—, Saunders’s (Chroicocephalus saundersi) 68, 134
—, Slaty-backed (Larus schistisagus) 121, 359
—, Vega (Larus vegae) 121

H
Habitats 57–75
Habu, Okinawa (Protobothrops flavoviridis) 313, 314, 327
—, Princess (Protobothrops okinavensis) 313, 314
—, Sakishima (Trimeresurus elegans) 317
—, Tokara (Protobothrops tokarensis) 314
Hachigorō Toshima Wetlands 214
Hachijō Island | Hachijō-jima 28, 333, 337, 338
Hachisuka’s Line 355
Hagi 217
Haha-jima 28, 95, 334, 335, 336, 348, 350, 351
Hairstreak, Ezo (Favonius jezoensis) 109
—, Green (Callophrys rubi) 109
—, Many-striped (Japonica saepestriata) 109
—, Oriental (Favonius orientalis) 109
—, Zephyrus (Neozephyrus japonicus) 109
Hakodate | Hakodate City 15, 16, 186
Hare, Japanese (Lepus brachyurus) 257, 264, 352
—, Mountain (Lepus timidus) 173, 198, 257, 264, 354
Harrier, Eastern Marsh (Circus spilonotus) 66
HASEGAWA HIROSHI 342, 343, 346, 347
HATTORI TŌRU 340
Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) 112
Hawk-Cuckoo, Northern (Hierococcyx sparverioides) 234, 235
Hawk-Eagle, Japanese (or Mountain) (Nisaetus orientalis) 173, 228
Hazel, Evergreen Witch (Distylium racemosum) 274
Hazel, Fragrant Witch (Corylopsis glabrescens) 134
Heather, Clubmoss Mountain (Cassiope lycopodioides) 155, 186
Hemlock, Northern Japanese (Tsuga diversifolia) 31, 245
—, Southern Japanese (Tsuga sieboldii) 15, 31, 274
Heron, Black-crowned Night (Nycticorax nycticorax) 325
—, Chinese Pond (Ardeola bacchus) 325
—, Grey (Ardea cinerea) 325
—, Japanese Night (Gorsachius goisagi) 63, 358
—, Malayan Night (Gorsachius melanolophus) 325, 360
—, Purple (Ardea purpurea) 302, 325, 360
—, Striated (Butorides striata) 359
Herring, Pacific (Clupea pallasii) 143
Hiba (=Thujopsis Thujopsis dolobrata) 31, 83
Hichiso Precambrian Museum 20
Hida Mountains 242, 244, 250
Hidaka Mountains 21, 247, 248
Hiroshima City 80, 214, 217, 276
Hobby, Northern (Falco subbuteo) 359
Hokkaidō 149–208
Honeyeater, Bonin (Island)
(Apalapteron familiare) 65, 75, 95, 334, 336, 339, 358, 360
Honshū 209–272
Horse (Equus caballus) 270–271
Hot Springs (Onsen | Rotenburo) 30, 165, 177
Huchen, Japanese (Hucho perryi) 166, 167
Hwamei, Chinese (Garrulax hwamei) 291
Hydrangea, Climbing (Hydrangea petiolaris) 151, 152
—, Taki’s (Hydrangea otaksa) 14
Hymenoptera 92

I
Ibis, Crested (Nipponia nippon) 6, 71, 100, 130, 212, 213, 335, 359
Inland Sea 38, 43, 214, 272, 322
Invasive alien species 218, 270, 349, 351
Iriomote Island | Iriomote-jima 304, 318, 324, 331
Iriomote–Ishigaki National Park 317
Iris, Beachhead (Iris setosa) 83
Ishikari Plain 36
Ishikari River 280
Island, Daikoku 207
—, Hachijō 28, 333, 337, 338
—, Iriomote 304, 318, 324, 331
—, Minami Iwō 28, 336, 348
—, Miyake 26, 27, 28, 333, 335, 337, 338–339, 340
—, Miyako 300, 315
—, Rebun 134, 181
—, Rishiri 74, 134
—, Sado 38, 70, 71, 100, 104, 130, 212, 258
—, Teuri 74, 181, 182–185, 357
—, Yonaguni 33, 315, 360
Islands, Bonin 333–351
—, Iwō 333–351
—, Izu 333–351
—, Kerama 140, 143, 146, 147, 315, 321, 323
—, Ogasawara 333–351
—, Oki 129, 214
—, Ryūkyū 301, 302, 303
—, Senkaku 343, 360
—, Yaeyama 34, 38, 92, 109, 200, 243, 301, 315, 317, 319, 320, 325, 347, 354, 360
Itaji Chinkapin (Castanopsis sieboldii) 10, 64, 248, 274, 299, 310, 317
Itsukushima Shrine 216, 217, 326
Iwō Islands 333–351
Iwō-zan 23, 30, 158, 165
Izu Islands 333–351
Izu Ōshima 218, 256, 337
Izumi City 134, 136, 276, 277, 278, 279
Izu-numa 136, 137, 139, 210, 224

J
Jackdaw, Daurian (Coloeus dauuricus) 286, 357
Jacob’s Ladder, Kyūshū (Polemonium kiushianum) 273
Japan Alps | Japanese Alps 25, 33, 36, 43, 56, 100, 133, 134, 173, 212, 238, 240, 241, 242–246, 250, 262, 266, 308, 360
Japanolirion, Oze (Japanolirion osense) 239
Jay, Eurasian (Garrulus glandarius) 230, 233
—, Lidth’s (Garrulus lidthi) 65, 311, 320, 321, 358, 360
Jigokudani 212, 251, 253, 255, 256
Jōmon 133, 149, 263, 271, 296, 309, 309
Jōshinetsu Kōgen National Park 239
Juniper, Shore (Juniperus conferta) 83

