Agas, 216–222
Alba Julia/Iulia, 3, 13, 96–98
Albesti, 261
Alekseyev, Mikhail Vasiliyevich (Russian Chief of Staff): battle for Bucharest, 264; and Berthelot, 164, 253; strategic situation after Turtucaia lost, 88, 121, 146; tries to pacify Zaionchkovsky, 69–70, 83; views Romania’s participation in war as liability, 68–69, 290. See also Stavka
Alief, General Eris Kahn, 271. See also Russia: IV Corps
Alion Height, 21
Almos, 21
Alt River. See Olt (Alt) River
Altschantz Pass, 126
Alunis (Mount), 224–225, 230
Anastasiu, Colonel Ioan (1st Division), 171, 181, 241, 248, 254
annihilation strategy, 298, 303, 313–314
Antanascu, Colonel, 78
Antonescu, Captain Ion, 253
Arad, 93, 96–97; cutting rail lines from, 103, 114, 305
Arcanuli (Mount), 167, 174, 176
Arges River, 264–265, 276, 272–274; battle of, 265–273
Arghirescu, General Niculae (Romanian 19th Division), 79–82
Arz von Straussenburg, General Artur (VI Corps leadership), 222–223; 89th Division and gap between 1st and 9th Armies, 107, 111, 115, 117–118; arrival of 9th Army, 94, 96, 103, 96; background, 4–6, 23, 29, 35, 38, 54, 56–57; efforts to advance into Moldavia, 213–214; Moldavian Front, 224–229, 231, 233, 235, 236; race to passes, 125–126, 177, 180, 182, 212; replaces Conrad as Austrian chief of staff, 293; slow advance infuriates Falkenhayn, 212–213; setbacks in Trotus Valley, 217–291. See also Austria: 1st (1AOK) Army
Asau, 222
Aslan, General Mihail, 71, 74, 76–77, 80–82, 85–87, 127, 200. See also Romania: 3rd Army
attrition strategy, 50, 292, 302–303, 313
Averescu, General Alexandru, 24; 2nd Army holds last piece of front, 289, 291; animosity with Berthelot, 166, 171, 182, 194, 197, 213; pressure on 2nd Army, 243, 261, 265, 279; public pressure to make him chief of staff, 162; Romanian Danube crossing, 131–135, 140–143, 152. See also Romania: 2nd Romanian and 3rd Romanian Armies
Averescu, General Alexandru, War Councils: 2 September, 51–53; 6 September, 85–86, 120; 15 September, 128–130
Balkan Wars: First, 27, 60; Second, 7, 60, 63, 71, 72, 75, 87
Banat of Temesvar, 7, 12, 14
Baneasa, 131
Baraolt City, 118
Baraolt Mountains, 26
Barbatesti, 246–247
Barclay, Sir George, 276
Barlad, 281
Barsch, 139
Barwick, Colonel Arnold (143rd Infantry Brigade): Csipkes Mountain, 215–216; at Sibiu, 23–24, 52
Basarbescu, General Ion (Romanian 19th Division), 77, 84
Baths of Hercules, 20, 21
Bavarian Guard Regiment, 97; battle in the Red Tower Pass and Sibiu, 112–118; breakout from Red Tower Pass, 158–160, 238; crossing the Cibini Mountains, 104–105
Bayern, Prince Heinrich von, 109–110, 160
Bayern, Prince Leopold von, 33
Bazargic, See Dobrich (Bazargic)
Bekas Pass, 6, 11, 27, 125, 213–215, 224, 231, 236
Bekescsaba, 14
Belbor, 28
Belene Channel, 133–135, 137, 140, 142–143, 254–255
Beliaev, General Mikhail (Russian Military Mission), 164, 243; proposal to abandon Walachia, 253, 264–266, 271, 281
Berendt, Colonel Richard, 256
Berger, Colonel Ludwig (144th Infantry Brigade), 102, 113–114
Bernatzky, Colonel Kornelius (16th Honved Brigade), 27, 28, 53
Berthelot, General Henri-Mathias: battle on the Arges, 264–266, 271; calls for relief of General Culcer, 172, 181–182, 195, 204; concerns over abandoning Walachia, 252–253, 265; dislike of General Averescu, 166, 182, 170; meeting with Russian Stavka, 164, 165–166; offer to become Romanian chief of staff, 161–162, 163–164; Romanian Front, 280–281, 285, 292, 294, 298, 309; Szurdruk Pass breakout, 241, 243, 247. See also French Military Mission
Berzeviczy, Colonel Bela (19th Honved Brigade), 217, 219, 221
Bistricioara, 55
Bistrita River, 53–55
blitzkrieg nature of the campaign, xii, xiv, 96, 307, 309–311
Bodrog, 137, 139–140
Böhm-Ermolli, Field Marshal Eduard, 36
Boian, Colonel Octav (14th Brigade), 219–221
Borgo Pass, See Tihuta Pass
Boris, Crown Prince of Bulgaria, 127, 149
Borsa, 211
Bosna, 6
Bottea, General N. (Romanian 2nd Cavalry Division), 252
Braila, 147, 280, 284, 287
Bran Pass, 25, 125, 158, 169, 171, 261
Brasov, xv, 3, 6, 11–12, 23–25; advance and capture by 9th Army, 115–125, 141–145; capture by Romanians, 25–26, 27–28, 53, 99, 103, 115; suitability of passes for breakout, 153–157, 165–166, 169, 175–176, 180, 182, 184, 212–214, 223, 241, 245, 261, 265, 279, 307–308
Bratianu, Prime Minister Ion I. C., 5, 18, 19, 85, 121, 166, 243, 249, 271, 295, 301–302; appoints Iliescu chief of staff, 29–31; desire for a French chief of staff, 30–31; destruction of oil fields and granaries, 275; forced to resign, 291; hostility to Averescu, 182, 369n64; origins of the French military mission, 161–162; Romanian crossing of the Danube, 128–130; safeguard southern border, 64–65; securing Russian assistance in Dobrogea, 68; shake-up of Army headquarters, 281
Bratianu, War Minister Vintila, 18
Bratocea Pass, 25, 26, 125, 154, 261
Breit Banláky von Doberdo, General Joseph (39th Honved Division), 234–235
