images

ΛCDM model, 292, 294, 296, 361

Abell, George, 170

accelerating expansion of the universe, 280, 281

acoustic oscillations, 285

active galaxies, 176, 189, 269, 296, 307, 314

Adams, John Couch, 97

Adams, Walter, 186

aether, 49, 52, 114, 115, 128

age of Earth, 99

age of the universe, 298

Aguirre, Anthony, 318

Alamūt, 59

al-Balkhi, Abü Ma'shar, 58

Albert, David, 368

Albrecht, Andreas, 249

alchemy, 79

Alexandria, 51, 56

al-Khalili, Jim, 58

al-Kindī, Ya’qūb ibn Ishāq, 58, 318

Almagest (The Great System or The Majestic), 52, 56

Alpha-Centauri, 95

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02), 304

alpha particles, 172

alpha-radiation, 133

Alpher, Bethe, and Gamow, 173

Alpher, Ralph, 173, 183, 187

al-Sijzi, 58

alternate histories, 370

al-Tūsi, Nasr al-Dīn, 59

Alvarez, Luis, 260

AMANDA (Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array), 306

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 148

amino acids in space, 349

Ampère, André-Marie, 105, 106

Ampère's law, 105

Anaximander, 39, 42

Anaximenes, 40

Anderson, Carl, 131, 135

Andromeda, 142, 144, 147, 149, 155, 161, 168, 287, 315

Andrus, Hyrum, 343

angular power spectrum, 285

anthropic principle, 351

antimatter, 131, 135

Apache Point Observatory, 289

apeiron, 39

Apollo 11, 205

Apollo 17, 205

Aquinas, Thomas, 50, 368

Arabic empire, 5859

Aristarchus of Samos, 20, 51, 60, 62

Aristotelian scholasticism, 50

Aristotle, 38, 43, 46, 48, 56, 60, 78, 114, 343, 368

Aristotle's cosmology, 49, 57

arrow of time, 111, 220, 327

astrology, 24, 63

ATIC (Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter), 303

Atkatz, David, 324

atomic clock, 118

atomic theory of matter, 47, 329

atomism, 23, 40, 50, 75, 78

atomist cosmology, 41

atomists, 50, 86, 107, 115, 345

Augustine of Hippo, 55

Australia Telescope Compact Array (ACTA), 285

axions, 276

Baade, Walter, 162

Babcock, Horace, 168

Babylonian astronomy, 31, 51, 119

Bacon, Francis, 21

Bardeen, James, 257

Barrow, John, 350, 362

baryogenesis, 231

baryon, 198, 218

density, 199, 201, 211, 228, 298

number, 197, 230, 231, 234

oscillation, 289

baryon oscillation spectrographic survey (BOSS), 289

BATSE (Burst and Transient Source Experiment), 268

Bayesian statistics, 364

Becquerel, Henri, 133

Bell, Jocelyn, 176, 182

Bernoulli, Daniel, 95

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 95

beta-decay, 173, 196, 202, 216, 218, 272

beta-radiation, 136

Bethe, Hans, 17274

BGV theorem, 318, 330

biblical creation myth, 33

big bang, 21, 137, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 167, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 186, 188, 203, 211, 228, 239, 243, 263, 274, 296, 321, 350

big-bang nucleosynthesis, 175, 177, 188, 191, 196, 198, 201, 211, 228, 275, 313

big crunch, 184, 316

biological evolution, 67, 98, 349, 353, 376

biverse, 327, 339, 340

blackbody radiation, 112, 116, 175, 186, 246, 263

Blake, William, 92

blazars, 181, 271

BL-Lac objects, 181

blueshift, 97, 143

B-Mode polarization, 17, 210, 300

Bohm, David, 336

Bohr, Niels, 95, 133, 154, 172, 334

Bohr's atomic theory, 134

Boltzmann, Ludwig, 108, 109, 111

Boltzmann's constant, 192, 353

Bondi, Hermann, 175, 178

Book of Mormon, 344

BOOMERANG (Balloon Observations of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics), 186, 290

