Adam (slave of William Russell), 56–57
American national identity, during Boone’s life: and conflict between British and Americans, 94–99, 116–17, 121–23, 135–36, 148, 150, 281
and conflict between British and French, 5, 12–19, 24–25, 41, 226–27, 235, 281
and conflict between British colonies, 12, 92, 100, 281
and conflict between Spanish and Americans, xv, 233–37, 281
and conflict between Spanish and British, 41, 226–27
and conflict between Whigs and Tories, 92, 99
growth in national identity after adoption of Constitution, 281.
See also Boone, Daniel—conflicting loyalties
Declaration of Independence; Indian-white relations; Louisiana Purchase; War of 1812
American Revolution. See Revolutionary War
Arbuckle, Matthew, 124–25
Aron, Stephen, 139, 286, 352, 354–55
Asbury, Francis, 225
Attakullakulla (Cherokee chief), 71–72
Austin, Moses: on immigrants to Kentucky and the Wilderness Road, 220, 225, 329n11
on lead mines in Missouri, 234–35
on Louisville, 229
predicts wilderness will be overspread by American towns and villages, 235
on St. Louis, 229
Baily, Francis, 217, 231, 331n17
Bailyn, Bernard, 289n5, 290n18, 346
Bakeless, John, 287, 343, 346, 351
Bear, 10, 31, 35–36, 40, 54, 85, 104–05, 167, 172, 220, 223, 265
Beaver: abundance of, 10, 49, 85, 242
economic importance of pelts, 33–34, 147, 219
products made from fur of, 22
trapped by Boone or Nathan Boone, 30, 127, 222, 231, 240, 242–43, 248, 253,; wars over trade in pelts, 37
Belue, Ted Franklin, 295n1, 295n4, 295n7, 344, 347, 351
Big Jim (Indian), xx, 57, 189, 199
Bingham, George Caleb, 267, 339n23
Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone… (Flint), 256–57, 265–66, 288, 331n16, 345
Bird, Henry, 171
Blackfish (Shawnee chief): Boone’s adoptive father, 2, 134–38, 142–43, 154, 195
capture of salt-boilers, 128–31, 183
daughters of, 138
death, 163
leads attacks on Kentucky, 118, 126–27
salt-boiling on Scioto River, 143
and siege of Boonesborough, 2, 133, 149–55
son possibly killed by Boone, 134, 313n14
wears cappo, 191
Bluegrass (region of Ky.), 29, 33, 40, 60, 91, 169, 182, 184, 187, 211, 221, 249, 279, 282, 349, 353
Blue Jacket (Shawnee chief), xxi, 198–99
Blue Licks, xix, 19, 36, 51, 108, 110, 126, 128, 172, 175, 255
Blue Licks, Battle of, xx, 54, 91, 95, 97, 101, 177–82, 190, 194, 321n37, 321n39, 349
Bodmer, Karl, 111
Boofman v. Hickman, 211, 301n36
Boone, Daniel: adoption by Shawnees, 134–38
ancestry, 3–11
appearance, 22, 173, 229–30, 293n8
biographers, xxi–xxii, 23, 25, 26, 31, 47, 93, 105, 134, 137, 234, 246, 265–68, 283, 288, 344–46, 355–56
birth and childhood, 3–11
and Boonesborough’s founding and defense, 76–77, 81, 85–87, 90
and Boone’s Station, 166–7
on Brushy Creek, 224
burial instructions, 247
as businessman, 167–68, 201, 203–15, 220–24
captured by Shawnees, 91, 126–29
captured by Tarleton’s rangers, 173
character and principles, xv, 8, 168–69, 199, 236, 274–75
coffin, 2, 253–54, 259, 270, 336n9
commissary for militia, 221–22
commissioned as militia captain, 64–66, 117
courtship, 22–23
creditors, 40, 44, 220–21, 231, 234, 251
in Culpeper County, 24
damns British for inciting Indian attack, 160
death and burial, 258–59
defends settlements during Dunmore’s War, 61–66
depositions, 211, 238–39, 255, 299n45, 301n36, 303n18, 327n43, 337n17
at Detroit, 135–36; “elbow-room” need, 230–31, 277, 331n16
escape from Shawnees, 142–44
explorer, scout, and leader of immigrants, 51, 55–57, 162–63, 274
fame, 148, 216–19, 249, 260, 263
and farming, 10, 25, 40, 46, 55, 245–47, 277, 282
and John Filson, 216–19 (see also Filson, John); and Florida, 41–43
at French Lick (Nashville), 54
gauntlet run, 131
ginseng digger and trader, xx, 28, 201, 213–15, 220, 223, 232, 353
health, 27–28, 222–23, 236, 242, 246–48, 252, 254, 258
horse trader, 221
and Gilbert Imlay, 209–10, 217, 264, 327n35
land investor and jobber, 166–69, 201, 203–11, 215, 232, 245, 250–51
lawsuits and claims involving, xv, xx, 40, 206, 211, 215, 222, 228, 231, 233, 251, 328nn44–45, 327n41, 328n45, 353
on Levisa Fork of Big Sandy River, 223–24
literacy, education and spelling, xiii, 6–7, 42, 66–67, 181–82, 213, 221, 257, 275
and Little Sandy River, 228
marriage and relationship with wife, 22–27, 166
pelts taken from by Indians, 47–49, 52–53
in Pennsylvania, 3–8, 173, 214
petition to Congress for land grant, xxi–xxii, 246, 250–51, 336n50
petition to Kentucky legislature, 246
phrenological analysis, 271–72, 340n34
in Point Pleasant, xx, 214–15, 220–22
and Quakerism, 8, 138, 196, 199
reburies James Boone at Wallen’s Creek, 58
reinterment in Kentucky, xvi, xix, xxii, 269–73, 340nn29–38
religious views, 3, 8, 199, 221, 255–57, 259, 275, 356
rescues daughter Jemima and Callaway girls, 106–12
and salt-boilers, 126–29, 160–61, 169
and Simon Kenton, 118–20, 247 (see also Kenton, Simon); singing, 51, 255
slaves owned or sold, 213, 221, 282–83, 328n54
as surveyor, xx, 167, 194, 204–08, 211, 224, 277, 348n15, 348n17–19, 353
as tavern-keeper, xx, 196, 198, 201, 206, 211–12
theft of money and land certificates from, 168, 319n97
trip to warn surveyors of Shawnee war threat, 61–63
wagoner with Braddock’s army, 12, 18
and War of 1812, 248–49
warrant for arrest, xxi, 228, 231
and Wilderness Road, 44, 46–47, 55–56, 72–76, 224–25
wounds, xxi, 119–20, 155, 200, 316n39
and Yadkin Valley, 8–10, 24, 40, 161–62
—conflicting loyalties: to Americans, 99, 103, 236
to British, 99, 135–36, 153, 173, 281
to Shawnees, 2, 137–40, 195–99, 244–45
—hunting and trapping by, xiv, xvii–xviii, xxii, 1–2, 6, 9–10, 22–23, 27, 28–36, 38–40, 43, 47–57, 75, 127, 138, 142–43, 167, 172, 195, 199, 200, 222–24, 231–32, 234, 237–38, 240–42, 245–48, 252–53, 277–78, 283, 347
—and Kentucky: blazes trail into, 72–77
explores, 51–52
first attempt to settle, 54–58
first hunting trip in, 43
long hunt in, 46–53
whether he returned after 1799, 234, 254–55, 337n13.
See also Kentucky
—and Missouri: life in, 1–2, 238–40, 242, 245–59
loss of land grant in, 246, 335n33
militia captain in St. Charles, 239
in St. Louis, 229–30.
See also Femme Osage, Mo.; Missouri
—portrayed as: child of nature, 260–64
slayer of Indians, 265–66
spearhead of Manifest Destiny, 266–67, 338n2, 339nn22–23
—portrayed in: fiction, 112, 264
paintings, 1, 258, 267, 356, poetry, xxii, 2, 249–50, 260–63
See also Bingham, George Caleb; Boone, Daniel: biographers; Cooper, James Fenimore; Draper, Lyman Cope-land; Filson, John; Flint, Timothy; Harding, Chester
—relations with Indians: adoption by Shawnees, 134–38
arranges prisoner exchanges, 196–98
childhood contacts with Indians, 4–5, 10–11, 137
contest over land, 195
friendships with Indians, 135, 137–38, 195–96, 244–45
how to deal with Indians, 195–96
killing of Indians, xiii, 2, 20, 52, 134, 179
possible taking of Shawnee wife, 26, 139–40, 195.