Brialmont forts, Bucharest, 277
Briand, Prime Minister Aristide, 294–295
Brunswick, General Ludwig, 229
Brusilov, General Alexsey Alexseyevich (Southwest Front), 45; Brusilov Offensive, 212, 217, 274, 302; selects Zaionchkovsky for XLVII Corps, 69, 83. See also Russia: Southwest Front
Brustorosa, 217, 220
Bucharest, xv, xvi, 1–3, 6, 15, 18, 27, 29, 31, 32–33, 63–65; battle of, 262–273; bombed by a Zeppelin, 67, 68, 71, 74, 76–77, 81; panic over Turtucaia, 84–86, 88, 95, 118, 120–121, 129, 135, 149, 155, 157, 162, 165, 177, 182, 213, 237, 246, 254, 256, 258, 261; surrender of city, 277–278, 290, 295, 297–298, 301, 307, 309; Treaty of, 291–292
Bucovina, 4–5, 12, 26, 39, 129, 154, 211, 227, 253, 290–291
Bujorescu Island, 255, 257
Bulgaria, 14–15; advance in north Dobrogea, 284; atrocities on border, 80; battle of Turtucaia, 71–79; Bulgarian railroads are Achilles’ heel, 144; Central Powers crossing of Danube, 257–258; declaration of war, 67–68; Dobrich taken, 80; gets Dobrogea as spoils, 291; Mackensen views Bulgarians as too slow, 86–87, 90; offensive in Thessalonica, 64–66; pan-Slavism effort, 70, 305; Romanian Danube crossing, 136–143; Romanian decision to cross into Bulgaria, 130; second crossing at Giurgiu, 267; Serbian campaign, 61–63; use of Serbs would alienate Bulgarians, 70; war aims, 63
Bumbesti, 99, 160, 172, 181, 238, 241–243, 244
Burghele, General Constantine, 139
Burian, Foreign Minister Istvan, 1
Burzenland, 3, 4
Busse, General Johannes von (301st [Prussian] Infantry Division): breakout at Szurduk Pass, 172–173, 178–179, 183, 248–249, 251; crossing Olt River, 262–263, 269; headquarters without units, 114, 167
Buzau, 154, 166, 182–183, 261; temporary location of Romanian Army Headquarters, 280–281, 284, 287
Buzau Pass, 25, 126
Café Capsa, 76, 85
Caineni, 101, 105, 108–110, 112, 158, 160. See also Red Tower Pass
Calarasi, 77, 87, 255
Calimanesti, 259
Calimani (Kelemen) Mountains, 27–28, 54–55
Campulung, 54, 119, 158, 169, 171, 177, 182, 239, 261, 279, 300
Candesti, 241
Cantacuzino, Colonel Georghe (1st Border Guard Regiment), 22–23
Caporetto, See Isonzo, 12th Battle of
Caput, Major Theodor, 182
Caracal, 247–248, 251, 254, 262
Caracu railway viaduct, 28
Caranszebes, 13, 20, 52
Carol I King of Romania), 1, 30
Carpathian Mountains, xii, 13, 34, 94–95, 175, 212, 243, 284–285, 304–305; Eastern Carpathian or Wooded Carpathian Mountains, 6, 26, 118, 176, 211, 214, 222, 225–227, 236–237, 253, 280, 289; Northern Carpathian Mountains, xiii, 212
Carunta (Mount), 218
Castris, General Matei (Romanian 13th Division and Olt-Lotru Group), 24, 52
casualties, all parties, 295–296
Cerna River, 11, 20, 21
Cernavoda, 68, 70–71, 84, 127, 154
Cernavoda-Constanta railroad line, 71–72, 87, 91, 127, 129, 140; Central Powers offensive against, 144–149
Christescu, General Constantine (Danube Defense Group and North Army), 255, 265
Cinghinarele Island, 134–135, 142–144
Cioara, 134
Cisnadie, 23–24
Cluj Napoca (Klausenburg), 5, 13, 228
Coanda, General Constantin, 120–121
Cocorascu, General Dumitru (Romanian 1st Division), 241–242, 248
Codlea (Feketenhalom), 26
Compó, 142
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Field Marshal Franz, 2–4, 32–36, 38; breakout misunderstanding and concerns, 156–157, 168–169, 175, 181, 191, 211, 254; failure to crush Serbia, 61–62; isolation, 293; leadership style, 43–46, 58; march on Bucharest, 57, 63, 96; relief, 292–295, 302, 306. See also Austria: Army Command (AOK)
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Virginia von, 43–44
Constanta, 141; battle, 145–149, 275
Constantine (King of Greece), 62, 65
Constantinople, 37, 65, 163, 301
Coreia Island, 131, 139
Cosinul, 135
Cotumba, 219, 221
Cozia (Mount), 160, 182
Crainiceanu, General Grighore, 56; battle of Brasov, 119–120, 203; concerns over his appointment as commander, 85–86, 99, 117. See also 2nd Romanian Army
Craiova, 21, 24, 245–248; captured, 250, 251, 253, 262, 267, 282
Cramon, General August von, 2, 38, 43–45
Csanady von Bekes, General Friedrich (VI Corps), 236
Csipkes (Mount), 215–216
Culcer, General Ioan, 20–22, 24; 1st Army tied up at Petrosani, 101, 103–106; considered for command of Group of Southern Armies, 128, 129; continue advance into Transylvania, 51–52; distribution of I Corps at Sibiu, 107, 110, 113–114; relief, 171–172, 201. See also Romania: 1st Army
Curtbunar, 80
Curtea de Arges, 158–159, 245, 258, 260, 265
Dabija, Lieutenant Colonel Georghe, 120
Damian, Lieutenant Colonel, 221
Dani von Gyarmata und Magyar-Cséke, General Blasius (39th Honved Division), 223–234
Danube River, 3–5, 6, 11; Austrian Danube Flotilla and Romanian river crossing, 133–135, 142–143; battle of Turtucaia, 71–79, 81–82, 85–87, 89–91, 95–96, 103; Central Powers crossing of Danube, 190, 253; link-up of 9th and Danube Armies, 153–155, 165; Mackensen crosses the Danube, 254–258, 267, 273–274, 279–280, 284, 287, 298; Mackensen’s advance to Constanta and Cernavoda, 143–149; Plan Z and Danube frontier, 14–15, 20, 32; pre-war Central Powers plans for crossing, 63–64, 66–68, 71; Romanian crossing of the Danube, plans and preparation, 127–133; Russian retreat a long Danube, 150–151, 152
