PROLOGUE
1 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 80–2. Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, pp. 235–8.
CHAPTER 1: THE OBSERVATION GAME
1 NGVR WD, AWM52, 8/4/18, 21 January 1942.
2 Downs, NGVR 1939–1943: A History, p. 283.
3 NGVR WD, AWM52, 8/4/18, 21 Jan 1942.
4 Gilchrist interview, AWM67, 2/41, p. 11.
5 NGVR WD, AWM52, 8/4/18, 22–23 Jan and 2 Feb 1942.
6 Ibid., 5 Feb 1942. Burton interview with Bob Collins, Harim Tok Tok, vol. 74.
7 NGVR WD, AWM52, 8/4/18, 13 and 23 Feb 1942.
8 Bōeichō, Senshi Sõsho: Port Moresby–Guadalcanal Campaigns, ch. 2. The Japanese referred to Gasmata airfield as Surumi.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 NGVR WD, AWM52, 8/4/18, 8 March 1942. Burton interview, Harim Tok Tok, vol. 74.
14 Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 3, p. 388.
15 Nesmith, No Higher Honor, pp. 66–8.
16 AWM54, 589/7/32.
17 Bullard, Japanese Army Operations in the South Pacific Area, p. 41.
18 Burton interview, Harim Tok Tok, vol. 74.
19 Bōeichō, Senshi Sõsho: Port Moresby–Guadalcanal Campaigns, ch. 2.
20 Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force: 1939–1942, p. 460. 75 Sqn WD, NAA A9186 /95, pp. 007–9.
21 Bōeichō, Senshi Sõsho: Port Moresby–Guadalcanal Campaigns, ch. 2.
22 75 Sqn WD, NAA A9186 /95. pp. 009–11 and 019–20.
23 Bōeichō, Senshi Sõsho: Port Moresby–Guadalcanal Campaigns, ch. 2. Sakai, Samurai, p. 113.
24 Bōeichō, Senshi Sõsho: Port Moresby–Guadalcanal Campaigns, ch. 2.
25 Sakai, Samurai, p. 113.
26 AWM54, 589/7/20.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Burton interview, Harim Tok Tok, vol. 74.
30 Mollard notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/512.
31 AWM54, 589/7/20.
32 Bob Emery interview, AWM, MSA S0727, pp. 11–14.
33 Ibid., pp. 39–40.
34 Edwards interview, AWM67, 2/76.
35 White interview, AWM67, 2/117.
36 Downs, NGVR 1938–1943: A History, p. 285. Burton interview, Harim Tok Tok, vol. 74.
37 Emery interview, AWM, MSA S0727, pp. 42–3. Burton interview, Harim Tok Tok, vol. 74.
38 AWM54, 589/7/20.
39 Emery interview, AWM, MSA S0727, pp. 41–2. Lyon interview, AWM 67, 2/33. Downs, NGVR 1938–1943: A History, p. 177.
40 Downs, NGVR 1938–1943: A History, p. 284.
41 Emery interview, AWM, MSA S0727, pp. 43–4.
42 Ibid., pp. 46–9. NGF HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/51, June 42, pp. 22–3.
43 McCarthy, South-West Pacific Area First Year, p. 87.
44 Burton interview, Harim Tok Tok, vol. 74.
45 Downs, NGVR 1938–1943: A History, p. 285.
46 Bullard, Japanese Army Operations in the South Pacific Area, p. 119.
CHAPTER 2: ‘SUCH A DANGEROUS LOOKING MOB’
1 MacArthur interview, AWM67, 1/7, p. 19a.
2 Murray-Smith memoir, AWM67, 3/283.
3 Emery interview, AWM, MSA S0727, p. 50.
4 Pirie, Commando Double Black, p. 62.
5 Hamilton interview notes, AWM67, 3/154.
6 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20.
7 Pirie, Commando Double Black, p. 85.
8 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20. Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283.
9 For details, see Bradley, Hell’s Battlefield, pp. 32–8.
10 Pirie, Commando Double Black, p. 86.
11 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20. Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283, p. 17. Hamilton interview notes, AWM67, 3/154.
12 Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283, pp. 15–17.
13 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20. See Photo 2 for an aerial view of Heath’s Plantation.
14 Pirie, Commando Double Black, pp. 90–1. Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283, p. 18.
15 Pirie, Commando Double Black, p. 91.
16 Pirie, Commando Double Black, pp. 91–2. Hamilton interview, AWM67, 3/154.
17 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20.
18 Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283, p. 19.
19 Pirie, Commando Double Black, p. 93. Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20. Hamilton interview notes, AWM67, 3/154.
20 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20.
21 Pirie, Commando Double Black, pp. 92–3.
22 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20.
23 Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283, p. 20.
24 Pirie, Commando Double Black, p. 88.
25 Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283, p. 21.
26 Hamilton interview notes, AWM67, 3/154.
27 Wylie report, AWM54, 589/7/20.
28 Bullard, Japanese Army Operations in the South Pacific Area, p. 119.
29 Murray-Smith memoirs, AWM67, 3/283, p. 21.
30 Pirie, Commando Double Black, pp. 98–9.
31 Ibid., p. 101.
32 Downs, NGVR 1939–1943: A History, p. 212. Pirie, Commando Double Black, pp. 101–2.
33 NGF HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/51/155, 076–7. Whittaker interview, AWM67, 2/33, pp. 59–60.
34 Boxall, A Story of the 2/5 Australian Commando Squadron AIF, Foreword. 2/5th Ind Coy WD, AWM52, 25/3/5/1, 008.
35 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 18/8/42.
36 Ibid., 8/9/42.
37 Ibid., 18/9/42.
38 Ibid., 23/9/42.
39 Blamey papers, AWM 3DRL6643, 2/47.
40 Ibid.
41 Letter to Kenney, 24/10/42. MMLA, RG54.
42 AWM54, 583/6/4. AWM54, 589/7/27.
43 Ford, My New Guinea Diary, pp. 33–4.
44 Ibid., p. 39.
45 Ibid., p. 81.
CHAPTER 3: ‘WE WILL DIE FIGHTING’
1 AWM54, 589/7/14.
2 US Army, Japanese monograph 45, pp. 124–6.
3 For a detailed account, see Bradley, Hell’s Battlefield, pp. 183–203.
4 Dunshea interview with author.
5 Graham, None Shall Survive, p. 63.
6 Brazenor and Fred Anderson interviews with author.
7 AWM55, 6/2, IR059, 6/3, IR091, IR098.
8 Cook and Cook, Japan at War, p. 301.
9 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, pp. 219–20.