See also Indian-white relations
Boone, Daniel Morgan (son): aids white-Shawnee prisoner exchange, 197
and Blue Jacket, 198
and Boone family move to Missouri, xxi, 227–30, 232
Boone stays with in Missouri, 239, 246, 334n8
and Boone’s trade with hunters and trappers, 220
chainman on Boone surveys, 204
collects debt due Boone, 213
and Femme Osage, 227–28, 337n29
fortifies station, 249
horse trading by, 221
hunts deer with Boone in Missouri, 240
justice of the peace, 236
land claim in Missouri confirmed, 246
and land on Brushy Creek, 224
militia captain in War of 1812, 248
slave of, 240
and surveys by Boone
Boone, Delinda (granddaughter). See Craig, Delinda Boone
Boone, Edward (Ned) (brother): killed by Indians, xx, 172, 183, 199, 320n9
marries Rebecca Boone’s sister, 43
moves family up the Yadkin, 43
stories that he fathered a child by Rebecca Boone, 25–26
Boone, George (brother), 166, 327n42
Boone, George, Sr. (grandfather), 4
Boone, Harriet (great-niece), 249
Boone, Isaiah (nephew), 148, 290n41, 309n22
Boone, Israel (brother), xvii, 7
Boone, Israel (son), xviii, xx, 25, 55, 166, 178–81
Boone, James (son), xviii–xx, 23, 40, 55–58, 74, 189, 191, 199
Boone, James (grandson), 252–53, 296n39
Boone, Jemima (daughter): birth, xviii, 25–26
capture and rescue of, xv, xix, 71, 106–12, 177
and Kentucky, 86
marriage, 110
at Moore’s fort, 26
relationship with Boone, 111
relations with Indians, 109–11.
See also Callaway, Jemima
Boone, Jesse Bryan (son), 55, 204, 220–21, 223, 330n22
Boone, Levina (Lavinia) (daughter). See Scholl, Levina (Boone)
Boone, Mary (sister), 21–22
Boone, Moses (nephew), 148, 154, 156, 159, 315n4, 315n15, 316n39
Boone, Nathan (son): birth, xx, 167
Boone stays with in Missouri, 240, 252–53, 259
courtship and marriage, 24, 229
escapes Indians with father on Ohio River, 223
ginseng digging and trading, with Boone, 213–14
house on Femme Osage Creek in Missouri, 239–40
hunting and trapping by, 31, 222, 240
interviews with Lyman Draper, xxii, 6, 22, 42, 52, 58, 131–32, 136, 143–44, 168, 173, 181, 206–10, 234, 238, 247–48, 254–56, 258, 288, 344
land on Little Sandy, 228
in militia, 239
moves to Missouri, 228–29
and reinterment of Boone, 269
robbed of pelts by Indians, 243
salt-boiling at Boone’s Lick, 243, 276
and surveys by Boone, 204–05, 326n20
Boone, Olive Van Bibber (daughter-in-law), 22–23, 181, 229, 243, 268, 344.
See also Boone, Nathan
Boone, Rebecca Bryan (wife): ancestry, 21–22
assists Boone in hunting and trapping, 27, 223
and Boonesborough, 27
child-bearing, 23–24
courtship by Boone, 22–23
goes to and from Kentucky, 27, 55, 142, 162
illiteracy, 40
life on the Kanawha, 227
at Moore’s Fort, 62–63
stories of her illegitimate child, 25–26
Boone, Samuel (brother), 7, 257
Boone, Samuel (nephew), 178
Boone, Sarah (sister), xvii, 4–6
Boone, Sarah Day (sister-in law), 7, 257
Boone, Sarah Morgan (mother), xvii, 4, 8
Boone, Squire (father): death, xviii, 41; deeds land to Boone, 294n22
justice of the peace, 10, 21, 23
marriage, 4
in Pennsylvania, 3–8
and Saucy Jack, 11
tavern-keeper, 10
Boone, Squire (nephew), 178, 182, 257
Boone, Squire, Jr. (brother): and Boone’s surprise, 294n27
buries James Boone and Henry Russell, 57
goes to Florida with Boone, 41–42
hunts with Boone in Kentucky, 46, 49–53, 223
land investments and litigation, 228, 246, 327n42
leads settlers to Kentucky, 85–86, 90
in North Carolina, 43
at siege of Boonesborough, 151–52, 155, 157
settlement attacked by Indians, xx, 174
at Transylvania convention, 79
ups and downs in his career, 228–29
Boone, Susannah (daughter), xvii, 6, 25–26, 62.
See also Hays, Susannah Boone
Boone, William (son), 86
Boone, William Linville (nephew), 269–70
Boonesborough: appearance and condition of, 27, 76–77, 104–105, 140–41, 154, 164, 184, 308n6
attacks on, xix, 90, 104, 112, 118–20, 127–29, 145–61, 175
celebrates Declaration of Independence, 113–14
decline of, 279
food at, 81, 104–05, 126, 140, 164–65
founding of, xix, 76, 275, 347–48
population, 27, 78, 85, 105, 117, 120
siege of, 2, 34, 97–98, 143–61, 217, 316n35, 345
and Transylvania convention, 79–83.
See also Boone, Jemima—capture and rescue of; Transylvania Company
Boone’s Lick, 243–44, 276, 279, 282, 355
Boone’s Station, xx, 166–67, 172, 176, 181, 234
See also Wilderness Road
Bowman, John, 120, 123, 126, 163
Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 264, 333n2
Braddock, Edward, xviii, 16–19
Braddock’s Defeat, xviii, 12–30
Breckenridge, Alexander, 187–88
Breckenridge, John, 201, 331n21, 332n28
Bridges, James, 247–48
British: encourage Indian attacks on American frontier settlements, 94–97, 116–17, 120–23, 127, 170–71
interests in Ohio Valley, 12–13, 102–03, 114, 281, 349–50
number of settlers in North America, 15–16
objectives in Kentucky during Revolutionary War, 94–95, 114, 121
settlement of western Pennsylvania, 13–14, 41, 95.
See also French; French and Indian War; Ohio Valley; Revolutionary War
Brown, Arabia, 194
Brown, John (son of Rev. John Brown): congressman, 186
discussions with Spanish over navigation rights on Mississippi, 332n28
and John Filson, 219
goes to Kentucky, 331n21
and Liberty Hall, 280
and Kentucky statehood, 186
senator from Kentucky, xv
Brown, John Mason (1837–1890), xvi, 270, 298n24, 299n45, 340n34
Brown, John Mason (1900–1969), xvi
Brown, Margaretta, 280, 328n49, 341nn15–18
Brown, Mason (son of John Brown), xvi, 269–70
Bryan, Daniel Boone, 2, 249–50
Bryan, Morgan, 21–22
Bryan, Rebecca. See Boone, Rebecca Bryan
alleged British sympathies, 99, 135–36, 142, 162, 173, 307n29
and Bryan’s Station, 175–76
graveyard in Missouri, 269, 272
marriages with members of Boone family, 21–23
See also Boone, Rebecca Bryan; Bryan, Daniel Boone; Bryan, Morgan
Buffalo: declining numbers of, 31, 36, 38, 222
east of the Mississippi, 31, 36
hard to kill, 33
hides of, 31–32
hunting by Indians, 38, 119, 279
hunting by whites, 30, 36, 54, 81, 127, 175, 297n61
in Kentucky, 19, 36, 40, 43, 49, 51, 62, 85, 105, 140, 166–67
roads (traces) made by, 51, 73, 109, 127, 279.
See also Game, decline of
Bundrin, David, 157–58
Byrd, William, 60
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 260, 264, 339n10. See also Don Juan
Calk, William, 76, 304n28, 348
Callaway, Elizabeth (Betsy), xix, 106–10, 113
Callaway, Flanders: and Baptist church, 257; at Boonesborough, 142, 152, 316n35
marries Jemima Boone, 110
in Missouri, xxii, 1, 112, 229, 246, 248, 258, 337n29
at rescue of Jemima, 107
returns to North Carolina, 161
with salt-boilers, 127
at surveys by Boone, 204
Callaway, Frances (Fanny), xix, 106–10.