Borde, Arvind, 318

Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 208

Born, Max, 131, 154

Bouvard, Alex, 96

Bradley, James, 74

branes, 236

Brillouin, Léon, 154

broken symmetry, 219, 369

Brout, Robert, 223

Brown, Robert, 133

brown dwarfs, 316

Brownian motion, 133

Brugsch, Heinrich, 35

Bruno, Giordano, 68, 328

Budge, Sir Wallis, 35

Bunsen, Robert, 94

Burbidge, Geoffrey, 175, 183, 186, 263

Burbidge, Margaret, 175

Bush, George W., 375

Caesar, Julius, 51, 54

Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey, 280

Callahan, Tim, 35

canals on Mars, 142

Cantor, Georg, 318

Carroll, Sean, 318, 331

Cavendish, Henry, 76

Centaurus A, 144, 181

Center for Particle Astrophysics, 280

Cepheid variables, 140, 141, 147, 148, 156, 162, 255

CERN, 17, 212, 224

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, 280

Chadwick, James, 135

chaos theory, 372

chaotic inflation, 249, 252, 258

charge-coupled device (CCD), 206

Charles II (king of England), 21

Chen, Jennifer, 318

Cherenkov radiation, 270, 306

Chinese creation myth, 160

Chown, Marcus, 369

chromatic aberration, 81

Clausius, Rudolf, 102, 102

Cleveland, Lemuel, 148

climate change, 376

clockwork universe, 79, 91

CMB (cosmic microwave background), 17, 22, 175, 179, 184, 187, 188, 203, 207, 209, 240, 246, 257, 259, 260, 267, 271, 276, 284, 289, 290, 292, 296, 300, 333, 361

CMB angular power spectrum, 294, 296

CMBFAST, 292

COBE (Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer), 26065, 285, 290

cold dark matter, 275, 291, 294

Collins, Robin, 351, 355, 362, 366

color charge, 217

Coma cluster, 168

complexity, 24, 369

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 268

conservation

of angular momentum, 126

of electric charge, 127, 197, 202, 231, 354

of energy, 76, 98, 101, 125, 126, 176, 280, 365, 366

of linear momentum, 126

of matter, 104

of momentum, 75

principles, 221, 310

Constantine, Emperor, 55

controlled nuclear fusion, 174

Copenhagen interpretation, 334, 337

Copernican model, 66, 67, 68

and Luther, 67

Copernican principle, 177

Copernican revolution, 60, 139

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 20, 24, 52, 59, 60, 65, 74, 328

cosmic consciousness, 225

cosmic distance ladder, 255

cosmic neutrino background (CνB), 196, 276

cosmic rays, 131, 273

cosmological constant, 122, 149, 153, 158, 171, 176, 245, 250, 278, 294, 298, 317, 332, 356, 361

cosmological-constant problem, 283, 357

cosmological curvature parameter, 245

cosmological principle, 166

cosmological scale factor, 251, 325, 339

Cowan, Clyde, 269, 364

Cowley, Robert, 345

CP-symmetry, 220, 235

CPT-symmetry, 220

Crab Nebula, 270

Craig, William Lane, 34, 240, 246, 317, 318, 328, 330, 342, 343, 350

creation ex nihilo, 34, 35, 48

critical density, 199, 211, 239, 278, 280, 291, 361

Crossley, Edward, 99

Crossley telescope, 99, 144

C-symmetry, 220

Curie, Marie, 133

Curie, Pierre, 133, 242

Curtis, Heber, 144, 145

curvature parameter, 153, 199, 209, 245, 325

cyclical universe, 37

Dalton, John, 107

Dark Age (of universe), 295, 314

Dark Ages (of Europe), 60

dark energy, 23, 256, 258, 280, 291, 314, 317, 356, 361

dark matter, 23, 168, 202, 210, 256, 259, 266, 275, 278, 295, 302, 305, 312, 313

Darwin, Charles, 98

Davidson, Keay, 263

Davisson, Clinton, 130

Davisson and Germer experiment, 130

Dawkins, Richard, 85

de Broglie, Louis, 129, 154, 336

de Broglie wavelength, 129

de Cheseaux, Jean-Philippe, 84

decoupling, 193, 240, 284, 294, 312. See also recombination

de Cusa, Nicolas, 60, 68, 166

Deep Undersea Muon and Neutrino Detector. See DUMAND

deflection of light by the sun, 123

deism, 79, 90, 92

de Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois, 93

Demiurge, 47

Democritus, 17, 19, 41, 75, 78, 121, 228

density

of baryonic matter, 294

of cold dark matter, 294, 298

of dark energy, 294, 298

De rerum natura (The Nature of Things) (Lucretius), 41, 133

De revolutionibus orbium celestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) (Copernicus), 60, 64

