Abano Terme, 57
Aberdeen, 478
abstraction, 42, 52, 90, 109, 126, 195, 246, 353, 440, 441, 447, 460, 502; in mechanics, 384, 385
Accademia dei Lincei, 110
Accademia del Cimento, 110
Académie française, 112
Académie (royale) des sciences, see Academy of Sciences (French)
Academy of Dijon, 180
Academy of Sciences (French), 109, 112, 174, 176, 202, 211, 212, 216, 220, 225, 229, 232, 234, 238, 246, 268, 279, 387, 423
acids, 222-224, 225, 226-227, 234, 235, 241-245, 246, 447
acoustics, 383
acquired characters, 270, 322, 325
action at a distance, 144, 449, 453, 471, 474, 506, 518; medium for, 435, 460
Adam, Charles, 530
Adams, Henry, 405
adaptation, 266, 284, 302, 310, 317, 492
adiabatic changes, 365, 367, 368, 397
aether, 34, 129-131, 133, 145, 148, 149, 205, 237, 238, 240, 241, 355, 356-357, 367, 369, 380, 407, 408, 413, 421, 426-428, 429, 433, 434-435, 457, 465, 469, 471, 472, 475, 476, 477, 478, 489, 490-492, 493, 506, 507-510, 519
agnosticism, 347, 348, 349, 502
alchemy, 104, 106, 122, 205, 212
d’Alembert, 165, 188, 199, 361
Alexander, H. G., 532
algebra, 3, 87, 167, 245, 249, 375, 377, 462, 463
Ampère, 392, 430, 433, 442-443, 453, 459
Amsterdam, 335
analytical geometry, 37, 84, 86-91, 250, 355
anatomy, 55, 56-73, 111, 179, 278, 291, 325; comparative, 267, 279, 282-284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 307, 318
Anglicanism, 115, 205, 295, 410, 420
anticlericalism, 278
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 159
Arago, 407, 410, 421, 423, 426, 430, 432, 439, 444
Archimedes, 3, 14, 16, 40, 42, 52, 68, 101, 142, 144, 505
Aristarchos of Samos, 17, 20, 21
Aristotelianism, 7, 11-16, 17, 27, 33, 34, 41, 49, 50, 74, 96, 99, 141, 183, 263, 267, 268
Aristotelian physics, 11-14, 65
Aristotle, 11-16, 42, 43, 50, 59, 63, 64, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 85, 96, 144, 145, 170, 181, 249, 266, 285, 288
astronomy, 17-39, 49, 55, 111, 143, 346, 354
atmosphere, composition of, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 221, 224
atomism, 15, 88, 95-99, 108, 114, 133, 144, 146, 148, 181, 190, 201, 250, 251, 253-259, 311, 332, 340, 341, 345, 355, 392, 401, 409, 413, 421, 448, 450, 477, 480, 482, 484, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 495, 498, 507, 509, 512; of Greeks, 15, 96, 182-183; of Boyle, 104-107; of Locke, 163-164; of Lavoisier, 250; of Faraday, 454-457; of Maxwell, 466-492; and positivism, 499-500, 503; and Einstein, 513
attraction, 142, 143, 145, 146, 158, 163, 191, 480; between particles, 186, 237, 238, 461, 467. See also gravity
Auzout, Adrien, 125
Avogadro’s Hypothesis, 254, 258; number, 480
Babbage, Charles, 439
Bacon, Francis, 69, 74-82, 83, 108, 109, 111, 113, 152, 166, 169, 181, 189, 264, 502, 529. See also Baconianism
Baconianism, 54, 75, 77, 78, 82, 107, 125, 136, 145, 153, 162, 166, 174, 197, 229, 246, 310, 312, 314, 318, 357
Bacon, Roger, 80
Baer, Karl Ernst von, 261
Balfour, A. J., 349
Ball, W. W. Rouse, 532
Barlow, Nora, 539
barometry, 110
Barraclough, June, 534
Barrow, Isaac, 118
basic research, 445
Bates, Marston, 539
Bateson, William, 539
Batsch, 193
Baumgardt, Carola, 527
Bayen, 219
