1. P.J.Casey (ed.), The End of Roman Britain (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 71, 1979) still seems to contain the best discussions— see especially the essays by J.P.C. Kent, J.P.Gillam and M. Fulford.
2. P.A.Barker, ‘The latest occupation of the site of the baths basilica at Wroxeter’, 175–81 ibid.
3. Issues like these are considered by C.J. Arnold, Roman Britain to Saxon England (London/Sydney, Croom Helm, 1984). See also C.Wickham, ‘The other transition: from the ancient world to feudalism’, Past and Present, 103 (May 1984), 3–36.
4. S.West, West Stow. The Anglo-Saxon Village (Ipswich, East Anglian Archaeology Report 24, 1985), including the specialist reports in it by P. Crabtree, A.Russel, V.I.Evison et al.
5. In addition to her summary on the bones in ibid., see P.Crabtree, ‘The archaeozoology of the Anglo-Saxon site at West Stow, Suffolk’, 223–35 in K.Biddick (ed.), Archaeological Approaches to Medieval Europe (Kalamazoo, 1985).
6. L.Mortimer, ‘Anglo-Saxon copper alloys from Lechlade, Gloucestershire’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 7ii (1988), 227–34.
7. P.J.Drury and N.P.Wickenden, ‘An early Saxon settlement within the Romano-British small town at Heybridge, Essex’, Medieval Archaeology, 25 (1982), 1–40. For the evidence of towns generally, D.A.Brooks, ‘A review of the evidence for continuity in British towns in the 5th and 6th centuries’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 5i (March, 1986), 77–102.
8. York: R.Hall, The Viking Dig (London, Bodley Head, 1984) and id., ‘The making of Domesday York’, 233–47 in D.Hooke (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Settlements (Oxford, Blackwell, 1988); Gloucester: T.Darvill, ‘Excavations on the site of the early Norman castle at Gloucester, 1983–84’, Medieval Archaeology, 32 (1988), 1–49 and C. Heighway, ‘Saxon Gloucester’, 359– 83 in J.Haslam (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England (Chichester, Phillimore, 1984).
9. R.MacPhail, ‘Soil and botanical studies of the “Dark Earth”’, 309–32 in M.Jones and G.Dimbleby, The Environment of Man: The Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon Period (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 87, 1981).
10. For ‘opportunism’, see C.Thomas, Celtic Britain (London, Thames and Hudson, 1988), chapter 3.
11. H.Hurst, ‘Excavations at Gloucester: Third interim report—Kingsholm 1966–75’, Antiquaries Journal, 55ii (1975), 267–94, especially the specialist section by D.Brown, 290– 94.
12. B.Hope-Taylor, Yeavering: an Anglo- British Centre of Early Northumbria (London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1977).
13. C.J.Arnold, An Archaeology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms (London/New York, Routledge, 1988), chapter 5, discusses this further.
14. N.Higham, The Northern Counties to AD 1000 (London, Longman, 1986).
15. P.Rahtz, ‘Celtic Society in Somerset AD 400–700’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 30i and ii (Nov. 1982), 176–200.
16. For dates, see Thomas, above, note 10, 58–60.
17. Higham, above, note 14, 243 seq., summarizes recent work and makes the interesting point about slave raids.
18. Hampshire: P.J.Fasham, ‘Fieldwork in Micheldever Wood, 1973–80’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 39 (1983), 5–45, at 33. Nottinghamshire: T.Unwin, ‘Townships and early fields in north Nottinghamshire’, Journal of Historical Geography, 9iv (1983), 341– 46; Wharram Percy: C.C.Taylor and P.J. Fowler, ‘Roman fields into medieval furlongs’, 159–62 in H.C.Bowen and P.J.Fowler, Early Land Allotment (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 48, 1978). See also now contributions by P.Warner, T.Unwin and T.Williamson in Hooke (ed.), above, note 8.
19. C.Scull, ‘Further evidence from East Anglia for enamelling on early Anglo- Saxon metal working’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 4 (1985), 117–24.
20. D.Miles, Archaeology at Barton Court Farm, Abingdon, Oxfordshire (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 50, 1984).
21. W.J. and K.A.Rodwell, Rivenhall: Investigations of a Villa, Church and Village 1950–1977 (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 55, 1985) and dating caveats by M. Millett, ‘The question of continuity: Rivenhall reviewed’, Archaeological Journal,144 (1987), 434–44.
22. P.Drury and W.Rodwell, ‘Settlement in the later Iron Age and Roman periods’, 59–75 in D.G.Buckley (ed.), Archaeology in Essex to AD 1500 (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 34, 1980); T.Williamson, ‘Settlement chronology and regional landscapes: the evidence from the claylands of East Anglia’, 153–75 in Hooke (ed.), above, note 8.
23. E.-J.Pader, Symbolism, Social Relations and the Interpretation of Mortuary Remains (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports International Series 130, 1982).
24. J.D.Richards, The Significance of Form and Decoration of Anglo-Saxon Cremation Urns (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 166, 1987).
25. Ibid.
26. S.M.Hirst, An Anglo-Saxon Inhumation Cemetery at Sewerby, East Yorkshire (York, University of York Archaeological Publication 4, 1985).
27. Precise ageing of older skeletons is difficult, however.
28. A.M.Cook and M.W.Dacre, Excavations at Portway, Andover, 1973– 75 (Oxford, University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 4, 1985).
29. Rahtz, above, note 15.
30. A.Ellison, ‘Natives, Romans and Christians on West Hill, Uley: an interim report on the excavation of a ritual complex of the first millennium AD’, 305–28 in W.Rodwell (ed.), Temples, Churches and Religion in Roman Britain (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 77, 1980).
31. S.Foster, ‘Early medieval inscription at Holcombe, Somerset’, Medieval Archaeology, 32 (1988), 208–11 for west Somerset and bibliography.
32. Thomas, above, note 10, 71–76; work by Cornwall Archaeological Unit summarized in S.M.Youngs, J.Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1986’, Medieval Archaeology, 31 (1987), 110–91, entry 19. M.Fulford, ‘Byzantium and Britain: a Mediterranean perspective on post- Roman Mediterranean imports in western Britain and Ireland’, Medieval Archaeology, 33 (1989), 1–6 emphasizes the direct contact between Britain and the eastern Mediterranean which can be implied from the nature and range of the imported pottery.
33. R.J.Silvester, ‘An excavation on the post-Roman site at Bantham, North Devon’, Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings, 39 (1981), 89–118; P.M. Griffith, ‘Salvage operations at the Dark Age site at Bantham Ham, Thurlestone, 1982’, ibid., 44 (1986), 39–58.
34. A.Preston-Jones and P.Rose, ‘Medieval Cornwall’, Cornish Archaeology, 25 (1986), 135–85.
35. L.Alcock, ‘Cadbury-Camelot: a fifteen-year perspective’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 68 (1982), 356– 88.
36. Ulwell: work by Wessex Archaeological Committee (now Trust for Wessex Archaeology) summarized in S.M. Youngs, J.Clark and T.B.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1982’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 161– 229, entry 36 (and now also P.W. Cox, ‘A seventh-century inhumation cemetery at Shepherd's Farm, Ulwell near Swanage, Dorset’, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 110 (1988), 37–47); Cannington: Rahtz, above, note 15.
37. V.I.Evison, ‘The Anglo-Saxon finds from Hardown Hill’, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings, 90 (1968), 232–40.
38. V.I.Evison, The Fifth-Century Invasions South of the Thames (London, Athlone Press, 1965).
39. T.Capelle, ‘Animal stamps and animal figures on Anglo-Saxon and Anglian pottery’, Medieval Archaeology, 31 (1987), 94–96 and references.
40. J.Hines, The Scandinavian Character of Anglian England in the pre-Viking period (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 124, 1984) and review by G.Speake, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 203–04.
41. B.M.Ager, ‘The smaller variants of the Anglo-Saxon quoit brooch’, Anglo- Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 4 (1985), 1–58.
42. T.M.Dickinson, ‘Fowler's Type G penannular brooches reconsidered’, Medieval Archaeology, 26 (1982), 41– 68.
43. R.A.Chambers, ‘The late and sub- Roman cemetery at Queenford Farm, Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire’, Oxoniensia, 52 (1987), 35–70.
44. C.Sparey Green, Excavations at Poundbury 1964–1980. Volume I: The Settlements (Dorchester, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Monograph 7, 1987).
45. A point of debate—see S.James, A. Marshall and M.Millett, ‘An early medieval building tradition’, Archaeological Journal, 140 (1984), 182–215.
46. D.Dumville (ed.), Gildas: New Approaches (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1984) shows that Gildas's work should not be thought to establish a precise chronology in this period.
47. J.R.Kirk and E.T.Leeds, ‘Three early Saxon graves from Dorchester, Oxfordshire’, Oxoniensia, 17–18 (1952/ 53), 63–76.
1. S.C.Hawkes, ‘Anglo-Saxon Kent c. 425–725’, 64–78 in P.E.Leach (ed.), Archaeology in Kent to AD 1500 (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 48, 1982), 72–77.
2. G.R.Owen-Crocker, Dress in Anglo- Saxon England (Manchester, University Press, 1986), 57–63.
3. J.W.Huggett, ‘Imported grave goods and the early Anglo-Saxon economy’, Medieval Archaeology, 32 (1988), 63–96.
4. A.Ozanne, ‘The Peak dwellers’, Medieval Archaeology, 6–7 (1962/63), 15–52.
5. The phrase is borrowed from J.Coy, ‘The animal bones’, 41–51 in J.Haslam, ‘A middle Saxon iron smelting site at Ramsbury, Wiltshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 24 (1980), 1–68.
6. Cf. W.R.DeBoer, ‘Pillage and production in the Amazon’, World Archaeology, 18ii (Oct. 1986), 231–46. There are Anglo-Saxon objects on the Continent, but in contexts which associate them with people of some social standing.
7. Cf. Pader, chapter 1, note 23.
8. R.F.Tylecote and B.J.J.Gilmour, The Metallography of Early Ferrous Edge Tools and Weapons (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 155, 1986).
9. D.Powlesland, ‘Excavations at Heslerton, North Yorkshire’, Archaeological Journal, 143 (1986), 53–173, at 163.
10. J.Shephard, ‘The social identity of the individual in isolated barrows and barrow cemeteries in Anglo-Saxon England’, 47–79 in B.C.Burnham and J. Kingsbury (eds), Space, Hierarchy and Society (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports International Series 59, 1979).
11. R.Bradley, ‘Time regained: the creation of continuity’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 140 (1987), 1–17.
12. R.Bruce-Mitford, The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial, 3 volumes (London, British Museum, 1975–83).
13. Swindon: R.Canham, pers. comm.; Chalton: P.V.Addyman and D.Leigh, ‘The Anglo-Saxon village at Chalton, Hampshire: second interim report’, Medieval Archaeology, 17 (1973), 1– 25, pl. vi; Puddlehill: C.L.Matthews and S.C.Hawkes, ‘Early Saxon settlements and burials on Puddlehill, near Dunstable, Bedfordshire’, Anglo- Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 4 (1985), 59–115—building 6.
14. M.Millett with S.James, ‘Excavations at Cowdery's Down, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 1979–81’, Archaeological Journal, 140 (1983), 151–279, at 196–97.