See also Holder, John
Callaway, Jemima: and Baptist church in Missouri, 257
at Boonesborough, 111, 119, 142, 144, 152, 156
at Boone’s death, 259
at Boone’s Station, 167
Boone stays at home of in Missouri, xxii, 1, 112, 246, 258
death, xxii; moves to Missouri, 229, 232
persuades Boone to sit for his portrait, 258
returns to North Carolina, 161.
See also Boone, Jemima
Callaway, John Boone, 246
Callaway, Micajah (Cage), 194, 204, 324n42
Callaway, Richard: and blazing of trail into Kentucky, 73–74
commissioned to improve Wilderness Road, 161
and court-martial of Boone, 160
death and scalping, 161, 164, 187
ferry license, 161
relations with Boone, 142, 147, 150, 161, 166
rescue of Jemima Boone and Callaway girls, 107, 110–11
at siege of Boonesborough, 150, 152–53, 155, 177
Campbell, Arthur, 64–65, 90, 146–47, 300n12, 321n37
Caperton, Hugh, 222
Captain Johnny (Shawnee chief), 197–98, 200
Carondelet, François Luis Hector, 227, 331n3, 334n26
Causici, Enrico, 266
Charles (slave of William Russell), 56–57
Cherokees: attack immigrants at Cumberland Gap, 106
attack Kentucky in 1782, 175
attack on Morgan’s Station, xxi, 102
attacks on Yadkin, 24
beaver wars, 37
capture Jemima Boone and Callaway girls, 107, 112
Cherokee Billy’s killing, 58–59
and Henry Hamilton, 117
incited to attack settlers by northern Indians, 106, 124
move west across Mississippi, 242, 277, 326n20
Overhill community, 353
raid northern Indians, 44
scalps taken by whites, 24
at siege of Boonesborough, 148, 153
Sycamore Shoals treaty and land sale, xix, 45, 68–72, 74–75, 78, 82–82, 84, 88
take pelts of white hunters, 28, 52, 295n3
at Wallen’s Creek attack, 56, 58
wars with whites, xviii, 25, 115
white captives, 39.
See also Attakullakulla; Chickamaugas; Dragging Canoe; Hanging Maw; Henderson, Richard; Oconostota; Treaties: Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
Chillicothe, Old (near present Xenia, Ohio): appearance and location, 132, 135–37
base of Chlahgatha clan, 132
Boone at, 133–34, 136–40, 142–43, 244–45
burned by Americans, 163, 171, 182
staging point for attacks on Kentucky, 135, 143, 175.
See also Chlahgatha clan
Chinn, George Morgan, 354–55
Chlahgatha (Chillicothe) clan, 132, 311n26
Christian, William: and Battle of Point Pleasant, 66
on Boone’s parole, 173
death, 187–88
and Fincastle County militia, 63; Kentucky land surveyed for, 60
money owed to Boone, 208–09
and Transylvania purchase, 79
Cincinnati, Ohio, 219–20, 230–31, 341n13
Clark, George Rogers: and armed boat to patrol Ohio River, 163
barbarity as only way to make war on Indians, 190
brings ammunition from Virginia to Kentucky, 115
captures Cahokia, 145–46
captures Vincennes, xx, 145–46, 163, 318n77
clothing, 192
delegate to Virginia Convention, 115
and Detroit, 163
estimates whites killed by Indians in Kentucky, 91
expeditions against Shawnees, xx, 171–72, 182–84, 187, 216, 276
and fort at Falls of the Ohio, 163
and Henry Hamilton, 96, 163, 170, 350–51
literacy and spelling, 7, 290n25
major in Kentucky County militia, 117
opposes Transylvania Company, 88
and release of Cage Callaway from Shawnees, 194
on vulnerability of Kentucky settlements, 105
Coburn, Derry (slave of Daniel Morgan Boone), 240, 242, 247–48, 282
Coburn, Judge John, 246, 250, 266
Cole, Thomas, 264
Cooley, William, 46
Cooper, James Fenimore, 112, 264
Cornplanter (Seneca chief), 200
Cornstalk (Shawnee chief): heads Shawnee division, 104, 138, 140–41, 189, 352
killed by whites, xix, 124–27, 130, 132
leader at Battle of Point Pleasant, 66
seeks peace with whites, 104, 118, 124
and Treaty of Camp Charlotte, 66, 116
Cornwallis, Lord Charles, xx, 91–92, 101, 173–74, 183
Cottawamago. See Blackfish (Shawnee chief)
Craig, Delinda Boone, 181, 257, 336n9
Crawford, William, 174–75, 187
Cresswell, Nicholas, 140, 203, 287, 314n39, 348
Crittenden, John J., 269–71
Crittenden, Thomas L., 269
Crockett, Joseph, 224–25
Croghan, George, 315n42
Cumberland Gap, xvii–xviii, 7, 35, 39, 46, 50, 52, 55, 59, 73, 76, 105–06, 142, 163, 172, 216, 218, 220, 224–25, 267, 274, 277, 347, 356
Cutbirth, Benjamin, 28, 35, 54–55
Dandridge, Alexander Spottswood, 60, 300n19
Daniel Boone at His Cabin at Great Osage Lake (Cole), 264
Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap (Bingham), 267
Dartmouth, Lord, 56, 67, 100, 117, 121
Davis, James, 261
Declaration of Independence, xix, 97, 113–14, 117
Deer: clothing made from deerskin, 22–23, 31, 192, 243
deer’s foot and Indian wedding, 140
dressing of deerskins, 30–31
hunting of, 6, 9–10, 19, 29–30, 33, 36, 37, 40, 85, 125, 175, 223, 240, 252, 255, 264, 319n54
importance of deerskin trade, 20, 30, 42, 47, 57
tanning of hides, 31
transporting deerskins, 21, 31, 220, 369.
See also Game, decline of Deerslayer, The (Cooper), 264
Delassus, Don Charles Dehault, 230, 236, 246
Delawares: courted by British and by Americans during Revolutionary War, 96, 117, 122–23
in French and Indian War, 16–18, 24
hear of coming Shawnee-white war, 60
hunting by, 37
join 1782 attack on Kentucky, 175
land dealings with British and with Pennsylvania, 4–5, 289n6
language and its kinship to Shawnee, 137, 314n28
move to Missouri, 227, 242, 244
objectives in Ohio Valley, 13, 16, 352
reaction to Gnadenhutten massacre, 174
relations with Quakers and others in Pennsylvania, 4–5, 8, 137, 140
and Treaty of Logstown, xvii, 16
at Wallen’s Creek attack, 56
De Peyster, Arent Schuyler, 170–71, 176
Derry. See Coburn, Derry
Detroit, Mich.: attacked in Pontiac’s War, 41; Boone at, 135–36
British delay leaving, after Revolutionary War, 102–03, 281
captured from French by British, 65
center of British encouragement of Indian attacks on American settlers, 95–96, 104–05, 116–17, 120, 121–24, 127, 146, 148, 170–71, 311n25
Clark’s plans to take, 163
and Girty, 142
population of, 95.
See also Hamilton, Henry
Discovery… of Kentucke, The (Filson), xx, 47, 50–53, 93–94, 135–38, 143, 153–55, 159–60, 162, 172, 179, 210, 212, 216–19, 233, 260, 287–88, 345, 356.
See also Filson, John
Don Juan (Byron), 260–63
Dragging Canoe (Cherokee chief): accepts war belt for attack on American settlers, 106
and attack on Boone’s axemen, 74–75
followers move to Chickamauga Creek region, 114
opposes Sycamore Shoals treaty, 71
Draper, Lyman Copeland: appearance, 267–68
manuscript compiler, 268, 343–44
and State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 267, 343–44
Draper’s Meadow killings, xviii, 16, 39, 56, 65, 74, 193.
See also Ingles, Thomas; Patton, James
Dunmore, Lord John: becomes governor of Virginia, 55
denounces Richard Henderson, 71–72
interests in lands in Ohio Valley, 61, 67
letter to Lord Dartmouth, 67
orders Kentucky land sold to highest bidder, 93
on Pennsylvanians’ encroachment on trade with Ohio Valley Indians, 100
requests capture of Cherokees, 58
starts war with Shawnees, 61, 116.
