1 Birth and Motherhood Survey, 2005, commissioned by motherandbabymagazine.com
1 The charity One Parent Families www.oneparentfamilies.org.uk
2 ‘The North Staffordshire Maternity Hospital prospective study of pregnancy-associated depression.’ Johanson R., Chapman G., Murray D., Johnson I. and J. Cox Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2000 Jun;21(2):93–7.
3 The Top Santé Women and Work survey in association with BUPA, June 2001
4 The organisation March of Dimes has a fact sheet Stress and Pregnancy, that lays out some of these. See www.marchofdimes.com
5 One study published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, January 2004, found that women with a history of eating disorders (in the past eight years) had a 70 per cent higher chance of having a pre-term baby, and an 80 per cent higher chance of a low birth-weight baby than women without a history of an eating disorder.
6 Multiply your height in metres by your height in metres. Then divide your weight in kg by this figure. Alternatively go to www.bbc.co.uk/health/yourweight/bmi.shtml and they’ll do it for you.
7 SMA Parallel Lives survey, 2003
8 This list is taken from Tommy’s the baby charity leaflet ‘Healthy Eating: A guide for mums to be’.
9 British Pregnancy Advisory Service
1 Green, J.M. and H.A. Baston (2003) ‘Feeling in control in labor: concepts, correlates & consequences’ Birth 30(4), 235–247
2 Terhi Saisto and Erja Halmesmäki ACTA REVIEW ‘Fear of childbirth: a neglected dilemma’, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Volume 82 Issue 3 Page 201–8 March 2003
3 Clement, S. Childbirth on television. Br J Midwifery 1995; 5: 37–42.
4 Peterson, Gayle An Easier Childbirth: a mother’s guide for birthing normally (Berkeley, CA; Shadow and Light Publications, 1993)
5 Shipman M.K., Boniface D.R., Tefft M.E., and F. McCloghry. ‘Antenatal Perineal massage and subsequent perineal outcomes, a randomized controlled trial’, Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997 Jul;104(7):787–91
1 Abrams, Rebecca Three Shoes, One Sock and No Hairbrush: Everything you need to know about having your second child. (Cassel & Co, London, 2001)
2 Listening to Mothers: Report of the first national US survey of women’s childbearing experiences. A Project of the Maternity Center Association in Collaboration with Harris Interactive. Declercq et al, October 2002. Online full Survey Report: maternitywise.org/listeningtomothers/
3 Hapidou E.G. and D. DeCatanzaro, ‘Responsiveness to Laboratory Pain in Women as Function of Age and Childbirth Pain Experience’, Pain 48 (2) February 1992: 177–181
4 Green, J.M. and H.A. Baston (2003) ‘Feeling in control in labor: concepts, correlates & consequences’ Birth 30(4), 235–247
5 NHS Maternity Statistics, England: 2002–03
6 NHS Maternity Statistics, England and Wales 1998–99 to 2000–01, 2.19.2 ‘Parity and age’
7 Kitzinger, Sheila Episiotomy and the Second Stage of Labor (Pennypress, Seattle, WA, 1990).
8 NHS Maternity Statistics, England 1998–99, 2000–01 and 2002–3
9 Ibid
10 Gordon, Yehudi Birth and Beyond (Vermilion, London, 2002) p.313
11 NHS Maternity Statistics, England 2002–03, p.6
12 The National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit Report, 2001, p.17
13 NHS Maternity Statistics, England 1998–99, 2000–01. In 2000–01 about 16 per cent of deliveries were to women aged 35 or over, compared with 12 per cent in 1995–96 and 8 per cent in 1985.
14 Ibid: Singleton deliveries in 2000–01 were by elective caesarean for 5 per cent of women aged under 25; for 9 per cent aged 25–34 and for 15 per cent of those aged 35 or over.
15 Bell, et al. ‘Do obstetric complications explain high caesarean section rates among women over 30? A retrospective analysis’ British Medical Journal 2001; 322:894–895.
