INDEX
Acheson, Dean, 18, 48, 49, 50, 51, 69, 70, 71, 74, 89, 92, 95, 97, 136
and ANZUS, 77, 81, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 108
and Korean War, 55, 56, 60, 63, 64
Aden, 24
ANZAM. See Australia, New Zealand, and Malaya area Agreement
ANZUS. See Australia, New Zealand, United States Treaty
ANZUS Council meetings, 7, 94, 100, 101, 102, 105, 128, 132, 154, 162, 172, 178, 179
Attlee, Clement, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 33, 36, 50, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 67, 70, 84, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 190n94, 190n98, 204n113, 205n139
Australia
and economic development of, 3, 31, 68, 69, 98
and fear of Japan, 32, 46, 62, 73, 74, 75
and importance of ANZUS, 80, 85, 98, 101, 125, 151, 152
and political culture, 44, 69, 150, 151
and SEATO, 4, 6, 7, 161, 162, 163, 170, 172, 177
and Second World War, 25–33, 42, 84, 161
Australian Chiefs of Staff, 13, 28, 42
Australia, New Zealand, and Malaya area Agreement (ANZAM), 28, 38, 42, 84, 96, 97, 103, 106, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123, 125, 127, 128, 132, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
Australia, New Zealand, United States Treaty (ANZUS), 4, 5, 66, 119–124, 142, 146, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 160, 166, 168, 170, 181, 182, 183n4
and British exclusion from, 91–97, 102–108, 11, 112, 127–133, 179
and membership debate, 2, 80, 82–86, 88–91, 98, 99, 100, 101, 115–118, 125, 151, 152
Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, 32
Bandung Conference (1955), 179
Beaverbrook, Lord, 105
Berendsen, Carl, 17, 63, 70, 79, 80
Bevin, Ernest, 22, 23, 24, 50, 54, 58, 61, 67
Borneo, 42
Bradley, Omar, 56
British Empire, 10, 12, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 92, 93, 112, 135
Burma, 7, 8, 33, 50, 104, 144, 159, 161, 163, 164
Butler, Robin Austin, 94
Byrnes, James, 15
Cambodia, 121, 142, 157, 159, 173, 241n82
Canada, 27, 30, 31, 38, 54, 76, 92, 209n38
Casey, Richard, 100, 101, 105, 106, 124, 129, 143, 151, 163, 165, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 14, 138
Chifley, Benedict, 26, 27, 30, 32, 43, 50, 67, 68, 80
Churchill, Winston, 5, 23, 25, 26, 85, 92, 99, 100, 103, 105, 111, 123, 126, 130, 145, 159, 160, 164, 167, 172, 173, 217n28, 217n32, 217n36, 218n37
and Cold War, 93, 131, 142, 144
and Second World War, 10, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 135, 204n113
Collins, Admiral Sir John, 115
Colombo Conference (1950), 53, 54, 55
Commonwealth Far East Strategic Reserve, 43
Deane, Charles, 49
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 142, 203n97
Department of Defense (U.S.), 91, 101
Department of External Affairs (Australia), 81, 116
Department of External Affairs (New Zealand), 35, 74, 173
Dien Bien Phu, 134, 138, 139, 148, 149
Doidge, Frederick, 6, 63, 78, 79, 81, 83, 121
Domino theory, 7, 8, 41, 42, 45, 50, 59, 121, 137, 145, 180, 182, 184n20, 197n2, 227n65, 246n2
Dulles, John Foster, 5, 6, 8, 48, 74, 75, 78, 81, 84, 88, 89, 90, 113, 114, 119, 120, 126, 127, 128, 129, 137, 138–140, 145, 148, 150, 151, 162, 164, 167, 168, 171, 177, 178
and Geneva Conference, 146–150
and negotiating ANZUS treaty, 78–82
Eden, Anthony, 21, 22, 85, 100, 103, 105, 106, 113, 114, 139, 142, 144, 145, 146, 158, 159, 164, 171
and Geneva Conference, 146–150, 165–167
Eisenhower, Dwight, 5, 6, 7, 11, 76, 109, 113, 114, 119, 124, 137, 139, 140–143, 145, 147, 150, 158, 159, 160, 163, 166, 167, 168, 171, 177
Evatt, H. V., 17, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 50, 173
Ferguson, Homer, 76
Forrestal, James, 15
France, 8, 11, 30, 41, 65, 67, 89, 90, 91, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 115, 118, 119, 121, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 148, 151, 153, 154, 157, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 172, 183n3, 187n37, 209n38, 232n35, 240n60, 241n83
Franks, Oliver, 58, 92, 127, 214n112
Fraser, Peter, 27, 30, 35, 37, 38, 43, 74, 210n61
Gordon-Walker, Patrick, 83, 84