Becquerel, Henri, 385
de Beer, Gavin, 539
Bellarmine, Robert Cardinal, 46, 346
Bénac, Henri, 534
Bentham, Jeremy, 151, 154, 246
Bera, M. A., 530
Bergson, Henri, 344
Berlin, 323, 382; Physical Society of, 390
Berlin, Isaiah, 534
Bernard, Claude, 261, 320-321, 322, 382
Bernoulli, Daniel, 480
Berthelot, René, 535
Besterman, Theodore, 534
Bible, 264, 265, 281, 298, 300, 348, 520
biology, 13, 55, 57-59, 60, 73, 92, 179, 190, 203, 260-291, 303-351, 379, 380, 393, 402, 500-501; in Enlightenment, 156, 179, 184, 192, 197, 199; revolution in, 337, 340
Birch, Thomas, 530
Black, Joseph, 206-207, 212, 232, 238, 293, 411, 536, 537
Blagden, Charles, 228
Blake, William, 178
Blois, 231
Blum, H. F., 339
Blyth, Edward, 538
Boas, Marie, 530
Boehme, Jakob, 128
Boerhaave, 411
Bohr, Niels, 513
Boklund, Uno, 536
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 361, 483, 486, 493, 498, 512
Borelli, 110
botany, 59, 112, 170, 176, 180, 192-194, 267, 269, 312, 323
Boyle, Robert, 103-109, 113, 114, 130, 133, 136, 161, 185, 204, 250, 253, 337, 530-531; pneumatic experiments of, 103, 104, 105; corpuscular philosophy of, 104, 105, 106-107, 122; and method, 107-109
Boyle’s Law, 104, 254, 364, 368, 480
Bridgman, P. W., 382, 516, 540
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 372, 478
Broglie, Louis de, 541
Brongniart, Alexandre, 268, 289, 295
Brougham, Henry, 420
Brouncker, Lord, 114
Browne, Thomas, 302
Brownian movement, 512
Brunel, 358
Brunn Society for the Study of Natural Science, 329
Brussels, 60
Buridan, Jean, 41
Butterfield, Herbert, 526
Cabanis, 178
Calais, 445
calcination, 202, 212, 214, 218, 220, 222, 242
calculus, 87, 188, 368, 380, 422, 423, 475; discovered by Newton, 119, 120, 140, 149; differential, 368; of probability, 483
caloric, 202, 205, 227, 235, 236-241, 247, 248, 250, 255, 356, 357, 359, 360, 361, 362-370, 373, 380, 387, 391, 392, 395, 396, 406, 407, 408, 409, 462, 463
calorimetry, 238, 239, 370, 373, 383
Calvin, John, 66
Cambridge, 61, 68, 118, 119, 139, 210, 297, 307, 310, 411, 460, 478
Canterbury, 68
Carlyle, Thomas, 178
Carnegie, Andrew, 343
Carnot, Lazare, 358
Carnot, Sadi, 241, 352, 357-370, 373, 380, 387, 389, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 401, 406-407, 422, 462, 463, 540-541
Cartesianism, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94, 108, 121, 142, 145, 146, 147, 158, 159, 161, 166, 186, 197, 198, 210, 307, 323, 335, 344, 354, 358, 360, 408, 458, 468, 488, 492, 493, 515
Carus, 320
Caspar, Max, 527
Castlereagh, 308
catastrophism, 290, 295, 298, 300, 301
causality, 11, 93, 94, 145, 147, 162, 317, 318, 334, 335, 344, 350, 375, 381, 384, 385, 401, 403, 462
Cavendish, Henry, 207, 217, 228, 229
Cavendish Laboratory, 478
Cesi, Prince Federigo, 110
Champollion, 412
change, 6, 11, 14, 97, 106, 120, 241, 299-300, 338-339, 355, 376, 386
Charles I, 69
Charles II, 113
Charles V, 60
Chauvois, Louis, 529
Chelsea Hospital, 164