Darmanesti, 217–218, 222
Debrecen, 14
Deda, 13, 54
Dej, 13
Denikin, General Anton, 17–18, 20. See also Russia: IV Corps
Despres, Colonel Maurice, 130
Deva, 12–13, 96–97, 167
Diaconesti, 219–220
Dimandy, G., 243
Dobrich (Bazargic), 71–72, 74–75; battle of, 79–84, 95, 132, 141
Dobrogea region xv, 14, 15; campaign planning, 63–64
Dorna Vatra, 6, 27
Dragalina, General Ion (Romanian 1st Division, 1st Army), 20–21, 171–172
Dragasani, 244, 251, 262
Dragoslavele, 158, 261
Dual Monarchy, 35, 39, 46–47, 94, 100, 226, 236–237, 293–294; casualties, 296, 303
Dunker, Colonel Karl von, 151
Elster von Elstermann, General Hugo (76th [Prussian] Reserve Division): advance to Brasov, 116, 118–119; arrives from Riga, 58; battle of Rimnicu Sarat, 285–286; battle of Sibiu, 102, 108; at the Bran Pass, 125, 158; Ploesti, 278
Engelbrecht, Captain von, 94
Entscheff, Colonel, 141
Epp, Colonel Franz Ritter von, 104, 110. See also Bavarian Guard Regiment
Fabini, General Ludwig von, 57, 125, 214, 218, 222–225, 234, 235–236. See also Austria: VI Corps
Fagaras (Fogaras), 6, 11–12, 26, 38, 53, 56, 111, 116
Fagaras Mountains, 100–101, 116, 118, 159
Falkenhayn, General Erich von: xii-xiii, xv; 9th Army enters Bucharest first, 278; 11th Bavarian Division breakout blocked, 166–175; advance to Brasov, 115–120, 212; advance to Bucharest, 262–263, 265–266; Arges battle, 266–269, 273; assembly of 9th Army in Transylvania, 92, 96–99; attrition, 313; battle at Rimnicu Sarat, 284–286; battle of Brasov, 121–125; battle of Sibiu, 99–103, 106–113, 114–115; blitzkrieg nature of Romanian campaign, 307–312; breakout assessment, 153–157, 158; breakout from Szurduk Pass, 241–250, 252, 255; breakout reassessed, 176–181, 183–184, 185; on Bulgarian offensive against Army of Orient, 64; campaign assessment, 299–300, 303; chief of staff, German army, 2–3; death, 301; Dobrogea thrust, 63–64, 66–67; end of Romanian campaign on Sereth River, 287–289, 293, 297; engages all enemy forces, 239; Feldherr, 314; formation of Army Group Archduke Karl, 34–35, 45, 57, 61–64, 66–67, 92; Morgen’s critique, 300; personality, 93–95; pursuit of Romanian Army towards Rimnicu Sarat, 279, 282, 284; race to the mountain passes, 125–126, 141, 224; relieved as chief of staff, 32–34; resentment at lack of recognition, 298–299; role of Hungarian railroads, 305, 306; use of blitzkrieg techniques, 95–96; von Mackensen’s Danube crossing, 257, 260. See also Germany: 9th Army
Fantanele, 134, 143
Feldioara (Marienburg, Földvar), 25–26, 53, 124, 153
Ferdinand (King of Romania), 2, 18, 30–31, 67, 81; battle of Rimnicu Sarat, 285; calls off river crossing, 142; and Cerna Detachment, 247; Culcer relieved, 172, 175, 194; destruction of oil fields, 275; Dobrogea crisis, 85–89, 120; French Military Mission, 161–162, 165; Iliescu relieved, 281; and “Romanian Front” 280–281; and Romanian inexperience, 306; use of reserve and Beliaev proposition, 253; war council to cross Danube, 128–130
Ferdinand (Tsar of Bulgaria), 67
Fiebich-Ripke, Colonel Rudolf von (145th Infantry Brigade), 21
Filiasi, 169, 245–246, 248, 250
Flamanda, 131, 134–135, 142. See also Danube River: Austrian Danube Flotilla and Romanian river crossing
Flers, Robert de, 69
Focsani, 253, 285, 287–290
Francesti, 168, 173
Frantz, Major Rudolf: 9th Army made the critical campaign decisions, 371n3; selection as operations officer, 9th Army, 93–94, 96; success of campaign, 299–300; Romanian nerve shattered, 116
Fülöpp, General Artur, 5
Furuntu (Mount), 159, 241
Galicia, xiii, 25, 27, 35–36, 39, 41, 88, 94, 211, 227
Gallwitz, General Kurt von 217th [Prussian] Division: 91; attack at Constanta, 144–145; Central Powers Danube crossing, 256–257, 258, 267; Rjahovo, 141; surrounded near the Arges River, 269–271, 287; Topraisar, 147–148, 151
Gaugl, Colonel Josef, 267
German (Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg) armies, organization (Ersatz, Landwehr, Landsturm) and training, 47–50
Gerok, General Friedrich von, 227–228, 233, 235–236, 282. See also Germany: Army Group Gerok; Germany: XXIV Reserve Corps
Gheorgheni, 27, 53
Giurgeu Mountains, 28, 53
Giurgiu city, 6, 74, 76, 131, 135, 255; second pontoon bridge site for Central Powers, 267
Goiginger, General Ludwig (Austrian 73rd Division), 161, 245
Goiosa, 219–222
Goldbach, General Anton (Austrian 71st Division): advice on which pass for the breakout, 153–156; holding the Romanian invasion, 24–26, 53, 56; Oitoz Pass battles, 158, 176, 192
Golden Bistrita Valley, 211
Golovitsa, lake, 150
Goltz, Field Marshal Rüdiger Freiherr von der, 30
Goltz, General Karl Leopold von der (Prussian Goltz Division), 256–258, 267–269