15. J.Hinchliffe, ‘An early medieval settlement at Cowage Farm, Foxley, near Malmesbury’, Archaeological Journal, 143 (1986), 240–59.
16. N.Brooks, The Early History of the Church of Canterbury (Leicester, University Press, 1984); S.S.Frere et al., Archaeology of Canterbury series (Maidstone, Kent Archaeological Society, 1982 et seq.); T.Tatton-Brown, ‘The towns of Kent’, 1–36 in Haslam (ed.), chapter 1, note 8; J. Rady, ‘Excavations at St Martin's Hill, Canterbury, 1984–85’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 114 (1987), 123–218.
17. M.Biddle, ‘The study of Winchester: archaeology and history in a British town, 1961–1983’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 69 (1983), 93–136.
18. Hall, chapter 1, note 8; D.Phillips, The Cathedral of Thomas of Bayeux: Excavations at York Minster Volume II (London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1985), 1–2 and 44.
19. P.J.Bidwell, The Legionary Bath-house and Basilica and Forum at Exeter (Exeter Archaeological Reports volume 1: Exeter, City Council and University of Exeter, 1979).
20. W.Rodwell, ‘Churches in the landscape: aspects of topography and planning’, 1– 23 in M.L.Faull (ed.), Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon Settlement (Oxford, University Department of Extra-Mural Studies, 1984).
21. See Rodwell, above, for all these except the last: N.Doggett, ‘The Anglo-Saxon see and cathedral of Dorchester-on- Thames: the evidence reconsidered’, Oxoniensia, 51 (1986), 49–61.
22. M.Biddle, ‘The archaeology of the Church: A widening horizon’, 65–71 in P.Addyman and R.Morris (eds), The Archaeological Study of Churches (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 13, 1976); Burgh Castle: S.Johnson et al., Burgh Castle, Excavations by Charles Green 1958–61 (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeology Report 20, 1983).
23. H.M.Taylor and D.D.Yonge, ‘The ruined church at Stone-by-Faversham: a re-assessment’, Archaeological Journal, 138 (1981), 118–45.
24. J.R.Magilton, The Church of St Helen-on-the- Walls, Aldwark (Archaeology of York 10/1, London, Council for British Archaeology, 1980), 16–17; and see Rodwell, above, note 20.
25. R.Morris, The Church in British Archaeology (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 47, 1983).
26. Work by A.Down reported in S.M. Youngs, J.Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1986’, Medieval Archaeology, 31 (1987), 110–91, entry 205 and previous volumes.
27. For more discussion, see Morris, above, note 25.
28. M.Welch, ‘Rural settlement patterns in the early and middle Anglo-Saxon periods’, Landscape History, 7 (1985), 13–25; Arnold, chapter 1, note 13, has much of interest on this in chapter two.
29. Raunds: Current Archaeology, 106 (1987), 325–27; Walton: M.Farley, ‘Saxon and medieval Walton, Aylesbury. Excavations 1973–74’, Records of Buckinghamshire, 20 ii (1976), 153– 290.
30. This increasingly controversial subject was brought into focus by A.Goodier, ‘The formation of boundaries in Anglo- Saxon England: a statistical study’, Medieval Archaeology, 28 (1984), 1–21. Several papers in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8 are also highly relevant.
31. For the political implications, H. Mayr- Harting, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England (London, Batsford, 1972).
32. P.Grierson and M.Blackburn, Medieval European Coinage I. The Early Middle Ages (Cambridge, University Press, 1986), 160 seq.
33. Cf. P.Wormald, ‘Viking Studies: where and whither?’, 128–56 in R.T. Farrell (ed.), The Vikings (Chichester, Phillimore, 1982), at 132.
34. S.C.Hawkes, ‘The Amherst brooch’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 100 (1984), 129–51, at 141–43 with references.
35. An up-to-date distribution map of Ipswich ware would be welcome. See R.Hodges, The Hamwih Pottery (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 37, 1981), 58–60 for a discussion. (A map has now been provided! K.Wade, ‘Ipswich’, 93– 100 in R.Hodges and B.Hobley, The Rebirth of Towns in the West (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 68, 1988), fig. 54: Essex has four find-spots, as has Kent.)
36. Drury and Rodwell, chapter 1, note 22; P.Warner, ‘Pre-Conquest territorial and administrative organisation in East Suffolk’, 9–34 in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8 draws an interesting contrast in the archaeological record from Blything and Wicklaw hundreds.
37. B.Cunliffe, Excavations at Portchester Castle Vol. II: Saxon (London, Society of Antiquaries, 1976).
38. The summary and references by M. Sparks and T.Tatton-Brown, 201–05 in Rady, above, note 16 are a good introduction to an important topic, which can then be pursued through G. Astill, ‘Archaeology, Economics and Early Medieval Europe’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 4ii (July 1985), 215–32 with references.
39. I.Stewart, ‘The early English denarial coinage, c. 680–c. 750’, 5–26 in D. Hill and D.M.Metcalf, Sceattas in England and on the Continent (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 128, 1984); but D.M.Metcalf, ‘Monetary circulation in southern England in the first half of the eighth century’, 27–69, ibid., reaffirms the Kentish origin for Series A questioned by Stewart.
1. D.H.Hill, ‘The construction of Offa's Dyke’, Antiquaries Journal, 65i (1985), 140–62 and references; M.Gelling (ed.), Offa's Dyke Reviewed by Frank Noble (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 114, 1983); recent work by D.Hill and the Offa's Dyke Project is summarized in S.M. Youngs, J.Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1985’, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 114–98, entry 114.
2. Mersea: P.Crummy, J.Hillam and C. Crossan, ‘Mersea Island: the Anglo- Saxon causeway’, Essex Archaeology and History, 14 (1982), 77–93; Oxford: B. Durham, ‘Archaeological investigations in St Aldates, Oxford’, Oxoniensia, 42 (1977), 83–203, at 176– 79; Tamworth: P.A.Rahtz, ‘Medieval Milling’, 1–15 in D.Crossley (ed.), Medieval Industries (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 40, 1981). For contemporary Irish mills, C.Rynne, ‘The introduction of the vertical watermill into Ireland: some recent archaeological evidence’, Medieval Archaeology, 33 (1989), 21– 31.
3. R.Shoesmith, Excavations on and close to the Defences. Hereford City Excavations Volume 2 (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 46, 1982), 29–31.
4. C.R.Salisbury, ‘An Anglo-Saxon fish-weir at Colwick, Nottinghamshire’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society, 85 (1981), 26–36.
6. J.H.Williams, M.Shaw and V. Denham, Middle Saxon Palaces at Northampton (Northampton, Development Corporation, 1985). Arnold, chapter 1, note 13 makes some good points about this site—arguments over interpretation are only possible because of the clarity and quality of the excavation report.
7. M.Audouy, ‘Excavations at the church of All Saints, Brixworth, Northamptonshire (1981–82)’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 137 (1984), 1–44.
8. P.J.Huggins, ‘Excavation of a Belgic and Romano-British farm with Middle Saxon cemetery and churches at Nazeingbury, Essex, 1975–76’, Essex Archaeology and History, 10 (1978), 29–117.
9. M.Biddle et al., ‘Coins from the Anglo- Saxon period from Repton, Derbyshire’, 111–32 in M.A.S. Blackburn (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Monetary History (Leicester, University Press, 1986); H.M.Taylor, ‘St. Wystan's Church, Repton, Derbyshire: a reconstruction essay’, Archaeological Journal, 114 (1987), 205–45.
10. Metcalf, chapter 2, note 39; Grierson and Blackburn, chapter 2, note 32.
11. M.M.Archibald, ‘The coinage of Beonna in the light of the Middle Harling hoard’, British Numismatic Journal, 55 (1985), 10–54.
12. M.M.Archibald, Fiche 57 in Williams et al., above, note 6. Archaeologists owe a great debt of thanks to numismatists for coin identifications, and it is regrettable that the important information derived from them is nowadays often consigned to microfiche reports.
13. D.M.Metcalf, ‘The coins’, 17–59 in P.Andrews (ed.), The Coins and Pottery from Hamwic (Southampton, City Museums, Southampton Finds Volume 1, 1988); much of the preceding paragraph derives from Metcalf's work, e.g. chapter 2, note 39. For pottery, Hodges, chapter 2, note 35 and J. Timby, ‘The Middle Saxon pottery’, 73–124 in Andrews (ed.), this note.
14. P.Holdsworth, Excavations in Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971– 76 (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 33, 1980), 39; the shroud hooks are not yet published.
15. J.Hunter, ‘The glass’, 59–71, ibid. and (with M.Heyworth), pers. comm.
16. Burrow Hill: V.Fenwick, ‘Insula de Burgh; excavations at Burrow Hill, Butley, Suffolk, 1978–81’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 3 (1984), 35–54; Brandon: R.D. Carr, A.Tester and P.Murphy, ‘The Middle- Saxon settlement at Staunch Meadow, Brandon’, Antiquity, 62 no. 235 (June, 1988), 371–77; Medmerry: D.M.Goodburn, ‘Medmerry: a reassessment of a Migration Period site on the south coast of England, and some of its finds’, International Journal of Nautical and Archaeological Underwater Exploration, 16iii (1987), 213–24.
17. Southampton: J.Bourdillon and J. Coy, ‘The animal bones’, 79–120 in Holdsworth, above, note 14; Portchester: A Grant, ‘Animal bones’, 262–95 in Cunliffe, chapter 2, note 37, at 277–78; Ramsbury: Coy, chapter 2, note 5. See also now J.Bourdillon, ‘Countryside and town: the animal resources of Southampton’, 177–95 in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8.
18. P.Wade-Martins, Excavations in North Elmham Park, 1967–72 (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeology Report 9, 1980).
19. D.Seddon et al., ‘Fauna’, 69–71 in P.V.Addyman, ‘A dark-age settlement at Maxey, Northamptonshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 8 (1964), 20–73.
20. C.F.Tebbutt, ‘A Middle-Saxon iron-smelting site at Millbrook, Ashdown Forest, Sussex’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, 120 (1982), 19–36.
21. M.Biddle and B.Kjølbye-Biddle, ‘The Repton Stone’, Anglo-Saxon England, 14 (1985), 233–92.
22. M.Budny and J.Graham-Campbell, ‘An eighth-century bronze ornament from Canterbury and related works’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 97 (1981), 7– 25; for other objects and discussion, D.M.Wilson, Anglo-Saxon Art from the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest (London, Thames and Hudson, 1984), chapter 3.
23. Work by the York Archaeological Trust summarized in S.M.Youngs, J. Clark and T.B.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1982’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 161–229, entry 143 and plates 15–18.
24. J.G.Hurst, ‘The Wharram research project: results to 1983’, Medieval Archaeology, 28 (1984), 77–111.
25. D.Coggins, K.J.Fairless and C.E. Batey, ‘Simy Folds: an early medieval settlement site in Upper Teesdale’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 1–26.
26. G.R.Gilmore and D.M.Metcalf, ‘Consistency in the alloy of the Northumbrian stycas: evidence from die-linked specimens’, Numismatic Chronicle, 144 (1984), 192–98.
27. I.Stewart, ‘The London mint and the coinage of Offa’, 27–43 in Blackburn (ed.), above, note 9; H.Pagan, ‘Coinage in Southern England, 796–874’, 45–66; ibid.; Archibald, above, note 11; Grierson and Blackburn, chapter 2, note 32, 169 and 275 seq.