chemistry, 93, 97, 104, 106, 107, 111, 202-259, 260, 270, 274, 286, 338, 354, 370, 376, 378, 379, 385, 409, 436, 437, 438, 443, 446, 447-448, 451, 455, 479, 484, 494, 501, atomic, 97, 185, 204, 251, 252, 253-258, 354, 454-455, 499; Newton’s work on, 122, 134; in Enlightenment, 157, 170, 184-187, 188, 189, 226; revolution in, 157, 202-203, 214, 230-231, 233, 258, 335, 337; and Lavoisier, 202-204, 209-218; and Priestley, 208-210; mathematicization of, 245-246, 249; and Dalton, 250, 252-258; and positivism, 501
Cheselden, Dr., 164
Christianity, 8-9, 13, 26, 29, 46, 61, 98, 101, 160, 181, 183, 188, 210, 263, 347-351; hostility toward, 114, 151
circles, 14, 20, 24, 27, 28-29, 34, 37, 77, 84, 492, 519
circularity, 19, 24-25, 28, 51
circular motion, see motion, circular
circulation of the blood, 58, 64-73, 92, 262
Clapeyron, 365, 369, 373, 387, 396
Clark, G. N., 531
Clarke, Samuel, 148
classification, 12, 59, 79-80, 109, 153, 166, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 193, 234, 246, 248, 250, 260, 262, 266, 277, 294, 295, 340, 500, 502; Linnaean, 170-171
Clausius, Rudolf, 369, 389, 395-401, 481-482, 498, 540, 541
Cohen, I. Bernard, 532
Cohen, Morris R., 526
Coleridge, 178
Collège de France, 176, 177, 279
Collège Mazarin, 210
color, 106, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128-129, 131-133, 134, 179, 192, 193, 194-195, 205, 406, 409, 412, 413, 415, 416, 418, 421
Columbia University, 336
combination, chemical, 227, 230, 251, 252, 254, 255
combining volumes, law of, 484
combustion, 173, 202, 203, 204, 211-212, 213, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 224-226, 229, 230, 235, 242, 248, 258, 274, 275, 361
communication, 48, 62, 109-113, 163, 166, 167, 168, 178, 189, 352, 404, 517
Condillac, abbé de, 163, 164, 165-170, 171, 172, 175, 180, 203, 217, 236, 247, 250, 258, 448, 496, 502, 534
Condorcet, 165, 171, 172, 175, 534
Conduitt, John, 137
conservation, 51, 66, 96, 97, 218, 231, 235, 239, 241, 251, 283, 354, 356, 357, 361, 366, 367, 376, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 391, 393, 394, 395, 397, 402; of energy, 283, 370, 374, 381, 385-386, 390-391, 396, 399, 400, 474, 475, 476, 486, 487, 498
conservatism, 200-201, 286-287, 420
Conservatoire des arts et métiers, 176, 216
continuum, 88, 90, 91, 95, 144, 183, 186, 187, 198-199, 240, 341, 357, 368, 434, 456, 461, 476, 487, 507, 518; biological, 193, 198, 271, 276
convertibility, 370, 371, 372, 394, 395, 396
Conybeare, William Daniel, 296
Cope, J. I., 531
Copernicanism, 3, 29, 30, 31, 46-47, 49, 50, 134
Copernicus, 18-27, 29, 33, 39, 41, 43, 47, 51, 57, 66, 72, 74, 77, 84, 88, 92, 268, 498, 526-527
Correns, Carl, 336
corpuscular mechanics, 354, 356, 390, 394
corpuscular philosophy, 182, 258, 335, 380, 401, 454, 480, 491; of Boyle, 104, 105, 106-107, 122
corpuscular theory of light, 132, 354, 406, 413, 415, 418, 419, 420, 422, 428, 429, 431, 433, 434, 435, 459, 513
cosmology, 11, 14, 16-51, 84, 113, 143, 341, 497; Newtonian, 32, 143, 152; Cartesian, 91-93, 414; and Stoicism, 182-183; of Diderot, 191
cosmos, 9, 11, 14, 16, 27, 29, 32, 37, 39, 50, 51, 159, 182, 184, 188
Cotes, Roger, 148
Crew, Henry, 528
Curie, Pierre and Marie, 495
Cuvier, Georges, 177, 261, 267, 268, 269, 270, 277-291, 295, 298, 300, 341, 538
Dalton, John, 107, 250, 252-259, 335, 337, 339, 368, 371, 448, 537
Dantzig, 23