Descartes, René, 72, 79

de Sitter, Willem, 150, 158

de Sitter universe, 151, 245, 250, 257, 281, 316, 33032

deuterium abundance, 360

deuteron, 174, 195, 196, 228

de Vaucouleurs, Gérard, 279

Dick, Philip K., 344

Dicke, Robert, 184

differential microwave radiometer, 260, 284

diffraction of light, 82, 128, 130

diffuse infrared background, 261

Digges, Thomas, 68, 84

dipole anisotropy, 260, 284

Dirac, Paul, 131, 135, 137, 154, 165, 226, 242

Dirac's quantum mechanics, 131

Dirac's relativistic quantum theory, 134

Donner, Jerzy, 65

Doppler, Christian Andreas, 97

Doppler effect, 97, 164, 260

Doppler shift, 143, 181

D’Souza, Dinesh, 34, 240, 246

Duhem, Pierre, 105

DUMAND, 269, 270, 272, 306

Dyson, Freeman, 215

Eddington, Arthur, 111, 124, 154, 157, 159, 165, 170, 174

EGRET (Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope), 269, 271

Egyptian cosmos/creation myth, 31

Einstein, Albert, 74, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 124, 128, 133, 149, 154, 158, 171, 209, 323, 335

Einstein Observatory, 205

Einstein's gravitational equation, 152

Einstein's static universe, 150

Einstein's theory of gravity, 122. See also general relativity

Eisenstein, Daniel, 290

Ekpyrotic universe, 300

electromagnetic waves, 106, 116, 117

electron pair annihilation, 194

electroweak interaction, 22224, 234, 235, 311

emergent gravity, 323, 341

emergent phenomena, 340

emergent time, 341

Empedocles, 46, 49

empiricism, 21

energy density

of matter, 280

of spatial curvature, 298

of the vacuum, 280, 283

Englert, François, 223, 224

Enlightenment, 79, 92, 321

entropy problem, 331

Enûma Elish, 32, 33, 35

Epicurus, 41, 50

epicycles, 52

equation of state, 207, 298, 338

eternal inflation, 329, 330

Euclidean geometry, 56, 199, 239, 245, 274

Euler, Leonhard, 88

Everett, Hugh, III, 337, 338, 343

expansion rate of the universe, 355, 360, 361

Faraday, Michael, 105, 106, 116, 222

Fermi, Enrico, 136

Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, 303, 323

Fermi National Laboratory (Fermilab), 189, 190

Feynman, Richard, 214, 215, 218, 223, 226, 322, 337, 338, 370

Feynman diagram, 214, 223

fine-tuning, 240, 349, 373

First Cause Uncaused, 50, 368

first law of thermodynamics, 101, 280

first-order phase transitions, 244, 248

Fisher, Richard, 255

Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction, 117

flatness problem, 239, 244, 245, 274

Follin, James, 187

Fourier, Jean Baptiste, 208

Fourier transforms, 208

Fowler, William, 183, 189

France, Anatole, 372

Fraunhofer lines, 94

Friedmann, Alexander, 151, 172, 188

Friedmann-Lemaître cosmology, 154, 170

Friedmann's equations, 152, 153, 239, 245, 310, 325, 331

galaxy clusters, 314, 361

Galilean relativity, 73, 105, 117, 121

Galileo, 20, 24, 48, 55, 66, 69, 70, 77, 96

gamma-ray bursts, 268, 323

Gamow, George, 172, 174

gauge theories, 127, 222, 223, 242

Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich, 105

Geiger, Hans, 133

Geller, Margaret, 256

general relativity, 118, 121, 132, 160, 243, 281, 317, 322, 323, 324, 366, 367

Genesis, 33, 34, 35, 163, 179

creation myth, 160

geodesic, 122, 323

Georgi, Howard, 233

Gerard of Cremona, 56

Germer, Lester, 130

GG-GUT, 233

Giacconi, Riccardo, 206

Gibbons, Gary, 257

Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 108

Giese, Tiedemann, 64

Glashow, Sheldon, 222, 233

Global Positioning System (GPS), 118, 125

globular clusters, 140, 141

Goddard Space Flight Center, 307

God-guided evolution, 67

God-of-the-gaps argument, 24, 349, 365

Gold, Thomas, 175, 178

Gorham, Peter, 271

grand unified theories. See GUTs

Gratton, Steven, 318

gravitational lensing, 210, 211, 300, 302

gravitational time dilation, 125

gravitational waves, 299

graviton, 322

GRB 090510, 324

Great Attractor, 255

Great Wall, 256

Greene, Brian, 226

Greenstein, Jesse, 180

Gregorian calendar, 63, 119

Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit, 271

Grosseteste, Robert, 57

Gunn, James, 191

Guralnik, Gerry, 223

Guth, Alan, 244, 249, 257, 265, 318, 348

GUT phase transition, 235, 242, 248

GUTs (grand unified theories), 231, 233, 234, 243, 244, 247, 249, 311

Hagen, Dick, 223

Hale, George Ellery, 140, 146, 161

Halley, Edmund, 77, 80, 84

Halley's comet, 31, 77

Harrison, Edward, 208, 209, 329

Harrison-Zel’dovich power spectrum, 209

Hartle, James, 325

Hashashim, 59

Hawking, Stephen, 28, 125, 240, 243, 246, 257, 264, 317, 325, 342, 343, 370

HEAO 1, 205

HEAO 2. See Einstein Observatory

HEAO 3, 206

heat death, 102, 103, 111, 316

HEGRA (High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy, 271

Heisenberg, Werner, 131, 134, 154, 334

Heisenberg matrix mechanics, 131

Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 283, 310, 320, 367

Henderson, Thomas, 95

Herman, Ralph, 174, 183, 187

Herschel, Frederick William, 83, 96

Hertz, Heinrich, 107, 113

Hesiod, 38

Hewish, Antony, 176, 182

hiddenness of God, 161

Higgs, Peter, 223

Higgs boson, 17, 19, 213, 219, 223, 226, 230, 234, 311

Higgs mechanism, 223, 242, 312, 323, 355

Hilbert, David, 319

Hindu astronomy/creation myth, 37

Hipparchus, 51, 52

holism, 228

Homer, 38

Hooke, Robert, 78, 82

horizon problem, 240, 244, 246

hot dark matter, 275

Hoyle, Fred, 159, 174, 175, 177, 178, 183, 186, 188, 189, 263, 358

H-theorem, 109, 110

Hubble, Edwin, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 154, 156, 164, 167, 171, 188, 278