28. J.Haslam, ‘Market and fortress in England in the reign of Offa’, World Archaeology, 19i (June, 1987), 76–93 has a number of interesting ideas, some of which are questioned in these paragraphs.
1. C.F.Battiscombe (ed.), The Relics of St Cuthbert (Oxford, University Press, 1956).
2. R.Cramp, ‘Excavations at Wearmouth and Jarrow, Co. Durham: an interim report’, Medieval Archaeology, 13 (1969), 21–66; ead., ‘Monastic sites’, 201–52 in D.M.Wilson (ed.), The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England (Cambridge, University Press, 1976).
3. N.P.Brooks, ‘The development of military obligations in eighth- and ninth-century England’, 69–84 in P. Clemoes and K.Hughes (eds), England before the Conquest (Cambridge, University Press, 1971).
4. Metcalf, chapter 3, note 13.
5. W.A. van Es and W.J.H.Verwers, Excavations at Dorestad 1. The Harbour: Hoogstraat I (Amersfoort, Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor hat Oudheid-kundig Bodemonderzoek 9, 1980).
6. J.Booth, ‘Coinage and Northumbrian history c. 790–c. 810’, 57–90 in D.M. Metcalf (ed.), Coinage in Ninth-century Northumbria (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 180, 1987), at 74.
7. D.M.Metcalf, ‘Introduction’, 1–10 in ibid.; Pagan, chapter 3, note 27; N.P. Brooks and J.A.Graham-Campbell, ‘Reflections on the Viking-Age silver hoard from Croydon, Surrey’, 91–110 in Blackburn (ed.), chapter 3, note 9; also note 15, below.
8. P.Rahtz, The Saxon and Medieval Palaces at Cheddar (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 65, 1979); Tamworth: Rahtz, chapter 3, note 2.
9. G.Beresford, Goltho: The Development of an Early Medieval Manor (London, English Heritage Archaeological Report 4, 1987).
10. P.Wade-Martins, ‘The origins of rural settlement in East Anglia’, 137– 59 in P.J.Fowler (ed.), Recent Work in Rural Archaeology (Bradford-on-Avon, Moonraker Press, 1975) and comments by A.J.Lawson, The Archaeology of Witton near North Walsham, Norfolk (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeology Report 18, 1983), 70–71.
11. Addyman, chapter 3, note 19.
12. A.King, ‘Gauber High Pasture, Ribblehead—an interim report’, 21– 25 in R.A.Hall (ed.), Viking Age York and the North (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 27, 1978).
13. R.L.S.Bruce-Mitford, ‘A Dark-Age Settlement at Mawgan Porth, Cornwall’, 167–96 in R.L.S.Bruce- Mitford (ed.), Recent Archaeological Excavations in Britain (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956).
14. Tylecote and Gilmour, chapter 2, note 8; J.R.Watkin, ‘A late Anglo-Saxon sword from Gilling West, North Yorkshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 93–98.
15. D.M.Metcalf and J.P.Northover, ‘Debasement of the coinage in southern England in the age of King Alfred’, Numismatic Chronicle, 145 (1985), 150–76; Metcalf, above, note 7; Brooks and Graham-Campbell, above, note 7.
16. Nazeingbury: Huggins, chapter 3, note 8; North Elmham: Wade-Martins, chapter 3, note 18.
17. Brooks, chapter 2, note 16, at 168.
18. K.East, ‘A lead model and a rediscovered sword, both with Gripping Beast decoration’, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 1–7; G.G.Astill, Historic Towns in Berkshire: An Archaeological Appraisal (Reading, Berkshire Archaeological Committee, 1978), 75–86.
19. C.D.Morris, ‘Viking and native in northern England: a case study’, Proceedings of the Eighth Viking Congress (Odense, 1981), 223–44; M.L.Alexander, ‘A “Viking-Age” grave from Cambois, Bedlington, Northumberland’, Medieval Archaeology, 31 (1987), 101–05.
20. Biddle et al., chapter 3, note 9.
21. A.Stirling, ‘Human bones’, 49–57 in B.Ayers, Excavations within the North- East Bailey of Norwich Castle, 1979 (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeological Report 28, 1985), 57. R. Hodges, ‘Anglo-Saxon England and the origins of the modern world economy’, 291–304 in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8, at 302 should perhaps not have succumbed to the temptation to quote the late Calvin Wells!
22. R.Bailey, Viking Age Sculptures in Northern England (London, Collins, 1980), 209–13.
23. P.H.Robinson, ‘A pin of the later Saxon period from Marlborough and related pins’, Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, 74–75 (1979/80), 56–60.
24. There is a useful summary on this difficult topic by C.D.Morris ‘Aspects of Scandinavian settlement in northern England: a review’, Northern History, 20 (1984) 1–22.
25. V.Smart, ‘Scandinavians, Celts and Germans in Anglo-Saxon England: the evidence of moneyers’ names’, 171–84 in Blackburn (ed.), chapter 3, note 9.
26. Hall, chapter 1, note 8 and the growing series of York fascicules, as chapter 2, note 24.
27. Work by the Norfolk Archaeological Unit summarized in S.M.Youngs, J. Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1985’, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 114–98, entry 133.
28. A.Rogerson and C.Dallas, Excavations in Thetford 1948–59 and 1973–80 (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeological Report 22, 1984).
29. C.Mahany, A.Burchard and G. Simpson, Excavations in Stamford, Lincolnshire 1963–1969 (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 9, 1982).
30. P.Crummy, Anglo-Saxon and Norman Colchester (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 39, 1981).
31. D.Perring, Early Medieval Occupation at Flaxengate, Lincoln (London, Council for British Archaeology, Archaeology of Lincoln IX–1, 1981); J.E. Mann, Early Medieval Finds from Flaxengate, Lincoln I: Objects of Antler, Bone, Stone, Horn, Ivory, Amber, and Jet (Same series, XIV–1, 1982); M. Blackburn, C.Colyer and M.Dolley, Early Medieval Coins from Lincoln and its Shire (Same series, VI–1, 1983).
32. D.J.P.Mason, Excavations at Chester: 26–42 Lower Bridge Street 1974–76: The Dark Age and Saxon Periods (Chester, City Council, Grosvenor Museum Archaeology Excavation and Survey Report 3, 1985).
33. J.Schofield, The Building of London (London, British Museum, 1984); T. Dyson and J.Schofield, ‘Saxon London’, 285–314 in Haslam (ed.), chapter 1, note 8.
34. C.Morris, ‘Note on iron objects 331– 42’, 32–39 in Darvill, chapter 1, note 8.
35. Winchester: Biddle, chapter 2, note 17; Chichester: A Down, Chichester Excavations 5 (Chichester, Phillimore, 1981), 136 seq.; Bath: B.Cunliffe, ‘Saxon Bath’, 345–58 in Haslam, chapter 1, note 8; Exeter: J.P.Allan, Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Exeter, 1971–1980 (Exeter, Exeter Archaeological Report 3, 1984); Canterbury: P.Bennett, ‘Rescue excavations in the Outer Court of St Augustine's Abbey, 1983–84’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 103 (1986), 79–117 and Rady, chapter 2, note 16.
36. Cunliffe, chapter 2, note 37.
37. S.Keynes and M.Lapidge, Alfred the Great (Pelican, Harmondsworth, 1983), 193–94 and notes; D.Hill, ‘Towns as structures and functioning communities through time: the development of central places from 600 to 1066’, 197– 212 in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8, summarizes his many important contributions to this topic.
38. Shoesmith, chapter 3, note 3, 74–80.
39. B.Durham, T.Hassall, T.Rowley and C.Simpson, ‘A cutting across the Saxon defences at Wallingford’, Oxoniensia, 37 (1972), 82–85.
40. N.P.Brooks, ‘England in the ninth century: the crucible of defeat’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. 29 (1979), 1–20.
41. P.Crummy, ‘The system of measurement used in town planning from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 1 (1979), 149–64.
42. B.A.E.Yorke, ‘The bishops of Winchester, the kings of Wessex and the development of Winchester in the ninth and early tenth centuries’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 40 (1984), 61– 70.
43. Wilson, chapter 3, note 22; G.A. Kornbluth, ‘The Alfred Jewel: reuse of Roman spolia’, Medieval Archaeology, 33 (1989), 32–37.
44. T.A.Heslop, ‘English seals from the mid ninth century to c. 1100’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 133 (1980), 1–16.
1. Rogerson and Dallas, chapter 4, note 28.
2. K.Kilmurry, The Pottery Industry of Stamford, Lincolnshire c. AD 850–1250 (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 84, 1960), 177.
3. Ibid.; Mahany, Burchard and Simpson, chapter 4, note 29.
4. L.Adams, ‘Early Islamic pottery from Flaxengate, Lincoln’, Medieval Archaeology, 25 (1979), 218–19.
5. A.G.Vince, ‘The Saxon and Medieval pottery of London: a review’, Medieval Archaeology, 29 (1985), 25–93, at 34.
6. Ibid., 34–36; P.Jones, ‘The pottery’, 36– 85 in R.Poulton, ‘Excavations on the site of the Old Vicarage, Church Street, Reigate, 1971–82, Part I’, Surrey Archaeological Collections, 77 (1986), 17–94, questions at 71–73 whether the source has to be the Oxford area, but I am told that there does seem to be some fossil shell in the clay.
7. E.g. N.Macpherson-Grant, 105–112 in Bennett, chapter 4, note 35.
8. Down, chapter 4, note 35, 136, 190.
9. M.Biddle and K.Barclay, ‘Winchester ware’, 137–66 in V.I.Evison, H.Hodges and J.G.Hurst (eds), Medieval Pottery from Excavations (London, John Baker, 1974). The dating evidence for clamp kilns found in Winchester has yet to be published.
10. Vince, above, note 5, 34–35.
11. G.Hutchinson, ‘The bar-lug pottery of Cornwall’, Cornish Archaeology, 18 (1979), 81–104.
12. British Museum Laboratory Report, 441–42 in J.R.Fairbrother, ‘Faccombe, Netherton: archaeological and historical research’, unpublished M. Phil, thesis, University of Southampton, 1984.
13. P.Nightingale, ‘The London Pepperers’ Guild and some twelfth-century English trading links with Spain’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 58 no. 138 (Nov. 1985), 123–32.
14. V.Fenwick, The Graveney Boat (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 53, 1978); ead., ‘A new Anglo-Saxon ship’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 12ii (1983), 174–75.
15. J.Moulden and D.Tweddle, Anglo- Scandinavian Settlement South-West of the Ouse (London, Council for British Archaeology, Archaeology of York 8/1, 1986); Hall, chapter 1, note 8.
16. E.J.E.Pirie, Post-Roman Coins from York Excavations, 1971–1981 (London, Council for British Archaeology, Archaeology of York 18/1, 1986).
17. Owen-Crocker, chapter 2, note 2, 147.
18. D.M.Metcalf, ‘The monetary history of England in the tenth century reviewed in the perspective of the eleventh century’, 133–57 in Blackburn (ed.), chapter 3, note 9.
19. Dyson and Schofield, chapter 4, note 33.
20. Perring, chapter 4, note 31.
21. M.Atkin, B.Ayers and S.Jennings, ‘Thetford-type ware production in Norwich’, 61–104 in P.Wade-Martins (ed.), Norfolk: Waterfront Excavations and Thetford Ware Production (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeology Report 17, 1983).