Gorlice-Tarnow, xiii, 4, 61, 312–313
Gorne Orechevita, 60, 68
Grallert von Cebrow, General Konrad (61st Honved Division), 6, 27–28, 125; ambush at Agas, 217, 219, 222, 233–234
Gregorian calendar, xv
Grigorescu, General Eremia (Romanian 15th Division, North Army), 158, 204, 224
Gruenther, Alfred, 30
Gurghiu Mountains, 26, 27, 53, 55–57
Gyergyo-Szt. Miklos, 12
Gyimes Pass, 6, 10, 28, 53, 118–119, 125, 213–215
Haber, General Johann (37th Honved Division), 213–214
Habermann, General Hugo Edler von. See also Austria: XI Army Corps (XIAK)
Habsburg, Archduke and later Emperor Karl von, 35; captive to German strategic aims, 291–294; favors eastern passes, 155, 175; Oitoz Pass, 175–177; quarrels and recalled to Vienna, 231; shouting with Falkenhayn, 180–181, 185, 192–193, 211, 225–227; Szurduk Pass crossing issues, 168–169. See also Army Group-Army Front Archduke Karl
Habsburg, Archduke Friedrich von, 38, 293
Habsburg, Archduke Joseph von, 231–232
Habsburg, Emperor Franz Joseph, 231, 293
Hadzic, Colonel Stefan, 69. See also Russia: Serb Division
Halmeag (Halmagy), 26
Hammerstein-Gesmold, Major Frijthof Freiherr von (1/21 Infantry Regiment), 75, 77
Harghita Mountains, 26, 27
Hateg, 11–12, 22, 52, 98, 169, 176, 181
Hefelle von Nagykarolyfalva, General Georg (Austrian 72nd Division), 54
Hentsch, Richard. Colonel, 67–68
Hermannstadt. See Sibiu
Hesse, Colonel Hans: assessment of campaign, 299–300; selection as chief of staff, 9th Army, 93, 94, 96, 116, 185
Hidegseg Valley, 217, 219
Hilmi, Mustafa Pasha, 144
Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von, 32–37, 57; casualties, 291; confusion over breakout location, 156–157; diversion of resources to Galicia, 211; names von Mackensen commander-in-chief of German armies in Romania, 258, 268, 289; official recognition of achievement, 298; return to battles of annihilation, 303, 313; sends Falkenhayn to dead-end theaters, 300; tentative campaign plan, 96–97; tries to assuage Conrad over OHL taking control of war effort, 58. See also High Command (OHL)
Hirsova, 147, 150–151, 289
Hötzendorf. See Conrad von Hötzendorf, Field Marshal Franz
Homorod, 26, 53
Huber, Colonel Josef, 5, 107, 219
Huebner, Lieutenant Colonel: selection as 9th Army Quartermaster, 93
Huller, General Hugo Ritter von (12th Bavarian Division): attack at Albesti, 261, 272, 285; casualties, 285–296
Hypothesis Z. See Plan Z
Icara, General Alexandru, 85
Iliescu, General Dumitru, xv, 19; becomes chief of staff, 29–31, 82, 84–85, 110, 114; dismissal, 281, 295; shaken by defeats in Transylvania, 117, 120; war council of 15 September, 128–129, 149–150, 162, 166, 171, 199. See also Romania: Army Headquarters
Inn, 143
Ipoteza Z. See Plan Z
Iron Gate, 98, 133
Isonzo, 12th Battle of, 312
Ivancovescu, General, 265. See also Romania: Danube Defense Group
Jalomita River, 282, 284
Janin, General Pierre, 164
Jiu River and Valley, 21–22, 103–104, 107, 156, 158; breakout from Szurduk Pass into Jiu Valley, 239, 241–248, 250–254; initial breakout blocked, 166–175, 177, 179, 181, 184
Jockey Club, 76
Joffre, Marshal Joseph J. C, 65; Romanian defeat leads to his dismissal, 294–295, 306; selects Berthelot for military mission, 163–164, 166
Julian calendar, xv
Kalimok Barrier, 71–72, 133–134, 143
Kantardjiev, General Todor (Varna Defense Force), 79–80, 145, 147
Karlsburg. See Alba Julia/Iulia
Kerkhoven, Count de, 262
King Carol Railway Bridge, Cernavoda, 127, 149
Kirlibaba Pass, 88, 211
Kiselov, General Pantely (Bulgarian 4th Division), 74–77
Kiszling, Major Rudolf, 153
Klausenburg. See Cluj Napoca (Klausenburg)
Kneussl, General Paul Ritter von (11th Bavarian Division), 156–157; arrival from Russia and assessment of breakout area, 166–169; battle of the Arges River, 262–272, 277–278; captures Braila, 287; division casualties, 295–296; first breakout attempt, 171–175, 178–179, 182; second breakout, 183–184, 193, 238–248, 251
Kokel (Tarnava) rivers, 5–6, 26, 53, 99, 103
Kolev, General Ivan (Bulgarian 1st Cavalry Division), 79
Komorów, battle, 4
Körös, 137, 139–140
Korzer, Colonel Karl (10th Mountain Brigade), 158, 161
Kosch, General Robert: at Bucharest, 272, 277; Central Powers Danube crossing, 255–258; Rjahavo and Romanian Danube crossing, 137–138, 140–141. See also Germany: Danube Army; Germany: LII General Command (Army Corps)
Krafft von Dellmensingen, General Konrad, 97, 102; attempted breakout from the Red Tower Pass, 158, 161, 171, 175, 177–178, 182, 189, 241, 245; breakout from the mountains, 258–261, 264–265, 268, 271; Bucharest, 278–279; Rimnicu Sarat, 281, 284–286, 288, 312–313. See also Germany: Alpine Corps
Kronstadt. See Brasov
Kühne, General Viktor: battle at Arges River, 263–273; battle at Rimnicu Sarat, 285–286, 288–289, 309; capture of palace at Bucharest, 278, 279, 282; preparation for Szurduk Pass breakout, 176–181; pursuit across Walachia, 248, 253–254, 258, 261–263; Szurduk Pass breakout, 183, 187, 193, 239–247. See also Germany: LIV General Army Command (Army Corps)