See also Lord Dunmore’s War
Dunn, Jack, 194
Elk, 36, 40, 85, 104–05, 279, 296n48
Emery, Will (Captain Will): adopts William Hancock, 146
at capture of Boone and salt-boilers, 128
Hancock escapes from, 146
takes pelts of Boone and fellow hunters, 47–49, 242
warns against returning to Indians’ hunting ground, 48
Eskippakithiki, xvii, 19, 44, 47
Estill, James, 175
Exeter, Pa., xvii, 4–8, 20, 214
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, xxi, 97, 102–03, 200, 308n37, 352
Falls of the Ohio: British planned attack on settlements near, 171
commercial importance of location, 51–52
fort built near, 163
militia at, 182
routes to, 216
sickness of settlers near, 164–65
surveys near, 20, 60, 89, 105, 353.
See also Clark, George Rogers; Louisville, Ky.
Faragher, John Mack, 210, 235, 287, 328n45, 346, 355–56
Fayette County, Ky.: Boone as deputy surveyor, 204, 208, 327n32
Boone as militia officer, xx, 169, 230, 171, 182
Boone represents in Virginia Assembly, 173
court issues warrant for Boone’s arrest, 228
militia at Battle of Blue Licks, 176, 178
militia in Clark’s expedition, 182–84
Femme Osage, Mo.: American settlers at, 278
Boone as syndic and commandant, xxi, 230, 236, 238–39
Boones settle at, 230
Daniel Morgan Boone explores, 227–28
land grants at, xxi, 228, 246, 250
Nathan Boone’s house at, 239–40
Shawnees visit, 245; and trade with western Indians, 230, 232.
See also Boone, Daniel Morgan; Boone, Nathan
Filson, John: career, xx, 44, 217, 219, 329n10
debt to John Brown, 219
disappearance, 219–20
land speculation by, 217–18, 329n5
names site of Cincinnati “Losantiville,” 219
on navigation of the Mississippi while Spain has New Orleans, 233
writing style, 50–51, 53, 133, 150, 183–84, 218, 329n8. See also Discovery… of Kentucke, The (Filson)
Fincastle County, Va.: created, xviii, 59
Kentucky County carved out from, 89
and surveyors entering Kentucky, xix, 59–63, 70, 72, 79, 203, 353.
See also Floyd, John; Preston, William
Findley, John: disappears, 49
goes with Boone to Kentucky, xviii, 46–47, 73
leaves Kentucky after Indians take pelts, 48–49
Miamis attack trading party of, 315n42
tells Boone of Kentucky, 19–20, 39, 43–44
trading post with Indians, xvii, 47
with Braddock’s army, xviii, 19.
See also Eskippakithiki
Fischer, David Hackett, 346–47
Fleming, William: at Battle of Point Pleasant, 66
on Harrodsburg’s filth, 105
and ivory-billed woodpecker, 299n53
journals, 348
as land commissioner, 208, 318n73, 353
letter to Shawnee chiefs and warriors, 141
medical training of, 66
and sickness in Kentucky, 164–66
Flinn, Chloe, 196–97
Flint, Timothy, 243, 256, 265–66, 279–80, 296n43, 331n13, 355. See also Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone (Flint)
Florida: access to sea transport, 298n13
Boone’s trip to, xiv, xviii, 42–43, 256, 274
ceded by Spain to Britain, 41
deer trade in, 37
proclamation offering land to Protestant settlers in West Florida, 41, 232
Spanish governor of West Florida warns about Boone, 236
Squire Boone lives in, 229
Floyd, John: appearance, 59
background, 59
Boone land records kept by, 210
captured by and escapes from British, 116
and Clark’s expedition against Shawnees, 182
grateful for Boone’s warning trip, 63
and Hard Winter, 166
land investments, 201, 203, 208
leads party attacked by Indians, 174
letters to Preston, 63, 89, 93, 101, 112–13, 164, 166, 172, 174, 301n39, 309n32, 310n46, 318n82
literacy and spelling, 210
in Lord Dunmore’s War, 66
premonition of death, 113, 187
as privateer, 116
rescue of Jemima Boone and Callaway girls, xv, xix, 107, 109–10, 201
return to Kentucky, 116
at St. Asaph’s (Logan’s Station), 78, 83
scarlet coat, 187–88
as surveyor, xix, 59–61, 188, 203, 300n19, 353
and Transylvania Company, 78–79, 115–16
tutors Preston’s children, 59.
See also Fincastle County, Va.; Preston, William
Foley, William E., 354–55
Fort Boone. See Boonesborough
Fort Duquesne, xvii, xviii, 15–18, 24–25, 41, 46.
See also Braddock’s Defeat; Fort Pitt; Pittsburgh, Pa.
Fort Henry, 123
Fort Leavenworth, 138, 248, 335n43
Fort Le Boeuf, 14
Fort Pitt: attacked during Pontiac’s War, 41; building of, 18, 25
commander at, 123
during Revolutionary War, 142
and germ warfare against Indians, 191
meeting to seek neutrality of Indian tribes, 124–25
razing, 95.
See also Pittsburgh, Pa.
Fort Stanwix, Treaty of. See under Treaties.
Fox, George, 5
Frankfort, Ky., xvi, xxii, 52, 60, 106, 269, 280, 328n49, 341nn15, 16
Franklin, Benjamin, 17, 54, 68, 116
French: encourage attack on Miamis at Pickawillany, 14
encourage Indian attacks on British settlers during French and Indian War, 16, 24, 90, 192, 350
and Ohio Valley, 13, 19, 293n42
population of, in North America, 16.
See also French and Indian War; Ohio Valley
French and Indian War: and award of land warrants, 60, 70, 78, 92–93
captives taken by Indians during, 116, 192–93, 324n35
causes of, 12–17
Indian raids on frontier settlements during, 18, 90.
See also Braddock’s Defeat; French; Treaties: Treaty of Paris (1763)
Friends, Society of. See Quakers
Frontier, in America: change in culture and economy, 277–81
movement of American center of population and of settlement line, 275–76
Turner and, 277.
See also Manifest Destiny; Turner, Frederick Jackson
Fur trade: British try to control, in Northwest Territory, 102–03, 281
British vs. French efforts to control, 13–14, 19, 293n42
British vs. Spanish efforts to control, 226
commercial importance, 30
Virginian vs. Pennsylvanian efforts to control, 12, 100, 116, 281.
See also Bear; Beaver; Boone, Daniel—hunting and trapping by; Buffalo; Deer; Elk; Game, decline of; Hunting; Long hunters; Missouri River; Ohio Valley; Osages; Otter; Shawnees; St. Louis, Mo.
Game, decline of: causes, 28, 35–38, 40, 44, 54, 85, 105, 186, 200, 231, 258, 277–78, 347
and Transylvania Company, 80–81
See also Boone, Daniel—hunting and trapping by; Hunting; and names of game animals
Gass, David, 57
Germain, George, Lord, 121–22
Ginseng, 213–15, 328n55, 353. See also under Boone, Daniel
Girty, Simon: and Battle of Blue Licks; and Bryan’s Station attack, 175–76
captured by Indians, 142
conflicting loyalties of, 99, 142
and Crawford’s torture and death, 175
at Dunlap’s Station attack, 190
Indian languages spoken by, 142, 192
leads attack on Squire Boone’s settlement, 174
leaves Americans and joins British, 95, 142
Gist, Christopher, 14
Goe, Philip, 247
Goe, Rebecca Boone, 247
Goodman, Daniel, 119
Grant, John, 231
Greathouse, Jacob (or Daniel), 58–59, 188–89, 300n14
Greenough, Horatio, 266
Grenier, John, 323n19, 323n32, 352 Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 2, 49
Gwynedd, Pa., 4
Hagerstown, Md., xx, 214, 220–21, 223
Haldimand, Frederick, 96
Half King, the (Wyandot chief), 123
Hamilton, Henry: background and culture of, 96
captive of the French, 116
captured by George Rogers Clark, xx, 163, 318n77, 350–51
commandant at Detroit, xx, 95, 116
encourages Indian attacks on American frontier settlers, 95–96, 120–23, 146, 148, 350
letters to Boonesborough, 149
meets Boone in Detroit, 135–36, 173
and payments to Indians for American scalps, 96
proclamation offering land to Americans, 121–23
treatment of as an American captive, 170
Hammon, Neal O., 72, 154, 180, 204–07, 285–86, 288, 303n18, 304n34, 318n74, 319n94, 319n97, 321n37, 321n39, 326n15, 326n21, 326n27, 327n41, 327n43, 328nn44–45, 344, 349, 353
Hancock, William, 138, 146–47, 149, 194.