K
KABAYA TSURUHIKO 318
Kagoshima Bay 34, 273
Kagoshima Prefecture 34, 70, 277
KAMEL, GEORG JOSEPH 296
Kamikōchi 244, 245
KÄMPFER, ENGELBERT 4, 12–17, 86, 296
Kamuy Mintara 97, 150
Kandelia, Narrow-leaved (Kandelia candel) 82, 330
Kansai Region 36, 212, 214
Kantō Plain 33, 34, 36, 43, 280
Kantō Region 29, 33, 34, 36, 43, 212, 280
Karst landscape 216, 217
Karuizawa 134, 139, 212
Kasai Marine Park 212
Kasai Rinkai Kōen 212
Katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) 62, 151
KAWAGUCHI MAGOJIRO 290
Keelback, Tiger (Rhabdophis tigrinus) 326
Kerama Gap 311, 355
Kerama Islands 140, 143, 146, 147, 315, 321, 323
Kestrel, Common (Falco tinnunculus) 359
Kii Mountains 214
Kii Peninsula 256
Kingfisher, Collared (Todiramphus chloris) 358
—, Common (Alcedo atthis) 68, 217, 281, 282, 283
—, Crested (Megaceryle lugubris) 68, 274, 281, 283
—, Ruddy (Halcyon coromanda) 63, 275
Kinki Region 43
Kinkō Bay 134, 273
Kirishima Mountains 27, 34, 127, 133, 134, 135, 273, 274
Kirishima–Kinkōwan National Park 133, 135, 273
Kite, Black-eared (Milvus lineatus) 70, 105–106, 159, 173
Kiwi, Hardy (Actinidia arguta) 152
—, Variegated-leaf Hardy (Actinidia kolomikta) 151, 152
Knot, Great (Calidris tenuirostris) 275, 276
Kōbe 15, 212
Kōchi Prefecture 52, 140
Kodonospora tetracolumnaris (a fungus) 349
Komakusa (Dicentra peregrina) 244
Koshiabura (Acanthopanax sciadophylloides) 151
Kuroshio Current 38, 73, 134, 299
Kushiro City 47, 166, 178, 181
Kushiro River 167
Kushiro Shitsugen National Park 139, 166, 178
Kussharo Caldera 21, 26, 27, 157
Kussharo Kotan 158
Kussharo-ko | Kussharo, Lake 26, 30, 36, 48, 157, 158, 167
Kyōto City 80, 212, 221, 310
Kyōto Prefecture 214
Kyūshū 273–298

L
La Pérouse Strait 38, 150, 46–49
Lagoon, Sekisei 318
Lake Biwa 36, 59, 68, 214, 215
Lake Inba 351
Lake Kasumigaura 36
Lake Kussharo 26, 30, 36, 48, 157, 158, 167
Lake Mashū 156, 158, 159
Lake Nakaumi 214
Lake On-ne-tō 156
Lake Rausu 165
Lake Shikotsu 36, 61, 186
Lake Shinji 214
Lake Tōya 36, 186
Lakes, Fuji Five 212
Landscape, Karst 216, 217
Langur, Northern Plains (Semnopithecus entellus) 310
Lapwing, Grey-headed (Vanellus cinereus) 359
Larch, Japanese (Larix kaempferi) 13, 15, 31
Law, The Wildlife Protection and Hunting 204
Lawngrass, Japanese (Zoysia japonica) 82
Leiothrix, Red-billed (Leiothrix lutea) 66, 351
Lily of the Valley, Asian (Convallaria keiskei) 83
Lily, Thunberg’s (Lilium maculatum) 83
Lime, Japanese (Tilia japonica) 83
Linden, American (Tilia americana) 80
Line, Blakiston’s 16, 98, 218, 260, 356
—, Hachisuka’s 355
—, Watase’s 354, 355
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) 155
LINNAEUS, CARL 12, 13
Lizard, Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis) 336, 349–351
—, Okinawan Tree (Japalura polygonata polygonata) 321, 327
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) 136
Luehdorfia, Japanese (Luehdorfia japonica) 212
Lupin, False (Thermopsis lupinoides) 83

M
Macaque, Japanese (Macaca fuscata) 6, 16, 92, 98, 99, 123, 133, 139, 212, 236, 237, 239, 246, 250, 251, 252–256, 258, 286, 300, 302, 310, 323, 326, 353, 355
—, Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 256, 310
—, Taiwan (Macaca cyclopis) 256, 258
Magnolia, Japanese Whitebark (Magnolia obovata) 79
—, Kobushi (Magnolia kobus) 79
—, Siebold’s (Magnolia sieboldii) 15
Magpie, Azure-winged (Cyanopica cyanus) 234, 359
—, Oriental (Pica serica) 286
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 103, 224, 227
Mammals 352–355
Mamushi, Japanese (Gloydius blomhoffii) 327
Mangrove Apple (Sonneratia alba) 82, 330
—, Black (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) 82, 329,
—, Grey (Avicennia marina) 82, 330
—, Looking-glass (Heritiera littoralis and Lumnitzera racemosa) 317, 330
—, Oval-leaf (Kandelia obovata) 310
—, Spider (Rhizophora stylosa) 82, 330
Mangroves 328–331
Maple, Painted (Acer mono) 83
Marimo (Aegagropila linnaei) 156
Marten, Japanese (Martes melampus) 16, 197, 198, 199, 242
Martin, Asian House (Delichon dasypus) 289
—, Sand (Riparia riparia) 359
Maruyama River 214
Mashū Caldera 26, 27, 156, 233
Mashū-ko 156, 158, 159
Mashū, Lake 156, 158, 159
Matatabi (=Silver Vine Actinidia polygama) 152
Matrona, Japanese (Matrona japonica) 93, 301
Me-Akan 156
Megachiroptera 347, 348
Meiji Restoration 15, 52, 127, 129, 149, 262, 271
Meiji Shrine 212
Merganser, Common (Mergus merganser) 118, 119, 359
—, Red-breasted (Mergus serrator) 118, 119
Microchiroptera 347, 348
Migration 360–361
Milkwort, Sea (Lysimachia maritima) 82
Minami Iwō Island | Minami Iwō-jima 28, 336, 348
Ministry of the Environment 6, 178, 205, 343, 351
Minivet, Ryukyu (Pericrocotus tegimae) 358, 360
Mink, American (Neovison vison) 52, 123, 124, 197
Mistletoe, Japanese (Viscum album var. coloratum) 106
Miyagi Prefecture 104, 136, 139, 224
Miyake Island | Miyake-jima 26, 27, 28, 333, 335, 337, 338–339, 340
Miyako Island | Miyako-jima 300, 315
Mongoose, Small Asian (or Small Indian or Javan) (Herpestes javanicus) 95, 124, 314, 321, 336, 351
Monkey, Snow (=Japanese Macaque Macaca fuscata) 6, 16, 92, 98, 99, 123, 133, 139, 212, 236, 237, 239, 246, 250, 251, 252–256, 258, 286, 300, 302, 310, 323, 326, 353, 355
Mountains, Chūgoku 214
—, Daisetsu 58, 60, 97, 137, 149, 155, 162, 191, 247, 251
—, Hida 242, 244, 250
—, Hidaka 21, 247, 248
—, Kii 214
—, Kirishima 27, 34, 127, 133, 134, 135, 273, 274
—, Shirakami 129, 209, 210
Mouse, Eurasian Harvest (Micromys minutus) 104, 105
—, House (Mus musculus) 271
—, Large Japanese Field (Apodemus speciosus) 104, 105, 304
—, Small Japanese Field (Apodemus argenteus) 104
Mt Asahi 155
Mt Aso 22, 25, 26, 27, 273
Mt Bandai 239
Mt Chibusa 335
Mt Daisen 214
Mt Fuji 1, 18, 26, 33, 57, 134, 178, 212, 240, 338
Mt Iwate 210
Mt Iwō 23, 30, 158, 165
Mt Kirishima 273
Mt Miyanoura 133, 308
Mt Oyama 338
Mt Rausu 165
Mt Sakurajima 26, 27, 34, 134, 273, 274
Mt Shinmoe 22, 134
Mt Usu 26, 27, 129, 186
Mt Yonaha 317
Mt Yōtei 186, 187
Mt Yuwan 299
Mudskipper, Barred (Periophthalmus argentilineatus) 329
Muko-jima 28, 336, 346
Muroran 140
Murre, Common (=Common Guillemot Uria aalge) 185, 359
Murrelet, Japanese (Synthliboramphus wumizusume) 74, 358
Museum, Hichiso Precambrian 20
Myōkō–Togakushi Renzan National Park 239
Myotis, Large-footed (Myotis macrodactylus) 347
—, Yanbaru (Myotis yanbarensis) 311, 312