Hubble constant, 171, 199, 267, 278

Hubble expansion, 240, 246, 254, 258, 310

Hubble parameter, 157, 355, 360, 361

Hubble's law, 155, 157, 161, 166, 171, 180, 256, 298, 356

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 267, 268, 296

Huchra, John, 256

Huggins, William, 97

Hūlāgū Khan, 59

Humason, Milton, 154, 157

Huygens, Christiaan, 81

Hydra-Centaurus supercluster, 255

IceCube, 306

IMB experiment, 233, 270

indeterminism, 336

indirect dark-matter searches, 302

Industrial Revolution, 92, 101

inflation, 18, 151, 243, 245, 246, 257, 264, 328, 374, 376

inflaton, 249, 251, 253, 258

instrumentalism, 227, 342

interference of light, 128, 130

internal energy, 281

invariance, 219

irreversible processes, 109, 110

island universes, 143, 144, 148

isotope, 135

Jagiellonian University, 61

Jansky, Karl, 168

Jeans, James, 113, 154, 175, 207

Jeans mass, 207

Joshua, 64

Julian calendar, 62

Jupiter, moons of, 70

Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment (KAMIOKANDE), 233, 270

Kant, Emmanuel, 82, 93

kaon (K-meson), 218, 273

Kazanas, Demosthenes, 244

Keck telescopes, 267

Keeler, James, 99, 144

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 98, 103, 109, 115

Kepler, Johannes, 69, 70, 77, 84

Kepler's laws of planetary motion, 69, 77, 80, 87, 89

Kepler Space Observatory, 346, 347

Khayyām, Omar, 59

Kibble, Thomas, 223, 242

kinematic time, 166

Kirchhoff, Gustav, 94

Kolb, Edward (Rocky), 190

Koshiba, Masatoshi, 273

Kragh, Helge, 57, 159, 164

Krauss, Lawrence, 278, 367, 368

Kuhlmann, Meinhard, 227

Lactantius, 55

Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 88

encounter with Napoleon, 90

Lagrange's equations, 89

Lake Baikal, 306

Lambda website, 285

Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 88, 90, 91, 92, 125

Laplace's demon, 91, 92

Laplace transformations, 89

Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 19, 192, 236, 224, 230, 235, 277, 302, 312, 322

Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), 140, 147, 190, 234

Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), 299

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 260

Leavitt, Henrietta, 139, 146

Leavitt, Norm, 368

Lederman, Leon, 189, 190

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 76, 82, 85, 90, 92, 345

Lemaître, Georges, 153, 154, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 170, 173, 188

