Table of Contents

1. Cover
2. Foreword
3. Preface
4. Introduction
5. 1 Mediterranean Lagoons and Estuaries
   1. 1.1. What is a lagoon and what is an estuary?
   2. 1.2. Lagoons and estuaries of the Mediterranean: characteristics, inventory and classification
   3. 1.3. Some recurrent preconceived ideas and problems concerning lagoons
   4. 1.4. Geological, geographic and physicochemical types of lagoon
   5. 1.5. Lagoon hydroclimate and hydrodynamics
   6. 1.6. Some features of lagoon ichthyoecobiology
   7. 1.7. Production in lagoons and trophic chains
   8. 1.8. Lagoon habitats
6. 2 Ecology and Behavior
   1. 2.1. Origin and originality
   2. 2.2. Ecology and behavior
   3. 2.3. Sea–lagoon/lagoon–sea fish interaction: the phenology of migrations
   4. 2.4. Ecological valence
   5. 2.5. Lagoons and invasions: the presence of exotic species
   6. 2.6. Structure of fish assemblages
7. 3 Biology and Genetics
   1. 3.1. Sexuality
   2. 3.2. Reproduction
   3. 3.3. Feeding and energy transfer
   4. 3.4. Age and growth
   5. 3.5. Intra- and interspecific communication
   6. 3.6. Ecological genetics
8. 4 Fisheries and Aquaculture
   1. 4.1. Fishing in lagoons
   2. 4.2. Aquaculture in lagoons
   3. 4.3. Fisheries–aquaculture interactions in the lagoons
9. 5 Anthropization and Climate Change
   1. 5.1. Threats to lagoon and estuarine systems and their ichthyological populations
   2. 5.2. On the need for an integrated approach to lagoon ichthyology
   3. 5.3. Toward a best knowledge of lagoons: the contribution of the Mediterranean “lagoon–estuarine networks”
10. Appendix
    1. A.1. List of Mediterranean lagoons
    2. A.2. List of families and species recorded per lagoon and/or estuary
11. Glossary
12. References
13. Index of Scientific Names and Common Words
14. Index by Country: Lagoons, Lakes, Ponds, Delta and Estuaries
15. End User License Agreement

List of Tables

1. 1 Mediterranean Lagoons and Estuaries
   1. Table 1.1. World distribution of the coastal lagoon barrier (Cromwell, 1971)
2. 2 Ecology and Behavior
   1. Table 2.1. Overview of grey mullet recruitment in the Lake of Tunis in 1979 as a % of the number of individuals recruited (Chauvet, 1984). G0, G1, G2, G3⁺: age groups
   2. Table 2.2. Periods of inmigration of eggs, larvae and fry in the lagoons of Mauguio, Ayrolles and Salses-Leucate (Bourquard and Benharrat, 1985b)
3. 4 Fisheries and Aquaculture
   1. Table 4.1. Comparison of production between lagoons with and without installations, and between geographic areas (Chauvet, 1989)
   2. Table 4.2. Composition of capéchade catches in the Thau lagoon during the period 1997–1998 (Crespi, 2002)
   3. Table 4.3. Composition of gillnet and trammel net catches in the Thau lagoon during the period 1997–1998 (Crespi, 2002)
   4. Table 4.4. Fish production (in tons per year) in the Messolonghi-Etolikon lagoon (Klaoudatos and Conides, 1997)
4. 5 Anthropization and Climate Change
   1. Table 5.1. Classification of the main anthropogenic constraints impacting on transitional waters, according to an analysis of published works (Kennish et al., 2008)
   2. Table 5.2. Examples of ecosystem services provided by lagoons, potential effects of climate change on these services and potential proactive management measures (Chapman, 2012)