Darwin, Charles, 57, 59, 203, 217, 241, 260, 261, 266, 269, 270, 276, 283, 284, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303-351, 403, 451, 492, 519, 537-539, On the Origin of Species, 260, 269, 303, 306, 315-320, 330, 337, 347, 349. See also Darwinism
Darwin, Francis, 539
Darwin, Dr. Robert, 307
Darwinism, 187, 191, 321, 326, 327, 340, 342, 343, 402, 404
Daudin, Henri, 538
Definite Proportions, Law of, 252, 448, 454
Delille, 288
Democritus, 96, 99, 107, 133, 361, 384
“dephlogisticated air” of Priestley, 220, 221, 224, 226. See also oxygen
Descartes, René, 73, 77, 82-95, 99, 107, 109, 111, 112, 118, 120, 122, 144, 150, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 169, 189, 198, 217, 367, 414, 456, 477, 514; 529-530, 534. See also Cartesianism
Devonshire, Duke of, 207
Diderot, Denis, 164, 165, 173-174, 180-181, 182, 184, 187-188, 197, 200, 233, 261, 263, 269, 275, 307, 341, 345, 347, 438, 533, 534; Encyclopedia, 173, 174, 180, 184-187, 189, 233; natural philosophy of, 188-192, 262
Dijon, Parlement of, 233
Directory, 176
dissection, 61-63, 65, 262, 286, 340
diurnal motion, see motion, planetary
Dover, 445
Drabkin, I. E., 526
Drake, Stillman, 528
Dreyer, J. L. E., 527
Driesch, 344
du Châtelet, Marquise, 158
Dugas, René, 530
Duhem, Pierre, 493, 495, 497-498, 500, 501-502, 524, 540, 543
Dulong, 377
Dumas, J. B., 537
dynamics, 16-17, 32, 37, 41, 51, 54, 55, 99, 111, 120, 134, 135, 286, 379, 383, 384, 386-387, 390, 401, 420, 428, 443, 453, 474, 483, 484, 498, 499; of the body, 68; geological, 300; wave, 421; fluid, 432; and gases, 481-482
Eckerman, 179
École des mines, 176
École des ponts et chaussées, 176
École normale, 176
École polytechnique, 176, 177, 358, 369, 421, 422
economy, 24, 93, 126, 171, 235, 285, 301
Edinburgh, 206, 208, 293, 307, 308, 310, 411
Edison, Thomas A., 80
educationism, 168, 169, 172, 175-177, 203, 246, 249, 258, 404, 496
Einstein, Albert, 9, 16, 34, 80, 85, 88, 95, 198, 304, 352, 353, 359, 422, 444, 456, 474, 477, 494, 495, 497, 503, 506, 510-520, 543
Eiseley, Loren C., 538
electricity, 148, 173, 204, 205, 354, 360, 361, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 379, 380, 381, 385, 391, 392, 400, 421, 435, 438, 439, 441-449, 451, 452, 454-455, 459, 464, 465, 467-472, 474, 475, 499, 507, 509; static, 392, 442, 458, 464; galvanic, 392, 442, 444; frictional, 442
electrodynamics, 376, 392, 442, 459, 472, 473, 478, 498, 508, 509
electromagnetism, 140, 356, 357, 372, 426, 441-449, 453, 461-476, 487; and light, 471, 473, 490, 491, 494, 506, 507, 510, 511
electronics, 389
electrostatics, 354, 465, 471, 472, 509
Eliot, George, 349
empiricism, 54, 68, 77, 83, 156, 159, 160, 162, 166, 287, 318, 456, 503, 505
energetics, 352-405, 406, 477, 487, 498, 501, 502, 512, 513
energy, 242, 245, 361, 366, 372, 380, 383, 385, 389; 393, 400-401, 402, 403, 412, 470, 485, 487, 491, 495, 498, 499, 512; kinetic, 239, 377, 389, 390, 394, 470, 471, 481, 484, 499; conservation of, 283, 370, 374, 381, 385-386, 390-391, 396, 399, 400, 474, 475, 476, 486, 487, 498; potential, 376-377, 379, 389, 390, 471, 476, 499; chemical, 391, 392, 393; electrical, 392, 472; in extension, 455-456; mechanical, 476; of electromagnetic field, 476; and positivism, 498, 500-502