N
Nagano Prefecture 30, 36, 67, 98, 139, 212, 237, 239, 242, 244, 250, 251, 253, 260, 280
Nagasaki 12–15, 335
Nagoya City 71, 80
Nansei Shotō 6, 10, 33, 38, 43, 57, 60, 65, 73, 77, 82, 83, 92, 95, 138, 139, 140, 144, 243, 274, 285, 294, 299–332, 347, 352, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361
Nara City 212, 326
National Park, Akan–Mashū 23, 30, 82, 137, 139, 156, 157, 167, 232, 233
—, Akiyoshidai Quasi 216, 217
—, Amami Guntō 312
—, Aso–Kuju 273
—, Bandai–Asahi 127, 238, 239
—, Chichibu–Tama–Kai 239, 260
—, Fuji–Hakone–Izu 240, 338
—, Iriomote–Ishigaki 317
—, Jōshinetsu Kōgen 239
—, Kirishima Kinkōwan 133, 135, 273
—, Kushiro Shitsugen 139, 166, 178
—, Myōkō–Togakushi Renzan 239
—, Nikko 66, 239, 240
—, Nishi-Chūgoku Sanchi Quasi 217
—, Ō-numa Quasi 186
—, Oze 239
—, Rishiri–Rebun–Sarobetsu 181
—, Saikai 273
—, San’in Kaigan 214
National Park, Shiretoko 97, 165–167
—, Unzen–Amakusa 273
—, Yambaru 317
Natural Monument 52, 80, 105, 266, 269, 278, 312, 342, 346
Needlewood (Schima wallichii) 299
Nematode, Pine Wood (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) 335
Nemuro 47, 207
Nemuro Peninsula 52, 198
Nemuro Strait 52, 136, 140, 143, 146, 165, 170, 204
Newt, Anderson’s Crocodile (Echinotriton (or Tylototriton) andersoni) 303, 304
—, Sword-tailed (Cynops ensicauda) 302, 303
Nightingale, Common (Luscinia megarhynchos) 290
Niigata Prefecture 36, 70, 104, 191, 239, 280
Nikkō National Park 66, 239, 240
Nishi-Chūgoku Sanchi Quasi National Park 217
Nōbi Plain 36
Noddy, Brown (Anous stolidus) 74, 318, 360
Northern Alps 242, 244, 250
Noto Peninsula 212, 361
Nutcracker, Spotted (or Eurasian) (Nucifraga caryocatactes) 56, 60, 230, 233, 292, 360
Nuthatch, Eurasian (Sitta europaea) 194, 295

O
O-Akan 156
Ō-numa Quasi National Park 186
Oak, Daimyo (Quercus dentata) 83
—, Japanese Blue (Quercus glauca) 274
—, Japanese Willow-leaf (Quercus salicina) 274
—, Jolcham (Quercus serrata) 310
—, Mongolian (Quercus mongolica) 83, 151, 165, 260, 274
—, Okinawan (Quercus miyagii) 65, 300
Oakleaf, Orange (Kallima inachus) 65, 109
Odonata 10, 92
Ogasawara Islands 333–351
Oki Islands 129, 214
Okinawa 10, 33, 43, 44, 46, 64, 74, 76, 92, 95, 102, 106, 129, 130, 140, 166, 200, 234, 257, 294, 300, 302, 305, 307, 311, 312, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 326, 336, 347, 348, 351, 352, 355, 360
Okinawa Trough 23, 299
Orca (Orcinus orca) 98, 136, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 352
Oriental Region 10, 301, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360
Ōsaka City 71, 212, 218, 237
Ōsaka Plain 36
Osprey, Western (Pandion haliaetus) 68
Ōsumi Peninsula 273
Otter, Eurasian (Lutra lutra) 51, 52, 123, 198, 280
—, Japanese (Lutra nippon) 355
—, Sea (Enhydra lutris) 40, 50–52, 57, 198
Owl, Blakiston’s Fish (Bubo blakistoni) 16, 17, 152–154
—, Eastern Grass (Tyto longimembris) 358
—, Japanese Scops (Otus semitorques) 154
—, Long-eared (Asio otus) 154
—, Oriental Scops (Otus sunia) 154
—, Ryukyu Scops (Otus elegans) 65
—, Short-eared (Asio flammeus) 154
—, Ural (Strix uralensis) 154, 154, 357
Oyashio Current 38, 73, 202, 353
Oze National Park 239