Graham, Billy, 56
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Green, Theodore, 76
Holland, Sidney, 5, 7, 37, 45, 46, 52, 58, 59, 63, 77, 80, 85, 95, 96, 102, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 118, 124, 128, 130, 150, 153, 160, 173, 174, 176
Hong Kong, 5, 20, 25, 42, 50, 51, 53, 58, 119, 147, 168, 201n67
Humphrey, George, 118
Imperialism, 2, 3, 12, 15, 32, 82, 87, 88, 90, 163, 164, 182
and U.S. concerns with, 52, 66, 108, 120, 164
India, 7, 11, 19, 25, 42, 50, 52, 53, 54, 88, 92, 111, 140, 144, 148, 149, 161, 164
Indochina, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 33, 41, 65, 89, 91, 101, 104, 105, 107, 110, 119, 121, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135–140, 145, 147, 150, 152, 157, 165, 170, 173, 182
Indonesia, 8, 90, 98, 131, 144, 161, 179
International trade, 3, 4, 9, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34, 37, 50, 68, 73, 81, 85, 118, 121, 138, 162, 170, 181, 211n65, 213n96
Japan, 3, 6, 12, 19, 39, 44, 45, 47, 53, 56, 59, 90, 103, 107, 121, 161, 162, 163, 181
and antipodean fear of, 32, 35, 36, 46, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 78, 118
and economic power, 4, 17, 18, 79, 81, 121
and the Second World War, 10, 14, 16, 20, 25, 35, 42, 55, 135
and strategic importance of, 13, 18, 65, 71, 85, 114, 188n54
Japanese Peace Treaty, 9, 32, 35, 62, 66, 82, 88, 89, 113, 114, 182
Joint Intelligence Committee (Australia), 136
Joint Intelligence Committee (UK), 41, 42, 50, 85, 144
Kay, Cyril, 117
Kennan, George, 52, 64, 188n54, 202n82
Korean War, 55, 58, 60, 65, 70, 71, 72, 94, 142, 158, 174
and Australian military involvement, 58, 60
and British military involvement, 57–58
and New Zealand military involvement, 59, 60
and United States military involvement, 55–58, 61
Laos, 121, 138, 157, 159, 173, 241n82
Lend-lease, 20
Limb, Ben, 89
London Economic Conference, 112
MacArthur, General Douglas, 11, 18, 56, 61, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73, 114
Makins, Sir Roger, 127, 141, 143, 164, 233n52
Malaya, 28, 38, 41, 42, 84, 96, 97, 103, 106, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123, 125, 127, 132, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
and New Zealand, 45
Menzies, Robert, 5, 44, 52, 53, 58, 59, 60, 66–69, 80, 83, 95, 96, 97–99, 104, 106, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123–125, 130, 150, 151, 153, 161, 173, 176, 177, 207n9
Middle East
and African contribution toward defense of, 244n131
and Australian military planning for, 44, 67, 68, 80, 83, 104, 110, 131, 136, 172, 173, 181
and British military planning for, 41, 53, 84, 85, 92, 119
and New Zealand military planning for, 38, 43, 45, 54, 59, 77, 80, 83, 100, 136, 174, 175, 181
and strategic importance of, 24
and U.S. military planning for, 45, 83, 119, 131
Military Intelligence Service, Section 5 (MI5), 32
Morrison, Herbert, 84
Munro, Leslie, 101, 126, 143, 170, 172, 221n80
National Security Council, 65, 137, 138, 140, 141, 145, 149, 163, 164, 166, 179
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Navarre, Henri, 138
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 52, 144, 164
Netherlands, 30, 67, 90, 161, 163, 209n38
New Zealand
and economic development of, 3, 31, 68, 69, 98
and fear of Japan, 32, 46, 62, 73, 74, 75
and importance of ANZUS, 80, 85, 98, 101, 125, 151, 152
and political culture, 44, 69, 150, 151
and SEATO, 4, 6, 7, 161, 162, 163, 170, 172, 177
and Second World War, 25–33, 42, 84, 161
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 31, 41, 43, 51, 53, 54, 64, 78, 79, 93, 97, 98, 99, 123, 133, 145, 154, 158, 170
Nuclear weapons, 11, 14, 15, 22, 40, 49, 62, 63, 93, 111, 113, 114, 119, 145, 148, 170, 174, 186n22, 194n163, 205n139
Pacific pact, 5, 36, 39, 46, 81, 123
Pakistan, 111, 144, 149, 161, 167, 169, 183n1, 241n83
Pearl Harbor, 10, 11, 42, 55, 78, 81, 82, 88, 90, 98, 100, 103, 111, 143, 158, 159, 161, 167, 168, 169
People’s Republic of China (PRC), 1, 2, 7, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 62, 63, 73, 107, 121, 137, 138, 142, 144, 145, 147, 149, 151, 158, 241n241