Lemaître-Eddington model, 170

Lemaître's primeval atom, 171

leptogenesis, 231

lepton-number conservation, 230, 234

Leucippus, 19, 40

Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, 97, 123

Lifshitz, Evgenii, 207

light horizon, 21

light nuclei, formation of, 195

Lindberg, David C., 48

Lindbergh, Charles, 344

Linde, Andrei, 249, 251, 330, 332

Linde's chaotic model, 299

Lipperhey (or Lippershey), Hans, 69

Livingston, Louisiana, 299

Livy, 345

long-baseline interferometry, 268

Lorentz, Hendrick, 106, 154

Los Alamos, 173

Loschmidt, Josef, 109

Lourdes, 371

Lowell, Percival, 142

Lucretius, 41, 42, 133

Luther, Martin, 63, 64, 67

LUX (Large Underground Xenon experiment), 303

M87, 143

Mach, Ernst, 104, 108

MACRO (Monopole, Astrophysics, and Cosmic Ray Observatory), 243

MACS0647-JD, 127

magnetic-monopole problem, 242, 244

Manhattan Project, 173

many worlds interpretation (MWI), 333, 337, 342, 339

Marāgha, 59

Mariner, 10, 205

Marsden, Ernest, 133

mass density of the universe, 360

material monism, 39, 47

Mathematical Universe Hypothesis (MUH), 341

Mather, John, 263, 264

matter-antimatter asymmetry, 194, 201, 230

matter dominance, 203, 258, 313, 280

Matthews, Thomas, 180

MAXIMA (Millimeter Anisotropy Experiment Imaging Array), 290

Maxwell, James Clerk, 99, 105, 110, 114, 116, 222, 286

Maxwell's demon, 110

Maxwell's equations, 106, 112, 114, 116, 117, 121, 222, 367

McKellar, Andrew, 186

Mendeleev, Dmitri, 107

Mesopotamian cosmology, 32, 34

Messier 87, 271

metalaws, 221, 310, 332, 367

Michell, John, 125

Michelson, Albert, 114, 117

Michelson and Morley experiment, 114, 117, 121, 300

Millikan, Robert, 128

Milne, A. A., 166, 167

Milne, Edward Arthur, 166

minimal SU(5), 233

Minkowski, Hermann, 119

Minkowski space-time, 153

mirror symmetry (parity), 220

Mlodinow, Leonard, 342, 343, 270

model-dependent reality, 342, 343

monopole problem, 242, 247

Morley, Edward, 114, 117

Mormon cosmology, 343, 344

M-theory, 236, 277, 356, 370

Multi-Mirror Telescope (MMT), 206

multipole index, 284

Napoleon, 94

Narlikar, Jayant, 175

NASA, 207, 244, 285, 303, 279

nebulae, 83, 147

nebular hypothesis, 93

Neddermeyer, Seth, 135

negative pressure, 281, 314

Nemiroff, Robert, 323

Neptune, 96, 123

neutralino, 276, 277, 302

neutrino mass, 272, 298

neutrino photograph of the sun, 273

neutron decay, 200, 358

neutron star, 182, 206, 271, 316, 323

new inflation, 249, 251

Newton, Isaac, 20, 24, 63, 73, 81, 82, 87, 89, 90, 95, 222

Newtonian mechanics, 73, 75, 76, 116, 208, 73, 75, 87, 89, 106, 107, 108, 116, 334, 367

