Adams, Charles Francis, minister to Britain, 36, 39–40
on Antietam, 142
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 77–78
Adams, Henry
on issue of British recognition of Confederacy, 38, 39–40, 59
on impact of Emancipation
Proclamation, 146
Antietam, battle of
casualties, 3–5, 129, 133, 157n.1, 177n.56
intensity of, 6
preliminaries to, 114–16
impact of on Northern morale, 134–36, 138
on Southern morale, 137–37
triggers Emancipation Proclamation, 138–39
forestalls European recognition of Confederacy, 141–43
impact of on domestic politics, 146, 149, 154 Arkansas, CSS, 74
Army of Northern Virginia
Lee takes command of, 42–43
Seven Days Battles, 44–45
Second Manassas campaign and battle, 80–83
invasion of Maryland, 9, 88–91
few Marylanders join, 98
exhaustion and straggling of, 99–100
and Harpers Ferry, 107
South Mountain battles, 111–12
Antietam, 114–29
and officer casualties, 133 See also Lee, Robert E.
Army of the Potomac
McClellan takes command of, 12–13
McClellan’s shaping of, 14
Peninsula campaign, 28, 31, 154
Seven Days Battles, 45
morale in, 50–51
suspicions and rivalries in, 30, 52
withdraws from Peninsula, 78–79
Second Bull Run campaign and battle, 80–84
welcomes McClellan’s return to command, 87–88
pessimism in, 102
improvement of morale in Maryland, 104–6
welcome in Frederick, 107
South Mountain battles, 111–12
confidence of, 115
battle of Antietam, 116–31
Antietam boosts morale, 134–35
inactivity after Antietam, 149–50
See also McClellan, George B.
Army of Virginia, 53
Second Bull Run campaign and battle, 80–84
demoralization of, 84
merged into Army of the Potomac, 87–88
See also Pope, John
Atlanta Confederacy, 24
Banks, Nathaniel P., 41–42, 79
Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 23–24, 27
Benjamin, Judah, 37
Blockade of Confederate ports effectiveness of, 12
as diplomatic issue, 33–36
Bloody Lane, at Antietam battle-field, 3, 122–23
Bloss, John, 108
Brady, Mathew, 7
Bragg, Braxton
invasion of Kentucky, 75–77, 98
battle of Perryville, 137
Bragg, Thomas, 20
Brewster, Charles Harvey
and Peninsula campaign, 31
criticizes McClellan, 52
and slavery, 64
opposes conciliation of civilians, 67
on withdrawal from Peninsula, 79
Bright, John, 59
Britain
and Trent affair, 12
and blockade issue, 35–36
and question of recognizing Confederacy, 36–40, 56–61
and Lee’s invasion of Maryland, 93–94
backs off from recognition, 141–43
impact of Emancipation Proclamation in, 143–46
Brown, Isaac Newton, 73–74
Buell, Don Carlos
inactivity of, 15
occupies Nashville, 17
at Shiloh, 22–23,
failure in Tennessee, 74–75, 77
Bull Run (Manassas)
first battle of, 12, 13, 38, 109
second battle of, 5, 80–84, 100
impact of on Northern morale, 85–86
impact of in Europe, 93–94
Burnside, Ambrose E.
North Carolina campaigns of, 13, 17
reinforces Pope, 80
offered command of Army of the Potomac, 86, 125
replaces McClellan in command, 152
Burnside’s Bridge, at Antietam, 125–26
Butler, Benjamin, 63
Cairo, USS, 17
Carman, Ezra, 175n.29, 177n.56
Casualties
at South Mountain battles, 111, 175n.29
at Antietam, 3–5, 129, 133, 157n.1, 177n.56
in terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, 3, 157n.1
Cecil, Lord Robert, 38
Cedar Mountain, battle of, 79
Chantilly, battle of, 83
Chase, Salmon P.
opposes reinstatement of McClellan, 86–87
Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 26
Congress, USS, 34
Constitutionnel (Paris), 57, 58
“Copperheads.” See Peace Democrats
Corinth (Miss.)
