Note: The italicized f and t following page numbers refer to figures and tables, respectively.
A
aging and sport performance. See also aging clock, motor capacity, and athletic performance; physical activity and longevity
aging 177-178
categories of aging 178-180
effect of aging on performance, difficulties of studying 185-186
evolutionary logic of aging 183
extraordinary athletes 179
mechanisms of aging 183-184
physical activity and body composition during aging 185
reasons for aging 182-184
aging clock, motor capacity, and athletic performance. See also aging and sport performance
anatomical and physiological effects of exercise training and aging 190-191
etiology of decline with aging 188, 189-190
motor performance and aging 187-188, 188f
veteran athletes and continued training 191-194, 193f
Art Grand Slam de Paris (Navratilova) 179
athletes, implications for. See also circadian rhythms and sport performance
circadian rhythms and effects of training, studies on 115-116
diurnal rhythmicity of physiological function and performance 114-115
jet lag and performance 116-123
seasonal rhythmicity in performance 116
athletes and perceptuomotor timing. See also timing
coincidental timing 137, 138-140
go-no-go reaction time 138
reaction time 137-138
timing abilities athletes versus nonathletes 137
timing accuracy 140
athletes and time
periodization and competition xxiii
repeated performances xxi
success of streak shooting, study on xxii
wisdom from Yogi xxii
athletes manipulating dictates of their clocks 197-198
athletic skill development in childhood
alternative approach 172-174
birth date, effect of 157-161
deliberate practice and 10-year rule 164-165, 169
genetics and levels of motor skill 155, 155f
limited insights 161-163
location of birth 158
motor abilities and age 153-155, 154f
motor skills, trainability of 161-162
peak performance ages 160
performance-enhancing pubertal changes 156-157, 156f
pertinent topic 152-157, 154f-156f
physiological fitness 161
power of practice 163-165
professionalism of child sports 163
sport specialization at early age 166-168
success breeding success 166-169
talent, early identification of 169-172
trends, effects of 158-159
B
Bannister, Roger xxiii, 1, 2f, 3
biological rhythms, nature of
central importance of 101-102
characteristics of 100-101, 101f
diurnal rhythms and rhythmicity 99-100, 100f
light changes 101
Biological Rhythms and Exercise (Reilly) 104
Biomarkers (Rosenberg) 191
Black Cloud, The (Hoyle) 139
Bolt, Usain 67, 68, 70, 87, 88
Bompa, Tudor 167, 168, 170, 173
C
cadence and other sports
cycling 45-48
swimming 42-45
cadence in endurance events. See also central pattern generator (CPG); motor controller
cockroach scenario 33-34
fossil evidence 59
cadence in endurance events. See also central pattern generator (CPG); motor controller
humans as aerobic endurance animals 58-60
central pattern generator (CPG). See also cadence in endurance events
biological natures of 49-56, 51f, 55f
brain structures, influences of 50, 51
cats 53-54
description of 48-49
encephalization 55
entrainment of locomotion and breathing 56-58
lampreys 52-53
monkeys and other nonhuman primates 54
rhythmicity 49
work with animals 50
chronological versus physiological time
allometric formula xviii-xix
allometric relationships and rate of biological functions and body mass (M) xix
athletic prowess xix-xxi
biological activities and passage of time xvii-xviii
body mass and duration of physiological processes xx
maximum life span xix
physiological functional time and body mass xviii
time zones xvii
circadian rhythms and sport performance. See also athletes, implications for; physiological and metabolic variables; sport performance, implications for
athlete and circadian rhythms 103-104
circadian rhythms, description of xvii, 96-97
history of circadian rhythms 97-99
importance of biological rhythms 102-103
intrinsic circadian rhythms of performance 112-114
jet lag scenarios 95-96
in midnight hour 113
nature of biological rhythms 99-102
nycthemeral rhythm 99
our internal clocks 96-97
setting biological clock 102
Clarinet Quintet (Mozart) 21
cognitive pacing strategy. See pacing for distance and speed
constraints of time, scenario xiii-xiv
D
Daniels’ Running Formula (Daniels) 57
E
Easy Rider xiii
F
FIMS (Federation Internationale de Médecine du Sport) 122
“Flight of the Bumble Bee” (Rimsky-Korsakov) 130
G
German Democratic Republic (GDR) 171
Gold Medal Physics: The Science of Sports (Goff) 91
Groundhog Day 182
H
human machine. See also time and speed
athlete’s perspective on sprinting races 74-75
horsepower and Usain Bolt 67
sprinting, empiric observations on 69-74, 69f, 70f
I
Inner Game of Tennis, The (Gallwey) 146
“Is It Time to Retire the ‘Central Governor’?” (Shephard) 14
Isle of Wight News 2
J
jet lag and performance
athlete and jet lag 122-123
circadian adversity 117
disturbances of circadian rhythms 116-117
latitudinal jet lag 119-120
melatonin 120-122
symptoms of jet lag 117
Jordan, Michael xxi, xxiii, 146
Journal of Applied Physiology 14
Journal of Physiology 78
L
Labyrinth of Time, The (Lockwood) 147
L’Auto 45
Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, The 28