16 Gordon, Yehudi Birth and Beyond, p.505
17 NHS Maternity Statistics, England 2002–3, 2.15.2
1 Green, J.M. and H.A. Baston (2003) ‘Feeling in control in labour: concepts, correlates & consequences’ Birth 30(4), 235–247
2 Gibbings J. and A.M. Thomson, ‘Womens’ expectations and experiences of childbirth’ Midwifery 2001 Dec;17 (4): 302–13.
3 Newburn M. and D. Singh ‘Creating a better birth environment: women’s views about the design and facilities in maternity units: a national survey.’ An audit toolkit (National Childbirth Trust: London, 2003)
4 NICE Caesarean Section guidelines April 2004 p.40.
5 Green J., Baston H., Easton S. and F. McCormick, ‘Greater Expectations’ Mother and Infant Research Unit, University of Leeds, 2003 p.13
6 Hofmeyr G.J. and M.E. Hannah, ‘Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery’ (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
7 Simkin, Penny Pregnancy, Birth and the Newborn, p.178.
8 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on Induction of Labour, June 2001. p4
9 NHS Maternity Statistics, England 1998–99 to 2000–01
10 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on Induction of Labour, June 2001. p4
11 Listening to Mothers: Report of the first national US survey of women’s childbearing experiences. Maternity Center Association in collaboration with Harris Interactive. Declercq et al, Oct 2002.
12 Olofsson C. et al. ‘Lack of analgesic effect of systemically administered morphine or pethidine on labour pain’ British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1996 Oct; 103 (10); 968–72.
13 Howell, C.J. ‘Epidural versus non-epidural analgesia for pain relief in labour’ (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, issue 2, 2004. Chichester UK: John Wiley & sons, Ltd.
14 Wilson M.J.et al. ‘Randomised controlled trial comparing traditional with two ‘mobile’ epidural techniques: anesthetic and analgesic efficacy.’ Comparative Obstetric Mobile Epidural Trial (COMET) Study Group UK. Anesthesiology. 2002 Dec;97(6):1567–75.
15 NICE guidelines on Caesarean Section, National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) April 2004 p. 49.
16 Cluett E.R., Nikodem V.C., McCandlish R.E. and E.E. Burns. ‘Immersion in water in pregnancy, labour and birth’ (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
17 Gilbert R.E. and P.A. Tookey. ‘Perinatal mortality and morbidity among babies delivered in water: national surveillance study.’ BMJ 1999;319:483–7. Cited by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Birth in Water RCOG Statement No. 1 January 2001
18 Royal College of Midwives, Introduction to position paper No 1a, ‘The Use of Water in Labour and Birth’ Oct 2000
1 Odent, Michel The Caesarean (Free Association Books, UK, 2004)
2 NHS Maternity Statistics, England 2002–03, 2.19.3
3 NICE guidelines on Caesarean Section, National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) April 2004 p. 29
4 Ibid, p.30
5 Ibid, p.114
6 Chaffer & Royle 2000, Robinson 1999, Weaver et al 2001 cited in Myles Textbook for Midwives 14th edition. (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 2003) p 584–5.
7 NICE guidelines on Caesarean Section, National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) April 2004 p.76
8 Ibid p. 95
1 Listening to Mothers: Report of the first national US survey of women’s childbearing experiences. Maternity Center Association in collaboration with Harris Interactive. Declercq et al, Oct 2002.
2 Gibson, Fiona Birth Plan: You’re Joking? www.ivillage.co.uk
3 We have changed names and some details for confidentiality.
1 Junior Pregnancy and Baby Magazine Issue 8, Feb/Mar 2004, p.34
2 ibid
3 Quoted online by Fathers Direct ‘What good are dads?’ report, 2001 www.fathersdirect.com
4 Survey by toy manufacturer Tomy, reported in Junior Pregnancy and Baby Magazine, issue 6, Oct/Nov 2003, p.14
5 Fathers Direct leaflet ‘Father Facts’, issue 1, vol 1
6 Brott A. and J. Ash The Expectant Father: facts, tips and advice for dads-to-be (Abbeville, 1995 p.43.
7 Ibid. p.44.
8 Ibid. pp.25–6
9 Szeverényi P., Póka R., Hetey M. and Z. Török ‘Contents of childbirth-related fear among couples wishing the partner’s presence at delivery’ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical School, Debrecen, Hungary. Volume 19 Issue 1, March 1998
10 NCT Father’s Survey 2000
11 www.homedad.org.uk
1 Hodnett E.D., Gates S., Hofmeyr G.J. and C. Sakala ‘Continuous support for women during childbirth’ (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004.
2 Kennell J., Klaus M., McGrath S., Robertson S. and C. Hinkley ‘Continuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital. A randomized controlled trial’. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991 May 1;265(17):2197–201.
3 Quoted on the website of DUK www.doula.org.uk.
4 Odent M. The Caesarean (Free Association Books, UK, 2004) p. 19.
1 Moorhead, J ‘What Lies Beneath’, Junior Pregnancy and Baby Magazine, Issue 7, December/January 2004 p.33
2 Infant Feeding Survey 2000, Department of Health. www.doh.gov.uk
3 WHO briefing Mastitis: Causes and management. Available online at www.who.int