Lahovary, 77
Lambru, General Dumitru (Romanian 21st Division), 137–138
Leeb, Major Wilhelm Ritter von, 167
Leitha, 134, 142
Lelek, 133, 143–144
Leselu (Mount), 242, 244
Letchiski, General Platon Alekseevich, 271. See also Russia: 9th (AOK) Army
Liebeskind, General Paul (Prussian 217th Division), 147
Liman von Sanders, General Otto, 30
Litzmann, General Karl, 228, 236. See also Germany: XL Army Corps
Lividia, 98, 155, 167
Lober, General Edmund von, 6
Lotru Valley, 107
Lucich, Captain Karl, 137. See also Danube River: Austrian Danube Flotilla and Romanian river crossing
Ludendorff, General Erich: Danube crossing put on hold, 67; initial steps at OHL to deal with Romanian invasion, 32–38, 46; need for impressive victory, 57–59; quarrels with Falkenhayn, 102, 107; Szurduk Pass as site for breakout, 156–157; uses Falkenhayn’s campaign plan, 57; wants Brasov as breakout site, 175–177, 227, 254, 289, 292, 300, 303, 313
Lungu Island, 131, 139
Lupescu, Colonel, 128
Lütgendorff, General Kasimir Freiherr von, 225, 228, 352n39. See also Austria: XXI Army Corps (XXIAK)
Lüttwitz, General Friedrich Freiherr von (Prussian 89th Division), 107, 109, 111; battle of Rimnucu Sarat, 286, 289; failure to close on Brasov, 123–124, 177, 223; repulsed at Rupea, 117, 120
Lyncker, General Moritz von, 2
Mackensen, Field Marshal August von: 11th Army commander, xiii, 4; 129th Infantry Regiment named in his honor, 152, 191; assessment of the campaign, 299; Battle of Turtucaia, 75–78, 84, 86, 88; blocking and destroying the Romanian forces, 136–143; and Bulgarian generals, 60–61, 67; commander, Army Group Mackensen, 2, 32–33, 36, 58–59, 62–63; disruption of campaign in Transylvania, 91–92, 95–96; Dobrogea campaign plan, 63–64; fall of Bucharest, 274, 277–278; link-up with 9th Army, 263; Mackensen’s crossing of the Danube, 177, 243, 252, 254–258; named commander of all forces in Romania, 258; offensive against the Cernavoda-Constanta railroad defense line, 144–151; operational control of Danube Flotilla, 133; pursuit in Moldavia, 284, 286–287; pursuit to Cernavoda-Constanta line, 90–91; Romanian counter-attack at Arges River, 264–273; Romanian Danube crossing, 127; Tappen, 67–68, 86–87, 89; use of blitzkrieg techniques, 308, 312. See also Germany: Army Group Mackensen
Magura Odobesti Massif, 288
Mangalia, 70–72, 89
Manolescu, General Constantine, 103–104. See also Romania: Olt-Lotru Group
Maramures region, 88, 211
Marasesti, battle of, 291
March battalions/brigades, 42–43; in Moldavia, 228–229, 234
Marie (Queen of Romania), 162, 204, 291
Maros, 134
Maros River. See Mures (Maros) River
Maros Vasarhely (Targu Mures), 13, 103
Maros-Kokel Line, 5, 14, 56
Masjon, Commander Charles (Danube Flotilla), 137–139, 142
Mattanovich, General Erwin von, 6
Mavrocordato, Ambassador Edgar, 1, 6
Mecica, 135
Medgidia, 71, 77, 79, 81–83, 129, 145–146, 149
Mehadia, 21, 96
Melior, General Theodor (Prussian 225th Division), 235–236
Merisor Valley, 11, 12, 22, 52
Miercurea Ciuc, 11, 27, 28
Mihailesti, 269–270, 272
Moinesti, 219
Monkevits, General Nikolai Augustovich, 147–148
Morgen, General Kurt von: background, 36–38, 53–58, 99, 115; battle of Rimnicu Sarat, 284–286, 288–289, 290–292; Brasov campaign: advance from north, 117–118, 120; breakout plans, 177; emergence into Walachia, 241, 245, 260–262, 264, 266; petulance at Falkenhayn’s success, 300; Ploesti captured, 22nd and 4th Romanian Divisions destroyed, 278–279, 282; poor performance of 89th Division, 123–124, 223; 1917 Romanian Offensive, 30, 290; race to passes, 125–126; stalemate in mountains, 158, 169–171; transfer to 9th Army, 117, 213. See also Germany: I Reserve Corps
Moscovul Massif, 159
Mosoiu, Colonel Traian (Romanian Olt Group), 23–24
Motru River and Valley, 248, 250
Muica, General Ion (Romanian 11th Division and Jiu Valley Group), 22
Mures (Maros) River, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 22, 26, 27, 52–55; rail line alongside the river, 23
Mutius, General Albert von (Prussian 7th Cavalry Division), 167, 172–173, 176; ambushed in Moldavia, 288; “Moritz,” 249–250, 272
Naipu, 267, 269
Neajlov River, 265, 270, 272
Negru Voda, 82–85, 89
Nerezov, General Stefan, 151, 256. See also Bulgaria: 3rd Army
Nicholas II (Tsar of Russia), 69, 85, 164–165, 290
Niculescu-Rizea, Commander Constantin, 135
Norton-Griffiths, John. Major, 276
Obogeanu, Lieutenant Colonel Mihail (Romanian 41st Infantry Regiment), 181–182
Ocna, 70, 153, 169, 176, 213
Odobesti, 272
Odorheiu Secuiesc, 6, 28
Oetinger, General Horst Edler von (Prussian 109th Division), 175–176, 179–180; capture of palace at Bucharest, 278; pursuit across Walachia, 248, 251, 254, 262–263, 267, 269, 272; at Szurduk Pass breakout, 183, 238–247
oil fields and petroleum industry, destruction thereof, 275–276