10 AWM54, 643/6/8.
11 US Army, Japanese monograph 37, p. 124.
12 AWM55, 3/18, ATIS 140.
13 For a detailed account, see Bradley, Hell’s Battlefield, pp. 204–13.
14 AWM54, 643/6/5. Saramoa is Salamaua.
15 Orita & Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 142–3.
16 AWM55, 6–5, IR 220.
17 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 50.
18 AWM54, 589/7/14.
19 51st Engineering Regt Field Diary, AWM55, 5/14, EP-159.
20 Bradley, To Salamaua, pp. 78–88.
21 AWM55, 6/5, IR231.
22 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 10.
23 Shinoda, The 66th Infantry Regiment.
24 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 39.
25 Ibid., p. 140.
26 AWM55, 6/5, IR 220.
27 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 49.
28 64th LOC Unit Field Diary, AWM55, 5/13, EP-146, p. 24.
29 Bruning, Jungle Ace, p. 110.
30 Army Air Forces, The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign, p. 193.
31 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, pp. 79–80.
32 Ibid., p. 59.
33 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 10.
34 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 48.
35 Hashimoto, Sunk, p. 97.
36 Orita & Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 143–5. Hashimoto, Sunk, pp. 68–77. Kenney diary, 19 March 1943, MMLA, RG54. Henebry, The Grim Reapers, pp. 78–81. Henebry gives the wrong date in his account.
37 Orita & Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 145–7. Hashimoto, Sunk, pp. 77–83.
38 Hashimoto, Sunk, p. 83–5. NAA, A9186, 21, pp. 223 and 226.
39 AWM55, 3/13, ATIS 1205.
40 AWM55, 6/5, IR212.
41 AWM54, 589/7/14.
42 AWM55, 6/5, IR202 and IR226.
43 51st Division Intel Report, AWM55, 5/4, EP-44, 12 June 1943.
44 Orita & Harrington, I-Boat Captain, pp. 138–9. AWM 55, 6/5, IR212. AWM 54, 423/4/16, AE416.
45 Miller, Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul, pp. 194–5.
46 AWM54, 779/3/22, AE82. Hashimoto, Sunk, p. 68.
47 51st Division Tactical Plan, AWM55, 5/5, EP-53.
48 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, pp. 217–18.
49 Ibid., pp. 218–19.
50 Register of aviation stores, Captured doc B 484-5893, Courtesy of Rick Dunn.
51 Hiroyuki Shindo, ‘The Japanese Army’s Strategy’, in Dean (ed.), Australia 1943, pp. 74–84.
52 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, pp. 17–18.
53 AWM54, 589/4/13.
54 AWM55, 3/8, ATIS 891. AWM55, 6/5, IR220.
55 AWM54, 589/7/14.
56 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 37.
57 51st Div Intel Report, AWM55, 5–4, EP-44, 25 July 1943.
58 Ibid., 21 August 1943.
59 AWM54, 589/4/12.
60 AWM54, 589/4/13.
61 AWM54, 589/3/12.
62 AWM52, 8/3/24/31, p. 72.
63 AWM54, 589/7/26. Only one 155 mm was spotted by Allied intelligence but two were later captured.
64 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 21.
65 AWM54, 423/6/8.
CHAPTER 4: MOUNTAINS TO CLIMB
1 NGF HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/51/032, 093.
2 AWM54, 519/6/58.
3 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 19 August 1942.
4 Ibid., 29 May and 8 June 1943.
5 Berryman diary, 3 and 7 June 1943, AWM PR84/370, Item 3.
6 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 6 June 1943.
7 Army Air Forces, The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign, p. 173.
8 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, pp. 4–9 and 26.
9 Ibid., p. 6.
10 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1/008, pp. 88–90. US Army, Japanese monograph 37, pp. 160–2.
11 3rd Division HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/4/039, p. 6.
12 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1/009, 063.
13 Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, p. 108.
14 Ibid., pp. 55–66.
15 Ibid., pp. 114–15.
16 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1/007, pp. 131–3. Ryan interview with author. Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, pp. 115–18.
17 Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, p. 117–19. Four months later Ryan was told that Peter Ah Tun had been shot by the Japanese for collaboration, but, as Ryan discovered when he met Ah Tun again many years later in Lae, this was not the case.
18 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 3, 6, 9. Today called the Sarawaget Range.
19 AWM55, 5/5, EP-55, 20th Engineering Regt orders, 24 February 1943. Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 1–4.
20 AWM55, 5/5, EP-55, 20th Engineering Regt orders, 24 April 1943. Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 10. In his account, Kitamoto confirms his orders came from Lieutenant Colonel Murai and this is important in establishing the date of Kitamoto’s mission.
21 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 10–15. In a 1969 interview Kitamoto said he arrived in Lae on 3 April 1943 after a three-week journey from Teliata Point. However, Kitamoto’s unit did not even reach Tuluvu until 8 April. Cross-checking of Japanese and Australian records shows that the three-week journey took place from 24 April, when Murai’s official order was issued, to 18 May when the arrival of Kitamoto in Lae was recorded at 51st Division headquarters. AWM54, 741/5/14 also confirms the presence of Kitamoto’s detachment near Bawan on 15 May. In the same 1969 interview Kitamoto said his unit reached Teliata Point by flying boat, contradicting his written account.
22 Ibid., pp. 17, 27, 30–3. Kitamoto refers to Dawat as Dagawat. It is today known as Dowat.
23 Ibid., pp. 37–9.
24 Ibid., pp. 40–4. Tukaget is also known as Tukwambet.
25 Ibid., pp. 52–4. Holmes, Smiles of Fortune, p. 66. 20th Division Intel Report, AWM55, 5/13, EP-145, 13 May 1943.
26 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 54.