Newtonian world machine, 91, 106

Newton's gravitational constant, 76, 166, 252, 353

Newton's law of gravity, 76, 95, 112, 116, 168

Noether, Emmy, 126, 221

Noether's theorem, 126, 127, 221, 366

non-Euclidean geometry, 122, 153

North, John, 43

Northwestern University, 143

nuclear fusion, 98, 172, 295

nuclear radiation, 135

nuclei, composition of, 134

nucleon number, 135, 174, 216

Ockham's razor, 275, 329, 371

Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias, 84

Olbers's paradox, 84

ontological pluralism, 342

Oort, Jan, 168

operational definition, 26, 132

Öpik, Ernst, 147

Opticks (Newton), 77, 123

Orr, Mary Ackworth, 41, 44

oscillatory universe, 184, 317

Osiander, Andreas, 63, 64, 65, 69

Overbye, Dennis, 190

Page, Don, 339

Pagels, Heinz, 324

Palomar Sky Survey, 170

PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics), 303

parallax, 51, 68, 95, 98, 139, 255

parity. See mirror symmetry

particle-antiparticle asymmetry, 195

particle theory of light, 78, 82, 123, 124, 128

Pauli, Wolfgang, 134, 136, 154

Pauli exclusion principle, 134, 236

Peebles, James, 184, 188

Penrose, Roger, 243, 317

Penzias, Arno, 184

perfect cosmological principle, 176, 177

periodic table, 23, 46, 112, 134, 174

period-luminosity relation, 140, 141

Perlmutter, Saul, 280

Perrin, Jean Baptiste, 154

perturbation theory, 88, 137

Petreius, Johannes, 64, 65

phase transitions, 311, 369

Philolaus, 43

Philoponus, John, 43, 56, 318

photodisintegration, 178

photoelectric effect, 112, 116, 128, 270

Pickering, Charles, 139, 146

pilot waves, 337

pion (pi-meson), 218, 273

Pisces-Cetus Supercluster Complex, 255

Planck, Max, 1217, 128, 154

Planck energy, 132, 250

Planck length, 132, 244, 250, 320, 324

Planck mass, 132, 320, 322, 325, 339, 355

Planck Observatory, 199, 287, 296, 299, 333

Planck's constant, 128, 353

Planck spectrum, 186

Planck time, 132, 192, 239, 250, 253, 310, 320, 321, 324

Plato, 26, 43, 47, 48, 343

forms of, 26, 78

Platonism, 226, 320

Poe, Edgar Allan, 84

Poincaré, Jules Henri, 89, 109, 154

point-of-view invariance, 221, 367, 373

Poisson, Siméon Denis, 89

POLARBEAR, 210

Pollock, Jackson, 352

Polyakov, Alexander, 242

Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 162

Pope Paul III, 65

Pope Pius XII, 162, 175, 343

Pope Urban VIII, 71

positivism, 104, 108

power spectrum, 208

precession of the perihelion of Mercury, 123

Preskill, John, 242

Presocratics, 38, 43, 47

Price, Robert, 372

primordial fluctuations, 265, 285

primordial nucleosynthesis, 174

Principia (Newton), 77

Protestant Reformation, 63, 67

proton decay, 218, 23435, 360

Ptolemaic model, 52, 57, 66, 70

Ptolemy, Claudius, 20, 5154, 56, 57, 68, 89

pulsar, 176, 182, 270

Pythagoras, 41, 43, 208

quantum chromodynamics, 218, 229, 277

quantum deism, 321

quantum electrodynamics (QED), 88, 222, 215, 322

quantum field theory, 215, 225, 227, 228, 322

quantum fluctuations, 250, 332

quantum foam, 323

quantum gravity, 132, 277, 322, 323, 340

