Abolitionists, 18, 27, 158-59; African American, 16-17, 31, 76-77, 159; women, 75-77
African Americans, 161n7; citizenship of, 8, 134, 149; and emancipation, 76-77, 121, 129, 133, 148-49; military service of, 31, 32, 71, 84, 134, 136; in the North, 6-8, 84, 136, 148-49, 159-60; in post‒Civil War era, 158, 159; violence against, 140, 159
Agriculture: Civil War’s impact on, 55-56, 91, 101, 102, 105-11; role of children in, 107-8; role of women in, 55-56, 92, 107-11
American Anti-Slavery Society, 158-59
Antiwar organizations, 125-26
Army, United States, 22, 33; African Americans in, 31-32, 71, 136, 153; ethnic organizations and, 37, 40, 44-45; states’ role in, 3, 34-36, 38; volunteer companies in, 33-37; working class in, 36-37, 53, 55-56, 112. See also Demobilization; Hospitals; Soldiers
Arsenals and armories, 44, 113, 155-56
Black codes, 149
Bonds, government, 92-93, 94, 95, 97
Border regions, 20, 29, 38, 144-45; violence in, 80-85, 109. See also names of specific states
Bounties, enlistment, 91, 96-98, 137
Bureaucracy, federal, 34, 35, 94, 98, 112-13, 155
Burnside, Ambrose, 144-45
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 7, 76-77
Catholics, 9-10, 40, 122, 128, 135
Censorship, 143-44
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 44, 50, 83, 85
Children: in civilian workforce, 64, 107, 112-13; fund-raising by, 75; and partisanship, 127; of soldiers, 62-64, 107-9, 110-11, 155
Churches, 15-16, 128-30. See also Catholics; Methodists
Civil War, 27; and federal bureaucracy, 34, 35, 94, 98, 112-13, 155; financial costs of, 91-101, 116; impact on agriculture of, 55-56, 91, 101, 102, 105-11; impact on commerce of, 113, 114-15; impact on manufacturing of, 105-6, 109, 111-13, 156-57; legacy of, 2-3, 160. See also Army, United States; Soldiers
Clergy, 15-16, 24, 27, 40, 90, 129-30
Colored Ladies’ Freedmen’s Aid Society of Chicago, 77
Commerce, Civil War’s impact on, 113, 114-15
Communities, loyalty to, 3-5
Conscription, 44, 135, 136-39; resistance against, 140-42
Cooke, Jay, 95
Copperheads, 50, 125, 130, 131, 148
Correspondence, 49, 61-63, 64, 70, 71, 86, 89; censorship of, 143
Courtship, 69-70
Currency, paper, 93, 95, 99, 100-101
Death, rituals of, 88-90
Demobilization, 152-57
Democratic Party: in election of 1864, 121-22; and extra-party organizations, 125-26; as loyal opposition, 18, 28, 120, 139
Democrats, 10, 17, 37, 99-100, 126-28, 139-40, 143; peace, 119, 123, 144-45; war, 119, 121. See also Copperheads; Partisanship; Violence, political
Douglass, Frederick, 21, 31, 71, 136, 148-49, 150, 159
Election of 1864, Presidential, 121-22, 147
Emancipation, 6, 129, 133, 140
Emancipation Proclamation, 75, 103, 133-36
Encampments, military, 43-46, 48-51, 97
Enrollment Act (1863), 137
Fifteenth Amendment, 159
Flag, United States, 25-26, 27-28, 29-30, 35, 43, 128
Fort Sumter, 21, 23-25, 27-30, 33-36
Freedpeople, aid to, 76-77, 158
Fugitive Slave Law (1850), 3, 8
Garrison, William Lloyd, 25, 158-59
German Americans, 9-10, 37, 43-44, 161n7
Gettysburg Address, 84-85
Gettysburg campaign, 82-85
Grand Review, 152
Hamilton, Thomas, 16-17
Home defense, 38
Homestead Act (1862), 102, 108, 109
Illinois, 149
Indiana, 85
“In God We Trust,” 96
Internal Revenue Act (1861), 94