27 20th Division Intel Report, AWM55, 5/13, EP-145, 20 May 1943.
28 Ibid., 18 May 1943. Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 48–50.
29 AWM55, 5/4, EP-44, 51st Division Intel Report, 27 April 1943.
30 Ibid., 28 April 1943.
31 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 54–5.
32 AWM54, 741/5/14. Ryan, Brief Lives, p. 76. Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, pp. 141 and 153.
33 AWM54, 741/5/14.
34 20th Division Intel Report, AWM55, 5/13, EP-145, 13 May 1943.
35 AWM54, 741/5/14. Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, pp. 177–8.
36 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 45.
37 AWM54, 741/5/14. Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, pp. 179–82. Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 45.
38 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 45 and 54.
39 ‘Honour where due’, Australian, 25 April 2006.
40 US Army, Japanese monograph 37, pp. 163–6.
41 AWM55, 3/13, ATIS 1167.
42 US Army, Japanese monograph 37, pp. 171–4.
43 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 56–7.
44 Ibid., pp. 57–9.
45 20th Division Intel report and map, AWM55, 5/13, EP-145, 22 June. Also referred to as Ofmalakan, Wafmaragen or Orforfragen.
46 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 60–1.
47 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1/012, pp. 74–5. AWM55, 3/10, ATIS 940.
48 51st Division Intel Report, AWM55, 5/4, EP-44, 25 June 1943.
49 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1/012, p. 29. Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 63–4.
50 51st Division Intel Report, AWM55, 5/4, EP-44, 10 August 1943.
51 AWM54, 741/5/4.
52 Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, pp. 197 and 205. Ryan interview with author.
53 AWM54, 741/5/4.
54 Ibid.
55 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1, June 43, p. 134. Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, pp. 232–3.
56 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1, June 43, p. 134. Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, pp. 233–7.
57 Ryan interview with author. Ryan refers to the former Australian prime minister, who was found disoriented in a US hotel without his trousers.
58 51st Division Intel Reports, AWM55, 5/4, EP-44, 23, 24 and 27 June 43. Chivasing is also referred to as Jidishigu, Jibshingu and Jibushingu in these reports.
59 Advanced HQ WD, AWM52, 1/2/2/009, 092.
60 20th Division Intel report, AWM55, 5/13, EP-145, ATIS documents 5496 and 6022.
61 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 6 June 1943.
62 ANGAU WD, AWM52, 1/10/1/013, pp. 70–6.
63 Whitehead letter, 20 July 1943, MMLA, RG54. Army Air Forces, The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign, p. 183.
64 AWM55, 3/13, ATIS 1167.
65 Byrne and Dunshea interviews with author.
66 Hawker letter, AWM67, 3/164.
67 Dunshea interview with author.
68 Kalamsei citation, AWM119, 048.
69 Byrne interview with author.
70 Foster notes, AWM67, 3/131.
71 Ibid.
72 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 247. Hawker letter, AWM67, 3/164.
CHAPTER 5: THE SECRET AIRBASE
1 Leggett, ‘Interview with General GC Kenney’, NAA, SP300/3, 578.
2 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 31 August 1942. Tokyo Rose was the nickname for an English-speaking Japanese broadcaster.
3 Ibid., 25 November 1942. Kenney refers to Faurot as Ferrault.
4 Ibid., 4 and 6 February 1943.
5 Ibid., 14 February 1943.
6 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 8.
7 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 14 February 1943.
8 Ibid., 23 February 1943.
9 Ibid., 10 June 1943. Blamey to Herring, 15 June 1943, AWM54, 591/7/21.
10 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 20 June 1943.
11 Blamey to Herring, 15 June 1943, AWM54, 591/7/21.
12 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 1 September 1943.
13 Smith notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/387. Beattie notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/619.
14 Kenney diary, 29 May and 1 June 1943, MMLA, RG54.
15 Smith notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/387.
16 Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, p. 290.
17 Frazier, Tsili Tsili Sting, Vol. 2, pp. 44–5, 48.
18 Ryan interview with author.
19 Frazier, Tsili Tsili Sting, Vol. 2, p. 70.
20 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 8 June 1943.
21 Ibid., 7 June 1943.
22 Berryman diary, 12 June 1943, AWM PR 84/370, Item 3.
23 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 13 June 1943.
24 Herring interview with Dexter. AWM172/6.
25 AWM54, 589/7/27.
26 Corfield, Hold Hard, Cobbers Vol. 2, p. 77.
27 Marston notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/176.
28 Savige notes on Official History, AWM 3DRL2529, Item 126.
29 3rd Division HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/4/557, p. 2.
30 871st Engineer Aviation Battalion History, NARA, RG407, Box 15277.
31 Seale memoir emailed to author.
32 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 10 July 1943.
33 Kenney, General Kenney Reports, pp. 269–70.
34 Herring interview with Dexter, AWM172/6.
35 Marston notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/176.
36 Ibid.
37 Seale memoir emailed to author.
38 Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 270.
39 Vern Tuskin interview, http://australiansatwarfilmarchive.unsw.edu.au/archive/250.
40 871st Engineer Aviation Battalion History, NARA, RG407, Box 15277.
41 Dunn, ‘4 Kokugan takes charge’, p. 9.
42 51st Div Intel Report, AWM55, 5–4, EP-44, 21 August 1943.
43 Ryan, Fear Drive My Feet, p. 289.
44 AWM55, 6/4, IR 164.
45 Dunn, ‘4 Kokugan takes charge’, p. 9.
46 AWM55, 6/4, IR 164. AWM55, 3/8, ATIS 881.
47 Ford, My New Guinea Diary, pp. 302–5. www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/png/tsili-tsili.
48 Park, Angels Twenty, p. 89.
49 Dunn, ‘4 Kokugan takes charge’, p. 10.
50 Corfield, Hold Hard, Cobbers Vol. 2, p. 87.
51 Ibid., pp. 89–90. 871st Engineer Aviation Battalion History, NARA, RG407. Doney lived to the age of 72.
52 Bullard and Tamura, From a Hostile Shore, pp. 66–8. Odgers, Air War against Japan 1943–1945, p. 70.
53 AWM55, 6/4, IR 164.
54 Odgers, Air War against Japan 1943–1945, p. 70.
55 Army Air Forces, The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign, pp. 59–60 and 160.
56 Henebry, The Grim Reapers, pp. 84–6.
57 Army Air Forces, The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign, pp. 62–3.
58 Ibid., p. 195.
59 Ibid., p. 196.
60 Ibid., p. 197.
61 Middlebrook, Air Combat at Twenty Feet, pp. 427–8.
62 Craven & Cate, The Army Air Forces in WW2, p. 179.
63 Henebry, The Grim Reapers, pp. 82–91. Craven & Cate, The Army Air Forces in WW2, p. 179.
64 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 29.