22. J.H.Williams, ‘A review of some aspects of late Saxon urban origins and development’, 25–34 in Faull (ed.), chapter 2, note 20.
23. Biddle, chapter 2, note 17.
24. J.Allan, C.Henderson and R. Higham, ‘Saxon Exeter’, 385–414 and P.Holdsworth, ‘Saxon Southampton’, 331–43 in Haslam (ed.), chapter 1, note 8.
25. Shoesmith, chapter 3, note 3; A.G. Vince, ‘The ceramic finds’, 34–82 in R.Shoesmith, The Finds (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 56, 1985), 79.
26. C.M.Heighway, A.P.Garrod and A.G.Vince, ‘Excavations at 1 Westgate Street, Gloucester, 1975’ Medieval Archaeology, 23 (1979), 159– 213: the textile discussion is Appendix 6, by J.W.Hedges, 190–96.
27. M.Carver, ‘Medieval Worcester: an archaeological framework’, Transactions of the Worcestershire Archaeological Society, 3rd ser. 7 (1980).
28. E.g. Oxoniensia, 36 (1971), plate III, B.
29. Mason, chapter 4, note 32; Metcalf, above, note 18, 142–44.
30. J.Graham-Campbell, ‘Some archaeological reflections on the Cuerdale hoard’, 329–44 in Metcalf (ed.), chapter 4, note 6.
31. Bailey, chapter 4, note 22; J.T.Lang, ‘The hogback’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 3 (1984), 85– 176.
32. T.O’Connor, Animal Bones from Flaxengate, Lincoln c. 870–1500 (London, Council for British Archaeology, Archaeology of Lincoln XVIII–1, 1982): an excellent study from which all this paragraph is derived.
33. E.g. D.Baker, E.Baker, J.Hassall and A.Simco, ‘Excavations in Bedford, 1967–77’, Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal, 13 (1979), 1–309.
34. Farley, chapter 2, note 29.
35. Raunds: chapter 2, note 29 and G.E. Cadman, ‘Raunds 1977–1983: an excavation summary’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 107–22.
36. A number of studies on this topic have been published recently by J.Blair, such as ‘Secular minster churches in Domesday Book’, 104–42 in P. Sawyer (ed.), Domesday Book: A Reassessment (London, Edward Arnold, 1985) and ‘Minsters in the landscape’, 35–58 in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8.
37. Work by B.K.Davison and R.Mackey, in D.M.Wilson and S. Moorhouse, ‘Medieval Britain in 1970’, Medieval Archaeology, 15 (1971), 124–79 at 130– 31.
38. Biddle, chapter 2, note 17 and references.
39. Magilton, chapter 2, note 24 and Rodwell, chapter 2, note 20.
40. B.J.J.Gilmour and D.A.Stocker, St Mark's Church and Cemetery (London, Council for British Archaeology, Archaeology of Lincoln XIII–1, 1986).
41. A.Boddington and G.Cadman, ‘Raunds: an interim report on excavations 1977– 1980, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 2 (1981), 103–22.
42. Work by G.Scobie, summarized in S.M.Youngs, J.Clark and T.B.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1983’, Medieval Archaeology, 28 (1984), 203– 65, entry 51.
43. C.Heighway and R.Bryant, ‘A reconstruction of the 10th-century church of St Oswald, Gloucester’, 188– 95 in L.A.S.Butler and R.K.Morris (eds), The Anglo-Saxon Church (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 60, 1986) and references.
44. A.W.Klukas, ‘The architectural implications of the Decreta Lanfranci’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 6 (1984), 136– 71. For architecture generally, B. Cherry, ‘Ecclesiastical architecture’, 151–200 in Wilson, chapter 4, note 2 and E.Fernie, The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons (London, Batsford, 1983).
45. All these books and objects are discussed and illustrated in J.Backhouse, D.H.Turner and L.Webster (eds), The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art (London, British Museum Publications, 1984), as are those which follow.
46. D.Buckton, ‘Late 10th- and early 11th-century cloisonne enamel brooches’, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 8–18.
47. Baker et al., above, note 32.
48. Bruce-Mitford, chapter 4, note 13.
49. Cunliffe, chapter 2, note 37.
50. Rahtz, chapter 4, note 8. (R.Holt, however, in The Mills of Medieval England (Oxford, Blackwell, 1988), 18–19 prefers the original interpretation of the ‘fowl-house’ as a mill because of its size and the find of a large piece of stone suitable for milling. Certainly the Northampton mortar-mixers show that rotary man- or animal-power was applied in the period.)
51. Wade-Martins, chapter 3, note 18.
52. Waltham: E.Lewis, ‘Excavations in Bishops Waltham 1967–78’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 41 (1985), 81–126; Goltho: Beresford, chapter 4, note 9; Netherton: above, note 12.
1. G.Beresford, ‘Three deserted medieval settlements on Dartmoor: a report on the late E.Marie Minter's excavations’, Medieval Archaeology, 23 (1979), 98– 158, at 110–12.
2. Goltho: G.Beresford, The Medieval Clay-land Village: Excavations at Goltho and Barton Blount (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 6, 1975), 21 and 37–40; Walton: chapter 2, note 29, 228; North Elmham: Wade- Martins, chapter 3, note 18.
3. E.g. now D.Hooke, ‘Regional variation in southern and central England in the Anglo-Saxon period and the relationship to land units and settlements’, 123–51 in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8.
4. Bruce-Mitford, chapter 4, note 13, 194– 96.
5. This paragraph grossly oversimplifies much work by many people: see summaries e.g. by D.Hall, ‘The late Saxon countryside: villages and their fields’, 99–122 in Hooke (ed.), chapter 1, note 8; C.Hayfield, An Archaeological Survey of the Parish of Wharram Percy, East Yorkshire: 1. The Evolution of the Roman landscape. Wharram: A study of Settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds Volume V (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 172, 1987), 195; R.A.Dodgshon, The origin of British Field Systems: An Interpretation (London/New York, Academic Press, 1980); C.J.Dahlman, The Open Field System and Beyond (Cambridge, University Press, 1980).
6. Goltho: Beresford, chapter 4, note 9, period 5; Cheddar: Rahtz, chapter 4, note 8, 57–60; Portchester: Cunliffe, chapter 2, note 37; Netherton: Fairbrother, chapter 5, note 12; Bishop's Waltham: Lewis, chapter 5, note 51; Raunds: Cadman, chapter 5, note 34, 116–18.
7. B.K.Davison, ‘Excavation at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, 1960–76’, Archaeological Journal, 134 (1977), 105–14.
8. P.J.Huggins, ‘The excavation of an eleventh-century Viking hall and fourteenth-century rooms at Waltham Abbey, Essex, 1969–71’, Medieval Archaeology, 20 (1976), 75–133, esp. fig. 31; id., ‘A note on a Viking-style plate from Waltham Abbey, Essex, and its implications for a disputed late- Viking building’, Archaeological Journal, 141 (1984), 175–81.
9. Wilson, chapter 3, note 22, chapter 5.
10. Beresford, chapter 4, note 8, period 6.
11. Davison, above, note 7.
12. S.Rahtz and T.Rowley, Middleton Stoney: Excavation and Survey in a North Oxfordshire Parish, 1970–1982 (Oxford, Department of Extra-Mural Studies, 1984).
13. P.V.Addyman, ‘Excavations at Ludgershall Castle, Wiltshire’, Château-Gaillard, 4 (1969), 9–12.
14. R.J.Ivens, ‘Deddington Castle, Oxfordshire and the English honour of Odo of Bayeux’, Oxoniensia, 49 (1984), 101–19.
15. B.Cunliffe and J.Munby, Excavations at Portchester Castle Volume IV: Medieval, The Inner Bailey, (Society of Antiquaries of London, 1985), 73 seq.
16. M.Hare, ‘The Watergate at Portchester and the Anglo-Saxon porch at Titchfield: a reconsideration of the evidence’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 40 (1984), 71– 80.
17. J.G.Coad and A.D.F.Streeten, ‘Excavations at Castle Acre Castle, Norfolk, 1972–77: country house and castle of the Norman earls of Surrey’, Archaeological Journal, 139 (1982), 138–301.
18. Norwich: Ayers, chapter 4, note 21; Barnstaple: T.Miles, ‘The excavation of a Saxon cemetery and part of the Norman castle at North Walk, Barnstaple’, Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings, 44 (1986), 59–84; Colchester: P.J.Drury, ‘Aspects of the origins and development of Colchester Castle’, Archaeological Journal, 139 (1982), 302–419; for urban castles in general, C.Drage, ‘Urban Castles’, 117– 32 in J.Schofield and R.Leech (eds), Urban Archaeology in Britain (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 61, 1987).
19. The word ‘borough’ was deleted from this sentence because of the discussion by S.Reynolds, ‘Towns in Domesday Book’, 295–309 in J.C.Holt (ed.), Domesday Studies (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1987).
20. Rahtz, chapter 4, note 8, chapter 1.
21. Alcock, chapter 1, note 35.
22. A.Borthwick and J.Chandler, Our Chequered Past: The Archaeology of Salisbury (Trowbridge, Wiltshire Library and Museum Service, 1984), 38–39.
23. B.Ayers and P.Murphy, ‘A waterfront excavation at Whitefriars Street Car Park, Norwich, 1979’, 1–60 in Wade- Martins (ed.), chapter 4, note 21; Ayers, chapter 4, note 21.
24. D.Brothwell, ‘British palaeodemography and earlier British populations’, World Archaeology, 4 (1972), 75–87, at 82.
25. Gilmour and Stocker, chapter 5, note 39.
26. Perring, chapter 4, note 31; O’Connor, chapter 5, note 31.
27. Mason, chapter 4, note 32, period 5.
28. Allan, chapter 4, note 35, 30.
29. M.Maltby, Faunal Studies on Urban Sites: The Animal Bones from Exeter, 1971–1975 (Sheffield, University Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Exeter Archaeology Reports 2, 1979).
30. M.Blackburn and S.Lyon, ‘Regional die-production in Cnut's quatrefoil issue’, 223–72 in Blackburn (ed.), chapter 13, note 9.
31. Blackburn, Colyer and Dolley, chapter 4, note 31.
32. Pirie, chapter 5, note 16.
34. Kilmurry, chapter 5, note 2.
35. F.A.Pritchard, ‘Late Saxon textiles from the City of London’, Medieval Archaeology, 28 (1984), 46–76.
36. Beresford, chapter 4, note 9, 55.
37. P.Nightingale, ‘The origin of the Court of Husting and Danish influence on London's development into a capital city’, English Historical Review, 404 (July 1987), 559–78.
38. P.Sawyer, ‘Anglo-Scandinavian trade in the Viking Age and after’, 185–99 in Blackburn (ed.), chapter 3, note 9.
39. M.O.H.Carver, ‘Three Saxo-Norman tenements in Durham City’, Medieval Archaeology, 23 (1979), 1–80.
40. P.Nightingale, ‘The Ora, the Mark and the Mancus: weight-standards in eleventh-century England’, Numismatic Chronicle, 144 (1984), 234–48.
41. A.Freeman, The Moneyer and the Mint in the Reign of Edward the Confessor, 1042–66 (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 145, 1985).