See also Salt-boiler captives
Hand, Edward, 123–24, 126, 191
Hanging Maw (Cherokee), 71, 75, 107, 109, 111, 152
“Hard Winter” (1779–80), 33, 166–67
Harding, Chester, 1, 258–59, 338n35
Harmar, Josiah, xxi, 102, 193–94, 198, 200
Harrison, Benjamin, 181–83
Harrod, James, xix, 55, 78, 83, 117–18, 216, 300n3, 349
Harrodsburg, Ky.: evacuation, 78
food, 114, 165; Indian attacks on, 61, 98, 118, 120, 137
resettlement, 78
sends men to help Boonesborough, 146
sends men to help Bryan’s Station, 176
and Transylvania Company, 78–79, 83, 88–89, 92, 99, 115
unsanitary conditions at, 104, 165
Hart, Nathaniel: entrusts funds to Boone, 168
estimation of Boone, 168–69
killed by Indians, 175
Hart, Nathaniel, Jr., 211
Hays, Daniel Boone, 239
Hays, Susannah Boone: at Boonesborough, 105; at Boone’s Station, 167, 330n22
at Moore’s Fort, 62
moves back to North Carolina, 142.
See also Boone, Susannah; Hays, William
Hays, William: at Boonesborough, 105
character of, 239
killed by son-in-law, 239
leaves Boonesborough, 142, 161
at Marble Creek, 167
marries Susannah, 26
moves to Missouri with Boone, 229
teaches Boone, 7, 204, 210, 239
Hays, William, Jr. (grandson of Boone), 240, 242, 248, 335n42
Hempstead, Stephen, 294n27, 335n42
Henderson, Richard: background, 69, 118
and Boonesborough’s founding, 75–83, 302n1
moves back to North Carolina, 86
praises Boone, 76
speech by, 79–80
and Transylvania Company, 68–90.
See also Transylvania Company; Treaties: Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
Henderson, Samuel, 106–07, 109–10, 113
Hendricks, George, 216
Henry, Patrick: Boone requests more troops from, 212
brother-in-law of William Christian, 60, 188
land in Kentucky surveyed for, 61
recommends offensive against Indians, 123
and Transylvania Company, 79, 84–84, 86, 89
Hinkston’s Station, 112
Hite, Isaac, 88
Holder, John: ambushed by Indians, 175, 177; marries Frances Callaway, 110
and rescue of Jemima Boone and Callaway girls, 107
at siege of Boonesborough, 156, 158
Holder, Joseph, 46
Holsteiner, George Michael. See Stoner, Michael
Houston, Peter, 8, 22, 254, 288, 293n83, 296n37, 337n10, 344
Hunting. See Game, decline of; and names of game animals
Hurons. See Wyandots
Imlay, Fanny, 264
Imlay, Gilbert, 208–10, 217, 264, 327n35
Indian-white relations: adoption of white captives by Indians, 134–34, 192–93
assimilation of adopted white captives, 192–95, 324n33, 351
fight for control of land, 13, 15–19, 24–25, 61, 74–75, 93–94, 200, 351–52
increase in mutual demonization, 192, 198–99, 323n32, 351
Indian adoption of white clothing, food, tools, etc., 191, 323n27, 351
Indian killings of settlers in Kentucky, 64, 98, 118, 170, 172, 179, 181, 185–90
Indian scalping of whites, 17–18, 64, 74, 98, 104, 107, 116, 118, 119, 125, 161, 170, 174, 179, 181, 188
indiscriminate hatred, 192
learning the other’s languages, 195
marriage and sexual relations between, 139–40, 193–95, 314nn39–40
and relocation across the Mississippi, 257, 277
warfare and crop destruction, 92, 98–99, 102, 120, 126, 163, 175, 182–83, 352
white adoption of Indian clothing, food, tools, etc., 22, 118, 192
white bounties for Indian scalps or hands, 24, 90, 96
white germ warfare against Indians, 190–91, 323n23
white scalping of Indians, 24–25, 58, 64, 66, 147–49, 172, 176, 190.
See also Boone, Daniel—conflicting loyalties; Boone, Daniel—relations with Indians; Boone, Nathan; Girty, Simon; Jackson, Joseph; Revolutionary War; Salt-boiler captives; and names of Indians and of Indian tribes
Ingles, Thomas, 193
Innes, Harry, 207–08, 331n21, 332n28
Iroquois: beaver wars, 37
cede claims to lands between Ohio and Tennessee rivers, xviii, 44–45, 54, 68, 88
concern over British and French encroachment, 15
defeat Shawnees and other tribes, 13, 15, 37
lose leverage when Americans win Revolutionary War, 353
and naming of Kentucky, 44, 298n24
support British in Revolutionary War, 120–21
trade with British rather than French, 14, 350
and Treaty of Logstown, xvii, 16.
See also Mingos; Treaties: Treaty of Logstown, Treaty of Fort Stanwix
Jackson, Joseph: adopted by Shawnees, 194
captured by Shawnees, 130
conflicting loyalties, 194–95
kills self, 195
may have fought with Indians against whites, 194–95
meets Boone in Missouri, 195, 245
sees scalp of Richard Callaway, 161
Jefferson, Thomas: on Americans settling in Upper Louisiana, 234
on British encouragement of Indian attacks on the frontier, 97, 307n24
and chaining of Hamilton, 170
flees from Tarleton’s rangers, 183
on importance of control of Mississippi River navigation, 234, 332n28
and Louisiana Purchase, 355
on Louisiana Territory as place for resettling eastern Indians, 235
on Osages, 241
on slavery and Missouri Compromise, 258
and Transylvania Company, 87–88.
See also Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson County, Ky.: formed, xx, 169
Indian killings or captures of whites in, 184
Johnson, Andrew (Pequolly), 137, 143–44, 147, 194
Johnson, Guy, 120
Johnson, Sir William, 56, 59, 120
Jones, Dr. John, 260
Jones, John Gabriel, 125
Judgment Tree, 238
Kaskaskia, Ill., 95, 114, 145–46
Kenton, Simon: appearance of, 118
arrives in Kentucky, 118
assumes name of Simon Butler, 118–19
biography, 349
on Boone and salt-boilers, 161
as British prisoner, 159
finds Greathouse’s body, 189
loss of land, 247
Paint Creek raid, 147
saves Boone’s life, xix, 118–20
and Shitting Spring, 279
visits Boone in Missouri, 247, 335n41
at Washington, Ky., 278–79
Kentucky: cane, 31–32, 40, 48, 50, 106, 175
changing economy of, 184, 277–81, 354
changing leadership of after Revolutionary War, 231–32, 331n21
churchgoing in, 255–56, 337n21
conflicting land claims in, 92–93, 100–01, 210–11
counties, 169
as county of Virginia, 89, 115–16, 169; “forting up” to defend against Indian attack, 104–05
immigration of settlers into, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx, 90, 163, 172
land speculation and investment in, 46, 84, 201, 210, 217, 220, 353
name of, 44, 114, 298n24; “settling out” as Indian threat recedes, 184
soil, 73; “Spanish conspiracy,” 233, 355
tension between different groups during Revolutionary War, 92–93, 100–101, 302n4.
See also Bluegrass; and names of specific sites in Kentucky
Kentucky Gazette, 185, 219, 225, 354
Kentucky River, 62, 72, 75–76, 106–07, 166
Kincheloe’s Station, 184
Knox, James, 224–25
Land laws of Virginia: and commission to resolve conflicting land claims in Kentucky, 162, 210, 318n73
land grants under, 162, 318nn73–74
and pre-emption claims, 92
and settlement claims, 100; 1779 law, 162, 317n72
La Salle, René-Robert, Sieur de, 13
Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 112, 264.