P
Palaearctic Region 104, 109, 257, 301, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360
Palm, Japanese Sago (Cycas revoluta) 57, 315
—, Mangrove (Nypa fruticans) 330
—, Yaeyama (Satakentia liukiuensis) 318
Paperplant, Glossy-leaf (Fatsia japonica) 79
Parakeet, Rose-ringed (Psittacula krameri) 351
Park, Kasai Marine 212
Partridge, Chinese Bamboo (Bambusicola thoracicus) 66, 223
Peafowl, Indian (Pavo cristatus) 284, 285
Peninsula, Boso 38, 256, 337
—, Kii 256
—, Nemuro 52, 198
—, Noto 212, 361
—, Osumi 273
—, Shimokita 98, 139, 253, 260, 265
—, Shiretoko 30, 38, 47, 96, 121, 129, 136, 140, 144, 145, 146, 158, 162, 163, 165–166, 170, 174, 198, 202, 204, 232, 233, 352
Penstemon, Shrub-like (Penstemon frutescens) 155
Petaltail, Pryer’s (Tanypteryx pryeri) 92, 93
Petrel, Band-rumped Storm (Oceanodroma castro) 359
—, Bonin (Pterodroma hypoleuca) 74, 360
—, Bulwer’s (Bulweria bulwerii) 360
Petrel, Leach’s Storm (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) 74, 359
—, Matsudaira’s Storm (Oceanodroma matsudairae) 74, 334, 358, 360
—, Swinhoe’s Storm (Oceanodroma monorhis) 358, 359
—, Tristram’s Storm (Oceanodroma tristrami) 74
Phalarope, WiIson’s (Phalaropus tricolor) 357
Pheasant, Copper (Syrmaticus soemmerringii) 63, 134, 212, 222–223, 357, 358
—, Green (Phasianus versicolor) 66, 67, 70, 134, 212, 222–223, 358, 359
Photography 146–147
Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) 270, 324
Pigeon, Feral (Columba livia) 71
—, Japanese Wood (Columba janthina) 339, 358
—, Ryukyu Green (Treron permagnus) 65, 302, 308, 360
—, White-bellied Green (Treron sieboldii) 15, 116, 117
Pika, Northern (Ochotona hyperborea) 137, 155, 246–250, 257, 354
Pine, Bonin Screw (Pandanus boninensis) 83
—, Bristlecone (Pinus longaeva) 310
—, Dwarf Siberian (Pinus pumila) 31, 60, 82, 165, 191, 261
—, Fern (Podocarpus macrophyllus) 79
—, Japanese Black (Pinus thunbergii) 79, 83, 214
—, Japanese Red (Pinus densiflora) 30, 31, 79, 83, 214, 274
—, Japanese Stone (Pinus pumila) 31, 60, 82, 165, 191, 261
—, Screw (Pandanus odoratissimus) 83
Pintail, Northern (Anas acuta) 224, 280
Pipistrelle, Bonin (Pipistrellus sturdeei) 355
—, Endo’s (Pipistrellus endoi) 354
Pipit, Olive-backed (Anthus hodgsoni) 234
Pitta, Fairy (Pitta nympha) 63, 274, 359
Plain, Ishikari 36
—, Kantō 33, 34, 36, 43, 280
—, Nōbi 36
—, Ōsaka 36
—, Tokachi 36
Plate Tectonics 18–23
Play behaviour 230–233
PLINIUS SECUNDUS, GAIUS (PLINY THE ELDER) 290
Plover, Long-billed (Charadrius placidus) 68, 69, 281, 282
Pollock, Walleye (Theragra chalcogramma) 143, 172
Population 9
Porpoise, Dall’s (Phocoenoides dalli) 97, 140, 144, 146
—, Harbour (Phocoena phocoena) 98, 146
—, Indo-Pacific Finless (Neophocaena phocaenoides) 140, 214
Prefecture, Aichi 36, 102, 242
—, Aomori 98
—, Chiba 29, 256, 280, 351
—, Gifu 36, 191, 221, 222, 242
—, Kagoshima 34, 70, 277
—, Kōchi 52, 140
—, Kyōto 214
—, Miyagi 104, 136, 139, 224
—, Nagano 30, 36, 67, 98, 139, 212, 237, 239, 242, 244, 250, 251, 253, 260, 280
—, Niigata 36, 70, 104, 191, 239, 280
—, Saga 80
—, Shiga 59
—, Shizuoka 242, 244, 331
—, Tochigi 66, 239
—, Tottori 10, 59, 80, 127, 214, 215
—, Wakayama 256
—, Yamagata 239
—, Yamaguchi 217
—, Yamanashi 191, 239, 242, 244, 260
Primrose, Wedgeleaf (Primula cuneifolia) 155
PRYER, HENRY 15
Ptarmigan, Rock (Lagopus muta) 60, 61, 134, 239, 246, 249, 250, 360
Pufferfish, Tiger (Takifugu rubripes) 217
Puffin, Atlantic (Fratercula arctica) 183
—, Horned (Fratercula corniculata) 183
—, Tufted (Fratercula cirrhata) 74, 183, 359
Pygmyfly, Northern (Nannophya pygmaea) 93

Q
Quasi National Park, Akiyoshidai 216, 217
—, Nishi-Chūgoku Sanchi 217
—, Ō-numa 186