English Constitution, 174
Enlightenment, 77, 112, 114, 151-201, 206, 232, 233, 249, 263, 294, 342, 345, 354, 404, 420, 488, 496, 497, 502-503
Ent, George, 112
entropy, 339, 362, 369, 394, 396-401, 402, 404-405, 516
Epicureanism, 96, 97-98, 104, 164, 182, 183, 355
d’Epinay, Mme, 165
epistemology, 162, 383, 495, 503
equations: chemical, 245, 249; differential, 359, 384, 426; field, 472, 474-475, 485; kinetic, 483-484
l’Espinasse, Mlle, de, 165
ethics and science, 44, 154-155, 342, 348-350
Euclid, 3, 16, 40, 45, 88, 91, 118, 142, 151, 266, 414, 420, 453, 513; Euclidean space, 84, 87, 355, 491
Evelyn, John, 114
evolution, 55, 155, 177, 191, 198, 260, 231, 330, 335, 402, 404; time as coordinate of, 339, 351, 402. See also evolutionary theory
evolutionary theory, 261, 284, 300, 308, 312, 321-322, 323, 328, 346, 347, 348, 350; Lamarck, 261-262, 269-277; Darwin, 302, 313-320, 337-338, 342, 343; Nägeli, 323-325
experimentalism, 10, 54, 68, 71, 79, 83, 107-109, 188, 204, 217-218, 221, 223, 261, 286, 291, 384, 437, 439-441, 450, 483. See also Baconianism
extension, 86, 92-93, 95, 96, 146, 249, 356, 360, 367, 376, 379, 380, 381, 384, 400, 488, 490, 491, 504, 507; energy in, 455-456
Fabrici d’Acquapendente, 67-68
falling bodies law of, 3-7, 11, 15, 42, 46, 50, 51, 59, 87, 121, 134-135, 474, 518
Faraday, Michael, 352, 435-458, 459, 460, 462, 464, 465, 466, 468, 485, 493, 542; and electromagnetic induction, 439, 441-445, 449; and view of structure of matter, 441, 446, 448-449, 451-458; and atomism, 454-457; theory of space, 445, 454-458, 462
Farrington, Benjamin, 529
Favaro, Antonio, 528
Ferdinand II, Grand Duke (of Tuscany), 110
Fichte, 178
field: electromagnetic, 464, 466-467, 470, 473-476, 490, 506, 509, 511; theory, 357, 506, 507, 518; physics, 457-492, 493, 494; Maxwell’s Laws of, 466, 474, 508, 510, 517; magnetic, 469, 471, 474, 475, 509; electrical, 474, 475; equations, 472, 474-475, 485, 507, 514, 524
fire, see pyrotic theory
Fitzroy, 308
Fizeau, Hyppolyte, 427-428, 473
Flamsteed, John, 124
fluid, 272, 276, 356, 430, 489; heat as, 235, 239, 391; and electricity, 448, 450, 499; and light, 407, 408, 414, 430, 432, 433; and electro-magnetism, 461-465, 468, 471, 485, 490. See also aether; caloric
flux, 97, 198, 270, 277, 338, 339, 341, 368, 464, 467, 471, 473, 475
Fontenelle, 118, 124, 147, 335, 344, 531
Forbes, Edward, 313
force, 43, 343, 372, 373, 374, 376, 378-381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 393, 400, 401, 442, 449, 477, 507, 509; law of, 32, 51, 469, 490; gravitational, 33, 51, 135, 136, 355, 360, 389, 457, 467; centrifugal, 93, 120, 136, 374, 468; and Newton, 120, 121, 142, 143, 144, 354, 360, 389, 390, 503, centripetal, 121; centers of, 142, 389, 449, 455, 458; electromagnetic field of, 240, 426, 459, 474; plastic, 271, 274; causal, 375, 376, 380; lines of, 436, 438, 449, 451, 452-453, 458, 459, 460, 461-469, 475, 490; tubes of, 457, 462, 463, 468. See also caloric
form, 12, 15, 16, 59, 96, 106, 108, 180, 246, 249, 270, 284-285, 291, 379, 381, 441, 461; organic, 269, 271, 302, 319, 320, 330