LSD (long, slow distance) 4
M
maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) 188
Maybe I’ll Pitch Forever (Paige) 179
Mikado, The (Gilbert and Sullivan) 178
motor controller. See also cadence in endurance events
automatic motor oscillator 36
cadence and other sports 42-48
central motor oscillator 35
drummer and stroke cadence 34, 35
muscular coordination 36-42, 39f
Moveable Feast, A (Hemingway) 87
muscular coordination: stride frequency and length
constant tempo, explaining 38-42, 39f
empirical observations 37-38
metabolic change 40
motor oscillator 36-37
“Music and the Neurology of Time” (Wilson) 129
N
Nature 59
Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences (Abbott) 172
O
optimal pacing strategy. See also race pace
P
pace, picking. See also race pace
eye on clock and don’t let them see you sweat 28-29
interesting name and watching where you’re going 27
paying attention to opponents 27
pulling a surprise 26-27
race velocity in distance running 10, 10f
right personality, developing 28
pacing for distance and speed. See also race pace
athlete, implications for 14-17
brain and signals of fatigue, studies 9
central command and fatigue 9
central governor hypothesis 12-13
cognitive pacing strategy 6-8
heatstroke 17
investigations 7-8
pulling a surprise 26-27
race velocity in distance running 10, 10f
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 6-7
sensations of fatigue and limits on performance 9-12, 10f
split times 7
subconscious control by central nervous system 8-17, 10f
where’s the proof? 13-14
Zeno’s Paradox 15
perceptuomotor timing in sports. See also timing
baseball 132-135
challenges for athletes 131-132
tennis, cricket, and table tennis 135-136, 136f
Philosophy (Warhol) 89
physical activity and longevity. See also aging and sport performance
caloric restriction and genetic manipulation 181-182
primary aging and secondary aging 181-182
regular exercise, benefits of 180-181
Physics of Baseball, The (Adair) 142
physiological and metabolic variables. See also circadian rhythms and sport performance
core body temperature 105-107
flexibility and anaerobic power 108-109
hormones and psychological and psychomotor factors 109-110
muscle strength and maximal aerobic power 107-108
prime meridian xvii
R
race pace. See also pace, picking; pacing for distance and speed
energy demands, measures for reducing 3
mental pacing 20-22
negatively split 19
optimal pacing strategy 3-5
pacing in other sports 22-24, 24f
pattern of speed, selecting 17-22, 18f
sports photo, greatest of all time 1-3, 2f
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 6-7, 47, 109
S
speed limit
basketball shot clock, invention of 87
forecasting from past 88-89
future limits to athletic performance 90-91
sprinting performance records, factors for improvements in 90
world records, meaning of 87-88
sport performance, implications for. See also circadian rhythms and sport performance
football (soccer) 110-111
mixed sports 112
running and rocket sports 111-112
swimming and cycling 111
Sports Illustrated 28
sprinting, empiric observations on
constant speed phase 70, 72-74
false start 71
short all-out sprint, observations on 70, 70f
sprint performance, factors affecting 69-70
sprinting, empiric observations on
starting block phase 70, 71-72
sprint performance, determinants of. See also time and speed
curves versus straightaways 79-81, 80f
elasticity of legs 78
external influences 78-79
genetic contribution to running performance 78
muscle function, importance of variables for 77
speed limit 86-91
sprinter, implications for 84-86
stride frequency, limits 81-84
stride frequency and stride length 76
studies on 76-78
track surfaces 79
type of muscle fiber 78
stride frequency, limits of
firing rate of neuron pacemaker 81-82
governor of central nerve system 83-84
nerve conduction velocity 82-83
speed of muscle contraction 82
subconscious control by central nerves system. See pacing for distance and speed
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 102, 120
T
Tao of the Jump Shot, The (Mahoney) xxiii
TDFS (Tour de France syndrome) 18
“The Day They Belabored the Point” (Seminara) 145
“The Other Kingdom” (Price) xxiii-xxiv
time, meaning of
arrow of time xv-xvi
clock, invention of xiv-xv
direction of time xvi
perspectives on time xiv-xvii
physical processes and time xvi
preciousness of time xvii
psychological or subjective time xv
relational theory of time xv
theoretical arguments xv
time and speed. See also human machine; sprint performance, determinants of
animals, insects and top speed 66
chemical energy into mechanical energy 65-66
CPG beyond track, implications of 91-92
work and power 65
timing. See also athletes and perceptuomotor timing; perceptuomotor timing in sports
acute perception of time 128-129
musicians keeping time 129-131
perceptual timing, testing limits of 141-142
precise time of coordinated finger movements 130-131
scalar expectancy theory, scenario of 127-128
self-determinism 144-146
slowing down time and athletes 146-147
time distortion 145
training studies and improvement 142-144
W
What is Time? (Whitrow) xv
Why We Run (Heinrich) 60