quantum mysticism, 225

quantum tunneling, 325

quark-gluon plasma, 229, 311

quasars, 75, 176, 177, 179, 181, 201, 296, 314

quasi equilibrium, 19195, 229, 258, 312

quintessence, 49, 52, 53, 114, 115, 281, 298

Qur’an, 344

radiation dominance, 202, 203, 258, 313

radiative capture, 174

radio astronomy, 168, 179, 184

radio galaxies, 181

Rankine, William, 104

Rayleigh, Lord (John Strutt), 113

Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum, 113, 128, 186

recombination, 203, 259, 313

recurrence theorem, 109

redshift, 84, 97, 143, 255, 279, 280

reductionism, 228

Rees, Martin, 361

Reines, Fred, 269, 364

reionization, 294, 295, 296, 314

relativistic quantum field theory, 137

relativistic theory of electrons, 131

Resure-DK1, 303

Rheticus, Georg Joachim, 6365

Richey, George, 144

Riess, Adam, 279

Robertson, Howard, 152

Robertson-Walker metric, 152

Roll, Peter, 184

Rosenberg, Alex, 317

Ross, Hugh, 352, 354, 359, 361

Roth, Philip, 344

Rubin, Vera, 211

Rutherford, Ernest, 133, 154, 172

Rutherford model of atom, 133

Ryle, Martin, 176

Sachs, Ranier, 209

Sachs-Wolfe effect, 209

Sakharov, Andrei, 231, 235

Salam, Abdus, 222

Salam-Glashow-Weinberg model, 223

Salpeter, Edwin, 177, 178

Sato, Katsuhiko, 244

scalar field, 281

scale factor of universe, 152

scale invariance, 208, 209, 257, 266, 285

scale-invariant fluctuations, 257

Scanning Tunneling Microscope, 109

Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 142

Schmidt, Bernard, 170

Schmidt, Brian, 279

Schmidt, Maarten, 180

Schönborn, Christoph, 328

Schöner, Johann, 64

Schramm, David, 189, 190, 191, 195, 201, 229

Schrödinger, Erwin, 130, 134, 154

Schrödinger wave mechanics, 130, 131, 325, 339

Schwarzschild, Karl, 125

Schwarzschild radius, 125, 132

Schwinger, Julian, 215

Scorpius X-1, 206

second, definition of, 119

second law of thermodynamics, 102, 10911, 321, 332

Seleucus, 51

selfish genes, 85

Seljak, Uros, 292

SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), 376, 348

Seyfert, Carl, 181

Seyfert galaxies, 181

Shapley, Harlow, 140, 141, 14448, 157, 158, 162

Shostak, Seth, 348

Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger) (Galileo), 7071

singularity, 243, 317

SK telescope, 285

Slipher, Vesto, 142, 49, 157

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 289

slow-roll inflation, 251

Smith, Joseph, 344

Smoot, George, 260, 263, 264, 284

SN 1987A, 190, 234

Sobel, Dava, 61, 62

social-constructivist postmodernism, 27

Socrates, 38, 47

Sosigenes, 54

Soyuz, 303

space-rotation symmetry, 126, 221

space-translation symmetry, 126, 221

sparticle, 236

special relativity, 74, 98, 116, 118, 120, 132, 160, 165, 202, 322, 367

spectral index of primordial fluctuations, 209, 294, 298

spherical aberration, 99

spiral nebula, 142, 143, 145

spontaneous symmetry breaking, 220, 244, 310

standard model of cosmology, 372

standard model of elementary particles, 17, 19, 35, 46, 191, 212, 218, 216, 219, 221, 22430, 234, 276, 305, 311, 355, 372

