INDEX

Note: The italicized f and t following page numbers refer to figures and tables, respectively.

A

aging and sport performance. See also aging clock, motor capacity, and athletic performance; physical activity and longevity

aging 177-178

categories of aging 178-180

effect of aging on performance, difficulties of studying 185-186

evolutionary logic of aging 183

extraordinary athletes 179

mechanisms of aging 183-184

physical activity and body composition during aging 185

reasons for aging 182-184

aging clock, motor capacity, and athletic performance. See also aging and sport performance

anatomical and physiological effects of exercise training and aging 190-191

etiology of decline with aging 188, 189-190

motor performance and aging 187-188, 188f

veteran athletes and continued training 191-194, 193f

Art Grand Slam de Paris (Navratilova) 179

athletes, implications for. See also circadian rhythms and sport performance

circadian rhythms and effects of training, studies on 115-116

diurnal rhythmicity of physiological function and performance 114-115

jet lag and performance 116-123

seasonal rhythmicity in performance 116

athletes and perceptuomotor timing. See also timing

anticipation 137, 141

coincidental timing 137, 138-140

go-no-go reaction time 138

reaction time 137-138

timing abilities athletes versus nonathletes 137

timing accuracy 140

athletes and time

periodization and competition xxiii

repeated performances xxi

slowing down time xxii, xxiii

success of streak shooting, study on xxii

wisdom from Yogi xxii

athletes manipulating dictates of their clocks 197-198

athletic skill development in childhood

alternative approach 172-174

birth date, effect of 157-161

deliberate practice and 10-year rule 164-165, 169

genetics and levels of motor skill 155, 155f

limited insights 161-163

location of birth 158

motor abilities and age 153-155, 154f

motor skills, trainability of 161-162

peak performance ages 160

performance-enhancing pubertal changes 156-157, 156f

pertinent topic 152-157, 154f-156f

physiological fitness 161

power of practice 163-165

professionalism of child sports 163

sport specialization at early age 166-168

success breeding success 166-169

talent, early identification of 169-172

trends, effects of 158-159

B

Bannister, Roger xxiii, 1, 2f, 3

biological rhythms, nature of

central importance of 101-102

characteristics of 100-101, 101f

diurnal rhythms and rhythmicity 99-100, 100f

light changes 101

Biological Rhythms and Exercise (Reilly) 104

Biomarkers (Rosenberg) 191

Black Cloud, The (Hoyle) 139

Bolt, Usain 67, 68, 70, 87, 88

Bompa, Tudor 167, 168, 170, 173

C

cadence and other sports

cycling 45-48

swimming 42-45

cadence in endurance events. See also central pattern generator (CPG); motor controller

cockroach scenario 33-34

fossil evidence 59

cadence in endurance events. See also central pattern generator (CPG); motor controller

humans as aerobic endurance animals 58-60

Cavanagh, Peter 38, 41

central pattern generator (CPG). See also cadence in endurance events

biological natures of 49-56, 51f, 55f

brain structures, influences of 50, 51

cats 53-54

description of 48-49

encephalization 55

entrainment of locomotion and breathing 56-58

human beings 54-56, 55f

internal clocks 49, 56

lampreys 52-53

marching bands 51, 51f

monkeys and other nonhuman primates 54

research 50, 51-52

rhythmicity 49

work with animals 50

chronological versus physiological time

allometric formula xviii-xix

allometric relationships and rate of biological functions and body mass (M) xix

athletic prowess xix-xxi

biological activities and passage of time xvii-xviii

body mass and duration of physiological processes xx

maximum life span xix

physiological functional time and body mass xviii

time zones xvii

circadian rhythms and sport performance. See also athletes, implications for; physiological and metabolic variables; sport performance, implications for