Foster, Michael, 529
Fourier, 358
Franklin, Kenneth V., 529
Frauenburg (Poland), 20, 22, 23
Fréchines, 231
Freiberg-im-Sachsen, 292
French Republic, 55, 175, 176, 268
French Revolution, 174, 175, 178, 246, 251, 268, 278, 354
Fresnel, Augustin, 407-410, 421-435, 506, 507, 509, 541-542
Fric, René, 537
friction, 11, 371, 372, 373, 374, 387, 399, 446, 501
Froude, James Anthony, 349
Fulton, John, 530
Galileo, 3-8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 26, 27, 37, 39-53, 54, 57, 58, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 93, 99, 100, 101, 104, 109, 111, 112, 113, 118, 120, 133, 134, 135, 140, 142, 143, 181, 202, 217, 241, 305, 378, 497, 498, 505, 519, 520, 527-528; and motion, 3-7, 41-42, 44-45, 50-52, 89, 90-91, 106, 120, 133, 241, 249, 338, 339, 355, 515; and Platonism, 39-40, 49, 57
Galois, Evariste, 422
Galvani, 371
Garnett, William, 543
gas chemistry, 203, 205-209, 211-212, 213, 214, 219, 253, 254, 255
gases, kinetic theory of, 479-487, 494, 499
Gauss’s law of error, 483
Gay, Peter, 534
Gay-Lussac, 258, 368, 377, 426, 484
genetics, 190, 318, 320, 322, 326, 328, 334, 336-337, 338, 341, 346
geology, 55, 206, 211, 265, 266, 270, 289, 290, 291-302, 307, 308, 309, 312, 318, 319, 347, 403; pre-Darwinian, 268; religion and, 295, 297-299, 300. See also catastrophism; Neptunism; uniformitarianism; Vulcanism
geometry, 4-7, 16, 27, 32, 35-37, 38, 49, 55, 86-91, 111, 118, 380, 441, 456, 462, 488, 501, 518; Newton’s use of, 140-141, 143, 160, 307, 343, 344; descriptive, 228; Cartesian, see analytical geometry
George III, 151
Gibbs, Willard, 361, 494, 498, 512, 524
Gladstone, 350
Glasgow, 206
Glass, Bentley, 538
Glisson, Francis, 112
Gobineau, 343
Goddard, Jonathan, 112
Goethe, 107, 125, 179, 180, 192-198, 200, 263, 277, 287, 288, 307, 320, 321, 341, 347, 357, 379, 535
Goodrich, B. H., 531
Göttingen, 411
Gouhier, Henri, 534
gravimetrics, 204, 207, 212, 258
gravitation, 33, 51, 135, 136, 354, 360, 388, 389, 457, 458, 467, 468, 480
gravity, 16, 32, 51, 58, 77, 93, 94, 119-120, 121-122, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143, 145-147, 154, 168, 186, 238, 294, 317, 318, 319, 334, 335, 337, 354, 355, 360, 372, 380, 385, 389, 391, 430, 441, 449, 451, 453, 457, 459, 461, 467, 474, 480, 505
Greek philosophy, 9, 16, 144, 182, 338, 341, 456. See also atomism; Stoicism
Greek science, 10-16, 51, 79, 81, 92, 94, 97, 155, 212
Grimaldi, 424
Grimaux, Edouard, 537
Guericke, Burgomaster Otto von, 100-101
Guyton de Morveau, 233-234, 236, 247
Haak, Theodore, 112
Haas-Lorentz, G. L. de, 543
Haeckel, Ernst, 321-322, 382, 539
Hales, Stephen, 205-206, 207, 212, 536
Hall, A. R., 528
Halley, Edmond, 114, 136, 137, 138
Hanson, N. R., 527
harmony, 15, 28, 38-39, 146, 152, 311, 342, 343, 381, 383, 500
Harvey, William, 41, 58, 66, 68-73, 74, 75, 79, 92, 108, 262, 529; and theory of circulation, 66, 68-73, 262
heat, 93, 106, 140, 148, 203, 204, 207, 222, 227, 235-241, 242, 253, 255, 276, 293, 356, 383, 385, 386, 387, 389, 391, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 402, 404, 406, 408, 409, 421, 441, 451, 455; as motion, 357-370, 376, 481; mechanical equivalent of, 369, 374, 375, 378, 381, 391; as substance, 370-381; specific, 377, 378, 387, 394, 480, 484-485, 491; mechanical theory of, 387, 395, 400, 401; as energy, 391, 400, 470. See also convertibility; fluid
