1. You can find information about certification programs through the Web site of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, aspca.org; see also links to the Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers (ccpdt.org), the Association of Pet Dog Trainers (apdt.com), and the International Association of Canine Professionals (canineprofessionals.com).
1. Carl Zimmer, “The Secrets Inside Your Dog’s Mind,” Time, September 21, 2009.
2. Bruce Pomeranz and Daryl Chiu, “Naloxone Blockade of Acupuncture Analgesia: Endorphin Implicated,” Life Sciences 19, no. 11 (December 1, 1976): 1757–62.
1. Randall Parker, “Dogs Evolved to Read Human Cues,” Future Pundit, http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/001944.html.
2. E. Bougerol, “Ten Dogs That Changed the World,” CNN.com, http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/11/01/ten.dogs/.
3. W. N. Hutchinson, Dog Breaking: The Most Expeditious, Certain and Easy Method, Whether Great Excellence or Only Mediocrity Be Required, 6th ed. (London: John Murray, Albemarler Street, 1876): 11 and 237.
4. Edward L. Thorndike, Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies (New York: Macmillan, 1911), http://www.archive.org/details/animalintelligen00thor (retrieved June 2, 2010).
5. Mary R. Burch, PhD, and Jon S. Bailey, PhD, authors of the highly respected reference on operant conditioning How Dogs Learn (Howell Book House, 1999), wrote of Koehler, “We met Bill Koehler and watched him work with dogs and students in the 1980s. He appeared then to be a kind and gentle man, and he clearly loved dogs. At the time Koehler developed his procedures, he was one of the few people in the country who was known for his ability to rehabilitate tough dogs. For many dogs, Koehler was their last hope” (page 17).
6. Timeline/History adapted with permission from an original blog post by Patrick Burns. Terrierman’s Daily Dose, http://www.terrierman.com/.
7. A. Arakani, S. Mathew, and D. Charney, “Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders and Implications for Treatment,” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 73, no. 7 (2006): 941–49.
8. Chart designed by Alice Clearman, PhD.
9. Deborah L. Wells and Peter G. Hepper, “Prenatal Olfactory Learning in the Domesticated Dog,” Animal Behavior 72, no. 3 (September 2006): 681–86.
10. Patrick Burns, “Biting the Hand That Clicks Us!” Dogs Today (June 2010): 14, available at: http://www.dogstodaymagazine.co.uk/.
11. Patrick Burns, “Calm and Assertive Clicker Training,” March 1, 2010, Terrierman’s Daily Dose, http://terriermandotcom.blogspot.com/2010/02/calm-and-assertive-clicker-training.html.
12. Keller Breland and Marian Breland, “The Misbehavior of Organisms,” American Psychologist 16 (1961): 681–84, http://psychclassics.asu.edu/Breland/misbehavior.htm.
13. Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson, Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior (New York: Scribner, 2005), 11.
1. Christopher Reed, “Best Friend Bests Chimp,” Harvard Magazine 105:4 (March–April 2003).
2. Sung Lee, MD, “The Brain Well: To Lead, Be Balanced,” January 9, 2010, The Brain Well, http://www.sedona.biz/brainwell-center-sedona012910.php.
3. See the Open Paw Web site at: http://www.openpaw.org/.
4. See the Senior Dog Project Web site at: http://www.srdogs.com/index.html.
1. See the American Kennel Club’s Web site: http://www.akc.org/breeds.
1. Daniel F. Tortora, “Safety Training: The Elimination of Avoidance-Motivated Aggression in Dogs,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112, no. 2 (June 1983): 176–214.
2. “Temple Grandin: The Woman Who Talks to Animals,” Fresh Air, February 5, 2010, NPR, http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=123383699.
3. Here are the American Humane Association’s cautionary words about the choke collar:
Not recommended as it has unlimited choking action when pulled, which can cause pain and injury—especially if tightening is prolonged. The potential for misuse, ineffective use, and danger to your dog outweigh the possible benefits. (Limited use of slip collars may be needed for safety reasons during defensive handling, such as in containment or control of potentially dangerous dogs in an animal shelter or animal control setting.)
Limitations: Proper fitting and the techniques required to maximize effectiveness in the least aversive way can be difficult for the average person to master, resulting in prolonged choking, the tendency to use brute force, and frustration. Improper use can cause choking that typically does not maintain the dog’s attention, change the behavior effectively, or give accurate guidance. Choke collars typically do not stop the unwanted behavior within a minimal number of applications, as all successful aversives do. This collar can only be worn safely during training and must be removed at all other times.
Warnings: Slip collars can cause gasping, choking, and closed airways when the leash tightens, resulting in death or serious injuries such as blindness or brain damage. The narrower the gauge and width of the collar and the higher the collar is placed on the dog’s neck, the greater risk of pain and injury. If left on the dog unsupervised, there is substantial risk of death by strangulation should the collar become caught. If put on incorrectly, the collar is continuously tight.
1. Stephen Budiansky, “The Truth About Dogs,” The Atlantic (July 1999): 39–53, http://www.theatlantic.com/past/issues/99jul/9907dogs.htm.
2. “A World of Herding Dogs,” Herding on the Web, http://www.herdingontheweb.com/dogs.htm; “AKC Breeds by Group,” American Kennel Club, http://www.akc.org/breeds/herding_group.cfm.
3. Patrick Burns, “The Self-Actualized Terrier: Happy in the Field,” June 3, 2009, Terrierman’s Daily Dose, http://terriermandotcom.blogspot.com/2007/06/happy-in-field.html.
4. Rebecca Leung, “Can Dogs Sniff Cancer?” 60 Minutes, January 9, 2005, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/06/60minutes/main665263.shtml.
5. “Diagnostic Accuracy of Canine Scent Detection of Lung and Breast Cancers in Exhaled Breath,” May 17, 2009, Pine Street Foundation, http://pinestreetfoundation.org/2009/05/17/canine-scent-detection-breast-and-lung-cancer/.
6. Michael McCulloch, Tadeusz Jezierski, Michael Broffman, Alan Hubbard, Kirk Turner, and Teresa Janecki, “Diagnostic Accuracy of Canine Scent Detection in Early- and Late-Stage Lung and Breast Cancers,” Integrative Cancer Therapies 5 (2006): 30, http://ict.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/1/30.