R
Rabbit, Amami (Pentelagus furnessi) 90, 91, 95, 129, 257, 302, 304, 306, 312–314, 352, 353
—, European (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 257
Raccoon, North American (Procyon lotor) 123, 124, 270, 355
Rail, Okinawa (Gallirallus okinawae) 65, 95, 290, 303, 307, 315, 317, 318–321, 358, 360
Rainy Season 25, 34, 41, 42, 43, 44, 264, 273
Ramsar Sites 124, 127, 311, 331
Rat, Amami Spiny (Tokudaia osimensis) 304, 305, 312
—, Brown (or Norway) (Rattus norvegicus) 104, 271
—, Okinawa Spiny (Tokudaia muenninki) 304, 305, 312
—, Ryukyu Long-haired (Diplothrix legata) 90, 305, 306, 312
—, Tokunoshima Spiny (Tokudaia tokunoshimensis) 312
Ratsnake, Four-lined (=Japanese Striped Snake Elaphe quadrivirgata) 326
—, Japanese (Elaphe climacophora) 326, 327
Rausu 165
Raven, Northern (Corvus corax) 102, 159, 230–233
Ray, Reef Manta (Mobula alfredi) 318
Rebun Island 134, 181
Red Data Book of Japan 123
Redpoll, Common (Acanthis flammea) 112, 113
Redshank, Common (Tringa totanus ussuriensis) 359
Redstart, Daurian (Phoenicurus auroreus) 284
Reed Warbler, Black-browed (Acrocephalus bistrigiceps) 66, 69, 167
—, Oriental (Acrocephalus orientalis) 66, 234
Reed, Common or Japanese (Phragmites australis or P. japonicus) 82
Region, Chūbu 212
—, Chūgoku 43, 217
—, Kansai 36, 212, 214
—, Kantō 29, 33, 34, 36, 43, 212, 280
—, Kinki 43
—, Oriental 10, 301, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360
—, Palaearctic 104, 109, 257, 301, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360
—, San’in 82
—, Tōhoku 23, 29, 30, 43, 82, 210, 239
—, Tōkai 43
Rhinoceros, Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis) 265
Rhododendron, Japanese (Rhododendron brachycarpum) 152
Ring of Fire 21, 24, 152
Rishiri Fuji 181, 182
Rishiri Island 74, 134
Rishiri–Rebun–Sarobetsu National Park 181
River, Azusa 244
—, Ishikari 280
—, Kushiro 167
—, Maruyama 214
—, Shinano 36, 280
River, Tone 212, 280
Robin, Izu (Larvivora tanensis) 134, 335, 339, 358, 360
—, Japanese (Larvivora akahige) 60, 308, 358
—, Okinawa (Larvivora namiyei) 76, 302, 321, 358, 360
—, Ryukyu (Larvivora komadori) 65, 308, 311, 358, 360
—, Siberian Blue (Larvivora cyane) 284, 357
Rook, Eastern (Corvus pastinator) 286, 357
Rose, Japanese Beach (Rosa rugosa) 83
Rosefinch, Long-tailed (Carpodacus sibiricus) 66, 112, 113, 359
—, Pallas’s (Carpodacus roseus) 112, 113
Rowan, Japanese (Sorbus commixta) 106, 155
Rubythroat, Siberian (Luscinia calliope) 60, 137, 138, 155, 234, 359
Ryūkyū Islands 301, 302, 303