42. D.M.Metcalf, ‘Continuity and change in English monetary history, c. 973– 1086, Part I’, British Numismatic Journal, 50 (1980), 20–49, especially for silver and quantities; id., ‘Part II’, ibid., 51 (1981), 52–90 for foreign coins (at 57–58) and individual mint outputs; Exeter: N.Shiel, with contributions by M.Archibald et al., ‘The numismatic finds’, 248–57 in Allan, chapter 4, note 35.
43. Morris, chapter 4, note 34; C.A. Morris, ‘A late Saxon hoard of iron and copper-alloy artefacts from Nazeing, Essex’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 27– 39.
44. Tylecote and Gilmour, chapter 2, note 8.
45. I.Peirce, ‘The knight, his arms and armour in the eleventh and twelfth centuries’, 152–64 in C.Harper-Bill and R.Harvey, The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1986).
46. W.A.Seaby and P.Woodfield, ‘Viking stirrups from England and their background’, Medieval Archaeology, 24 (1980), 87–122.
47. Heslop, chapter 4, note 44.
48. S.A.Heslop, ‘A walrus ivory seal matrix from Lincoln’, Antiquaries Journal, 66ii (1986), 371–72.
49. Fernie, chapter 5, note 43; E.Fernie, ‘The effect of the Conquest on Norman architectural patronage’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 9 (1987), 71–85; and R.Gem, ‘How should we periodize Anglo-Saxon architecture?’, 146–55 in Butler and Morris (eds), chapter 5, note 42 are the main sources for this and subsequent paragraphs.
50. R.Gem and L.Keen, ‘Late Anglo-Saxon finds from the site of St Edmund's Abbey’, Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History, 35 (1981), 1–30 at 20–30; Backhouse, Turner and Webster (eds), chapter 5, note 44, at 44 and 135–37.
51. Although S.Ridyard, ‘Condigna Veneratio: post-Conquest attitudes to the saints of the Anglo-Saxons’, Anglo- Norman Studies, 9 (1987), 179–206 has shown that cults were respected. ForYork Minster, Phillips, chapter 2, note 18.
52. W.Rodwell and E.Clive Rouse, ‘The Anglo-Saxon rood and other features in the south porch of St Mary's Church, Breamore, Hampshire’, Antiquaries Journal, 64ii (1984), 298–325.
53. Norwich: Stirling, chapter 4, note 21; North Elmham; C.Wells in Wade- Martins, chapter 3, note 18; York: J.D. Dawes and J.R.Magilton, The Cemetery of St Helen-on-the-Walls, Aldwark (London, Council for British Archaeology, Archaeology of York 12– 1, 1980); Raunds: Boddington and Cadman, chapter 5, note 40 and A.Boddington, ‘Raunds, Northamptonshire: Analysis of a country churchyard’, World Archaeology, 18iii (Feb. 1987), 411–25; Portchester: B.Hooper, ‘The Saxon burials’, 235–61 in Cunliffe, chapter 2, note 37.
54. M.R.McCarthy and C.M.Brooks, Medieval Pottery in Britain, AD 900– 1600 (Leicester, University Press, 1988), 123.
55. W.Rodwell and K.Rodwell, ‘St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber: excavation and structural study, 1978– 81’, Antiquaries Journal, 62ii (1982), 283–315.
56. E.g. Sewerby: Hirst, chapter 1, note 26.
57. E.g. Lincoln: Gilmour and Stocker, chapter 5, note 39.
58. B.Golding, ‘Anglo-Norman knightly burials’, 35–48 in Harper-Bill and Harvey, above, note 45.
1. I.J.Stewart, ‘Note on the Tabula set’, 31–35 in Darvill, chapter 1, note 8; I. Stewart and M.J.Watkins, ‘An eleventh-century tabula set from Gloucester’, Medieval Archaeology, 28 (1984), 185– 90.
2. R.Eales, ‘The game of chess: an aspect of medieval knightly culture’, 12–34 in Harper-Bill and Harvey, chapter 6, note 45.
3. Work by Trust for Wessex Archaeology, pers. comm. S.M.Davies and P.J.Woodward. Publication on Greyhound Yard excavation tee-shirt, 1984.
4. Coad and Streeten, chapter 6, note 17.
5. A.Grant, ‘Animal resources’, 149–87 in G.Astill and A.Grant (eds), The Countryside of Medieval England (Oxford, Blackwell, 1988) effectively replaces all previous summaries. Nevertheless, her implication (at 181) that special cuts are unique to Okehampton does not seem to me to take acocunt of A.Ellison, ‘Animal skeletal material’, 146–51 in P.L. Drewett, ‘Excavations at Hadleigh Castle, Essex 1971–1972’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 38 (1975), 90–154, at 147. This report and those from Castle Acre by P.J. Lawrance do however bear out Dr Grant's suggestion that less venison was consumed on the eastern side of the country.
6. A.Grant, ‘The large mammals’, 244– 56 and A.Eastham, ‘Bird bones’, 261– 69 in Cunliffe and Munby, chapter 6, note 15.
7. D.J.Rackham and A.Wheeler, ‘The faunal remains’, 146–53 in P.V.Addyman and J.Priestley, ‘Baile Hill, York’, Archaeological Journal, 134 (1977), 115–56.
8. D.Austin, ‘The castle and the landscape: annual lecture to the Society for Landscape Studies’, Landscape History, 6 (1984), 69–81.
9. J.M.Steane, ‘The royal fishponds of medieval England’, 39–68 in M.Aston (ed.), Medieval Fish, Fisheries and Fishponds in England (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 182, 1988); E.Roberts, ‘The Bishop of Winchester's fishponds in Hampshire, 1150–1400’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 42 (1986), 125– 36.
10. P.Barker and R.Higham, Hen Domen, Montgomery, Volume One (Royal Archaeological Institute, 1982).
11. S.Margeson, ‘Worked bone’, 241–55 in Coad and Streeten, chapter 6, note 17.
12. The phrase is by R.Allen Brown, English Castles (London, Batsford, 3rd ed. 1976), 27. This book remains fundamental to castle studies.
13. Darvill, chapter 1, note 8; H.Hurst, ‘The archaeology of Gloucester Castle: an introduction’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 102 (1984), 73– 128.
14. A.P.Garrod and C.Heighway, Garrod's Gloucester: Archaeological Observations 1974–81 (Western Archaeological Trust, n.d.)
15. D.Bates, ‘The building of a great church: the abbey of St Peter's Gloucester, and its early Norman benefactors’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 102 (1984), 129–32.
16. Heighway and Bryant, chapter 5, note 42.
17. Ayers and Murphy, chapter 6, note 23.
18. R.W.Unger, The Ship in the Medieval Economy (London, Croom-Helm, 1980) has some errors of detail, but is excellent on the wider issues. S. McGrail, Ancient Boats in North-West Europe, (London/ New York, Longman, 1987) also has a wide range of topics.
19. D.M.Owen, ‘Bishop's Lynn: the first century of a new town’, Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 2 (1979), 141– 53.
20. A.Rogerson, ‘Excavations on Fuller's Hill, Great Yarmouth’, 131–245 in P. Wade-Martins (ed.), Norfolk (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeology Report 2, 1976).
21. Rogerson and Dallas, chapter 4, note 28; S.Dunmore and R.Carr, The Late Saxon Town of Thetford (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeology Report 4, 1976).
22. E.g. M.B.Rowlands, The West Midlands from AD 1000 (London/New York, Longman, 1987), 35–45:40 of the 140 West Midlands ‘new towns’ of 1100– 1300 were on ‘frontiers’.
23. M.Biddle, ‘Early Norman Winchester’, 311–31 in J.C.Holt (ed.), Domesday Studies (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 1987).
24. Atkin, Ayers and Jennings, chapter 5, note 21 and references.
25. McCarthy and Brooks, chapter 6, note 54, 88–89.
26. J.Le Patourel, ‘Pots and potters’, Medieval Ceramics, 10 (1986), 3–16.
27. A.Vince, ‘The medieval and post-medieval ceramic industry of the Malvern region: the study of a ware and its distribution’, 257–306 in D.P.S. Peacock (ed.), Pottery and Early Commerce (London, Academic Press, 1977); McCarthy and Brooks, chapter 6, note 54, especially 79.
28. Work by Canterbury Archaeological Trust summarized in S.M.Youngs, J. Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1986’, Medieval Archaeology, 31 (1987), 110–91, entry 136. Other references in McCarthy and Brooks, chapter 6, note 54.
29. M.Atkin, A.Carter and D.H.Evans, Excavations in Norwich 1971–1978 Part II (Gressenhall, East Anglian Archaeology Report 26, 1985), especially the Alms Lane site.
30. Mahany, Burchard and Simpson, chapter 4, note 29, part three.
31. H.Howard, ‘Fabric analysis of crucible sherds in early medieval contexts’, 34– 37 in Allan, chapter 4, note 35.
32. R.McNeil, ‘Two 12th-century wich houses in Nantwich, Cheshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 40– 88; J.Oxley, ‘Nantwich: an eleventh-century salt town and its origins’, Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 131 (1981), 1–19.
33. M.W.Beresford and J.G.Hurst (eds), Medieval Villages (Guildford/London, Lutterworth, 1971).
34. Iron-smelting continued into the 12th century at Simy Folds, but by then the excavated buildings seem to have been abandoned: K.Brown, ‘The metalworking residues’, 18–20 in Coggins et al., chapter 3, note 25.
35. C.Dyer, ‘English peasant buildings in the later Middle Ages’, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 19–45 at 34– 37 argues that this would have become more important after c. 1200 because of stone foundations: see below.
36. The Fens: B.Silvester, ‘The Norfolk Fens’, Antiquity, 62 no. 235 (June, 1988), 326–30; Raunds: Cadman, chapter 5, note 34; Broadfield: E.C. Klingelhöfer, Broadfield Deserted Medieval Village (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 2, 1974); Wharram: Hurst, chapter 3, note 24; Goltho: Beresford, chapter 6, note 2.
37. R.D.Bell, M.W.Beresford et al., Wharram Percy: The Church of St Martin, J.G.Hurst and P.A.Rahtz (eds), Wharram: A Study of Settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds, Volume III (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 11, 1987).
38. Oxford: J.Blair, ‘Frewin Hall, Oxford: a Norman mansion and a monastic college’, Oxoniensia, 43 (1978), 48–99, especially figs. 1, 2 and 7; London: Schofield, chapter 4, note 33, 52–56; Southampton: P.A.Faulkner, ‘The surviving medieval buildings’, 56–125 in C.Platt and R.Coleman-Smith, Excavations in Medieval Southampton 1953–1969 (Leicester, University Press, 1975); Lincoln: J.W.F.Hill, Medieval Lincoln (Cambridge, University Press, 1948), chapter 11.
39. M.E.Wood, The English Medieval House (London, Phoenix, 1965).
40. E.g. R.H.C.Davis, ‘An Oxford charter of 1191 and the beginnings of municipal freedom’, Oxoniensia, 33 (1968), 53– 65.
41. Pers. comm. Peter Stone.
42. D.Stephenson, ‘Colchester: a smaller medieval English jewry’, Essex Archaeology and History, 16 (1985), 48–52; N.Crummy, The Coins from Excavations in Colchester 1971–79 (Colchester Archaeological Report 4, 1987), 70, 71, 76.