65 Craven & Cate, The Army Air Forces in WW2, pp. 179–80.
66 Ibid., p. 180.
67 George Greene, 57/60th Bn, in Corfield, Hold Hard, Cobbers Vol. 2, p. 90.
68 Craven & Cate, The Army Air Forces in WW2, pp. 171–3.
69 Corfield, Hold Hard, Cobbers Vol. 2, p. 92.
70 Gray diary, 29 August 1943, AWM PR00433.
CHAPTER 6: MACARTHUR’S NAVY
1 Miller, Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul, p. 19. AWM54, 589/3/11.
2 Kenney diary, 28 March 1943, MMLA, RG54.
3 AWM54, 519/6/58.
4 Ibid., AWM54, 589/7/1.
5 For more background on Berryman, see Dean, The Architect of Victory.
6 AWM54, 213/3/20.
7 Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 20.
8 Ibid., p. 9.
9 Ibid., p. 22.
10 Ambrose, D-Day, p. 45.
11 Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, pp. 62–4.
12 Ibid., p. 44.
13 US Army, History of the Second Engineer Special Brigade, ch. 3.
14 Baldwin, ‘Aviation and Amphibian Engineers in the Southwest Pacific’, in Fowle (ed.), Builders and Fighters: U.S. Army Engineers in World War II, p. 357.
15 US Army, History of the Second Engineer Special Brigade, ch. 3.
16 AWM54, 213/3/20.
17 AWM54, 589/4/8.
18 Stephens, ‘Rendezvous at Nassau Bay’, Khaki and Green, pp. 149–52.
19 US Army, History of the Second Engineer Special Brigade, pp. 43–5.
20 AWM54, 213/3/20.
21 Berryman diary, 28 July 1943, AWM PR 84/370, Item 3.
22 AWM54, 589/7/27.
23 AWM54, 589/3/8.
24 Operation Chronicle Report, Barbey papers, ONR, Box 14, Item 210.
25 Barbey, MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy, p. 66.
26 Task Force 76 WD, NARA, RG38, Box 250.
27 AWM54, 589/3/10.
28 AWM54, 213/3/20.
29 Berryman diary, 23 July 1943, AWM PR 84/370, Item 3.
30 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 1 and 3 Sept 43.
31 Robertson notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
32 Johnston & Stanley, Alamein, p. 265.
33 AWM54, 589/7/26.
34 Whitehead notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/476.
35 Australian Military Forces, Jungle Warfare, p. 43.
36 AWM54, 589/7/26.
37 Wells, B Company Second Seventeenth Infantry, p. 150.
38 Australian Military Forces, Jungle Warfare, p. 43.
39 2/13th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/13/001, p. 15.
40 AWM54, 589/3/9.
41 2/13th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/13/001, p. 19.
42 AWM54, 589/7/8. AWM54, 213/3/20.
43 AWM54, 589/7/1. AWM54, 213/3/20.
44 AWM54, 589/7/26.
45 AWM54, 213/3/20.
46 Ibid.
47 US Army, History of the Second Engineer Special Brigade, p. 44.
48 AWM54, 589/7/3.
49 AWM54, 591/7/5.
50 AWM54, 589/7/2. AWM54, 589/7/3.
51 2/13th Bn WD, AWM52, 3/3/13/001, p. 25.
52 AWM54, 589/7/3.
53 Task Force 76 WD, NARA, RG38, Box 251.
54 AWM54, 589/7/26.
55 AWM54, 589/3/2. AWM54, 589/6/7.
56 AWM54, 589/7/26.
57 AWM54, 213/3/20.
58 AWM54, 589/7/26.
59 AWM54, 589/7/2.
60 AWM54, 213/3/20.
61 Task Force 76 WD, NARA, RG38, Box 250.
62 AWM54, 589/7/2.
63 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, pp. 328–9.
64 US Army, History of the Second Engineer Special Brigade, p. 45.
65 Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945, pp. 328–9.
66 Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, pp. 159–60.
67 AWM54, 589/4/3.
68 2/13th Bn WD, AWM52, 3/3/13/001, p. 28.
CHAPTER 7: AIRBORNE INFANTRY
1 AWM54, 589/7/27.
2 AWM54, 589/5/3.
3 AWM54, 213/3/20. For a detailed account of the Bulldog Road, see Bradley, To Salamaua, pp. 94–100.
4 AWM54, 589/3/9.
5 AWM54, 213/3/20.
6 Berryman diary, 15 July 43, AWM PR84/370, Item 3.
7 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 1 September 43.
8 AWM54, 213/3/20.
9 AWM54, 589/5/3.
10 AWM54, 213/3/20.
11 Kenney diary, MMLA, RG54, 20 June 43.
12 AWM54, 589/7/27.
13 AWM54, 589/3/8.
14 AWM54, 591/7/5.
15 AWM54, 589/4/5.
16 AWM54, 589/7/27.
17 AWM54, 589/3/9.
18 AWM54, 213/3/20.
19 AWM54, 589/3/10, Part 2. Robertson letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/358. Herring letter, 23 July 1956, AWM 67/3, 167.
20 Ennis Whitehead letter, MMLA, RG54, 31 July 1943.
21 Robertson letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
22 AWM54, 589/3/11.
23 Dougherty interview, AWM172/13.
24 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3.
25 Ibid.
26 Robertson letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
27 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3.
28 AWM54, 589/7/23.
29 AWM54, 589/3/10 Part 2.
30 AWM54, 589/7/23.
31 Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, pp. 6–7.