Oitoz Pass: 1st Army takes over region, 177, 214; 15th Romanian Division stops Schmettow, 158, 169; Army Group Gerok in pass, 227, 233, 235, 282; and Cavalry Corps Schmettow, 125, 157–158, 224; main Romanian assault forces, 28; Romanian covering forces, 25; suitability as crossing site, 153, 175–176
Olt (Alt) River, 11–12, 14, 21–26, 28, 53; Brasov campaign, 115–118, 158, 161, 165, 171, 172, 181–182, 237, 239, 241; crossing by 9th Army, 243–245, 247–248, 250–253; German crossing at Stoenesti, 254–255, 257–258, 262–266, 268, 279; Romanians cross Olt: 56, 104, 107; Romanian retreat, 110–112
Olteanu, Colonel Marcel, 104
Oltenita, 74, 76, 255
Operescu, General Ion (Romanian 13th Division), 106
Oradea, 14
Orsova, 11; Central Powers breakout, 239, 241–242, 245, 246–248, 250, 262, 279; exerting pressure all along front, 169–172, 173, 183, 213; logistical base, 96, 98, 100, 103, 246; Romanian crossing, 20–21
Palanca, 28, 125
Panzenböck, Colonel Karl (Austrian 2nd Mountain Brigade), 158–159
Patrascu, General Ioan (Romanian 8th Division), 214
Paulin, Commander Karl (Danube Flotilla), 137–138
Pechmann, General Friedrich Freiherr von (Bavarian 15th Infantry Brigade), 161
Peris, Romanian Army field headquarters: arrival of French Military Mission, 161–162, 165–166; commit reserves to block von Mackensen, 258; commitment of reserve, 242–243, 252; decision to abandon Bucharest, 274; movement to, 31; Prezan’s plans, 265; prods 2nd Army, 57; request to relieve General Crainiceanu, 120; Romanian crossing of the Danube fails, 141, 145; Russian assistance, 271; Russian proposal to defend on the Sereth River, 253; Szurduk Pass defenses, 181–182
Peris, Romanian Army field headquarters, War Council: 2 September, 51; 6 September, 85–86, 126; 15 September, 128–130; 25 September, 114, 117
Persin Island, 133, 135, 143, 255
Pétin, Colonel Viktor (French Military Mission), 243, 253
Petala, General Nicolae (Romanian I Corps, 1st Army): drives back 11th Bavarian Division at Szurduk Pass, 172, 174–175; exhaustion, 182. See also Romania: I Corps; Romania: 1st Army
Peteus, Colonel Petre, 138
Petrosani, 3; 1st Army enters city, 22, 52; 9th Army plans and arrival, 96–97; 9th Army captures city, 99–102; LIV Corps assigned breakout mission, 176–179, 181; assessment of region for breakout over the mountains, 154–155, 167; breakout attempt, 172, 174; and Plan Z, 11–12; Romanian defenses, 170; Romanians retake city, 113–114, 116; staging in Szurduk Pass, 183, 282
Pflantzer-Baltin, General Karl von, 27–28. See also Austria: 7th (7AOK) Army
Pflügel, Major Hugo (1st Bavarian Reserve Jäger Battalion): battle on the Arges River, 269–270
Pietrosani, 135
Pietrosul, 55
Pitesti, 170, 251–252, 257, 260–262, 265, 270
Plan Z, 7–8, 11–15, 21, 51, 129
Ploesti, 157, 213, 265, 279–280; 9th Army main supply route, 286; stragglers in, 284
Poiana Lunga, 159
Poiana Sarata, 158
Poiana Spinului, 160
Poiana Uzului, Lake, 222
Popescu, Lieutenant Colonel (79th Regiment), 76
Popescu, Lieutenant Colonel Toma: at Caineni, 109–110
Popov, General Hristo, 79. See also Bulgaria: 6th Division
Popovici, General Ion, 103–107; Red Tower Pass, 109–113, 202. See also I Corps
Popovici, Lieutenant Colonel: in charge of Romanian pontoon bridge construction, 137
Porcesti, 23
Praid, 27, 53, 56
Praporgescu, General David (Romanian 20th Division, I Corps): execution of prisoners, 118, 182
Predeal Pass, 10, 25, 154; XXXIX Corps, 158, 182, 261, 278
Predelus Pass, 25
Prezan, General Constantin: 15 September war council, 128–129, 181, 196, 219, 243; background, 27, 51–53, 99, 114–115, 118, 120–121; battle on Arges, 264–269, 273; Berthelot and Romanian counter-offensive, 253; chief of staff, 281, 295. See also Romania: North (4th) Romanian Army
Prislop, 183
prisoners: shooting of, 117–118
Prunaru, 267
Prundu Bargaului, 12, 13, 55
Prundu Bela, 131
Pueni, 135
Pustovoitenko, General M. S., 148
Putna River, 288–291
Ramadan Island, 6
Rascanu, Colonel Ioan, 129, 295
Rasvoi, General (Russian 40th Division), 271
Rau Vadului, 105, 108–110, 112, 118
Reconstituted Romanian divisions: 1st/17th, 252; 2nd /5th, 265, 268, 270–271; 9th/19th, 265, 268, 270
Red Tower fortress, 23
Red Tower Pass, 6, 10, 11, 22–24, 98, 100–102, 105–106; Alpine Corps breaks through, 259–261; Alpine Corps tries to push through, 158–161, 166, 169, 172, 177, 182, 207, 239, 241; battle in, 107–113, 115–118, 125; not chosen for main breakout, 154–156, 157
Referandaru, General Alexander (Romanian 18th Division), 255
Refugees: in Dobrogea, 150; in Transylvania, 29, 96, 98; in Walachia, 250
Reghin (Szasz-Regen), 13, 27, 57
Reininghaus, Virginia. See Conrad von Hötzendorf, Virginia von
Reni, 68, 148, 150
Rex, Colonel Kurt von, 250, 262
Rimnic Sarat River, 286
Rimnicu Sarat, 280, 284; battle of, 285–286, 287, 289
Rimnicu Valcea, 258
Robanesti, 254
Rommel detachment, 288
Rosetti, Major Radu, 85–86, 89, 120