43. Northampton: J.H.Williams, St Peter's Street, Northampton: Excavations 1973– 1976 (Northampton, Development Corporation, 1979) and F.Williams, ‘Excavations on Marefair, Northampton, 1977’, Northamptonshire Archaeology, 14 (1979), 38–79; Winchester: M.Dolley and C.E.Blunt, ‘Coins from the Winchester excavations 1961–1973’, British Numismatic Journal, 47 (1977), 135–38; York: Pirie, chapter 5, note 16.
44. E.W.Holden, ‘Slate roofing in medieval Sussex’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, 103 (1965), 67–78.
45. A.J.Gurevich (trans. G.L.Campbell), Categories of Medieval Culture (Henley, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), 140 seq.
46. G.Astill, ‘Rural settlement: the toft and the croft’, 36–61 in Astill and Grant (eds), above, note 5.
47. Beresford, chapter 6, note 1; Astill, above, note 46, stresses the lay-out's suitability for pastoral rather than arable farming. He also emphasizes the importance of different regions generally.
48. Dyer, above, note 35 and references.
49. Goltho: I.H.Goodall et al., ‘Metal-work from Goltho’, 76–96 in Beresford, chapter 6, note 2; Seacourt: D.B. Harden, ‘Note’, 185 in M.Biddle, ‘The deserted medieval village of Sea-court, Berkshire’, Oxoniensia, 26/27 (1961/ 62), 70–201.
50. J.S.Otto, ‘Artifacts and status differences— a comparison of ceramics from Planter, Overseer and Slave sites on an antebellum plantation’, 91–118 in S. South (ed.), Research Strategies in Historical Archaeology (New York, Academic Press, 1977).
51. J.Langdon, ‘Agricultural equipment’, 86–107 in Grant and Astill (eds), above, note 5.
52. P.D.E.Smith et al., ‘The investigation of a medieval shell midden in Braunton Burrows’, Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings, 41 (1983), 75–80.
53. Work by J.M.Steane and G.F.Bryant is conveniently summarized by S. Moorhouse, ‘The medieval pottery industry and its markets’, 96–125 in Crossley (ed.), chapter 3, note 2. See also LePatourel, above, note 26, for this paragraph.
54. Mill Green: D.C.Mynard, M.R. Petchey and P.G.Tilson, ‘A medieval pottery at Church End, Flitwick, Bedfordshire’, Bedfordshire Archaeology, 16 (1983), 75–84; Nash Hill: M.R. McCarthy, ‘The medieval kilns on Nash Hill, Lacock, Wiltshire’, Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, 69 (1974), 97–160.
55. Malting-kilns are better known from towns, e.g. D.W.Williams, ‘16, Bell Street, Reigate’, Surrey Archaeological Collections, 74 (1983), 47–89, and it was expensive to buy e.g. lead pans: B.A.Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press, 1986), 134. For a pottery two-bushel cistern, see Oxoniensia, 33 (1968), 66–70.
56. Foxcotte: A.D.Russel, ‘Foxcotte: the archaeology and history of a Hampshire hamlet’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society,. 41 (1985), 149–224; Hartfield: C.F.Tebbutt, ‘A deserted medieval farm settlement at Faulkners Farm, Hartfield’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, 119 (1981), 107–16.
57. L.Stevens, ‘Some windmill sites in Friston and Eastbourne, Sussex’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, 120 (1982), 93–138.
58. R.Holt, ‘Whose were the profits of corn milling? The abbots of Glastonbury and their tenants 1086–1350’, Past and Present, 116 (Aug. 1987), 3– 23; textiles: M.C.Higham, ‘Some evidence for 12th- and 13th-century linen and woollen textile processing’, Medieval Archaeology, 33 (1989), 38–52.
59. This gem is from a University College, London undergraduate thesis. Grenville Astill kindly answered my questions on the work at Bordesley, summarized in S.M.Youngs, J.Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1986’, Medieval Archaeology, 31 (1987), 110– 91, entry 124 and earlier volumes. Abbotsbury: A.H. Graham, ‘The Old Malthouse, Abbotsbury, Dorset: the medieval watermill of the Benedictine Abbey’, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 108 (1986), 103–25.
60. G.Coppack, ‘The excavation of an outer court building, perhaps the Woolhouse, at Fountains Abbey, North Yorkshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 30 (1986), 46– 87.
61. Alsted: L.Ketteringham, Alsted: Excavation of a Thirteenth/Fourteenth-century Sub-manor Site with its Ironworks in Netherne Wood, Merstham, Surrey (Surrey Archaeological Society Research Volume 2, 1976); Waterley: D. Hall, ‘The excavation of an iron-smelting site at Easton Mauduit, Northamptonshire’, Bedfordshire Archaeology, 16 (1983), 65–74; Chingley: D.Crossley, The Bewl Valley Ironworks (Royal Archaeological Institute, 1975). For the industry generally, H. Cleere and D.Crossley, The Iron Industry of the Weald (Leicester, University Press, 1985).
62. R.F.Tylecote, ‘Metallurgical report’, 81–82 in Beresford, chapter 6, note 2. For what follows, Cleere and Crossley, above, note 61.
63. J.R.Hunter, ‘The medieval glass industry’, 143–50 in Crossley (ed.), chapter 3, note 2.
64. D.W.Williams, ‘Islamic glass vessel fragments from the Old Vicarage, Reigate, Surrey’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 143–46.
65. The work of A.G.Vince, P.G. and N.C.Farmer, S.Moorhouse, the late G.C.Dunning and others is now summarized in McCarthy and Brooks, chapter 6, note 54.
66. G.G.Astill, ‘Economic change in later medieval England: an archaeological review’, 217–47 in T.H.Aston et al. (eds), Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in honour of R.H.Hilton (Past and Present Society, 1983) —an important contribution in a festschrift for a scholar whose work has been highly influential. For Bedford, Baker et al., chapter 5, note 32, 294.
67. Beresford, chapter 6, note 1, 135–36 and 147–50.
68. Atkin, Carter and Evans, above, note 29, 245 seq.
69. N.Palmer, ‘A beaker burial and medieval tenements in The Hamel, Oxford’, Oxoniensia, 45 (1980), 124– 225.
70. Leicester: J.E.Mellor and T.Pearce, The Austin Friars, Leicester (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 35, 1981), Oxford: G. Lambrick, ‘Further excavations on the second site of the Dominican Priory, Oxford’, Oxoniensia, 50 (1985), 131– 208. For a general review, L.Butler, ‘Houses of the medicant orders in Britain: recent archaeological work’, 123–65 in P.V.Addyman and V.E. Black (eds), Archaeological Papers from York presented to M.W.Barley (York Archaeological Trust, 1984).
71. Schofield, chapter 4, note 33, 77.
72. Unger, above, note 18; A.R.Lewis and T.J.Runyan, European and Naval Maritime History, 300–1500 (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1985), 118 seq.
73. J.M.Steane, The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales (London/ Sydney, Croom Helm, 1985), 139–40.
74. R.Fox and K.J.Barton, ‘Excavations at Oyster Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire, 1968–71’, Post-Medieval Archaeology, 20 (1986), 31–255.
75. P.M.Losco-Bradley and C.R.Salisbury, ‘A medieval fish weir at Colwick, Nottinghamshire’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society, 83 (1979), 15–22.
76. R.H.C.Davis, ‘The ford, the river and the city’, Oxoniensia, 38 (1973), 258– 67.
77. D.A.Hinton, Medieval Jewellery (Princes Risborough, Shire, 1982).
78. Atkin, Carter and Evans, above, note 29, fig. 36 no. 23, and report by S. Margeson; S.E.Rigold, ‘Two common species of medieval seal-matrix’, Antiquaries Journal, 57ii (1977), 324– 29.
79. L.Butler, ‘Symbols on medieval memorials’, Archaeological Journal, 144 (1987), 246–55.
80. Beresford, chapter 4, note 9.
81. D.D.Andrews and G.Milne (eds), Domestic Settlement 1: Areas 10 and 6, J.G.Hurst (ed.), Wharram: A Study of Settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds, Volume I (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 8, 1979), 17– 19 and 138–39.
82. F.A.Aberg (ed.), Medieval Moated Sites (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 17, 1978).
83. Wood, above, note 39.
84. N.W.Alcock, Cruck Construction (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 42, 1981); Dyer, above, note 35.
85. E.W.Parkin, ‘A unique aisled cottage at Petham’, 225–30 in A.Detsicas (ed.), Collectanea Historica: Essays in Memory of Stuart Rigold (Kent Archaeological Society, 1981).
86. Faulkner, above, note 38, 104–07.
87. Contributions by B.E.Harris et al., Galleries which they call The Rows, Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society, 67 (1984).
1. M.Prestwich, The Three Edwards (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1980), especially 49 seq.; S.L.Waugh, ‘Tenure to contract: lordship and clientship in thirteenth-century England’, English Historical Review, 101 no. 401 (Oct. 1986), 811–39; J.R.V. Barker, The Tournament in England (Woodbridge, Boydell and Brewer, 1986), especially chapter two.
2. Platt and Coleman-Smith, chapter 7, note 38, 31 and 37.
3. Fox and Barton, chapter 7, note 74, 41– 53.
4. Rogerson, chapter 7, note 20; J.L. Bolton, The Medieval English Economy, 1150–1500 (London/Ottowa, Dent, 1980), 274 seq.; A.Saul ‘Great Yarmouth and the Hundred Years’ War in the fourteenth century’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 52 no. 126 (Nov. 1979), 105–15.
5. J.R.Hunter, ‘Medieval Berwick-upon- Tweed’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th ser. 10 (1982), 67–124.
6. An excellent typescript report was recently submitted to Medieval Archaeology on the work undertaken by the Cleveland County Archaeology Section.
7. M.O.H.Carver (ed.), Two Town Houses in Medieval Shrewsbury, Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society, 61 (1983).
8. Harris et al., chapter 7, note 87; H.L. Turner, Town Defences in England and Wales (London, John Baker, 1971), 202–03.
9. P.Dixon, ‘Tower houses, pelehouses and Border society’, Archaeological Journal, 136 (1979), 240–52; M.W. Thompson, The Decline of the Castle (Cambridge, University Press, 1987), fig. 10.
10. H.Clarke and A.Carter, Excavations in King's Lynn, 1963–70 (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Series 7, 1977).
11. P.Armstrong, ‘Kingston upon Hull’, Archaeological Journal, 141 (1984), 1– 4 and excavation reports in Hull Old Town Report Series, in East Riding Archaeologist.
12. T.P.Smith, The Medieval Brickmaking Industry in England 1400–1450 (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 138, 1984), for most of this paragraph; for kilns at Beverley, work by Humberside County Council Archaeology Unit summarized in S.M.Youngs, J.Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1986’, Medieval Archaeology, 31 (1987), 110– 91, entry 129; for floor-tiles, E.S.Eames, English Medieval Tiles (London, British Museum Publications, 1985).
13. J.A.F.Thomson, The Transformation of Medieval England (London/New York, Longman, 1983), 125 seq.; J.T. Rosenthal, The Purchase of Paradise: Gift Giving and the Aristocracy, 1307– 1485 (London, Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1972), 70.