32 AWM54, 589/7/23.
33 Ibid.
34 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3.
35 Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, pp. 9–10.
36 AWM54, 589/4/12.
37 AWM54, 589/4/13.
38 Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, pp. 9–10.
39 AWM54, 589/4/12.
40 AWM54, 589/4/13. Robertson letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
41 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 338.
42 Norm Anderson interview with author.
43 Parsons, Gunfire, p. 162. Warby, The 25 Pounders, p. 303.
44 2/4th Field Regt WD, AWM52, 4/2/4, 31 August 1943.
45 AWM54, 589/7/1.
46 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3. Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, p. 7.
47 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3.
48 AWM54, 589/7/23.
49 Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, pp. 23–5.
50 AWM54, 589/7/23.
51 Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, p. 11. AWM54, 589/4/12.
52 AWM54, 589/7/23. Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, p. 14.
53 AWM54, 589/3/10 Part 2.
54 AWM54, 589/4/13.
55 AWM54, 589/7/1.
56 Robertson letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
57 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3.
58 Milbourne memoir, AWM PR87/221, p. 36.
59 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3.
60 Ibid.
61 AWM54, 213/3/20.
62 AWM54, 589/7/2 Part 3.
63 AWM54, 213/3/20.
64 Berryman diary, AWM PR84/370, Item 3, 11 August 1943.
65 Ibid., 18 August 1943.
66 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 279.
67 Berryman diary, AWM PR84/370, Item 3, 28 August 1943.
68 Chamberlin memo, 28 August 1943, AWM54, 589/3/9.
69 Herring notes on Official History, AWM67, 3/167.
70 Berryman papers, AWM PR84/370, Item 37.
CHAPTER 8: D-DAY DAWNS
1 Holmes memoir, AWM67, 3/169. AWM54, 589/3/5.
2 Australian Military Forces, Jungle Warfare, p. 43.
3 AWM54, 589/3/5.
4 20th Bde WD, AWM52, 8/2/20/100, 005.
5 AWM54, 589/3/5. AWM54, 589/3/10 Pt 2. AWM54, 589/7/3. Task Force 76 WD, NARA, RG38, 2553-M.
6 Hemery, ‘Lae landing’, NAA, SP300/3, 419.
7 2/23rd Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/23/42, p. 4.
8 Carty, Flickers of History, pp. 70 and 90.
9 AWM54, 591/7/5.
10 2/13th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/13/001, pp. 30–1.
11 Holmes memoir, AWM67/3/169.
12 AWM54, 591/7/5.
13 Australian Military Forces, Jungle Warfare, p. 44.
14 Hemery, ‘Lae landing’, NAA, SP300/3, 419.
15 Wells, B Company Second Seventeenth Infantry, p. 152.
16 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, p. 228.
17 Holmes memoir, AWM67/3/169.
18 2/13th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/13/001, p. 33.
19 Ibid., p. 35.
20 Ibid., p. 36.
21 Clothier diary, 4 Sept 1943, AWM PR00588.
22 Tuckerman notes, AWM67, 3/405.
23 Wells, B Company Second Seventeenth Infantry, p. 152.
24 Hemery, ‘Australians attack Lae’, NAA, SP300/3, 398.
25 Windeyer interview, AWM93, 50/2/23/250.
26 US Army, Japanese monograph 32, p. 12B.
27 www.j-aircraft.com/research/rdunn/tuluvu/tuluvu_6. US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 27.
28 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11. ATIS captured documents, Bulletin 768. Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 262. Morison confirms the presence of the nine aircraft at Lae and Adachi’s citation confirms the three bombers were Sonias.
29 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, p. 228.
30 AWM54, 589/7/7.
31 Hemery, ‘Australians attack Lae’, NAA, SP300/3, 398.
32 Wells, B Company Second Seventeenth Infantry, p. 152.
33 Australian Military Forces, Jungle Warfare, p. 44. LCI 338 WD & AAR, NARA, RG38, 370-46-5-7, 370-45-6-5. LCI 338 was alongside LCI 339.
34 Clothier diary, 4 Sept 1943, AWM PR00588. Oscars were often misidentified as Zeros.
35 LCI 341 AAR, NARA, RG38, 370-45-6-5.
36 Share, Mud and Blood, pp. 259–60.
37 Carty, Flickers of History, p. 90.
38 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, p. 228.
39 Allan Dawes, ‘We beat the Japs at their own game’, The News (Adelaide), 7 September 1943.
40 Guard and Tring, The Pacific War Uncensored, pp. 174 and 177–8.
41 Fielder interview, http://4osailor.com/Sea%20Stories.htm. LCI 339 was towed off the beach and sunk 300 metres out to sea on 10 September. LCI 341 was recovered on 11 October and towed to Milne Bay.
42 ATIS captured documents, Bulletin 768, Item 9492.
43 Dickson, Flying for the Army, p. 53.
44 AWM54, 589/7/5.
45 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, p. 64.
46 AWM54, 589/6/8.
47 AWM54, 589/7/9.
48 AWM54, 589/7/2.
49 AWM54, 589/7/9.
50 AWM54, 589/5/1.
51 Allan Dawes, ‘We beat the Japs at their own game’, The News (Adelaide), 7 September 1943.
52 Weston, ‘Landing at Lae’, Western Mail, 16 September 1943.
53 AWM54, 589/7/3. AWM54, 589/7/9.
54 Whitehead interview, AWM93, 50/2/23/476.
55 Windeyer interview, AWM93, 50/2/23/250.
56 Army Air Forces, The Fifth Air Force in the Huon Peninsula Campaign, pp. 210–11.
57 www.j-aircraft.com/research/rdunn/tuluvu/tuluvu_7.
58 AWM54, 589/6/8. USS Reid War Diary, NARA RG38, 370-45-11-7.
59 LST 471 AAR, NARA, RG38, 370/45/8/2. AWM54, 589/7/7. Lambert, Commando: From Tidal River to Tarakan, pp. 269–71.
60 2/2nd MG Bn WD, AWM52, 8/5/2, Sept 43, p. 27.