List of Illustrations

1. Introduction
   1. Figure I.1. G. Rondelet, L’histoire entière des poissons, 1558 (French edition of De piscibus marinis, published in 1554)
   2. Figure I.2. Numerical evolution of publications about Mediterranean lagoons between 1977 and 2014 and their distribution according to country of author. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   3. Figure I.3. Numerical distribution of publications about Mediterranean lagoons between 1977 and 2014 by research topic
   4. Figure I.4. Temporal evolution (1977–2014) of number of publications on fishes in the Mediterranean lagoons. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   5. Figure I.5. Numerical distribution of publications on fishes of the Mediterranean lagoons between 1977 and 2014 according to species or species groups. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   6. Figure I.6. Main topics associated with fishes of the Mediterranean lagoons, according to works published between 1977 and 2014
2. 1 Mediterranean Lagoons and Estuaries
   1. Figure 1.1. Surface area and production of the Earth’s various ecosystems (Guelorget et al.,1998). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   2. Figure 1.2. Conceptual model of the different types of water bodies and aquatic assemblages in lagoons (in black) and estuaries (blue arrow) according to three main structural factors (ionic composition, salinity and confinement) (Pérez-Ruzafa et al., 2011). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   3. Figure 1.3. The biological organization of a paralic ecosystem. Between the marine domain (at the bottom of the graphic) and the continental domain (at the top of the graphic), six zones are defined in increasing order of confinement. Each zone includes environments with varying levels of salinity, going from brackish water when inflows of fresh water are significant (darker colors) to saline water when the evaporation rate is high (paler colors). Each zone is identified from its characteristic species, according to biogeographic region – this example relates to the Mediterranean ecosystems (Guelorget et al., 1998). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip.
   4. Figure 1.4. Principal differences between the structure and functioning of estuaries and lagoons (Pérez-Ruzafa et al., 2011). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   5. Figure 1.5. (a) Number of lagoons per country. (b) Lagoon surface area of each country as a proportion of the total surface area of Mediterranean lagoons. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   6. Figure 1.6. Numerical distribution of Mediterranean lagoons by surface area
   7. Figure 1.7. Numerical distribution of Mediterranean lagoons by depth
   8. Figure 1.8. Interlagoon differences in (a) temperature, (b) salinity and (c) chlorophyll in the Mediterranean. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   9. Figure 1.9. Comparison of linear growth curves of Liza ramada in the sea and in the Bourdigou and Lapalme lagoons (Bruslé and Cambrony, 1992)
   10. Figure 1.10. Growth rate of Sparus aurata juveniles in the four lagoons in the Gulf of Lion, France (Isnard et al., 2015)
   11. Figure 1.11. Development of the corporeal size (a) and mass (b) of Sparus aurata juveniles during their period of residence in the Mauguio lagoon (France) according to their location in the continentalized Eastern sector or the marinized Western sector (Escalas et al., 2015)
3. 2 Ecology and Behavior
   1. Figure 2.1. Comparison of the number of fish censuses carried out in different Mediterranean lagoons
   2. Figure 2.2. Number of species per family of teleosts found in the Mediterranean lagoons under study (45 lagoons, 97 fish inventories)
   3. Figure 2.3. Occurrences of the various teleosts families in Mediterranean lagoons (45 lagoons, 97 fish inventories)
   4. Figure 2.4. Frequency of occurrence of the different species of teleosts found in the Mediterranean lagoons (45 lagoons, 97 fish censuses)
   5. Figure 2.5. Variations in the specific richness of teleosts in the different Mediterranean lagoons under study (45 lagoons, 97 fish inventories)
   6. Figure 2.6. Harmonic model estimating the daily values of arrivals of four species in the Messolonghi-Etoliko lagoon according to four climatic variables during the period from July 1, 1993 to December 31, 1994. To the left, the dark areas on the species graph show the time interval separating the two periods of migration of the periods. To the right, the dark periods on the climatic variables graph show the dates and the climatic variables values corresponding to the previous intervals for Liza aurata and Sparus aurata (a), Liza saliens (b) and Mugil cepahlus (c).
4. 3 Biology and Genetics
   1. Figure 3.1. Genital gland of the hermaphrodite fish Sparus aurata (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   2. Figure 3.2. A Salaria pavo male presenting a well-developed “cephalic crest” (F. Maxant). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   3. Figure 3.3. A “pregnant” Syngnathus sp. male with eggs in the brood pouch (P. Louizy). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   4. Figure 3.4. An adult Gambusia holbrooki male with a well-developed gonopod. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   5. Figure 3.5. A “pregnant” Hippocampus guttulatus male (P. Louizy). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   6. Figure 3.6. Eggs of Atherina lagunae attached to an algae organism by a filamentous “thread” (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   7. Figure 3.7. Nest of the Symphodus cinereus staitii (Labridae) consisting of algae assembled by the male (J.J. Harmelin). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   8. Figure 3.8. A Pomatoschistus sp. male at the entrance to his nest, the “roof” of which is a lamellibranch valve on top of a hollow excavated by the male (A. Lambert). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   9. Figure 3.9. An “upside-down” lamellibranch valve (roof of nest) showing the eggs attached by a female (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   10. Figure 3.10. A Pomatoschistus microps egg detached from its support (lamellibranch valve). A section of the egg's adhesive disk (a) showing its “mesh” that allows the spermatozoa to reach the micropyle (b) of the ovocyte and thus fertilize it (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   11. Figure 3.11. Oblong Gobius niger eggs (1.6 × 0.43 mm) and more squat Pomatoschistus minutus eggs (1.3 × 0.6 mm) (Peterson, 1879)