Confederate efforts to recapture, 74, 137–38, 155
Cornfield, at Antietam, 2, 117–18, 119, 134
Crampton’s Gap, battle of 111
Cumberland, USS, 34
Curtis, George W., 48
Davis, Jefferson, 102
inauguration of, 20–21
sends family from Richmond, 33
depression of, 34
and invasion of Maryland, 89, 91
reaction to Antietam, 137, 155, 179n.18
Dayton, William, 39
Douglass, Frederick
urges emancipation as war policy, 61–62, 65
praises Emancipation Proclamation, 140
Dunkard Church, on Antietam battlefield, 2, 119, 120
East Woods, at Antietam, 117
Elections of 1862, in North
Lee’s hope to influence, 91–93
impact of Antietam on, 146, 154
and emancipation issue, 146–47
and war issue, 148–50
Democratic gains in, 153
Emancipation
pressure in favor of, 61–62
congressional actions on, 63–65
issue in border states, 66
Lincoln moves toward, 68–71
See also Emancipation Proclamation; Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln issues, 138–39
reception of in North, 140–41
impact of abroad, 143–46
as issue in 1862 elections, 146–47
England. See Britain
Farragut, David Glasgow, 24–25, 27, 73–74
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 27, 66, 75
Fort Donelson, fall of, 16–17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 34
Fort Henry, fall of, 16
Fort Wagner, assault on, 8
France and question of recognizing Confederacy, 37, 38, 39, 56–60, 142
and Lee’s invasion of Maryland, 93
and Emancipation Proclamation, 143
Franklin, William B.
fails to reinforce Pope, 84–85
battle of Crampton’s Gap, 111–12
Fredericksburg, battle of, 5
Gaines’ Mill, battle of, 45
Gardner, Alexander
photographs of dead at Antietam, 2, 7
of Lutheran Church, 134
Gasparin, Agénor-Etienne de, 59
Gibson, James, 7
Gladstone, William, 93–94, 142
Graham, Matthew, 126
Grant, Ulysses S., 19, 67, 139
captures Forts Henry and Donelson, 16–17
at Shiloh, 22–23
Great Britain. See Britain
Greeley, Horace, 50, 52, 139–40
in Western theater, 15, 16, 22
appointed general in chief, 55, 74
on “hard war,” 67
withdrawal of McClellan from
Peninsula, 78
orders McClellan to reinforce
Pope, 84
and McClellan’s reinstatement to command, 86-87
refuses to release Harpers Ferry garrison, 106
on emancipation, 139
frustration with McClellan, 152
Hancock, Winfield Scott, 155–56
Harpers Ferry
Lee’s plan to capture, 106–7
Harper’s Weekly on Union victories in early 1862, 19–20, 27
on Seven Days Battles, 48
on Antietam, 136
Hayes, Rutherford B., 124
Hill, Ambrose Powell
at Antietam, 128-29
repels pursuit, 130
Hill, Daniel Harvey
battle of Turner’s Gap, 112
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 48
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 105, 122
Hood, John Bell, 118–19
Hooker, Joseph
critical of McClellan, 52
in battle of Antietam, 116–18, 119, 125
Island No. 10, Union capture of, 24
Jackson, Thomas J. (“Stonewall”), 54, 66
Shenandoah Valley campaign of, 41–42, 53, 154
foreign impact of campaign, 56–58
operations against Pope, 54, 78–80
and Second Manassas, 81–83
ordered to capture Harpers Ferry, 106–8
captures Harpers Ferry, 109–12, 113
at Antietam, 117–18
after Antietam, 152
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 22–23
Johnston, Joseph E., 28, 30, 42
Jones, Charles Colcock, Jr. on Confederate reverses, 21, 34
on Confederate victories, 47
on the invasion of Maryland, 90–91
on Antietam, 136
Kean, Robert Garlick Hill, 179n.18
Lee, Elizabeth Blair
on capture of New Orleans, 26
and Peninsula campaign, 32
on improvement of Northern morale, 104
Lee, Robert E., 8, 66, 95, 109
and battle of Gettysburg, 5
takes command of Army of
Northern Virginia, 42–43
strategic ideas of, 44
Seven Days Battles, 45–46, 154
on John Pope, 68
shift northward from Peninsula, 78–80
Second Manassas campaign and battle, 80–83
decision to invade Maryland, 88–90
expectations from invasion, 91–92, 138, 141
on stragglers, 100
and capture of Harpers Ferry, 110
South Mountain battles, 111–12
decides to fight at Sharpsburg, 113, 115
battle of Antietam, 116, 123, 124–25, 128–29
retreat to Virginia, 130–31, 136
decides against returning to
Maryland, 133
maneuvers in Virginia, 152
Lee, William R., 6
Leopold, King, 142
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, 142
Lincoln, Abraham, 83, 92, 93, 148, 152
war aims of, 11
and Peninsula campaign, 28–31, 41
appoints Pope to command, 53
appoints Halleck general in chief, 55
on foreign reaction to defeats, 59
and slavery, 60–61
and emancipation issue, 61–62
urges border states to end slavery, 65–66
decides for emancipation, 68–71, 155
withdrawal of McClellan from
Peninsula, 78–79
on McClellan’s failure to reinforce Pope, 85–86
reinstates McClellan to command, 86–87
and Maryland campaign, 109, 113, 131
issues Emancipation Proclamation, 138–39, 143–45
prods McClellan to move, 150–51
removes McClellan, 152
Livermore, Thomas, 122–23, 175n.29, 177n.56
London Morning Post. See Morning Post (London)
London Morning Star. See Morning
Star (London)
London Times. See Times (London)
Longstreet, James, 109
at Second Manassas, 83
in Maryland campaign, 108, 110
battle of Turner’s Gap, 111, 112
at Antietam, 123–24
after Antietam, 152
on significance of Antietam, 155–56
“Lost Orders,” 106–9
Lyons, Lord John, 148
McClellan, George B.