61 Lambert, Commando: From Tidal River to Tarakan, p. 272.
62 Ibid., p. 271. 2/2nd MG Bn WD, AWM52, 8/5/2, Sept 43, p. 28. LST 473 is the USN number; it was also designated LST 143.
63 LST 473 WD and AAR, NARA, RG38, 370/46/8/1 and 370/45/8/2. Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 265.
64 Lambert, From Tidal River to Tarakan, p. 271.
65 2/2nd MG Bn WD, AWM52, 8/5/2, Sept 43, p. 28. LST 471 is referred to as LST 141.
66 Lambert, From Tidal River to Tarakan, p. 270.
67 Coyne manuscript, AWM MSS1928, p. 50.
68 LST 471 AAR, NARA, RG38, 370/45/8/2. Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 335.
69 AWM54, 589/6/8.
70 LST 471 WD, NARA, RG38, 370/46/8/1. Fielder interview, http://4osailor.com/Sea%20Stories.htm.
71 Fielder interview, http://4osailor.com/Sea%20Stories.htm.
72 AWM54, 589/6/8.
73 Rick Dunn notes for author.
74 2/13th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/13/001, pp. 36–7.
75 Odgers, Air War against Japan 1943–1945, pp. 74–5. King, Song of the Beauforts, p. 108. 22 Sqn WD, 4 September 1943, NAA, A9186/45.
76 Odgers, Air War against Japan 1943–1945, pp. 75–6. 22 Sqn WD, 5 September 1943, NAA, A9186/45.
77 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
78 Bōeichō, Senshi Sõsho, South Pacific Area operations (3) Munda-Salamaua, pp. 367–70.
79 Iwata, Hellish Battlefield, p. 55.
80 Bōeichō, Senshi Sõsho, South Pacific Area operations (3) Munda-Salamaua, pp. 370–2.
CHAPTER 9: ‘THE WOLF AT THE BACK GATE’
1 Robertson letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
2 AWM54, 589/4/13. AWM54, 589/7/2.
3 Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 289.
4 Vasey papers, NLA MS3782, Box 20.
5 Breuer, Geronimo, p. 107.
6 Miller, Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul, pp. 208–9. General Kenney said it only took one minute and ten seconds for the 1700 men to drop.
7 Campbell, The Operations of the 503 PIR, p. 17.
8 Weston, ‘The story of the Lae campaign’, The Australasian, 1 January 1944.
9 Miller-Randle, ‘Invictus Asbestos’, p. 112.
10 Kenney letter to Arnold, MMLA, RG54, 7 September 43.
11 AWM54, 589/4/13. 2/4th Field Regt WD, AWM52, 4/2/4, 5 Sept 1943.
12 Leggett, ‘Australian artillery parachute to fame’, NAA SP300/3, 556.
13 Norm Anderson interview with author. Henry, The Story of the 2/4th Field Regiment, pp. 210–11. AWM54, 589/7/2. Part 3.
14 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
15 AWM54, 589/4/13. AWM54, 589/7/2. Peck, Sappers of the Silent Seventh, p. 314. McNicoll, The Royal Australian Engineers 1919 to 1945, Vol. 3, p. 191.
16 Peck, Sappers of the Silent Seventh, p. 315.
17 2/6th Field Coy WD, AWM52, 5/13/6, 5 Sept 1943. AWM54, 589/6/1. Peck, Sappers of the Silent Seventh, p. 313.
18 McInnes interview with author. AWM54, 589/7/2, Part 3.
19 AWM54, 589/7/2, Part 3.
20 5th Air Force Operations Report, NARA, RG18, Box 5658. AWM54, 589/4/13. 2/2nd Pioneer Bn WD, AWM52, 8/6/2, 6 Sept 1943.
21 5th Air Force Operations Report, NARA, RG18, Box 5658. AWM54, 589/4/13.
22 AWM54, 229/21/1.
23 Ibid.
24 Neil Wilson, ‘Australia’s secret tragedy’, Herald Sun, 9 April 2004. Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 268.
25 Neil Wilson, ‘Australia’s secret tragedy’, Herald Sun, 9 April 2004.
26 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 268.
27 Neil Wilson, ‘Australia’s secret tragedy’, Herald Sun, 9 April 2004.
28 2/33rd Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/33/12, p. 83.
29 AWM54, 229/21/1.
30 Ibid.
31 Marshall notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/749.
32 Neil Wilson, ‘Australia’s secret tragedy’, Herald Sun, 9 April 2004.
33 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 103.
34 Crooks interview with author.
35 Ibid.
36 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 272. Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 104. AWM54, 229/21/1.
37 Balfour-Ogilvy notes. Crooks, The Footsoldiers, p. 271.
38 Bergerud, Touched with Fire, p. 104.
39 MacDougal interview with author. MacDougal notes for author.
40 Crooks interview with author.
41 Balfour-Ogilvy notes.
42 AWM54, 229/21/1. The Official History lists 59 Australians killed and 92 injured but does not take into account that Private Mannix Daniel, Private Jack Ling and Private Edwin Cafe, all initially listed as injured, died from their injuries on 19 September 1943.
43 MacDougal notes for author.
44 871st Engineer Aviation Battalion History, NARA, RG407, Box 15277.
45 5th Air Force Operations Report, NARA, RG18, Box 5658.
46 Australian Military Forces, Jungle Warfare, pp. 21–3.
47 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
48 Berryman diary, 5 September 1943, AWM PR 84/370, Item 3.
49 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, pp. 66–7.
50 Christensen, That’s the Way it Was, p. 105.
51 AWM54, 779/3/22, AE106.
52 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 341. Bunbury notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/818. Bunsell notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/181.
53 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/50, p. 22.
54 Bunbury notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/818.
55 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/50, p. 22.
56 Ibid.
57 Christensen, That’s the Way it Was, pp. 109–10.
58 Bunsell notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/181. 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/50, pp. 07-12 and 22.
59 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/50, pp. 22–4.
60 Ibid.
61 Duell notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/814. Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 343.
62 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 343. AWM52, 8/3/62/050, 007-8.
63 Christensen, That’s the Way it Was, p. 108.
64 Betson, DeLacy, Hellens and Young are listed on MIA plaques at Lae cemetery.
CHAPTER 10: ‘A TERRIFYING BUT MAGNIFICENT SPECTACLE’
1 Lawrie notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/657. Share, Mud and Blood, pp. 266–7.
2 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, pp. 45–6.