See also Boone, Jemima Le Maigauis (Ottawa), 37
Lexington, Ky., 279–80
Licks, 30, 43–44, 49, 51, 54, 76, 81, 164, 203, 252, 255
Life of Daniel Boone… (Peck), xxii, 134, 195, 244, 248, 253, 255, 257, 267, 283, 345
Limestone, Ky.: Boone goes to, 211
Boone leaves, 214
Boone’s ventures in, 211–14
entry point into Kentucky, 211–12
and exchange of white and Indian captives, 196–98
Lincoln, Abraham (grandfather of president), 163
Lincoln County, Ky., xx, 169, 171, 176, 226
Little Carpenter. See Attakullakulla Little Miami River, 132, 144, 163, 182
Little Turtle (Miami chief), xxi, 102, 193
Logan (Mingo chief): character of, 63, 301n41
family killed at Yellow Creek, 58–59
raids on whites led by, 63–64, 66
Logan, Benjamin: appoints Boone to arrange Indian-white captive exchange, 196
before and after Battle of Blue Licks, 176–79, 181–83
biography, 349
burns Lorimier’s trading post, 182–83
captain of Kentucky County militia, 117
and Henry Hamilton’s proclamation, 123
leads 1786 expedition against Shawnees, xx, 189
presides over captive exchange, 197–98
Logan’s Station, 78, 117, 120, 123, 145–46, 159–60, 367
London (slave), 157
Long hunters, 28–36, 38, 50–51, 347.
See also Boone, Daniel—hunting and trapping by; Game, decline of; Mansker, Caspar
Long Island, Holston River, 73, 315n14
Lord Dunmore’s War, 61–67.
See also Dunmore, Lord John; Point Pleasant, Battle of; Treaties: Treaty of Camp Charlotte
Lorimier, Louis: Americans burn his trading post in Ohio, 182–83
appearance, 105–06
at capture of salt-boilers, 127–28, 131–32, 135
goes to Detroit, 105
leads Shawnees and Delawares to Spanish land grant in Missouri, 244
as Spanish civil servant, 244, 334n26
Louisiana: American settlers in Upper Louisiana, xxi, 227, 230, 234–36
Board of Commissioners to resolve land claims in, 246
British threat to, 226
ceded by France to Spain (1763), xviii, 41
ceded back to France by Spain (1801), xxi, 235
land grants by Delassus, 246
territory of Louisiana, 239.
See also Boone, Daniel—and Missouri; Louisiana Purchase; Missouri; Population growth: in Missouri; St. Louis; Treaties: Treaty of San Ildefonso
Louisiana Purchase: American administration of Louisiana Territory following, 236, 239
and American navigation rights on Mississippi, 233–34
doubles size of United States, 235, 276
made more likely by American immigration into Louisiana Territory, 276, 281
provides space for relocating eastern Indians, 235, 278.
See also Louisiana
Louisville, Ky.: appearance of, 229
health conditions at, 166
Indian attacks near, 171, 174, 185, 188
land claims near, 20, 60, 89, 105, 202–03, 353
name, 91
prisoner exchange at, 194
settlement of, 172.
See also Clark, George Rogers; Falls of the Ohio; Floyd, John; Jefferson County, Ky.
See also Walker, Thomas
Lulbegrud Creek, 49
McClelland’s Station, 126
McClure, Rev. David, 140, 292n40, 301n41, 313n4, 324n33, 352
McGary, Hugh: at Battle of Blue Licks, 176–79, 321n37
death, 278
goes to Kentucky, 54
hatred of Indians, 192
hunts with Boone, 54
kills Indian outside Harrodsburg, 118
signs petition against Transylvania Company, 88
stepson killed by Indians, 118, 176
tomahawks Moluntha and Nohelema, xx, 189–91
McKee, Alexander, 59, 142, 175–76
Manifest Destiny, 266–67, 339n20.
See also Frontier, in America Mansker, Caspar, 28, 51, 317n3
Maquachake clan, 94.
See also Cornstalk (Shawnee chief); Shawnees: clans Martin, Josiah, 70–71
Martin’s Station, 171
May, John: killed by Indians, 187–88
land investments by, 172, 188, 206
Maysville named after, 188
moves to Kentucky, 172
notes Kentucky land value will depend on Mississippi navigation rights, 233
Maysville, Ky. See Limestone, Ky.
Mendinhall, John, 56–57
Mendinhall, Richard, 56–57
Methodists, 225, 270–71, 337n21
Miami River (or Great Miami River), 93, 144, 182, 186, 190, 196
Miamis: attack John Findley’s trading party, 315n42
at Battle of Fallen Timbers, xxi; and Beaubien, 135
British encourage their attacks on American settlers, 94, 121
capture John Slover, 193
capture William Wells, 193
and Ohio Valley, 13
at Pickawillany, 14
receive an American scalp from Hamilton, 96
at St. Clair’s defeat, xxi, 102
Millet, Jean-François, 111
Mingos: attacks on settlers, 61, 63–64, 66, 106; and Blackfish’s attack on Kentucky settlements, 136, 143
as Iroquois dependents, 45, 298n28
offer to help Braddock, 17
and Ohio Valley, 13
Yellow Creek killings of, 58–59.
See also Iroquois; Logan (Mingo chief)
Mississippi River: difficulty of going upstream on, 232
importance of navigation rights on, 232–34
and Jay’s proposed treaty with Spain, 233
relocation of eastern Indian tribes across, 227, 242, 277–78
as route for taking of New Orleans, 226
Spanish barring American navigation on, 233–34
and “Spanish conspiracy,” 233, 332n28.
See also Jay, John; Louisiana; Louisiana Purchase; Missouri; Spanish
Missouri: America takes over administration of, 235–36
American settlers in, 234–37, 243–44
Boone’s family move to, 225–29
control sought by various countries, 226–27, 237
game in, 258
lead mines in, 235
removal of Indians from, 257–58
revivalism in, 256–57
slavery in, 258, 271, 282, 330n1
Spanish administration of, 226–28, 234, 333n35
statehood, 258.
See also Boone, Daniel—Missouri; Louisiana; Population growth
Missouri River, 14, 25, 226, 249, 260, 335n42
Mohawks. See Iroquois Moluntha (Shawnee chief): and Boone, during Boone’s captivity, 138
son killed, 149
succeeded by Captain Johnny, 197
with Boone at Boonesborough, 149, 151
Mononghahela, Battle on the. See Braddock’s Defeat
Mooney, James, 46
Morgan, Robert, 288, 328n57, 338n35, 346
Morgan, Sarah. See Boone, Sarah Morgan Morgan’s Station, xxi, 102, 308n40
Morris, Robert, 213–14 Mountain Muse, The (Bryan), 2, 249–50, 335n47
Neeley, Alexander, 49–50
New Madrid earthquakes, 256, 337n21
New Orleans, 30, 35, 41, 226, 232–34, 236, 281.
See also Louisiana Nohelema, 190, 197
North Carolina. See Boone, Daniel: and Yadkin Valley; Henderson, Richard; Mocksville, N.C.; Salisbury, N.C.; Transylvania Company; Yadkin (river and valley)
Oconostota (Cherokee chief), 191
Ohio Company, 13–15, 54, 100, 313n9
Ohio Valley: British move troops from, 67; conflicting interests in, 5, 12–19, 92–95, 102–03, 281
importance as trade route, 100, 232
Indian efforts to keep control of, 15–16, 41, 46, 97, 102, 123, 174–83
as middle ground between whites and Indians, 349–51.
See also British; French; French and Indian War; Indian-white relations; Mingos; Pontiac’s War; Revolutionary War; Shawnees
See also Exeter, Pa.
O’Malley, Nancy, 349
divisions among, 244
and fur trade, 240–42
incursions by other tribes into their lands, 242, 244
land cessions to United States, 244, 258, 277–78
power, population, and territory of, 240–42, 278, 334n14, 355
relocated out of Missouri, 244, 257–58, 278
take furs from Nathan Boone, 243
use of white weapons, 191
views of Big Chief, 245
warfare as central to way of life, 241–42.
See also Indian-white relations; Missouri
Ottawas: attack on Kentucky, 175
attack on Pickawillany, 14;; incite Cherokees to attack Americans, 106
and Pontiac, 41.