Hegel, 323, 328, 342, 383, 496
Heilbronn, 375
Heilsburg (Poland), 22
Helmholtz, 352, 374, 383-394, 396, 397, 401, 412, 449, 489, 490, 541
Henderson, L. J., 357
Henry, William, 253; Henry’s Law, 254
Herder, 200
heredity, 322, 325, 328, 329, 331-337, 341
d’Héricy, Comte, 278
Hertz, Heinrich, 493, 494, 511
Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 538
Hitler, 343
Hobbes, 146
d’Holbach, 165
Home, Henry, 206
Hooke, Robert, 109, 114, 125, 126-127, 128, 129, 131, 132-133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138-139, 145, 148
Huguenots, 277
humanism, 10, 13, 20, 40, 46, 49, 54, 55, 61, 77, 197, 200, 517, 520
humanitarianism, 81, 82, 152, 153, 208, 249
human nature, 77, 82, 152, 159, 189; science of, 163-164, 168
Humboldt, Alexander von, 268
Humphrey, Philip S., 539
Hutton, James, 293-294, 295, 299, 402
Hutton, Joseph, 206
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 261, 302, 305, 313, 321, 349, 350, 382
Huygens, Christiaan, 120-121, 125, 136, 146, 160, 408, 414, 423, 429, 434
Hveen, 30
hydrodynamics, 142, 362, 463, 489, 499
hydrostatics, 102
hypothesis: of Newton, 126, 128-129, 147, 162; of Helmholtz, 384; of Young, 408, 412-413; of Fresnel, 422, 431; of Maxwell, 460-461, 479
Ibn al-Nafis, 67
idealism, 162, 260, 288, 321, 322, 326, 379, 383, 403, 503, 517
ideology: of Diderot, 174
idioplasm, 323-325, 326, 335, 344
Iltis, Hugo, 539
Imperial University (France), 280
Index (Congregation of the), 49
induction, electromagnetic, 357, 439, 441-445, 449, 452-465, 467, 471
industrial revolution, 173
inertia, 19, 33, 51, 55, 77, 83-84, 87, 89-90, 92, 120, 142, 283, 354, 503-505, 508, 509, 510, 514-515
inertial systems, 508, 509, 514-515
infinity, 27, 51, 84, 89-90, 96, 97, 143, 188, 402, 477, 480
interference, of light, 131-132, 410, 412, 414-421, 423, 424, 428, 430, 434, 493
Irvine, William, 539
isothermal change, 365, 367, 368, 397
James I, 69
Jansenism, 115
Jardin des Plantes, see Muséum d’histoire naturelle
Jeans, James, 543
Joule, James Prescott, 370, 371-375, 377, 378, 384, 386, 387, 392, 394, 395, 397, 401, 481, 524, 541
Jones, H. W., 531
Jones, Richard Foster, 529, 531
Jung, 164
Kant, 375, 376, 379, 383, 384, 385, 503
Karlsruhe, 493
Kelvin, Lord, 394-395, 396, 403, 465, 467, 489, 490, 492, 541
Kepler, Johannes, 14, 25, 26, 27-39, 43-44, 47, 51, 73, 74, 77, 88, 118, 143, 217, 440, 441, 443, 492, 497, 498, 519, 527, 532; and planetary laws, 58, 119-120, 136, 143, 402
Keynes, Geoffrey, 529
Kielmeyer, 278
kinematics, 6, 14, 19, 27, 32, 41, 120, 202, 338, 355, 391
kinetics, 255, 311, 356, 357, 361, 381, 477, 480, 481, 490, 491; kinetic theory of gases, 479-487
King’s College (London), 478
Knapp, R. H., 531
Koch, Robert, 261
Koestler, Arthur, 29, 43-44, 52, 527, 538
Koyré, Alexandre, 84, 147, 527, 529, 532
Kuhn, Thomas S., 526, 532, 540
Lacépède, 268
Lack, David, 539
Lagrange, 117, 173, 177, 178, 211, 354, 359, 360, 466, 505