14. J.Blair, ‘Stokesay Castle’, Archaeological Journal, 138 (1981), 11–12.
15. Barker, above, note 1, chapters three and five: M.Biddle and B.Clayre, Winchester Castle and Great Hall (Winchester, Hampshire County Council, 1983), 37–40.
16. Kenilworth (and all others): Brown, chapter 7, note 12, 150–52 and for the waterworks, M.Aston and C.J.Bond, 420 in Aston (ed.), chapter 7, note 9; Warwick: R.K.Morris, ‘The architecture of the earls of Warwick in the fourteenth century’, 161–74 in W.M. Ormrod (ed.), England in the Fourteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1985 Harlaxton Symposium (Woodbridge, Boydell, 1986); Okehampton: R.A.Higham, J.P.Allan and S.R.Blaylock, ‘Excavations at Okehampton Castle, Devon: Part 2: the bailey’, Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings, 40 (1982), 19–151.
17. The most recent survey of parks is by P.Stamper, ‘Woods and parks’, 128–48 in Astill and Grant (eds), chapter 7, note 5.
18. D.Austin, ‘Excavations in Okehampton Park, Devon, 1976–78’, Devon Archaeological Society Proceedings, 36 (1978), 191–240.
19. Beresford, chapter 6, note 1; D. Austin, ‘Dartmoor and the upland village of the southwest of England’, 71– 80 in D.Hooke (ed.), The Medieval Village (Oxford, University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 5, 1985); D.Austin and M.J.C.Walker, ‘A new-landscape context for Houndtor, Devon’, Medieval Archaeology, 29 (1985), 147–52; G.Beresford, ‘Three deserted medieval settlements on Dartmoor: a comment on David Austin's reinterpretations’, Medieval Archaeology, 32 (1988), 175–83.
20. Windsor: Brown, chapter 7, note 12, 209; York: P.V.Addyman et al., ‘Palaeoclimate in urban environmental archaeology at York, England: problems and potential’, World Archaeology, 8ii (1976), 220–33; marginal land: M.L.Parry, Climatic Change, Agriculture and Settlement (Folkestone, Dawson-Archon Books, 1978) and C.D.Smith and M.Parry (eds), Consequences of Climatic Change (Nottingham, University Department of Geography, 1981); Battle Abbey: J.N. Hare, Battle Abbey (London, Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England Archaeological Report 2, 1985); Bordesley Abbey: P. Rahtz and S.Hirst, Bordesley Abbey (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 23, 1976), fig. 4.
21. West Whelpington: M.G.Jarrett and S.Wrathmell, ‘Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century farmsteads: West Whelpington, Northumberland’, Agricultural History Review, 25 (1977), 108– 19; Wharram Percy: M.W.Beresford, ‘Documentary evidence for the history of Wharram Percy’, 5–25 in Andrews and Milne (eds), chapter 7, note 81, at 11–13; Gomeldon: J.Musty and D. Algar, ‘Excavations at the deserted medieval village of Gomeldon, near Salisbury’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 80 (1986), 127–69.
22. Foxcotte: Russel, chapter 7, note 56; Isle of Wight: Beresford and Hurst, chapter 7, note 33, fig. 13.
23. Barton Blount and Goltho: Beresford, chapter 6, note 2.
24. Langdon, chapter 7, note 51, and id., ‘Horse hauling: a revolution in vehicle transport in twelfth- and thirteenth-century England’, Past and Present, 103 (May, 1984), 37–66; Grant, chapter 7, note 5, at 177–78; J.Clark, ‘Medieval horseshoes’, Datasheet 4 (Finds Research Group 700–1700, 1986).
25. Grant, chapter 7, note 5 is a new authority for this material; for residue analyses, work by e.g. J.Evans and M. Card, 126–27 in J.E.Pearce, A.G. Vince and M.A.Jenner, Medieval Pottery: London-type Ware (London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Special Paper 6, 1985).
26. Recent discussion of these issues was initiated by H.E.J.LePatourel, ‘Pottery as evidence for social and economic change’, 168–79 in P.H. Sawyer (ed.), Medieval Settlement (London, Edward Arnold, 1976).
27. V.Bullough and C.Campbell, ‘Female longevity and diet in the Middle Ages’, Speculum, 552 (1980), 317–25; M.W.Bishop, ‘Burials from the cemetery of the hospital of St Leonard, Newark, Nottinghamshire’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society, 87 (1983), 23–35; C.Dyer, ‘English diet in the Middle Ages’, 91–126 in Aston et al., (eds), chapter 7, note 66.
28. W.J.White, ‘Changing burial practice in late medieval England’, 371–79 in J. Petre (ed.), Richard III. Crown and People (Gloucester, Alan Sutton, 1985); St Bees: work by D.O’Sullivan reported in Daily Telegraph, 15 June, 1983; de Manny: M.Jones, ‘Edward III's captains in Brittany’, 99–118 in Ormrod (ed.), above, note 16; Lady Audley: P.J.Wise, ‘Hulton Abbey: a century of excavations’, Staffordshire Archaeological Studies, 2 (1985), 1– 142; de Hastyngs: B.Hooper et al., ‘The grave of Sir Hugh de Hastyngs, Elsing’, Norfolk Archaeology, 39i (1984), 88– 99; Burghersh: C.Wells, ‘Report on the human bones’, 285–88 in C. Green and A.B.Whittingham, ‘Excavations at Walsingham Priory, Norfolk, 1961’, Archaeological Journal, 125 (1968), 255–90; C.Burgess, ‘“By Quick and by Dead”: wills and pious provision in late medieval Bristol’, English History Review, 102 no. 405 (Oct. 1987), 837– 58.
29. D.A.Birkett, ‘The human burials’, 291– 99 in R.Daniels, ‘The excavation of the Church of the Franciscans, Hartlepool, Cleveland’, Archaeological Journal, 143 (1986), 260–304.
30. Bordesley: R.F.Everton, ‘Human bones’, 216–22 in Rahtz and Hirst, above, note 20; Leicester: Mellor and Pearce, chapter 7, note 70. For leprous skeletons, M.Farley and K.Manchester, ‘The cemetery of the leper hospital of St Margaret, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 33 (1989), 82–89.
31. Raunds: Cadman, chapter 6, note 53; Abingdon: M.Harman and B.Wilson, ‘A medieval graveyard beside Faringdon Road, Abingdon’, Oxoniensia, 46 (1981), 56–61; St Helen's, York: Dawes and Magilton, chapter 6, note 53.
32. Canterbury: J.Hatcher, ‘Mortality in the fifteenth century: some new evidence’, Economic History Review, 39i (Feb. 1986), 19–38; syphilis: A. Appleby, ‘Famine, mortality and epidemic disease: a comment’, ibid., 30iii (Aug. 1977), 508–12; sinusitis and cancer: G.T.Hanweld, ‘Medieval osteo-pathology, its possibilities and limitations: a survey’, 57–61 in J.G.N. Renaud (ed.), Rotterdam Papers IV (Rotterdam, Stichtung Het Nederlandsee Gebruiksvoorwerp, 1982); malaria: P.Franklyn, ‘Malaria in medieval Gloucester: an essay in epidemiology’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society, 101 (1983), 111–22; urinals: e.g. R.J. Charleston, ‘Appendix 2: Vessel glass’, 208–11 in P.M.Christie and J.G. Coad, ‘Excavations at Denny Abbey’, Archaeological Journal, 137 (1980), 138–279.
33. Exeter: work by Exeter Museums Archaeological Field Unit summarized in S.M.Youngs, J.Clark and T.Barry, ‘Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1983’, Medieval Archaeology, 28 (1984), 203– 65, entry 28 and pers. comm. C.G.Henderson; London: W.C.Wijntjes, ‘The water supply of the medieval town’, 189–203 in Renaud (ed), above, note 32.
34. Norwich, Botolph Street/St George's Street site: Atkin et al., chapter 7, note 29; Battle: Hare, above, note 20, 176; pottery: Vince, chapter 5, note 29, 70– 73; pewter: R.Brownsword and E.E.H.Pitt, ‘Some examples of medieval domestic pewter flatware’, Medieval Archaeology, 29 (1985), 152– 55.
35. T.A.P.Greeves, ‘The archaeological potential of the Devon tin industry’, 85–95 in Crossley (ed.), chapter 3, note 2; J.Hatcher, English Tin Production before 1550 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973); I.Blanchard, ‘Industrial employment and the rural land market’, 227–75 in R.M.Smith (ed.), Land, Kinship and Life-Cycle (Cambridge, University Press, 1985).
36. J.Blair, ‘English monumental brasses before 1350; types, patterns and workshops’, 133–215 in J.Coales (ed.), The Earliest English Brasses: Patronage, Style and Workshops, 1270– 1350, with analyses by R.Brownsword.
37. Further results of the valuable programme of analyses undertaken at Coventry (Lanchester) Polytechnic: R. Brownsword and E.E.H.Pitt, ‘A technical note on some 13th-century steelyard weights’, Medieval Archaeology, 27 (1983), 158–59.
38. J.Cowgill, M. de Neergard and N. Griffiths, Knives and Scabbards (London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1987), 17–24.
39. E.W.Moore, The Fairs of Medieval England: An Introductory Study (Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1985).
40. Vince, chapter 5, note 29, 56–57 and 75–76.
41. D.M.Metcalf, ‘A survey of numismatic research into the pennies of the first three Edwards (1279–1344) and their continental imitations’, 1–31, S.E.Rigold, ‘Small change in the light of medieval site-finds’, 59–80 and M.M.Archibald, ‘Wastage from currency: Long-Cross and the recoinage of 1279’, 167–86 in N.J.Mayhew (ed.), Edwardian Monetary Affairs (1279–1344) (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 36, 1977); York: Pirie, chapter 4, note 15; E.K.Fisk, ‘The response of non-monetary production units to contact with the exchange economy’, 53–83 in C.G.Reynolds (ed.), Agriculture in Development Theory (Yale, University Press, 1975).
42. N.J.Mayhew and D.R.Walker, ‘Crockards and pollards’, 125–46 in Mayhew (ed.), above, note 41; A. MacGregor, ‘Coin balances in the Ashmolean Museum’, Antiquaries Journal, 65i (1985), 439–44; Oxford: N.J.Mayhew, ‘Coins and jettons’, Fiche 2 B 13 (another bad example of chapter 3, note 12) in Palmer, chapter 7, note 69; Exeter: Shiel et al., chapter 6, note 42.
43. M.Mitchiner and A.Skinner, ‘English tokens, c. 1200 to 1425’, Brtitish Numismatic Journal, 53 (1983), 29–77.
44. P.Spufford, ‘Coinage and currency’, 788–873 in M.M.Postan and E. Miller, Cambridge Economic History, Vol. II, Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages (Oxford, University Press, second edition 1987); Rochester: report by M. Archibald, 27–28 in A.C.Harrison and D.Williams, ‘Excavations at Prior's Gate House, Rochester 1976– 77’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 95 (1979), 19– 36; Denny: S.E.Rigold, ‘Appendix 7: Numismatica’, 264–65 in Christie and Coad, above, note 32.
45. Bolton, above, note 4, 298.
46. Portchester: J.Munby and D.Renn, ‘Description of the castle buildings’, 72–119 in Cunliffe and Munby, chapter 6, note 15 at 95; J.R.Kenyon, ‘Early artillery fortifications in England and Wales: a preliminary survey and reappraisal’, Archaeological Journal, 138 (1981), 205–40; Canterbury: D.Renn, ‘A note on the West Gate gunloops’, 117–19 in S.S.Frere, S. Stow and P.Bennett, Excavations on the Roman and Medieval Defences of Canterbury (Kent Archaeological Society, Archaeology of Canterbury II, 1982); Thompson, above, note 9, 36.