See also Le Maigauis; Pontiac; Pontiac’s War
Otter, 10, 30, 33–34, 49, 220, 243
Paint Creek raid, 147–49, 160 Pathfinder, The (Cooper), 264
Patton, James: grant of large tract of western lands to, 16, 292n22
killed by Indians, xviii, 16, 56, 74, 187
at Logstown treaty, 16, 292n24
and William Preston, 65
Patton, William, 159
Peck, John Mason. See Life of Daniel Boone… (Peck)
Penn, William, 3–5, 289n6, 289n13, 290n15.
See also Pennsylvania; Quakers Pennsylvania: evacuations of western settlements during French and Indian War, 24–25
relations with Indians in, 4–5, 24–25, 41, 63, 350
relinquishes claims to trans Allegheny lands, 25, 41
tensions with Virginia, 12, 14, 92, 100, 116, 281.
See also Boone, Daniel: in Pennsylvania; French and Indian War; Gnadenhutten; Penn, William; Pontiac’s War; Quakers; Treaties: Treaty of Easton
Pensacola, Fla., 41–43, 319n57
Philadelphia, Pa., 3–4, 9, 21, 86, 214, 216, 221, 295n2
Philips, Indian, 248
Pickawillany, 14.
See also Miamis
Pittsburgh, Pa., xvii, 14, 30, 52, 58, 117, 140, 187, 211, 214, 216.
See also Fort Pitt
Point Pleasant (now in W.Va.), xix, xx, 124, 188, 214–15, 220–22
Point Pleasant, Battle of, xix, 66, 68, 97, 101, 116, 118, 127, 176.
See also Lord Dunmore’s War
Pompey (black Shawnee translator), 128, 130–32, 149, 152, 158, 317n57
Pontiac, 41
Pontiac’s War, 41, 94, 156, 192, 323n32, 350
Population decline of Indians: east of the Mississippi, 299–300
generally and in Ohio Valley, 15, 291n16
in Kentucky, 277
in Missouri, 257–58
Population growth: in British colonies and in United States, 275–76, 341n5
in Kentucky, xiv, 90, 184, 231, 257, 276, 331n18
in Missouri, 226, 257, 276, 330n1
Potawatomis, 14, 117, 121, 193
Powell’s Valley, 52, 55, 73, 85–86, 189, 219, 329n10 Prairie, The (Cooper), 264
Preston, William: background, 65, 202; commissions Boone as militia captain, xv, 64–65, 136
and Cornstalk’s killing, 125–26
death, 200
and Dunmore’s proclamation on land sales to highest bidder, 93
and Lord Dunmore’s War, 61–65
education, 65
expedition into Kentucky after Draper’s Meadow killings, 16–17
and Fincastle County surveyors, 59–60, 78
and JohnFloyd, 59–60, 78–79, 89, 93, 101, 112–13, 164, 166, 172, 187, 203
land investments by, 60, 79, 201–03, 208
letter to Shawnee chiefs and warriors, 141
opposes Transylvania Company, 70
and parole of Boone from British custody, 173
and James Patton, 16
sheriff and colonel of militia, 59, 64, 74–75
Prock, Matthias, 156
Proclamation of 1763: difficulty in enforcing, 44, 46, 67, 95
reasons for, 41
trans-Appalachian land grants to officers, 93
and Transylvania Company, 68, 70–71, 87, 89
and Treaty of Easton, 41
Washington’s views of, 60
Prophet, the (Shawnee), 37, 132–44, 191, 313n18
Quakers: ethical principles, 138, 290n30
on marriages with non-Quakers, xvii, 5–7
refuse to pay tithes or take oaths, 3
relations with Indians, 4–5, 8, 199
resign from Pennsylvania legislature in French and Indian War, 24.
See also Boone, Daniel: and Quakerism; Penn, William
Quindre, Antoine Dagneaux de, 316n15
Raven, the (Cherokee chief), 72
Ray, William, 118
Regulators, 69
Reid, Nathan, 107–09, 201, 308n4
Revolutionary War: artillery’s role in Kentucky, 97–98, 170–71
British support of Indian attacks on American frontier settlements, 94–97, 102–04
destruction of crops, 98–99
in Kentucky (overview), 91–103
objectives of Americans, 92–93, 103
objectives of British, 94–95, 103
objectives of Indians, 93–94, 103
size of engagements in Kentucky, 97–98
surrender of Cornwallis, 92, 101; tensions between Whigs and Tories, 92, 99
tensions among other groups of settlers in Kentucky, 92–93, 99–100.
See also British; Clark, George Rogers; Hamilton, Henry
Richmond, Va., 168, 173, 206, 208, 221
Rifles, flintlock (Kentucky or Pennsylvania), xvi, 10, 27, 29, 37–38, 48, 52, 97–98, 110, 128, 191, 264, 295nn4–5.
See also Boone, Daniel—hunting and trapping by
Rogers, Joseph, 115
Ruddle’s Station, 171
Russell, William: attempt with Boone to settle Kentucky, 55–57
and Castle’s Wood, 55
engages Boone and Stoner to warn Fincastle County surveyors, 61–62
orders Boone to undertake defense of settlements on the Clinch, 63
and Wallen’s Creek attack, 56–58.
See also Castle’s Wood
Salt-boiler captives: adoption by Shawnees, 133–35, 142
capture by Shawnees, xix, 91, 127–29, 140–41, 144
differing attitudes toward Indians, 138, 193–96
escapes by, 137, 139, 143–44, 146
sale of some to British, 134–35, 142
taken to Old Chillicothe, 130–32
vote on whether to kill, 130.
See also Boone, Daniel: and salt-boilers; Boone, Daniel—relations with Indians; Hancock, William; Indian-white relations; Jackson, Joseph; Johnson, Andrew; Salt-boiling; and names of other salt-boilers
Salt licks. See Licks Sam (slave of William Twitty), 74
Sassanoon (Delaware chief) (alt.: Sassoonan), 4
Saucy Jack (Catawba), 10–11, 309n18
Sauks, 242
Scholl, Levina Boone (daughter), 247
Scioto River, 66, 136, 143–44, 147, 297n1, 323n27
Seminoles, 42
Seven Years’ War, xvii, xviii, 12, 41, 156, 298n11, 323n32, 350.
See also French and Indian War
Shane, John Dabney, 317n49, 344
Shawnees: adoption ceremony, 132–35
attack on Morgan’s Station, xxi, 102, 308n40
attacks on Boonesborough, 118–20, 145–61
attacks on Harrodsburg, 61, 98, 118
attacks on whites in French and Indian War, 16–17, 24–25
at Battle of Point Pleasant, 66
capture of Boone, 127–29
capture of Jemima Boone and Callaway girls, 106–11
defeat by Iroquois, 45
dislike of Virginians, 116
ear-slitting, 131–32
ethics, 138–39
friends of Boone, 137–38, 195–96
gauntlet, 131
kill Ned Boone, 172
kill two whites near Harrodsburg, 61
move north after Clark’s 1782 expedition, 183
move to Missouri, 163, 244–45, 278, 352
prisoner exchanges with whites, 196–98
raid settlers near Castle’s Wood, 62
and siege of Boonesborough, 148–59
as spearhead of Indian resistance to white expansion into Ohio Valley, 46
torture and killing of captives, 132–33, 313n10
and Treaty of Camp Charlotte, 66–67
and Treaty of Fort Finney, 190
and Treaty of Greenville, 103, 353
at Wallen’s Creek attack, 56
white expeditions against, 66, 182–83, 196.
See also Boone, Daniel: adoption by Shawnees; Boone, Daniel—relations with Indians; Indian-white relations; Lord Dunmore’s War; Treaties: Treaty of Camp Charlotte, Treaty of Greenville; and names of individual Shawnees
Shelby, Isaac, 204, 224, 232, 330n30
Sheltowee (Big Turtle; Boone’s Shawnee adoptive name), 134–5, 149
Shingas (Delaware chief), 16–17, 219n28
Six Nations. See Iroquois
Slaughter (gambler who traveled with Boone to Florida), 42
Slaughter, Thomas, 79
Slaves and slavery: division of Methodist church over, 271
forbidden in Northwest Territory, 282
in Kentucky, 117, 271, 279, 282
slaves killed by Indians, 57, 74, 118, 157
slaves as percentage of population, 117, 279, 283, 330n1
slaves owned by Boone and his family, 213, 221, 229, 240, 248, 259, 272, 282, 328n54.