3 AWM54, 589/7/34. Lawrie notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/657. Fairlie and Schram citations, AWM119/33. Share, Mud and Blood, pp. 267–8. McRae notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/579.
4 Share, Mud and Blood, pp. 271–4.
5 AWM54, 589/7/34.
6 Share, Mud and Blood, pp. 275–6. AWM119/32. Lawrie notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/657.
7 AWM54, 589/7/34.
8 AWM54, 589/7/26. RAAF 4 Sqn WD, NAA, A9186, 170.
9 Miller-Randle, ‘Invictus Asbestos’, p. 115.
10 AWM54, 589/7/3. AWM54, 589/7/9.
11 Windeyer notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/250.
12 Weston, ‘Landing at Lae’, Western Mail, 16 September 1943.
13 AWM54, 589/6/2.
14 Ibid.
15 Wells, B Company Second Seventeenth Infantry, p. 154.
16 AWM54, 589/6/2.
17 AWM54, 589/7/34.
18 Ainslie letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/172.
19 Coates, Bravery above Blunder, p. 273.
20 Whitehead notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/476.
21 AWM54, 589/6/2.
22 Whitehead notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/476.
23 Evans letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/475.
24 2/28th Battalion Association DVD.
25 Mollard notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/512.
26 2/28th Battalion Association DVD.
27 Ibid., Mollard notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/512. AWM54, 589/7/36.
28 2/28th Battalion Association DVD.
29 Ibid., May citation, AWM119, 034.
30 Norman notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/578. Mollard notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/512.
31 Masel, The Second 28th, p. 165.
32 Mollard notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/512.
33 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 46.
34 Herring to Vasey, 12 Sept 43, Vasey papers, NLA MS3782, Box 2, Folder 13.
35 Norman notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/578. 2/28th Battalion Association DVD.
36 2/28th Battalion Association DVD.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Evans letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/475.
40 US Army, History of the Second Engineer Special Brigade, p. 49.
41 AWM54, 589/7/24. AWM52, 8/3/24/031, p. 39.
42 AWM54, 589/7/24.
43 2/24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/24/31, pp. 39–40.
44 Ibid., pp. 41–2. Gillespie notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/595.
45 2/24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/24/31, pp. 42–3. AWM54, 589/7/9.
46 Whitehead notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/476.
47 AWM54, 589/7/27.
48 Wootten notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/330.
49 AWM54, 589/7/9.
50 AWM54, 589/7/26. US Army, Japanese monograph 99, p. 65.
51 AWM54, 589/7/26 and 589/7/34.
52 AWM54, 589/7/9. Horner, The Gunners, p. 363.
53 AWM54, 589/7/34.
54 Ibid.
55 Share, Mud and Blood, p. 283.
56 Whitehead notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/476.
57 2/23rd Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/23/42, 217.
58 Lovell, I Carried my Sketchbook.
59 AWM54, 589/6/2.
60 Whitehead notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/476.
61 Ibid.
62 AWM54, 589/7/2.
63 AWM54, 589/6/2.
CHAPTER 11: ‘FIX BAYONETS’
1 2/25th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/25/024, p. 96.
2 Gilbert notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/575.
3 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
4 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 46.
5 Henry, The Story of the 2/4th Field Regiment, pp. 220–1. AWM54, 589/7/33.
6 AWM54, 589/7/2, Part 3. 5th Air Force Operations Report, NARA, RG18, Box 5658.
7 AWM54, 589/7/33.
8 Ibid.
9 AWM54, 589/4/13.
10 AWM54, 589/7/33.
11 Gilbert notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/575.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, pp. 373–5.
15 Bickle interview notes, AWM67, 3/31.
16 AWM54, 981/2/1.
17 Australian Army, Reconquest, pp. 49–50.
18 Dexter, ‘VC winner wants to visit mother in Ireland’, The Argus, 3 Jan 1944.
19 Bickle interview notes, AWM67, 3/31.
20 Gilbert notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/575.
21 Ibid.
22 2/31st Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/31/14, p. 82. AWM54, 779/3/22, IR60. US Army, Japanese monograph 99, p. 66.
23 Weston, ‘Australian airborne forces victory’, The Advertiser, 17 September 1943.
24 Gilbert notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/575.
25 AWM54, 589/7/33. Fletcher interview with author.
26 MacDougal notes to author.
27 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, pp. 293–4.
28 Ibid., pp. 297–8.
29 Ibid., pp. 299–301.
30 Hall letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/664.
31 Scott citation, AWM119/34.
32 Laffin, Forever Forward, p. 122.
33 Crooks, The Footsoldiers, pp. 301–2.
34 Laffin, Forever Forward, pp. 119–20. 2/31st Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/31/14, p. 7.
35 Laffin, Forever Forward, p. 120.
36 Marien, ‘The Australian Soldier’, NAA, SP300/656.
37 AWM54, 589/7/33.
38 AWM54, 589/7/1.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Gilbert notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/575.
42 Ibid.
43 Eather notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/269.
44 AWM54, 589/6/1.
45 Evans notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/475.
46 Richardson, ‘The Australians who captured Lae’, Yank, 12 November 1943.
47 Mollard notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/512.
48 Ibid.
49 AWM54, 589/6/1.
CHAPTER 12: ‘A PRECARIOUS RETREAT’
1 Coyne manuscript, AWM, MSS1928, p. 53.
2 Hart letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/169.
3 Bottrell, Cameos of Commandos, p. 6.
4 2/4th Ind Coy WD, AWM52, 25/3/4, Sept 43. Miles interview with author.
5 Hart letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/169.
6 2/4th Ind Coy WD, AWM52, 25/3/4, Sept 43. Hart letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/169. Lambert, Commando, pp. 280–3. Miles interview with author.
7 Lambert, Commando, pp. 281–2.
8 Hart letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/169. Jaggar citation, AWM119, 033. Lambert, Commando, pp. 281–4.
9 Hart letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/169. Jaggar citation, AWM119, 033. Lambert, Commando, p. 284.