athlete and circadian rhythms 103-104

circadian rhythms, description of xvii, 96-97

history of circadian rhythms 97-99

importance of biological rhythms 102-103

intrinsic circadian rhythms of performance 112-114

jet lag scenarios 95-96

in midnight hour 113

nature of biological rhythms 99-102

nycthemeral rhythm 99

our internal clocks 96-97

setting biological clock 102

Clarinet Quintet (Mozart) 21

cognitive pacing strategy. See pacing for distance and speed

constraints of time, scenario xiii-xiv

D

Daniels, Jack 37, 57, 58

Daniels’ Running Formula (Daniels) 57

E

Easy Rider xiii

F

FIMS (Federation Internationale de Médecine du Sport) 122

“Flight of the Bumble Bee” (Rimsky-Korsakov) 130

G

German Democratic Republic (GDR) 171

Gold Medal Physics: The Science of Sports (Goff) 91

Groundhog Day 182

H

human machine. See also time and speed

athlete’s perspective on sprinting races 74-75

horsepower and Usain Bolt 67

sprinting, empiric observations on 69-74, 69f, 70f

I

Inner Game of Tennis, The (Gallwey) 146

“Is It Time to Retire the ‘Central Governor’?” (Shephard) 14

Isle of Wight News 2

J

jet lag and performance

athlete and jet lag 122-123

circadian adversity 117

disturbances of circadian rhythms 116-117

latitudinal jet lag 119-120

melatonin 120-122

studies 117-119, 118f

symptoms of jet lag 117

Jordan, Michael xxi, xxiii, 146

Journal of Applied Physiology 14

Journal of Physiology 78

L

Labyrinth of Time, The (Lockwood) 147

L’Auto 45

Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, The 28

LSD (long, slow distance) 4

M

Malina, Bob xxi, 78, 151

maximal oxygen uptake (imageO2max) 188

Maybe I’ll Pitch Forever (Paige) 179

Mikado, The (Gilbert and Sullivan) 178

motor controller. See also cadence in endurance events

automatic motor oscillator 36

cadence and other sports 42-48

central motor oscillator 35

dragon boat racing 34-35, 35f

drummer and stroke cadence 34, 35

muscular coordination 36-42, 39f

Moveable Feast, A (Hemingway) 87

muscular coordination: stride frequency and length

constant tempo, explaining 38-42, 39f

empirical observations 37-38

metabolic change 40

motor oscillator 36-37

stride frequency (SF) 39, 41

stride length (SL) 39, 41

“Music and the Neurology of Time” (Wilson) 129

N

Nature 59

Noakes, Tim 9, 144, 145

Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences (Abbott) 172

O

optimal pacing strategy. See also race pace

P

pace, picking. See also race pace

eye on clock and don’t let them see you sweat 28-29

interesting name and watching where you’re going 27

paying attention to opponents 27

pulling a surprise 26-27

race velocity in distance running 10, 10f

right personality, developing 28

pacing for distance and speed. See also race pace

athlete, implications for 14-17

brain and signals of fatigue, studies 9

central command and fatigue 9

central governor hypothesis 12-13

cognitive pacing strategy 6-8

heatstroke 17

investigations 7-8

pulling a surprise 26-27

race velocity in distance running 10, 10f

rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 6-7

sensations of fatigue and limits on performance 9-12, 10f

split times 7

subconscious control by central nervous system 8-17, 10f

where’s the proof? 13-14

Zeno’s Paradox 15

perceptuomotor timing in sports. See also timing

baseball 132-135

challenges for athletes 131-132

tennis, cricket, and table tennis 135-136, 136f

Philosophy (Warhol) 89

physical activity and longevity. See also aging and sport performance

caloric restriction and genetic manipulation 181-182

primary aging and secondary aging 181-182

regular exercise, benefits of 180-181

Physics of Baseball, The (Adair) 142

physiological and metabolic variables. See also circadian rhythms and sport performance

core body temperature 105-107

flexibility and anaerobic power 108-109

hormones and psychological and psychomotor factors 109-110

muscle strength and maximal aerobic power 107-108

Potter, Norman 1, 2, 2f, 3

prime meridian xvii

R

race pace. See also pace, picking; pacing for distance and speed

energy demands, measures for reducing 3

mental pacing 20-22

negatively split 19

optimal pacing strategy 3-5

pacing in other sports 22-24, 24f

pattern of speed, selecting 17-22, 18f

sports photo, greatest of all time 1-3, 2f

rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 6-7, 47, 109

Roddick, Andy 135, 140, 144

S

speed limit

basketball shot clock, invention of 87

forecasting from past 88-89

future limits to athletic performance 90-91

sprinting performance records, factors for improvements in 90

world records, meaning of 87-88

sport performance, implications for. See also circadian rhythms and sport performance

football (soccer) 110-111

mixed sports 112

running and rocket sports 111-112

swimming and cycling 111

Sports Illustrated 28

sprinting, empiric observations on

acceleration phase 70, 72

constant speed phase 70, 72-74

deceleration phase 70, 74

false start 71

short all-out sprint, observations on 70, 70f

sprint performance, factors affecting 69-70

sprinting, empiric observations on

starting block phase 70, 71-72

sprint performance, determinants of. See also time and speed

curves versus straightaways 79-81, 80f

elasticity of legs 78

external influences 78-79

genetic contribution to running performance 78

muscle force 76, 77-78

muscle function, importance of variables for 77

speed limit 86-91

sprinter, implications for 84-86

stride frequency, limits 81-84

stride frequency and stride length 76

studies on 76-78

track surfaces 79

type of muscle fiber 78

stride frequency, limits of

firing rate of neuron pacemaker 81-82

governor of central nerve system 83-84

nerve conduction velocity 82-83

speed of muscle contraction 82

subconscious control by central nerves system. See pacing for distance and speed

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 102, 120

T

Tao of the Jump Shot, The (Mahoney) xxiii

TDFS (Tour de France syndrome) 18

“The Day They Belabored the Point” (Seminara) 145

“The Other Kingdom” (Price) xxiii-xxiv

time, meaning of

arrow of time xv-xvi

clock, invention of xiv-xv

direction of time xvi

nature of time xiv, xv

perspectives on time xiv-xvii

physical processes and time xvi

preciousness of time xvii

psychological or subjective time xv

relational theory of time xv

theoretical arguments xv

time and speed. See also human machine; sprint performance, determinants of

animals, insects and top speed 66

chemical energy into mechanical energy 65-66

CPG beyond track, implications of 91-92

horsepower 65, 66

work and power 65

timing. See also athletes and perceptuomotor timing; perceptuomotor timing in sports

acute perception of time 128-129

musicians keeping time 129-131

perceptual timing, testing limits of 141-142

precise time of coordinated finger movements 130-131

scalar expectancy theory, scenario of 127-128

self-determinism 144-146

slowing down time and athletes 146-147

time distortion 145

training studies and improvement 142-144

W

What is Time? (Whitrow) xv

Why We Run (Heinrich) 60