and strategic importance, 2, 47, 48, 49, 71, 72, 84, 107, 114, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 162, 169, 176, 178
Philippines, 8, 12, 25, 47, 75
Potsdam Conference, 14, 22, 27
Public opinion, 49, 56, 139, 173
Race, 2, 3, 9, 12, 35, 46, 52, 66, 75, 81, 87–91, 106, 108, 110, 111, 114, 120, 126, 127, 134, 140, 153, 154, 158, 163, 164, 171, 179, 182, 185n11, 202n82, 237n122
and influence on Australian foreign policymaking, 46, 81, 171
and influence on British foreign policymaking, 90, 108, 110, 114, 153
and influence on New Zealand foreign policymaking, 35, 46, 81, 153, 154
and influence on U.S. foreign policymaking, 12, 52, 75, 108, 120, 140, 164
and influence on U.S. foreign policymaking, 71, 113
Republic of Korea, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 89, 163
Ridgeway, Matthew, 64
Romulo, Carlos, 89
Roosevelt, Franklin, 11, 12, 13, 21, 135
Rough Diplomacy, 4, 6, 78, 123, 128, 130, 147, 148, 181, 183n9, 184n10
and Australia utilizing, 78
and Britain utilizing, 128
and New Zealand utilizing, 78
and U.S. utilizing, 5, 127, 128, 147
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), 44, 204n123, 222n103
Royal Australian Navy, 122
SEACDT. See Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty
SEATO. See South East Asia Treaty Organization
Sebald, William, 241n76
Shedden, Frederick, 176
Shinwell, Emmanuel, 58
Singapore, 7, 19, 20, 24, 25, 34, 41, 43, 44, 50, 53, 90, 111, 131
Smith, Alexander, 48
Smith, Walter Bedell, 139, 166
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, 2, 156, 168, 170, 176
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, 9, 156, 169, 170, 171, 176, 179, 182
and Australia, 7, 161, 162, 163, 172, 177
and international membership of, 3, 6, 163, 164, 171, 182, 183n3
and New Zealand, 161, 162, 170, 172, 177
and United States, 4, 157, 168, 171, 178
Soviet Union, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 37, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62, 64, 71, 72, 79, 80, 83, 85, 88, 93, 114, 119, 120, 142, 158, 169
Spender, Percy 6, 8, 53, 54, 55, 62, 67, 69, 70, 74, 78, 79, 81, 98, 100, 115, 125, 143, 178
Stalin, Joseph, 13, 15, 21, 22, 33, 47, 48, 55, 121
Taiwan Strait Crisis, 176
Thailand (Siam), 7, 41, 50, 144
Truman, Harry, 8, 14, 20, 21, 22, 48, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 65, 69, 76, 77, 95, 99, 101, 118, 137, 186n22
United Action, 8, 141–149, 151–155, 233n52
United Kingdom
and ANZUS, 91–97, 102–108, 111–118, 127–133, 179
and concerns with Asian-Pacific strategy, 13, 41, 85
and domestic politics, 22, 85, 87, 88, 94, 112
and economic weakness, 11, 13, 20, 23, 24, 57, 58, 67, 82, 85, 87, 91, 94, 175
and Geneva Conference, 146–150, 165–167
and grand strategy, 58
and Middle East, 11, 19, 24, 45, 53, 54, 59, 84, 91, 92, 111, 131, 174, 175, 181
and People’s Republic of China, 50, 51, 61, 73, 88
and united action, 141–149, 151–155
United Nations, 13, 14, 16, 17, 30, 35, 37, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 135
United States of America, 12, 52, 55–58, 61, 71, 75, 108, 113, 120, 140, 164
and ANZUS, 78, 80, 81, 88, 90, 91, 127, 128
and domestic anti-communism, 48, 49, 147
and grand strategy, 50, 85, 119, 124
and imperialism, 15, 52, 66, 87, 88, 108, 120, 163, 164
and People’s Republic of China, 41, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 62, 73, 107, 121, 137, 138, 145, 147, 149, 169, 176, 241n76
and racism, 66, 88, 89, 140, 164
and SEATO, 4, 157, 168, 171, 178
and Soviet Union, 56, 71, 72, 85, 107, 113, 119, 135
and trusteeships, 12, 13, 16, 17, 30, 135
and united action, 141–149, 151–155
U.S.–Republic of Korea defense treaty, 133
Viet Minh, 7, 41, 121, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 143, 144, 145, 147, 165, 166, 171
Webb, Clifton, 81, 100, 101, 102, 105, 151, 166
Yalta Conference, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21, 27
Ze-dong, Mao, 7, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 70, 72, 88, 176, 203n97