S
Sable (Martes zibellina) 191, 197–199
Sado Island 38, 70, 71, 100, 104, 130, 212, 258
Saga Prefecture 80
Saikai National Park 273
Sakura-jima 26, 27, 34, 134, 273, 274
Salamander, Chikushi Spotted (Hynobius oyamai) 102
—, Ezo (Hynobius retardatus) 102
—, Hokkaidō (Hynobius retardatus) 102
—, Japanese Black (Hynobius nigrescens) 101
—, Japanese Clawed (Onychodactylus japonicus) 101, 102
—, Japanese Giant (Andrias japonicus) 14, 15, 16, 92, 100, 214, 239, 267–269
—, Mikawa (Hynobius mikawaensis) 102
—, Stejneger’s (Hynobius stejnegeri) 102
Salmon, Chinook (or King Salmon) (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) 175
—, Cherry (or Masu Salmon) (Oncorhynchus masou) 175
—, Chum (or Dog Salmon) (Oncorhynchus keta) 166, 174–175
—, Coho (or Silver Salmon) (Oncorhynchus kisutch) 175
—, Dog (or Chum Salmon) (Oncorhynchus keta) 166, 174–175
—, Humpback (or Pink Salmon) (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) 166, 174–175
—, King (or Chinook Salmon) (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) 175
—, Masu (or Cherry Salmon) (Oncorhynchus masou) 175
Salmon, Pink (or Humpback Salmon) (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) 166, 174–175
—, Red (or Sockeye Salmon) (Oncorhynchus nerka) 175
—, Silver Salmon (or Coho Salmon) (Oncorhynchus kisutch) 175
—, Sockeye (or Red Salmon) (Oncorhynchus nerka) 175
Saltwort (Salsola komarovii) 82
San’in Kaigan Geopark 129, 214
San’in Kaigan National Park 214
San’in Region 82
Sand Lance, Japanese (Ammodytes personatus) 183
Sandan-kyō 217
Sandpiper, Common (Actitis hypoleucos) 281
—, Green (Tringa ochropus) 281
Sarobetsu 181
Sasa (Sasa veitchii) 66, 151
Sasanka, Japanese (or Sasanqua) (Camellia sasanqua) 296, 297
Satoyama 70, 71
Scoter, Black (Melanitta americana) 118, 119, 204
—, Siberian (or Stejneger’s) (Melanitta stejnegeri) 118
Sea Angel (Clione limacina) 47
Sea Lion, Japanese (Zalophus japonicus) 50, 355
—, Steller’s (Eumetopias jubatus) 40, 50, 202–205
Sea of Japan 23, 24, 25, 28, 36, 38, 41, 43, 46, 59, 60, 74, 90, 134, 150, 202, 209, 210, 212, 214, 224, 237, 239, 249, 286, 296, 356, 361
Sea of Okhotsk 20, 28, 38, 46, 50, 55, 59, 60, 139, 143, 152, 159, 165, 166, 170, 172, 202, 204, 205, 224, 353, 358, 361
Sea-ice 46–49
Sea, Inland 38, 43, 214, 272, 322
Seal, Bearded (Erignathus barbatus) 50, 206, 207
—, Kuril (Phoca stejnegeri) 50, 202, 206, 207
—, Largha (Phoca largha) 50, 202–207
—, Northern Fur (Callorhinus ursinus) 40, 50, 98, 202–205
—, Ribbon (Histriophoca fasciata) 50, 207
—, Ringed (Pusa hispida) 50, 206
—, Spotted (=Largha Seal Phoca largha) 50, 202–207
—, West Pacific Harbour (=Kuril Seal Phoca stejnegeri) 50, 202, 206, 207
Season, Rainy 25, 34, 41, 42, 43, 44, 264, 273
—, Typhoon 25, 34, 41, 44, 237, 280
Sedge, Asiatic Sand (Carex kobomugi) 82, 214
—, Hoppner’s (Carex subspathacea) 82
SEEBOHM, HENRY 15
Sekisei Lagoon 318
Senkaku Islands 343, 360
Sequoia, Giant (Sequoiadendron giganteum) 309
Serow, Japanese (Capricornis crispus) 5, 10, 16, 30, 98, 99, 101, 123, 134, 139, 141, 237, 239, 242, 246, 264–267
Setonaikai 38, 43, 214, 272, 322
Shark, Great Hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran) 318
—, Hammerhead (Sphyrnidae) 98
—, Smooth Hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) 318
—, Whale (Rhincodon typus) 318
Shearwater, Bryan’s (Puffinus bryani) 74
—, Short-tailed (Puffinus tenuirostris) 53, 54, 136
—, Streaked (Calonectris leucomelas) 53, 54, 55, 73, 333, 334, 337, 340, 358
Sheep (Ovis aries) 270
Shelduck, Common (Tadorna tadorna) 280, 282
Shiga Prefecture 59
Shikoku 273–298
Shimokita Peninsula 98, 139, 253, 260, 265
Shimonoseki City 217
Shinano River 36, 280
Shinmoe-dake 22, 134
Shintō 209, 243, 270
Shirakami Mountains 129, 209, 210
Shirakami Sanchi 129, 209, 210
Shiretoko National Park 97, 165–167
Shiretoko Peninsula 30, 38, 47, 96, 121, 129, 136, 140, 144, 145, 146, 158, 162, 163, 165–166, 170, 170, 174, 198, 202, 204, 232, 233, 352
Shizuoka Prefecture 242, 244, 331
SHORT, LESTER 320
Shoveler, Northern (Spatula clypeata) 359
Shōwa Shinzan 26, 186, 187
Shrew Mole, Japanese (Urotrichus talpoides) 201
Shrew, Eurasian Least (Sorex minutissimus) 89, 200–201
—, House (Suncus murinus) 200
—, Lesser Pygmy (=Eurasian Least Shrew Sorex minutissimus) 89, 200–201
—, Long-clawed (Sorex unguiculatus) 201
—, Shinto (Sorex shinto) 201
Shrews 200–201
Shrike, Bull-headed (Lanius bucephalus) 234, 292–293
—, Northern (Lanius borealis) 292, 293
—, Tiger (Lanius tigrinus) 293, 359
Shrine, Itsukushima 216, 217, 326
—, Meiji 212
—, Tōshōgū 239, 243
SIEBOLD, PHILIPP FRANZ BALTHASAR VON 4, 12–17, 268, 296
Silk Road 214
Silvergrass, Maiden (Miscanthus sinensis) 66
Silvertop, Beach (Glehnia littoralis) 214
Siskin, Eurasian (Spinus spinus) 113
Skimmer, Bonin (Boninthemis insularis) 334
—, White-tailed (Orthetrum albistylum) 93
Skink, Japanese (Plestiodon japonicus) 267
—, Ogasawara Snake-eyed (Cryptoblepharus nigropunctatus) 336, 349
Skua, South Polar (Stercorarius maccormicki) 361
Slider, Red-eared (Trachemys scripta) 351
Smew (Mergellus albellus) 359
Snail, Ani Island Mandarina (Mandarina anijimana) 336
—, East African Land (Achatina fulica) 351
Snake, Brown Tree (Boiga irregularis) 307, 336
—, Japanese Coral (Sinomicrurus japonicus) 327
—, Japanese Striped (Elaphe quadrivirgata) 326
—, Pryer’s Keelback (Hebius pryeri) 303
—, Ryukyu Green (Cyclophiops semicaricartus) 327
—, Ryukyu Odd-tooth (Lycodon semicarinatus) 326
Snipe, Common (Gallinago gallinago) 168
—, Greater Painted (Rostratula benghalensis) 71, 359, 360
—, Latham’s (Gallinago hardwickii) 66
—, Pin-tailed (Gallinago stenura) 168, 169
—, Solitary (Gallinago solitaria) 168, 169
—, Swinhoe’s (Gallinago megala) 168
SNOW, HENRY 51
Soils 31
Someiyoshino (=Yoshino Cherry Prunus yedoensis) 79, 85
Sōya Current 38
Sōya Strait 150, 359
Spangle, Long-tailed (Papilio macilentus) 109
Sparrow, Eurasian Tree (Passer montanus) 71, 122, 140, 359
—, House (Passer domesticus) 122
—, Russet (Passer rutilans) 122
Sparrowhawk, Chinese (Accipiter soloensis) 74, 361
—, Eurasian (Accipiter nisus) 159
—, Japanese (Accipiter gularis) 63
Spindle, Japanese (Euonymus japonicus) 79
Spoonbill, Black-faced (Platalea minor) 68, 275, 325
Sprite, Orange-tailed (Ceriagrion auranticum) 301, 301
Spruce, Ezo (Picea jezoensis) 151
Spruce, Sakhalin (Picea glehnii) 83
Squirrel, Eurasian Red (Sciurus vulgaris) 188, 189–190
—, Five-striped Palm (Funambulus pennantii) 191
—, Japanese (Sciurus lis) 99, 100, 189, 218–220, 353
—, Japanese Flying (Pteromys momonga) 90, 189, 195, 218, 219, 220
—, Japanese Giant Flying (Petaurista leucogenys)88, 100, 134, 136, 189, 212, 218, 219, 220
—, Pallas’s (Callosciurus erythraeus) 188, 189, 218, 219, 355
—, Siberian Flying (Pteromys volans) 100, 156, 189, 190, 194–196, 218, 353
Starling, Chestnut-cheeked (Agropsar philippensis) 108, 357, 358
—, Common (Sturnus vulgaris) 108
—, White-cheeked (Spodiopsar cineraceus) 70, 71, 108
STELLER, GEORG WILHELM 170
Steppe-tundra 89
Stoat (Mustela erminea) 197
Stonechat, Stejneger’s (Saxicola stejnegeri) 66, 284
Stork, Oriental (Ciconia boyciana) 6, 71, 100, 130, 131, 214, 335, 359
Strait, La Pérouse 38, 150, 46–49
—, Nemuro 52, 136, 140, 143, 146, 165, 170, 204
—, Sōya 150, 359
—, Tokara 38, 304, 311, 353, 355
—, Tsugaru 16, 38, 98, 150, 152, 162, 186, 218, 253, 260, 354, 356
Stubtail, Asian (Urosphena squameiceps) 66, 234, 291
Sun goddess 134
Swallow, Barn (Hirundo rustica) 285, 289
—, Pacific (Hirundo tahitica) 360
—, Red-rumped (Cecropis daurica) 360
—, White-breasted Wood (Artamus leucorynchus) 358
Swan, Bewick’s (Cygnus bewickii) 73, 176–177, 214, 216, 224, 280, 359
—, Mute (Cygnus olor) 177
—, Whooper (Cygnus cygnus) 53, 73, 136, 139, 152, 158, 176–177, 224, 225
Sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) 221
Swift, House (Apus nipalensis) 360