10 AWM55, 6/4, IR194.
11 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 75–6.
12 AWM54, 589/7/2, Part 3.
13 25th Bde WD, AWM52, 8/2/25/024, p. 17.
14 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
15 AWM54, 589/7/2, Part 3.
16 Iwata, Hellish Battlefield, p. 55.
17 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 76–7.
18 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11. Iwata, Hellish Battlefield, p. 55. AWM55, 6/5, IR206.
19 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 77–8.
20 Watanabe, The Naval Land Unit that Vanished in the Jungle, p. 20.
21 Iwata, Hellish Battlefield, p. 55.
22 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 81. Avin also spelt Ave or Amyen.
23 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, p. 66.
24 AWM54, 589/7/2, Part 3. Gilbert notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/575.
25 7th Div HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/14/59, p. 138.
26 25th Bde WD, AWM52, 8/2/25/24, pp. 10–11. Gilbert notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/575.
27 Robertson notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
28 Miller-Randle, ‘Invictus Asbestos’, pp. 113–14.
29 Berryman diary, 15 September 1943, AWM PR84/370, Item 3.
30 Breuer, Geronimo, pp. 108–9.
31 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, p. 68.
32 7th Div HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/14/50, p. 18. AWM54, 589/7/23.
33 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 76.
34 7th Div HQ WD, AWM52, 1/5/14/50, p. 21.
35 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 76.
36 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 79.
37 Milbourne memoir, AWM PR87/221, p. 36.
38 AWM54, 589/7/2, Part 3. 2/14th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/14, Sept 43, p. 6.
39 Vasey to Herring, 16 Sept 1943, Vasey papers, NLA MS3782, Box 2, Folder 13.
40 Berryman diary, 16 September 1943, AWM PR84/370, Item 3.
41 King interview with author.
42 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, pp. 151–2.
43 AWM55, 6/4, IR 189. AWM54, 423/4/33.
44 King interview with author.
45 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 153.
46 Nakai interview notes, AWM67, 10/12.
47 Vasey to Herring, 16 Sept 1943, Vasey papers, NLA MS3782, Box 2, Folder 13.
48 AWM54, 589/7/3, 589/7/8. 2/24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/24/31, pp. 46–7.
49 2/24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/24/31, pp. 48–9.
50 Lambert, Commando, p. 290.
CHAPTER 13: ‘LIKE BEGGARS IN A PROCESSION’
1 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 76.
2 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8-3-62-53, p. 106. AWM55, 6/5, IR206. Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, pp. 407–8.
3 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, p. 66.
4 AWM54, 779/3/22, AE105.
5 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, p. 231.
6 Sato, ‘My survival: Five sen coin’, www.awm.gov.au/ajrp.
7 2/24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/24/31, p. 53. Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, p. 232.
8 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, p. 232.
9 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 81.
10 Ibid., p. 73.
11 Lambert, Commando, pp. 291–2.
12 2/24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/24/31, p. 53.
13 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
14 Sato, ‘My survival: Five sen coin’, http://www.awm.gov.au/ajrp.
15 AWM54, 779/3/22, AE81.
16 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 79.
17 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 73. Avin and Ave are the same village.
18 2/24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/24/31, p. 100.
19 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 80.
20 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/51, pp. 129–31 and 8/3/62/53, p. 106.
21 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, pp. 231–2, 235. Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, p. 80.
22 US Army, Japanese monograph 38, p. 77.
23 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
24 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 80–2.
25 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, pp. 233–4.
26 Ibid., pp. 235–6.
27 Ibid., p. 237.
28 Ibid., pp. 237–8.
29 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8-3-62-56, pp. 84–6.
30 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 83–5.
31 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, pp. 67–8.
32 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8-3-62-56, pp. 84–6.
33 Wada, The Lae Naval Guard Unit, pp. 238–40.
34 Ibid., p. 241.
35 Sato, ‘My survival: Five sen coin’, http://www.awm.gov.au/ajrp.
36 Ibid.
37 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, pp. 82 and 94.
38 Yoshihara, Southern Cross, ch. 11.
39 Kitamoto, A Record of Marathon Adventures, pp. 87–90.
40 Tanaka, Operations of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces, p. 62. US Army, Japanese monograph 99, pp. 67–8.
41 Hattori notes, AWM67, 10/12.
42 AWM54, 589/7/14.
43 US Army, Japanese monograph 99, p. 67.
44 Berryman notes, AWM PR84/370.
45 PIB WD, AWM52, 8/4/4, October 1943. Sinclair, To Find a Path, pp. 177–8.
46 PIB WD, AWM52, 8/4/4, October 1943. AWM54, 779/3/22, AE96. AWM55, 6/5, IR228.
47 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/53, p. 5.
48 Ibid., p. 7.
49 Ibid., pp. 11, 164–6.
50 AWM55, 6/5, IR 220.
51 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/53, pp. 82, 98.
52 Ibid., p. 109.
53 42nd Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/81/16, pp. 18, 54.
54 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/53, p. 44.
55 Ibid., p. 24.
56 24th Bn WD, AWM52, 8/3/62/56, pp. 84–6.
57 PIB WD, AWM52, 8/4/4, Nov 1943. Dexter, The New Guinea Offensives, p. 409.
58 Hart letter, AWM93, 50/2/23/169.
59 Berryman diary, 20 September 1943, AWM PR84/370, Item 3.
1 Hemery, ‘The morning after’, NAA, SP300/3, 425.
2 Bill Robertson notes, AWM93, 50/2/23/358.
3 Berryman diary, 16 September 1943, AWM PR 84/370, Item 3.
4 Windeyer interview, AWM93, 50/2/23/250.
5 AWM54, 589/7/27.
6 For more detail, see Bradley, Hell’s Battlefield, pp. 334–42.
7 Ibid., pp. 378–86.
8 Lowe, Nadzab (1943), pp. 12–17.
9 Ibid., pp. 20–1.
10 Ibid., pp. 61–5.
11 Barbey, Seventh Amphibious Force, Annex (C).
12 Berryman notes, AWM PR84/370.
13 Dennis & Grey (eds), The Foundations of Victory, p. xv.