   12. Figure 3.12. Nest of Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Casaretto, 1988; Gandolfi et al., 1990)
   13. Figure 3.13. Nest of Salaria pavo (F. Maxant). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   14. Figure 3.14. Seasonal growth fluctuations of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax in the Etang de l’Or (Pauly and Yañez-Arancibia, 1994)
   15. Figure 3.15. Differential growth of gilthead sea bream juveniles (Sparus aurata) according to their lagoon or marine origin (Chauvet, 1984)
   16. Figure 3.16. Neighbor-joining tree of Dicentrarchus labrax populations in the Mediterranean. Bootstrap values from a consensus tree (Bahri-Sfar et al., 2000)
5. 4 Fisheries and Aquaculture
   1. Figure 4.1. Growth in average annual fish catches according to average annual concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in the Burullus lagoons (♦), Edku (▼), Manzalah (■) and Maryut (•). The gray symbols show the concentrations of . The black symbols show the concentration in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (Oczkowski and Nixon, 2008)
   2. Figure 4.2. Schematic illustration of a capéchade (J.P. Quignard)
   3. Figure 4.3. Capéchade set in the Thau lagoon, France (F. Maxant). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   4. Figure 4.4. Panel of small species landed with capéchades, in the Mauguio lagoon, France (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   5. Figure 4.5. Small species landed with capéchades, in the Mauguio lagoon, France, during the genesic migration of crabs to the sea (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   6. Figure 4.6. A cranquet, a kind of long box at an angle, open along its lower edge, which makes it possible to separate the crabs out “naturally” from the other species, mostly dead (small fish, shrimps), caught by the capéchades (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   7. Figure 4.7. Crabs collected in a receptacle placed under the lower opening of the cranquet down which they have climbed spontaneously (clinotaxie) (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   8. Figure 4.8. Sorting small fish (atherine and gobies) and crabs by their differential buoyancy in water of variable salinity (Archimedes principle) (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   9. Figure 4.9. Fishermen landing sacks made of fishing line, termed “keep nets”, which have enabled them to keep eels alive in the open lagoon, until the buyer (wholesaler) arrives (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   10. Figure 4.10. Cages used, like keep nets, to keep live eels inside the lagoon until a wholesaler arrives (Ichkeul, Tunisia) (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   11. Figure 4.11. Weighing keep nets full of eels in the presence of the fisherman and the wholesaler (Mauguio, France) (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   12. Figure 4.12. Wholesaler’s fish tank truck that enables live eels to be transported over sometimes long distances from where they were caught (Northern Europe, etc.) (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   13. Figure 4.13. A single-layer bordigue with grids, Tunisia, 1970 (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   14. Figure 4.14. A selective multilayer bordigue with bars, Salses-Leucate, France, 1980 (J.P. Quignard). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   15. Figure 4.15. Size frequencies per fishing installation (monofilament net □, bordigue ■) of the main species caught in the Mellah lagoon (Chaoui et al., 2006)
   16. Figure 4.16. Comparison of maximum fishing yields (fishes) in 68 Mediterranean lagoons
   17. Figure 4.17. Average fish landings in four Egyptian lagoons between 1957 and 2005 (Oczkowski and Nixon, 2010)
   18. Figure 4.18. Changes in fish production in the Mellah lagoon between 1987 and 2003 (Chaoui et al., 2006). For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip
   19. Figure 4.19. Relative biomass of fish production in three North African lagoons between 2003 and 2005. (a) Merja Zerga, Morocco. (b) Ghar El Melh, Tunisia. (c) Manzala, Egypt (Kraiem et al., 2009)
   20. Figure 4.20. Seasonal variations in the relative weight of the different species produced during 2004 in three North African lagoons: (a) Merja Zerga, Morocco, (b) Ghar El Meh, Tunisia and (c) Manzala, Egypt (Kraiem et al., 2009)
6. 5 Anthropization and Climate Change
   1. Figure 5.1. Diagram showing the structure of the "integral system", without incorporating the human/social component (Zonta et al., 2007). Natural influences are shown by dotted lines and anthropogenic influences by solid lines. A1 and A2 refer to the natural or anthropogenic influences of the physical system, B1 and B2 refer to those of the physicochemical system and C refers to direct human influences on the biological system. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kara/fishes1.zip.

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