T
Tairo-ike 339
Tanega-shima 38, 104, 300
Tanuki (Nyctereutes procyonoides) 98, 228, 242, 258–259, 265, 304, 353
Tateshina 134, 212
Tattler, Grey-tailed (Tringa brevipes) 276
Tea (Camellia sinensis) 297
Teal, Baikal (Anas formosa) 224, 225
—, Eurasian (Anas crecca) 224
Tern, Black-naped (Sterna sumatrana) 74, 360
—, Bridled (Onychoprion anaethetus) 318
—, Greater Crested (Thalasseus bergii) 360
—, Roseate (Sterna dougallii bangsi) 74, 360
—, Sooty (Onychoprion fuscatus) 74, 360
Teuri Island | Teuri-tō 74, 181, 182–185, 357
The Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law 204
Thistle, Kirishima (Saussurea scaposa) 134
Three-Level Gorge 217
Thrush, Amami (Zoothera major) 65, 303, 304, 307, 311, 358, 360
—, Brown-headed (Turdus chrysolaus) 60, 110–111, 358
—, Dusky (Turdus eunomus) 110–111, 357
—, Eastern Blue Rock (Monticola philippensis) 73, 116, 117
—, Eyebrowed (Turdus obscurus) 110, 111
—, Izu (Turdus celaenops) 134, 333, 335, 339, 360
—, Japanese (Turdus cardis) 60, 110, 111, 357
—, Mistle (Turdus viscivorus) 358
—, Pale (Turdus pallidus) 110, 111
—, Siberian (Geokichla sibirica) 60, 110, 111
—, White’s (Zoothera aurea) 60, 110
Thujopsis (Thujopsis dolobrata) 31, 83
THUNBERG, CARL PETER 4, 12–17
TICKELL, W. L. N. 343
Tiger, Bengal (Panthera tigris) 265
Tip, Orange (Anthocharis cardamines) 239
Tit, Great (Parus major) 243
—, Japanese (Parus minor) 243, 295, 359
—, Long-tailed (Aegithalos caudatus) 289
—, Marsh (Poecile palustris) 243, 359
—, Orii’s (Sittiparus olivaceus) 243, 358
—, Owston’s (Sittiparus owstoni) 95, 134, 137, 243, 335, 339, 358, 360
—, Varied (Sittiparus varius) 95, 243, 295, 357, 358
—, Willow (Poecile montanus) 243
Toad, East Japanese (Bufo japonicus) 237, 239
—, Japanese Stream (Bufo torrenticola) 237, 239
—, Narrow-mouthed (Microhyla okinavensis) 303
Tochigi Prefecture 66, 239
Tōhoku Region 23, 29, 30, 43, 82, 210, 239
Tokachi Plain 36
Tōkai Region 43
Tokara Strait 38, 304, 311, 353, 355
TOKUGAWA HIDETADA 296
Tokuno-shima 129, 300, 305, 307, 312, 313
Tōkyō 14, 29, 33, 34, 43, 71, 72, 86, 134, 160, 162, 333
Tōkyō Bay 34, 212, 280
Tomakomai City 286
Tone River 212, 280
Tori-shima 27, 28, 130, 334, 337, 340–347
Tortoiseshell, Small (Aglais urticae) 109
Tōshōgū Shrine 239, 243
Tottori Prefecture 10, 59, 80, 127, 214, 215
Toyooka City 214
Tree, Amur Cork (Phellodendron amurense) 152
—, Brush Pot (Cyathea lepifera) 317
—, Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) 79, 80–81
—, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) 80
—, Isu (Distylium racemosum) 274, 310
—, Japanese Bay (Machilus thunbergii) 79, 300
—, Maidenhair (=Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba) 13, 85, 86–87
—, Octopus (Pandanus boninensis) 349
—, Prickly Castor-oil (Kalopanax pictus) 83, 151
Trillium, Kamchatkan (Trillium camschatcense) 166
Trough, Okinawa 23, 299
Trout, Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 175
Tsugaru Current 38
Tsugaru Strait | Tsugaru Kaikyo 16, 38, 98, 150, 152, 162, 186, 218, 253, 260, 354, 356
Tsunami 28–29
Tsurui Village 181
Tsushima 38, 52, 74, 134, 197, 271, 275, 278, 353, 354
Tsushima Current 38, 214
Turtle, Black-breasted Leaf (Geoemyda japonica) 319
—, Common Snapping (Chelydra serpentina) 351
—, Green (Chelonia mydas) 98, 311, 318
—, Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) 310, 311, 318
—, Ryukyu Box (or Yellow-margined Box) (Cistoclemmys evelynae) 319
Typhoon Season 25, 34, 41, 44, 237, 280

U
UNESCO World Heritage Site 129, 308, 351
Unzen Volcano Area Geopark 26, 129
Unzen–Amakusa National Park 273
Utari 51, 97, 149, 150, 152, 163, 164, 167, 192, 262
Utoro 97, 165