Rosiori de Vede, 262–263, 269
Rucar, 158, 169
Runcul Mare, 158
Rupea, 53
Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878, 15
Rutschuk, 6, 14, 71, 135–136, 141, 267
Sadu Valley, 23, 35, 104–107
Saenger, General Georg (Prussian 6th Cavalry Division), 167; “Max,” 249; race across Walachia, 254, 263; Szurduk Pass breakout blocked, 172–175, 176–178; Vulkan Pass, 169
Saint-Aulaire, Ambassador Charles Comte de, 30
Sakharov, General Vladimir: second in command, Romanian Front, 281, 284–286; takes command of Army of Dobrogea, 150–151, 271. See also Russia: Romanian Front; Romania: Dobrogea Army
Salatrucu, 159–161, 259
Sambotin, 172–173, 244
Sander, Lieutenant Colonel Samuel (Austrian VII/73rd Infantry Regiment), 55, 215–216
Santful Goerghe, 25–26, 28
Sarrail, General Maurice, 62; inactivity, 65–66, 68, 86, 129, 163, 166, 256; and Joffre’s dismissal, 294–295, 304. See also Entente: Army of the Orient
Sava, 143
Schela, 239, 241, 244
Schmettow, General Eberhard von (Prussian 3rd Cavalry Division), 36, 99; Cavalry Corps Schmettow, 56; closing on Bucharest, 266, 268–269; crossing the Olt, 254, 262–263; enter Bucharest, 278; leapfrog technique, 309; link between the two Central Powers armies in Transylvania, 99, 101, 103, 106, 108, 111; link with Danube Army, 258; at Oitoz Pass, 126, 157, 175–176, 214; pursuit across Walachia, 248–254, 262; screening north of Brasov, 120; to the Sereth River, 282, 289; Szurduk Pass, breakout, 239, 244; Szurduk Pass, breakout planning, 177–179, 183, 188; Targu Jiu, 246–247; value of speed, 273. See also Germany: Cavalry Corps Schmettow
Schmidt, Major, 233–234
Schmidt von Knobelsdorf, General Heinrich von (Prussian 41st Division), 175; pursuit across Walachia, 247–250, 263, 269, 272, 279; at Szurduk Pass breakout, 179, 181, 183, 239–247
Schuma, 141
Sebes (Mühlbach), 23–24
Seeckt, General Hans von, (Army Group Archduke Karl): Archduke Joseph, 231; blitzkrieg concept, 309–312; chief of staff, 11th Army, xiii; chief of staff, Army Group Archduke Karl, 35, 45–46; chief of staff, Army Group Mackensen, 63; chief of staff, Turkish Army, 300; progenitor of the blitzkrieg, xiii–xiv; Szurduk Pass breakout, 156–157, 180, 192, 226–228; at Targu Jiu, 246, 300
Seekirchner, General Albert (8th Bavarian Division), 224
Segner, Colonel Adalbert, 216
Serbia, 61–62; sends divisions to Thessalonica, 64
Sereth River: marks end of campaign, 287–289, 291; Russian proposal to defend along, 253, 266, 282, 285
Shcherbachev, General Dmitri Grigorevich, 281
Sibiu, xv, 3–4, 11–12, 22–23; 9th Army arrives, 96–97; assembly of 9th Army at Sibiu, 99–101; battle of Sibiu, 107–118, 125, 141, 153–155, 169, 176, 223, 307–308; Falkenhayn plans double envelopment, 100–101; revised plan, 101–103; Romanian defenses, 103–107; Romanians move to city’s edge, 24, 52, 56
Siebenbürgen, 4–5, 8, 10, 13, 35–38, 54, 58, 67, 91; mission of 9th Army, 96–97, 103, 213; passes from, 154, 212, 214, 217, 226; plundered goods, 119, 124, 130; “Siebenbürgen Patrol,” 233, 254, 282, 297–298; speed of campaign in, 307
Sighisoara, 53, 109, 111, 115, 155, 228
Silistria, 15, 60, 63, 66, 71–76; strategic value and loss, 80–84, 87, 95, 132, 140
Sirelius, General, 151. See also Russia: IV Siberian Army Corps
Sistov, 64, 91, 133, 137; site of Central Powers Danube crossing, 255–257
Slatina, 247–248, 250–254, 262–263, 265
Socec, General Alexandru (Romanian 2/5th Infantry Division), 271
Somes River, 13
Spirescu, General Georghe (Romanian 17th Division), 248
Staabs, General Hermann von, 37, 9th army arrives, 97–99; advance on Brasov, 118–120; battle at Brasov, 121–125; battle of Sibiu, 99–103, 107–109, 111–113; mired at Predeal Pass, 177, 245, 261, 266, 278–279, 282; mission of XXXIX Corps, 38, 39, 56, 58; race to passes, 125–126; Tömöser Pass, 169, 186, 186. See also Germany: XXXIX Corps
Stanesti, 172–173, 245
Stavinsky, Colonel Eduard, 168, 183
Steflea, Lieutenant Ilie, 28
Steghens, Colonel Leon, 165
Stein, General Hermann von (8th Bavarian Reserve Division): arrives at Oitoz Pass, 161; operations in Tulghes Pass area, 169, 176–177, 224, 227, 233, 235
Stoenesti, 248, 252; Germans take bridge, 254, 258, 262–263
Stratilescu, General Dumitru, 265. See also Romania: 1st Army
Studnitz, General Friedrich (Prussian 5th Cavalry Brigade), 250
Stürmer, Prime Minister Boris, 164
Sulta, 217, 219
Sunkel, General Edwin (Prussian 187th Division): advance to Brasov, 116, 118–119; battle of Brasov, 121–124; at battle of Sibiu, 99, 102, 107; first German unit to arrive, 36, 52, 58, 98; in the passes, 126, 233
Szabo, Colonel Zoltán (19th Honved Brigade), 27, 28, 53
Szasz-Regen. See Reghin
Szivo de Bunya, Colonel Alexander Ritter von (Austrian Orsova Group), 169, 171–172; re-takes Orsova, 241, 245, 248, 262, 279