Inventions, 116
Irish Americans, 9-10, 37, 40, 135, 140, 161n7
Land-Grant College (Morrill) Act (1862), 102, 103, 195n68
Lee, Robert E., surrender of, 148
Legal Tender Act (1862), 96
Letter writing, 49, 61-63, 64, 70, 71, 86, 89
Lincoln, Abraham, 5, 17, 22, 26, 35, 84-85; assassination of, 149-52; and civil liberties, 143-44; and emancipation, 129, 133; reelection of, 122, 147
Literature, popular, 72-73
Livermore, Mary, 73-76, 77-78, 158
Loyalty oaths, 142
Mail, home delivery of, 101
Manufacturing: Civil War’s impact on, 105-6, 109, 111-13, 156-57; role of children in, 112-13; role of women in, 112-14
Martial spirit, 29-30, 33, 36, 38, 43-44
Methodists, 129-30
Militia Act (1862), 135, 136-37
Militia system, state, 3, 22, 34-35
Morgan, John Hunt, 85-86
Morrill (Land-Grant College) Act, 102, 103, 195n68
National Bank Act, 100
Nativism, 9-10
Newspapers, 14-15, 23, 26, 30, 72, 86; intimidation and censorship of, 28-29, 50, 126, 143-44; partisan, 123
Ohio, 85-86
Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 102, 103
Pacifists, 139
Partisanship, 21, 119-28; children and, 127; religion and, 128-31. See also Violence, political
Patriotism: churches and, 24, 130-31; Fort Sumter and, 25-26, 27-28, 30, 33, 35; public celebrations of, 38, 40, 47-49, 68-69; and war funding, 93, 95, 99, 100-101; women’s, 38, 40-41. See also Flag, United States; Martial spirit
Peace Democrats, 119, 123, 144-45
Personal liberty laws, 8, 16, 19
Photographs, 86
Preachers. See Clergy
Prisoners of war, Confederate, 49, 80, 145, 154
Private property, military use of, 45-47
Profiteering, 116-18
Railroads, 102, 103, 106, 109, 112, 114
Recruitment, military, 44, 135, 137
Relief funds, 54
Republican Party, 10, 13, 33; and extra-party organizations, 37, 123, 124-25; programs of, 101-3; and slavery, 13-14, 18; and suppression of dissent, 126-27. See also Partisanship
Retrenchment. See Demobilization
Richmond, fall of, 147-48
Sanitary fairs, 73, 75-76, 157-58
Secession, 6, 16-22, 24, 26, 33
Social activities, civilians, 67-71, 73, 75
Soldiers: burial of, 83, 84, 86-87, 88, 89; convalescing, 69, 87; families of, 35, 38, 41, 53-62, 75, 107-9, 154; homecoming of, 49, 87, 152, 153, 157-58. See also Army, United States; Hospitals; Veterans
Soldiers’ homes, 49
Soldiers’ National Cemetery (Gettysburg), 84-85
Soldiers’ relief, 53, 73-75, 157-58
Souvenir hunting, 84
Specie, 96-97
States rights, 3
Strikes, labor, 114
Surrender, Robert E. Lee’s, 148
Tax Act (1864), 94
Taxes: criticism of, 92, 99-100; evasion of, 94-95; federal, 2, 91-94; local, 2, 91, 93, 97; state, 2, 91, 93, 94, 97
Telegraph lines, 115, 144, 154-55, 166n6
Territories, slavery in, 13-14, 103
Thirteenth Amendment, 149, 158, 159
Union Leagues, 124-25
United States Christian Commission, 74, 83-84, 158
United States Sanitary Commission, 53, 73-75, 77, 83-84, 157-58
Vallandigham, Clement, 123, 144-45
Veterans, 75, 87; demobilization and, 152, 156-58
Violence, political, 126-28
War. See Civil War
Women: abolitionist, 75, 76-77; African American, 76, 158; in civilian workforce, 55-57, 92, 107-14; as nurses, 39, 59, 72; patriotism of, 38, 40-41, 56-57, 75, 77, 111, 113; postwar feminism of, 78, 158; and war effort, 39-40, 59, 72-77