takes command of Army of the Potomac, 12–13
character and attitudes of, 14–15, 16
Peninsula campaign of, 27–32, 41–42
on Lee, 43–44
and Seven Days Battles, 44–47, 70
soldiers’ confidence in, 50–52
criticized by some officers, 52–53
on Pope, 53–54
on Halleck, 55
and emancipation issue, 63, 67
denounces Pope’s “hard war” orders, 68–69
withdrawal from Peninsula, 78–80
slowness to reinforce Pope, 80, 84–86
restored to command, 87–88
welcomed in Frederick, 105
wants release of Harpers Ferry garrison, 106
and finding of lost orders, 108–9
South Mountain battles, 111–13
preliminaries to Antietam, 114–15
plans for battle of Antietam, 116
conduct of battle, 119, 124–25, 128–29
does not renew battle, 130, 134
proud of victory, 131
on Emancipation Proclamation, 140
inactivity after Antietam, 149–51
removed from command, 152–53
evaluation of, 154
McClellan, (Mary) Ellen Marcy, 13
McKinley, William, 124
Malvern Hill, battle of, 45, 52
Manassas, first and second battles of. See Bull Run (Manassas)
Mansfield, Joseph, 116, 119, 135
Marble, Manton, 148
Maryland
Confederate hopes to “liberate,” 91
coolness toward liberators, 97–98
welcomes Union army, 104–6, 174n.21
Confederate disillusionment with, 130, 134
Mason, James
capture on Trent, 12
and Union blockade, 35
and issue of European diplomatic recognition, 36, 39, 40, 60, 141
disappointment with Britain, 143
Meade, George G., 102
Meigs, Montgomery, 15
Merrimac. See Virginia, CSS
Miles, Dixon, Union commander
at Harpers Ferry, 109–10, 112, 175n.28
Mill, John Stuart, 145
Mitchell, Barton W., 107–8
Morning Post (London), 58–59
Morning Star (London), 145
Morse, Samuel F. B., 49
Napoleon, Louis
wants to recognize Confederacy, 37, 39, 58, 142
New Orleans
fall of, 24–25
impact of, on Northern and Southern morale, 26
foreign-policy consequences of, 40
New York Herald
on Union victories in early 1862, 19, 26
blames Stanton for Seven Days defeat, 50
alarm at Lee’s invasion, 102
on South Mountain battles, 113
on Antietam, 138
New York Times
on Antietam photographs, 7
on Union victories in early 1862, 19, 22, 24, 32
on defeats in Shenandoah Valley, 42
on demoralization in North, 85, 102, 149
on Northern Democrats, 93, 148
on battle of Antietam, 148
New York Tribune
on Union victories in early 1862, 19, 27
on foreign policy, 38
counsels against despair, 49
attacked by McClellan supporters, 50
on danger to Washington, 85
and invasion of Maryland, 102
on Emancipation Proclamation, 139–40
on 1862 elections, 150
New York Sunday Mercury, 135
New York World on Seven Days Battles, 47
on invasion of Maryland, 102
on South Mountain battles, 112
on emancipation, 147
on war, 148
Palmerston, Viscount, 141
and question of recognizing Confederacy, 38, 40, 41, 59–60
moves toward recognition after Second Manassas, 94
backs off after Antietam, 142
Peace Democrats and 1862
Northern elections, 91–93, 148–49, 153–54
Peninsula campaign, 27–34
end of, 78–79
See also Seven Days Battles
Pennsylvania
panic in, September 1862, 101–2
Perryville, battle of, 56, 137–38, 155
Petersburg, siege and battles, 5
Pittman, Samuel E., 108, 175m.26
Pope, John
takes command of Army of Virginia, 53
and McClellan, 54–55
“hard war” orders, 67–68
operations in Virginia, 78–80