V
Vegetation 77–87
Viburnum, Forked (Viburnum furcatum) 152
—, Siebold’s (Viburnum sieboldii) 15
Village, Akan 181
—, Tsurui 181
Vine, Silver (Actinidia polygama) 152
Violet, Dogtooth (Erythronium japonicum) 249, 250
Viper, Japanese Pit (=Japanese Mamushi Gloydius blomhoffii) 327
Vitex, Beach (Vitex rotundifolia) 83, 214
Volcano 23–28, 31, 186, 336, 338
Volcano, Aira 273
Vole, Grey Red-backed (Myodes rufocanus) 105
—, Hokkaidō Red-backed (Myodes rex) 306
Vulcanology | Vulcanism 23–28, 31, 186, 336, 338

W
Wagtail, Eastern Yellow (Motacilla tschutschensis) 325
—, Grey (Motacilla cinerea) 68
—, Japanese (Motacilla grandis) 68, 281, 282, 358
—, White (Motacilla alba) 102, 103
Wakayama Prefecture 256
Wakkanai City 47, 185
Wakoto 158
Walnut, Japanese (Juglans ailantifolia) 151
Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) 50, 207
Wapiti, North American (Cervus canadensis) 321
Warbler, Black-browed Reed (Acrocephalus bistrigiceps) 66, 69, 167
—, Eastern Crowned (Phylloscopus coronatus) 234
—, Ijima’s Leaf (Phylloscopus ijimae) 333, 335, 339, 358
—, Lanceolated (Grasshopper) (Locustella lanceolata) 66, 102
—, Middendorff’s Grasshopper (Locustella ochotensis) 66, 101, 102
—, Oriental Reed (Acrocephalus orientalis) 66, 234
Warbler, Sakhalin Grasshopper (Locustella amnicola) 66, 101, 102, 359
—, Sakhalin Leaf (Phylloscopus borealoides) 60
—, Styan’s Grasshopper (Locustella pleskei) 339, 340
—, Wood (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) 358
Watase’s Line 354, 355
Watercock (Gallicrex cinerea) 307
Waterhen, White-breasted (Amaurornis phoenicurus) 307, 307, 360
Waxwing, Bohemian (Bombycilla garrulus) 106–107
—, Japanese (Bombycilla japonica) 106–107, 288
Weasel, Japanese (Mustela itatsi) 197, 198, 338, 339, 351
—, Least (Mustela nivalis) 197, 198, 199
—, Siberian (Martes sibirica) 197
WESTON, WALTER 100, 245, 262
Wetlands 68–69
Wetlands, Hachigoro Toshima 214
Whale-watching 140–146
Whale, Baird’s Beaked (Berardius bairdii) 98, 144
—, Blue (Balaenoptera musculus) 140
—, Bryde’s (Balaenoptera brydei) 144
—, Fin (Balaenoptera physalus) 144
—, Great Sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) 98, 142, 143, 144, 146
—, Grey (Eschrichtius robustus) 144
—, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) 40, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 315, 317
—, Killer (=Orca Orcinus orca) 98, 136, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 352
—, Northern Minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 97, 98, 136, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 165
—, Short-finned Pilot (Globicephala macrorhynchus) 98
White-eye, Bonin (=Bonin (Island) Honeyeater Apalapteron familiare)65, 75, 95, 334, 336, 339, 358, 360
—, Japanese (Zosterops japonicus) 75, 288, 296, 297, 340, 357, 359
Wigeon, Eurasian (Mareca penelope) 224, 280
Willow, Bakko’s (Salix bakko) 83
Wingnut, Japanese (Pterocarya rhoifolia) 151
Wolf, Grey (Canis lupus) 123, 262, 264, 355
—, Hokkaidō (Canis lupus hattai) 125
—, Japanese (Canis lupus hodophilax) 125
Woodcock, Amami (Scolopax mira) 303, 307, 358, 360
—, Eurasian (Scolopax rusticola) 168, 169, 307
Woodpecker, Black (Dryocopus martius) 60, 156, 159, 294, 295
—, Eurasian Three-toed (Picoides tridactylus) 359
—, Great Spotted (Dendrocopos major) 60, 294
—, Grey-headed (Picus canus) 63, 294, 295, 359
—, Japanese (Picus awokera) 63, 294, 295, 311, 357, 358
—, Japanese Pygmy (Yungipicus kizuki) 60, 156, 195, 196, 294, 311, 340, 358, 359, 360
—, Lesser Spotted (Dryobates minor) 294, 295
—, Owston’s (Dendrocopos owstoni) 65, 294, 300, 303, 311, 358, 360
—, Pryer’s (Dendrocopos noguchii) 65, 95, 294, 302, 303, 307, 317, 318, 319, 321, 358, 360
—, White-backed (Dendrocopos leucotos) 60, 294
Woodpeckers 294–295
Wormwood, Asian Coastal (Artemisia fukudo) 82
—, Steller’s (Artemisia stelleriana) 83
Wryneck, Eurasian (Jynx torquilla) 295, 359

Y
Yaeyama Islands 34, 38, 92, 109, 200, 243, 301, 315, 317, 319, 320, 325, 347, 354, 360
Yaku-shima 104, 133, 134, 135, 253, 274, 300, 302, 308–311, 321, 322, 326, 327, 360
Yaku-sugi (=Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica) 31, 133, 134, 308, 310
Yamagata Prefecture 239
Yamaguchi Prefecture 217
Yamanashi Prefecture 191, 239, 242, 244, 260
Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 320, 346, 361
YAMASHINA YOSHIMARO 340, 342, 343
Yambaru 10, 76, 92, 95, 316, 317, 320
Yambaru National Park 317
Yanbaru 10, 76, 92, 95, 316, 317, 320
Yellowthroat, Common (Geothlypis trichas) 358
Yew, Japanese (Taxus cuspidata) 214
Yokohama 15, 29, 160, 207
Yonaguni Island | Yonaguni-jima 33, 315, 360
YOSHII MASASHI 343

Z
Zelkova, Japanese (Zelkova serrata) 79, 217
Zygoptera 92