See also Boone, Daniel: slaves owned or sold; and names of slaves
Slotkin, Richard, 329n8, 338n2, 339n17, 356
Slover, John, 193
Smith, Daniel, 64–65
Smith, William Bailey, 145, 150–52
Soelle, George, 26–27
Spanish: concern over threat posed by Americans, 227
concern over threat posed by British, 226–27
control navigation on the Mississippi, 233–34
encourage American settlement in Louisiana, xxi, 227–28, 230, 235
encourage settlement by eastern Indians, 227, 244, 306n12
land grants in Missouri, xxi, 227–28, 232, 244, 246
objectives in Louisiana, 226–27
and “Spanish conspiracy,” 233, 281, 332n28.
See also American national identity, during Boone’s life; Louisiana; Mississippi River; Missouri; Wilkinson, James
St. Asaph’s. See Logan’s Station St. Charles, Mo., 230, 236, 238–39, 243, 245, 331n13, 333n2, 335, 355
St. Clair, Arthur, xxi, 102, 194, 198, 200, 220, St. Louis, Mo.: appearance, 229, 355
Boone’s entrance into, 229–30
Boone’s sale of furs at, 246, 248
Clark’s arrival in, 192
founding, 229
and fur trade, 229
as Spanish headquarters, 229–30, 236.
See also Stoddard, Amos
Stewart, John, 42, 43, 46–50, 298n14
Stoddard, Amos, 235–36
Stoner, Michael (George Michael Holsteiner): goes with Boone to Kentucky to warn Fincastle surveyors, xix, 61–63
as long hunter, 28
nearly gored by a buffalo, 62
visits Boone in Missouri, 247–48
with Boone’s group on first attempt to settle Kentucky, 55
wounded at Boonesborough, 119
Sugaring, 252
Surveying: importance of, 202–08
Indians’ feelings against surveyors, 59, 62, 187
in Ohio Valley after Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 54
profitability of, 203
techniques, 204–06.
See also Boone, Daniel: as surveyor; Fincastle County, Va.; Floyd, John: as surveyor; Preston, William: as surveyor
Swift, Jonathan. See Gulliver’s Travels Swigert, Jacob, 269–70
Sycamore Shoals, treaty of. See Treaties: Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
Tahgajute. See Logan (Mingo chief) Tanacharison (Iroquois chief), 15, 291n15
Tanner, John, 193
Taylor, Richard, 355
Tecumseh (Shawnee chief), 132, 191
Tenskwatawa. See Prophet, the (Shawnee chief)
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 268, 287–88, 310, 333, 340n25, 344, 346, 348
Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America, A (Imlay). See Imlay, Gilbert
Tories, 83, 92, 99, 101, 142, 147, 160, 162, 171, 173,
Trabue, Daniel: blockhouse description, 145
and buffalo killing, 33
and conditions at Boonesborough, 140
and court-martial of Boone, 160
and Hard Winter, 166
siege of Boonesborough, 155
Transylvania, 72.
See also Transylvania Company
Transylvania Company: compact of, 81–82
convention at Boonesborough, 78–83
land awards from Virginia and Tennessee to, 89–90
land claims attacked and rejected, 70–71, 86–89, 115
legislation, 80–81
livery of seisin to, 81–82
memorial to Continental Congress, 86–87
organization of, 69
promises acreage to Boone, 87, 90
promotes land sales, 69–70, 84–85
purchases land rights from Cherokees, xix, 69–72.
See also Henderson, Richard; Treaties: Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
Treaties: Treaty of Camp Charlotte, xix, 66–67, 94
Treaty of Easton, xviii, 25, 41, 294n21
Treaty of Fort Finney, 190
Treaty of Fort Stanwix, xviii, 44–46, 54, 67–68, 88, 298n28, 353
Treaty of Greenville, xxi, 103, 193, 353
Treaty of Logstown, xvii, 16, 292n24
Treaty of Paris (1763), xvii, 41, 226, 298n9, 350
Treaty of Paris (1783), 213
Treaty of San Ildefonso, xxi, 246
Treaty of San Lorenzo, 233
Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, xix, 69, 71–73, 224
Trigg, Stephen, 176, 178–79, 182, 188
Trudeau, Zenon, xxi, 227–28, 230, 246
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 276–77
Twitty, William, xix, 73–74, 97
Twitty’s Fort, 74
Upper Louisiana. See Louisiana; Missouri
Uskwaliguta. See Hanging Maw
Van Bibber, Isaac, 229
Van Bibber, John, 214
Van Bibber, Matthias (Tice), 243
Van Bibber, Olive. See Boone, Olive Van Bibber Van Bibber family, 215, 221, 330n22
See also Ohio Company
Vincennes, xx, 114, 145–46, 163, 170, 351
Virginia (government/state): charter of, 12, 68
creates Fincastle County, xviii, 59
creates Kentucky County, 89, 93, 115–16
and evacuation of western settlements in French and Indian War, 24
land claims, 13, 16, 46, 67, 93, 202
tensions with Pennsylvania, 12, 92, 100, 281
Virginia Convention, 83–84, 87–88, 115.
See also Dunmore, Lord John; Fincastle County, Va.; Land laws of Virginia; Patton, James; Transylvania Company; and names of Virginians and locations in Virginia
Wabash (Indian tribe), xxi, 102
Walker, Dr. Thomas, xvii, 39–40, 347
Walker, Felix, 73–77, 81, 83, 148, 347
“Walking Purchase,” 5
War of 1812, 193, 248–49, 260, 281, 352
Warrior’s Path, 46–47, 49, 109, 118, 147
Washington, George: and Braddock’s Defeat, 14–15, 17, 19
at French forts in Ohio Valley, 14–15
on Indian onslaught in 1756, 25
Kentucky towns named after, 91
and land claims in the west, 13, 60, 70, 92–93, 100, 201, 300n19
on land investment policy, 202
and Proclamation of 1763, 60
as surveyor, 202–03
wife’s land ownership, 202
Washington, Ky., 278
Watauga, xix, 54, 58, 69, 72, 81, 107.
See also Treaties: Treaty of Sycamore Shoals
Wayne, Gen. Anthony, xxi, 102–03, 132, 193–94, 198, 308n37
Weiser, Conrad, 291n15, 307n19, 324n52, 350–51
Wells, William, 193
Whitehouse, Richard, 236–37
Wilderness Road: blazing of, 72–73, 274; Boone seeks appointment to rebuild, 224–25
history, 348; rebuilding, 224–25
route for immigrants to Kentucky, 172, 220, 225.
See also Boone’s Trace
Wilkinson, James: appoints Boone captain in St. Charles militia, 239
is assigned large land tract belonging to Boone, 209
and Frankfort, 341n16
and Gilbert Imlay, 209
governor of Louisiana Territory, 239
obtains navigation rights on Mississippi, 233
Spanish secret agent while U.S. army officer, 233, 355
tells Spain to expel Boone’s settlers from Missouri, 236
Williams, John, 87, 89–90, 304n36
Williamsburg, Va., 85, 116, 131, 148, 168, 170, 206, 319n97
Wimar, Carl, 111
Wolf, David, 272–73
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 264, 327n35, 339nn9–10
Wolves, 34, 56–58, 76, 247, 293n40
Wyandots: accompany Caldwell in attack on Kentucky, 175
ask Delawares to join against Americans, 123
Hendricks captured by, 194
and Henry Hamilton, 117
kill James Estill, 175
kill white captives who attempt escape, 315n48
at siege of Boonesborough, 148
Xenia, Ohio, 132
Yadkin (river and valley): Boone family members come (or come back) to, xvii, 8, 10–11, 21, 40, 43, 53, 55, 142, 162
Findley at, 44
Indian raids in region, 24
and Kentucky, xviii, 46, 54, 86, 120, 162–63
land prices, 8
weddings, 21–22
Yellow Creek, 58–59, 61, 63, 188–89.
See also Greathouse, Jacob; Logan (Mingo chief); Mingos