battle of Second Bull Run, 81–85
removed from command, 87
Porter, Fitz-John
on Pope, 54
opposes “hard war,” 68
in Second Bull Run campaign and battle, 80–81, 83–84
on Emancipation Proclamation, 140
Punch, 144
Randolph, George Wythe, 179n.18
Richmond Dispatch
on Confederate reverses in early
on Seven Days Battles, 47
on foreign recognition, 57, 58
favors invasion of Maryland, 89
on Northern opposition to war, 92–93
and invasion of Maryland, 101
discounts Antietam, 136
on capture of Harpers Ferry, 137
Richmond Enquirer
on Confederate defeats in early 1862, 20, 22, 32
on issue of diplomatic recognition, 37
on Jackson’s victories, 42
on Seven Days Battles, 46
on success in Tennessee, 75
on invasion of Maryland, 98
on capture of Harpers Ferry, 136
discounts Antietam, 137
Richmond Examiner, 90
Roebling, Washington, 86
Rosecrans, William S., 137
Ruffin, Edmund, 26
Russell, Lord John
and Union blockade, 35–36
and issue of Confederate recognition, 40, 60
hopes for Democratic electoral victory, 93
favors recognition of Confederacy, 94, 142
on Emancipation Proclamation, 143
Schurz, Carl, 84
Sears, Stephen W., 175n.26, 177n.56
impact on morale in South and North, 46–50
on morale in Army of the Potomac, 51–52, 78
See also Peninsula campaign
Seward, William H.
and issue of European recognition of Confederacy, 36–37, 39, 40
on cotton exports, 56
and Emancipation Proclamation, 70–71, 143
Seymour, Horatio, 147–48
Seymour, Thomas, 92
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 141
Sharpsburg
battle of. See Antietam, battle of
village of, damage from battle, 134
Shaw, Robert Gould, 8
Sherman, William T., 66, 69, 155
as issue in war, 14–15
in foreign relations, 60–61
in domestic politics, 61–71
See also Emancipation; Emancipation Proclamation; Slaves
Slaves
as Confederate labor force, 62–71
escape to Union lines, 63–65
recapture of at Harpers Ferry, 114
Slidell, John
captured on Trent, 12
Confederate envoy in Paris, 58, 60, 141
Smith, Edmund Kirby
invasion of Kentucky, 75–77, 91
retreat to Tennessee, 137
South Mountain, battles of
See Crampton’s Gap, battle of; Turner’s Gap, battle of
Spotsylvania, battle of, 5
Springfield (Mass.) Republican, 141
Stanton, Edwin M., 83
and McClellan, 29–30
blamed for losses in Seven Days
opposes reinstatement of McClellan, 86–87
Stephens, Alexander H., 20
Strong, George Templeton, 49, 85
Stuart, James E. B. (“Jeb”), 83
in Antietam campaign, 107, 108, 111
Pennsylvania raid of, 150
Sumner, Charles, 59
Sumner, Edwin V. and reinforcement of Pope, 84–85
Taylor, Walter H.
on pivotal nature of Antietam, 8, 9
at Second Manassas, 83
and invasion of Maryland, 94–95, 97
on lost orders, 108
disgust with Maryland, 134
Thompson, David, 127
Times (London)
supports recognition of Confederacy, 38, 39, 57, 58
stunned by Antietam, 141
on Emancipation Proclamation, 144
Turner, Henry M., 146
Turner’s Gap, battle of, 111, 115
United States Sanitary Commission, 5, 49
Walker, John G., 107
Welles, Gideon
on emancipation, 70–71
on McClellan, 86–87
on Confederate retreat, 131
on Stuart’s raid, 150
Welsh, Thomas, 130
West Woods, on Antietam battlefield, 119–20
Whitman, George, 125
Whitman, Walt, 125
Willcox, Orlando, 135
Wilderness, battle of, 5