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de, 177, 260, 261, 262, 263, 267-277, 285-286, 300, 301, 306, 307, 322, 344, 347, 378, 379, 533, 537-538; evolutionary theory, 261-262, 269-277, 283, 288, 338, 339
Lanczos, Cornelius, 543
language, 113, 169, 171, 172, 233, 258, 343, 384, 404, 499, 502; Condillac’s theory of, 166-168, 172. See also nomenclature
Laplace, 165, 173, 177, 211, 228, 229, 238, 239, 245, 319, 354, 359, 420, 425-426, 431
Latham, R. E., 530
Latreille, 268
Lavoisier, 89, 165, 184, 202-204, 209-218, 219, 220-221, 222-250, 251, 252, 253, 258, 271, 274, 276, 305, 312, 337, 338, 339, 356, 359, 360, 369-370, 385, 411, 492, 535-536, 537, 542; and combustion, 202, 203, 220-221, 224-226, 230, 235, 242, 248, 258; philosophy of science, 202-204, 211, 214, 223, 224, 230-232, 235, 245-247, 249; and chemical revolution, 202-203, 214, 230-231; Elements of Chemistry, 203-204, 231, 235, 237, 238, 240, 247, 249, 253; personality, 209-210, 215-218; program of research, 213-214; and heat, 222, 235; and acids, 222-224, 226-227, 234, 235; rationalization of chemistry, 232-235
Lavoisier, Madame, 215, 231, 371, 536
Lee, R., 538
Lehrs, Ernst, 535
Leibniz, 128, 145, 146, 149, 158, 307, 355, 360, 372, 532
Lenoble, Robert, 530
Leonardo da Vinci, 7, 8, 54-56, 84, 441, 497, 528
Leopold, Prince, 110
LeRoy, Georges, 534
LeSage, 480
Leucippus, 96
Leyden, 506
liberalism, 159, 174, 343, 403, 405
Liége, 125
life, 10, 12-13, 106, 260, 272, 275, 276, 291, 327, 339, 343, 360, 371
light, 32, 87, 88-89, 93, 111, 195, 205, 235, 237, 239, 241, 248, 276, 370, 375, 383, 391, 406-435, 436, 454, 456, 461, 492, 512; Newton’s view of, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128-129, 130-134, 148, 385; wave theory of, 121, 132, 357, 407-435, 457, 461, 472, 506; Hooke’s view of, 126-127, 131, 132-133; corpuscular theory of, 132, 354, 406, 413, 415, 418, 419, 420, 422, 426, 428, 429, 431, 433, 434, 435, 459, 513; velocity of, 413, 417, 427-428, 472-473, 474, 508, 510, 514-517; emission theory of, 406, 408, 428, 431; transverse waves, 428-435, 465, 491, 506; polarization of, 451-452, 468, 493; and electro-magnetism, 471, 473, 474, 490, 493, 506, 507, 510, 511. See also aether; interference; reflection; refrangibility
Linnaean Society, 315
Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), 170-171, 177, 178, 180, 192, 193, 195, 198, 267, 269, 277, 341, 411
Linz, 37
Locke, John, 113, 124, 139, 159-164, 165, 166, 172, 174, 371-372, 534
Loesche, Martin, 535
London, 69, 109, 110, 113, 125, 137, 139, 148, 157, 208, 478
Lorentz, H. A., 494, 506-510, 514, 515, 517, 518, 519, 543
Louis XVIII, 280
Louis Philippe, 280
Louvain, 60
Lucasian Chair of Mathematics, 118, 138
Lucretius, 96, 97, 98, 490, 530
Luther, Martin, 22
Lutheranism, 23
Lyell, Charles, 261, 299-302, 308, 309, 314, 315
MacCurdy, Edward, 528
Mach, Ernst, 495, 496, 497, 498, 502-506, 511, 514, 540, 541, 543
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 8, 40, 98
Magdeburg, 100
Magendie, François, 261
magic, 80
Magie, W. F., 541
magnetism, 32, 74, 354, 360, 379, 385, 392, 400, 429, 435, 441, 442-446, 451, 452, 455, 456, 458, 459, 465, 467-472, 474, 475; of earth, 438, 443, 445, 448