Szurduk Pass, 5, 11, 22, 98; 11th Bavarian Division blocked, 166–175; breakout, 238–239, 242, 244, 279, 300; choice of crossing the mountains, 154–157; seesaw battles for the pass, 99, 114; staging for the breakout, 181, 183, 208; suitability as location for breakout, 154–157; reassessment, 175–181
Taban Channel, 135
Taban Island, 140, 142
Talmaciu (Talmacs), 6, 11–12, 23, 101, 104, 106, 109, 111
Tanarky, General Bela (51st Honved Division), 24
Tappen, General Gerhard, 67, 190, 257; entry into Bucharest, 277, 312
Targu Jiu, 175, 242; battle at, 245–247, 248–249, 252, 255
Targu Mures (Maros Vasarhely), 13, 103
Targu Secuiesc, 11; taken by Romanians, 25, 28
Tarnava (Kokel) rivers, 5–6, 26, 53, 99, 103
Tarnava, Greater, 26, 28, 56, 115
Tarnava, Smaller, 26, 217
Tatar Pass, 211
Tatarinov, Colonel Alexander, 77, 81–83
Teaca, 57
Temes River, 13
Teodorescu, General Constantin (Romanian 17th Division), 74–78. See also Turtucaia
Thessalonica, 2, 14, 19, 61, 63–65, 86–87, 129, 163, 256
Thomson, Colonel Christopher, 275–276
Tihuta Pass, 54
Timisoara, 96, 247
Tisza, Prime Minister Istvan, 5
Titesti, 22, 158
Titu, 265, 272
Toaca (Mount), 245
Tömöser Pass, 10, 25, 124, 126, 169
Toplita, 12, 27, 28, 53–54
Topraisar, 145, 147–148
Törzburg Pass. See Bran Pass
Toshev, General Stefan, 60–61, 68, 74–75, 140, 145, 149, 151. See also Bulgaria: 3rd Army
Trajan Wall, 148
Transylvania, theater of operations: xvi; 9th Army exerts pressure along entire front, 170, 241; 9th Army plans misunderstood, 156–157, 162; Alexseyev on, 88, 121; AOK fears Russian entry, 54; Berthelot on, 164–165, 182; blitzkrieg techniques, xii, 307–308, 310, 312; breakout mission for LIV Corps, 177, 183, 224–226; Central Powers preliminary plans, 3–4; Central Powers reinforcements, 3–7, 58, 130, 211, 303–304; Central Powers respond, 32–34, 36–39; chief war goal of Romania, 1, 301, 304–305; city of Praid key to holding region, 56; critical rail line, 52, 103, 305; diversion of units to Dobrogea, 89, 91–92, 306, 308; Dobrogea campaign as diversion, 59, 63, 83, 85–86; effects of Romanian crossing of the Danube, 128–130, 133, 141–142, 144–146, 148, 151; Goldbach’s knowledge of, 153–154; and Plan Z, 7–8, 10–15; railroad destruction, 155, 281; refugees from, 96; Romanian advance into, 20–27, 51, 53, 58; Romanian push to secure region, 114–115; Romanian reaction to breakout from, 242–243, 247; rush to passes, 212–215, 223, 236; situation facing 9th Army, 93–99
Trotus Valley, 11, 28, 217–221, 224–225, 235
Tülff, General Erich von, 278
Tulghes Pass, 6, 11, 27, 125, 169, 213–215, 224
Turnu Severin, 21
Turtucaia, 60–61; Battle of, 75–79, 81; Central Power advance to, 66–68, 74–75; defenses, 72–74; Romanian reaction to loss, 84–86, 140–141, 143, 162, 166, 308
Tutschek, General Ludwig Ritter von (Bavarian Jäger Brigade), 104–105, 159
Tuzla, 148
Uz Pass, 6, 28, 53, 125–126, 213–215, 222–223, 233–235, 261
Uz River, 217
Vaitoianu, General Artur (Romanian 10th Division), 131–132, 194
Valari, 239, 241, 244
Valeanu, General Gheorghe, 71, 142. See also Romania: VI Corps
Varciorova, 11
Varna, 71, 79–80
Varna Defense Force, 79, 145. See also Bulgaria: Varna Defense Force
Vasilescu, General Paaraschiv, 181–182, 215, 241–242; battle at Targu Jiu, 245, 247; retreat south, 248, 252, 360n66. See also Romania: 1st Army; Romania: I Army Corps
Vatra Dornei, 6, 27
Velike Tarnovo (Tirnov), 67
Venizelos, Prime Minister Eleftherios, 62; and Megalia, 163
Vericorova, 20
Veszteny, 23, 24
Vett, General Detlef (Prussian 216th Division), 258
Viola, Major, 221
Vitza, 139
Vladimirovo, 80
Vogel, Colonel Walter (Prussian 18th Landwehr Brigade), 270
Voinesa, 104–105
Vouillemin, Colonel Charles-Ernst (French Military Mission), 165
Vulkan Pass, 11, 22, 96, 98, 113–114; 11th Bavarian Division blocked, 166–174; breakout, 183, 239, 242, 244, 296; potential for breakout, 154–156; reassessment of breakout, 175–179, 181–182
Warodin, Colonel Dimitre, 138
Wetzell, Lieutenant Colonel Georg, 312–313
Wilhelm von Hohenzollern (German Kaiser), 2, 32, 34
Wulff, Lieutenant Commander Olaf (Danube Flotilla), 142
Württemberg Mountain Battalion, 174; assignment to LIV Corps, 178–179; battle of Arges River, 270–271, 279; breakout in Jiu Valley, 183, 239, 242, 244; casualties, 295, 300, 312; Odobesti Massif, 288, 290–291; at Targu Jiu, 247, 248–249, 263
Zaionchkovsky, General Andrei Medarovich, xvi, 68–71, 74–75; and Army of Dobrogea, 84–85; defense of Cernavoda-Constanta railroad line, 88–91; at Dobrich, 81–82; Dobrogea Army and battle at Cernavoda-Constanta railroad line, 145–149; not wanting to serve in Romania, 69–70; relief from command, 149–151; refusal to help Turtucaia, 77, 81–82; and Silistria, 83–84; trying to get Zaionchkovsky to fight, 128–130, 132, 134, 140, 142. See also Russia: XLVII Army Corps; Russia: Dobrogea Army
Zanoaga, 159–160, 261
Zhekov, General Nikola, 64
Ziegler, Major (Hungarian Gendarme Battalion), 27–28, 54–55
Zimnicea, 135, 255–258
Zottu, General Vasile, 7; Star of Romania Affair, 29–31, 198, 295