47. Cooling: Kenyon, above, note 46; Bodiam: D.J.Turner, ‘Bodiam, Sussex: true castle or old soldier's dream house?’, 267–77 in Ormrod (ed.), above, note 16; D.J.Cathcart King, The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History (London/ Sydney, Croom Helm, 1988), chapter 12.
48. J.R.Alban, ‘English coastal defences: some fourteenth-century modifications within the system’, 57–78 in R.A. Griffiths (ed.), Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces (Gloucester, Alan Sutton, 1981); Bramber: K.J.Barton and E.W.Holden, ‘Excavations at Bramber Castle, Sussex, 1966–67’, Archaeological Journal, 134 (1977), 11–79; E.Searle, ‘The abbey of the Conquerors’, Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 2 (1979), 154–64.
49. Cathcart King, above, note 47, chapter 12.
1. C.Platt, Medieval England (London/ Henley, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 211–12; reports by P.Bennett, Archaeologia Cantiana, 101 (1984), 299–30 and 305–06; ibid., 102 (1985), 252–53; B.W.Spencer ‘Medieval pilgrim badges’, 137–47 in J.G.N.Renaud (ed.), Rotterdam Papers, 1 (1968).
2. Battle: discovery by D.Martin described in J.R.Armstrong, Traditional Buildings—Accessible to the Public (Wakefield, E P Publishing, 1979), 97; Tewkesbury: ibid., 63; York: P.Short, ‘The fourteenth-century rows of York’, Archaeological Journal, 137 (1980), 86– 137; Gloucester: R.Holt, ‘Gloucester in the century after the Black Death’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 102 (1984), 73–128; Lavenham: Armstrong, this note, 87–117; Halifax area: B.Hutton, ‘Aisles to outshots’, 145– 51 in Addyman and Black (eds), chapter 7, note 70; Norton St Philip: E.H.D.Williams, J. and J.Penoyre and B.C.H.Hale, ‘The George Inn, Norton St Philip, Somerset’, Archaeological Journal, 144 (1987), 317–27; fairs: Moore, chapter 8, note 39.
3. Late-medieval urbanism has a vast literature: C.Phythian-Adams, ‘Urban decay in late medieval England’, 159– 85 in P.Abrams and E.A.Wrigley, Towns in Societies (Cambridge, University Press, 1978) remains valuable; to start with J.F.Hadwin, ‘From dissonance to harmony on the late medieval town’, Economic History Review, 29iii (Aug. 1986), 423–26 and work backwards would be one possible approach, if not to enlightenment.
4. Palmer, chapter 7, note 69; J.Munby, ‘A fifteenth-century Wealden house in Oxford’, Oxoniensia, 39 (1974), 73– 76; R.L.S.Bruce-Mitford, ‘The archaeology of the site of the Bodleian Extension, Broad Street, Oxford’, ibid., 4 (1939), 89–146.
5. J.Munby, ‘126 High Street: the archaeology and history of an Oxford house’, Oxoniensia, 40 (1975), 254– 308; Davis, chapter 7, note 76.
6. S.S.Frere and S.Stow, Excavations in the St George's Street and Burgate Street areas (Kent Archaeological Society, Archaeology of Canterbury VII, 1983), 123–30; S.S.Frere, P.Bennett, J. Rady and S.Stow, Canterbury Excavations: Intra- and Extra-Mural Sites, 1949–50 and 1980– 84 (Same series, VIII, 1987), 126–28.
7. Norwich: Atkin, Carter and Evans, chapter 7, note 29; Northampton: J. Williams, chapter 7, note 43.
8. R.Smith and A.Carter, ‘Function and site: aspects of Norwich buildings before 1700’, Vernacular Architecture, 14 (1983), 5–18; A.B.Whittingham, ‘The White Swan Inn, St Peter's Street, Norwich’, Norfolk Archaeology, 39i (1984), 38–50; J.Campbell, Norwich (London, Scolar Press with Historic Towns Trust, 1975), 23–24.
9. M.James, ‘Ritual, drama and social body in the late medieval English town’, Past and Present, 98 (Feb. 1983), 3–29.
10. Norwich: A.D.Saunders, ‘The Cow Tower, Norwich: an East Anglian bastille?’, Medieval Archaeology, 29 (1985), 109–19; B.S.Ayers, R.Smith and M. Tillyard, ‘The Cow Tower, Norwich: a detailed survey and partial reinterpretation’, ibid., 32 (1988), 184– 207; Southampton: Faulkner, chapter 7, note 38, 62–66—I have learnt much about this building and about cannonry from Robert Thomson.
11. Turner, chapter 8, note 8, 27; Poole: K.J.Penn, Historic Towns in Dorset (Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Monograph 1, 1980), 78–83; Southampton: C.Platt, Medieval Southampton (London/ Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), 142–46 (Beaulieu's acquisition by 1454 is odd—gift? or if by purchase, how and why?).
12. Frere, Stow and Bennett, chapter 8, note 46, 72–80; Turner, above, note 11, 59– 60.
13. Dorchester: J.Draper and C.Chaplin, Dorchester Excavations 1 (Dorset Archaeological and Natural History Society Monograph 2, 1982); Wareham: D.A.Hinton and R. Hodges, ‘Excavations in Wareham, 1974–75’, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 99 (1977), 42–83 at 77–78; Devizes: J.Haslam, ‘The excavation of the defences of Devizes, Wiltshire, 1974’, Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, 72/ 73 (1980), 59–65; Banbury: K.A.Rodwell, ‘Excavations on the site of Banbury Castle’, Oxoniensia, 41 (1976), 90–147.
14. Newbury: A.G.Vince, Bartholomew Street, Newbury (Newbury, District Museum, 1980); Alton: M.Millett, ‘The history, archaeology and architecture of Johnson's Corner, Alton’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 39 (1983), 77– 109.
15. E.g. half the chartered markets of the thirteenth-century West Midlands had ceased to trade by c. 1500: Rowlands, chapter 7, note 22, 73–76.
16. D.H.Evans and D.H.Heslop, ‘Two medieval sites in Yarm’, Yorkshire Archaeological Journal, 57 (1985), 43– 77.
17. McNeil, chapter 7, note 32; Rowlands, chapter 7, note 22.
18. Cleere and Crossley, chapter 7, note 61; J.H.Money, ‘Medieval iron-workings at Rotherfield, Sussex’, Medieval Archaeology, 15 (1971), 86–111; R.F. Tylecote, Metallurgy in Archaeology (London, Edward Arnold, 1962); W.R.Childs, ‘England's iron trade in the fifteenth century’, Economic History Review, 34i (Feb. 1981), 25–47.
19. M.Rule, The Mary Rose: The Excavation and Raising of Henry VIII's Flagship (London, Conway Maritime, 1982).
20. M.Redknap, The Cattewater Wreck: The Investigation of an Armed Vessel of the Early Sixteenth Century (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 131, 1984).
21. Unger, chapter 7, note 18, chapters 4 and 5.
22. J.Hay, ‘The great bullion famine of the fifteenth century’, Past and Present, 79 (May 1978), 3–54.
23. References in chapter 7, note 43 and chapter 8, note 42.
24. M.Mellor, ‘Pottery’, 73–76 in D. Sturdy and J.Munby, ‘Early domestic sites in Oxford: excavations in Corn-market and Queen Street, 1959–62’, Oxoniensia, 50 (1985), 47–94, at 75–76.
25. Astill, chapter 7, note 66.
26. Allan, chapter 4, note 35.
27. P.Mayes and K.Scott, Pottery Kilns at Chilvers Coton, Nuneaton (Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 10, 1984); A.D.F.Streeten, ‘Craft and industry: medieval and later potters in south-east England’, 323–46 in H. Howard and E.L.Morris (eds), Production and Distribution: A Ceramic Viewpoint (Oxford, British Archaeological Reports International Series 120, 1981).
28. Essays in P.Davey and R.Hodges (eds), Ceramics and Trade (Sheffield, University Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, 1983).
29. London: Vince, chapter 5, note 29; Exeter: Allan, chapter 4, note 35.
30. Wharram: J.G.Hurst, ‘Imported pottery’, 94 in Andrews and Milne (eds), chapter 7, note 81; Goltho: Beresford, chapter 6, note 2, 69; Foxcotte: C. Matthews, ‘The pottery’, 186–93 in Russel, chapter 7, note 56; marketing: Astill, chapter 7, note 66.
31. G.Astill and A.Grant, ‘The medieval countryside: efficiency, progress and change’, 213–34 in Astill and Grant (eds), chapter 7, note 5; Blanchard, chapter 8, note 35; D.Martin, ‘Housing in eastern Sussex in the late medieval period’, 93–96 in P.L. Drewett (ed.), Archaeology in Sussex to AD 1500 (London, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 29, 1978).
32. Low Throston: D.Austin, ‘Low Throston II: excavation on a deserted medieval hamlet, 1972’, Transactions of the Architectural and Archaeological Society of Durham and Northumberland, 4 (1977), 21–30; for fields and parks generally, Astill and Stamper in Astill and Grant (eds), chapter 7, note 5.
33. Grant, chapter 7, note 5; pewter spoons: London Museum, Medieval Catalogue (London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1940), 128–33; scabbards: Cowgill, de Neergard and Griffiths, chapter 8, note 38, 34 and 61.
34. Cat-skinning: G.C.Jones, ‘The medieval animals bones’, 31–44 in D. Allen and C.H.Dalwood, ‘Iron Age occupation, a middle Saxon cemetery and twelfth- to nineteenth-century urban occupation: excavations in George St., Aylesbury, 1981’, Records of Buckinghamshire, 25 (1983), 1–60, at 38–39; rings: Hinton, chapter 7, note 77; mirrors: J.Bayley, P.Drury and B. Spencer, ‘A medieval mirror from Heybridge, Essex’, Antiquaries Journal, 64ii (1984), 399–402; portraits: J. Alexander and P.Binski (eds), The Age of Chivalry (London, Royal Academy of Arts with Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987), entry 713.
35. Thomson, chapter 8, note 13, 93, 111, 125 etc.; Thompson, chapter 8, note 9, 75.
36. Alexander and Binski, above, note 34, entry 726; Hunter, chapter 7, note 63.
37. Thompson, chapter 8, note 9; A. Emery, ‘Ralph, Lord Cromwell's manor at Wingfield (1439–c. 1450): its construction, design and influence’, Archaeological Journal, 142 (1985), 276–339; Stamper, chapter 8, note 17.
38. C.Coulson, ‘Hierarchism in conventual crenellation: an essay in the sociology and metaphysics of medieval fortification’, Medieval Archaeology, 26 (1982), 69–100; S. Moorhouse, ‘Medieval distilling-apparatus of glass and pottery’, ibid., 16 (1972), 79–122; White, chapter 8, note 28; N.Palmer and C.Dyer, ‘An inscribed stone from Burton Dassett, Warwickshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 32 (1988), 216– 19.
39. Cathcart King, chapter 8, note 47, chapter 14 stresses that some were habitable—but they were not for their owners’ occupation.