Starobinsky, Alexsei, 243

steady-state universe, 175, 179, 182, 267

Stecker, Floyd, 307

Steigman, Gary, 190

Steinhardt, Paul, 249, 300

stellar aberration, 74

stellar nucleosynthesis, 174, 177, 179, 189, 263, 358

sterile neutrinos, 276, 305

strength of gravity, 322

string theory, 236, 322, 356

strong force, 224, 234, 311

strong lensing, 302

strong nuclear force, 136, 218

structure problem, 241, 257

subquantum forces, 337

Suiminen, Edwin, 372

sum-over-histories, 370, 338

supercooling, 248

Super-Kamiokande, 233, 235, 27274

supermassive black holes, 181, 268, 296

Supernova Cosmology Project, 280

supernovae, 144, 170, 190, 279

supernova SN 1987, 272

supersymmetry (SUSY), 235, 236, 377, 302, 310, 312, 322

Surys Siddhanta, 37

Susskind, Leonard, 339, 356

Swedenborg, Emanuel, 93

symmetry principles, 127, 219

tachyons, 120

Taylor, Roger, 188

Tegmark, Max, 341, 343

Teller, Edward, 173

Telstar, 184

temperature power spectrum, 292

Tertullian, 55

Thales of Miletus, 39, 228

Theodicy, 85

Theophilus of Antioch, 57

theory of everything (TOE), 236

thermodynamic case for a divine creation, 103

Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth, 208

Thomson, J. J., 109

Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin, 98, 103, 115

’t Hooft, Gerard, 242

Timaeus, 47

time

definition of, 118

dilation, 117, 118

reversal, 220, 349

time-translation invariance, 257

time-translation symmetry, 126, 221

Ting, Samuel, 304

Tipler, Frank, 350, 362

tired light, 164, 169

Titan, 81

Tolman, Richard, 165

Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, 215

Tong, David, 225

topological defect, 242

transit of Mercury, 81

Trinity, 79

triple alpha process, 177, 178

triton, 174, 195, 197

Tully, Brent, 255

Turner, Michael, 190, 278

Turok, Neil, 300

Tūsi-couple, 60

Tycho Brahe, 68, 69

Tycho's supernova, 68

Tye, Henry, 248

Type Ia supernova, 279

ultraviolet catastrophe, 113, 128

University of California, Berkeley, 280, 348

Uranus, 83, 96

vacuum energy, 250, 280, 310, 332, 356, 357

van Maanen, Adriaan, 145, 148

van Wolde, Ellen, 35

variable stars, 140

Vega, 95

Vela satellites, 268

very high-energy gamma rays, 190, 206

Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 267, 269, 271

Viking spacecraft, 205

Vilenkin, Alexander, 318, 325, 330

Voltaire, 92, 345

von Fraunhofer, Joseph, 94

von Helmholtz, Hermann, 83, 98, 102

von Soldner, Johann Georg, 123

von Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, 95

von Weizäcker, Carl Friedrich, 172, 173

Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, 205

Walker, Arthur, 152

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 98

warm dark matter, 276

Watzenroad, Lukasz, 61

wave function, 131, 334

wave-function collapse, 335, 337

wave function of the universe, 325, 339

wave-particle duality, 130, 131, 228

wave theory of light, 78, 82, 106, 112, 113, 115, 124

weak bosons, 216, 219, 223, 224

weak gravitational lensing, 302

weak interaction, 136, 190, 195, 216, 220, 222, 234, 311

Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP), 277, 302

Weekes, Trevor, 270

Weinberg, Steven, 184, 187, 188, 222, 356

Wheeler, John, 125, 323

Wheeler-DeWitt equation, 325, 339, 341

Whittle, Mark, 292

Wilczek, Frank, 369

Wilkinson, David, 184, 292

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), 199, 287, 292, 294, 296, 333

Wilson, Robert, 184

Wolfe, Arthur, 209

Wollaston, William, 94

Wootters, William, 339

worldlines, 318

X-boson, 231, 235

x-rays, 107

ylem, 173

Young, Thomas, 82

Yukawa, Hideki, 137

Zaldarriaga, Matias, 292

Zel’dovich, Yakov, 188, 208, 209

Zeno of Citium, 50

zero-point energy, 250, 257, 283, 356

Zwicky, Fritz, 164, 168, 169, 210