1 Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler (London, 1964 [1653]), p. 113.
2 Leo Berg, Freshwater Fishes of the USSR and Adjacent Countries (Jerusalem, 1962 [1948]), p. 194.
3 Robert Hamilton, The Natural History of British Fishes, 2 vols (Edinburgh, 1843), vol. 2, p.118.
4 Online at
http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/libraries/templates/options.asp?URN=1640&FolderID=0.
5 Douglas Adams, The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time (London, 2002).
6 George Rooper, The Autobiography of the Late Salmo Salar: The Life, Personal Adventures and Death of a Tweed Salmon (London, 1867), p. 15.
7 Georg Wilhelm Steller/Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, The History of Kamtschatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent, trans. James Grieve (Gloucester, 1764), p. 148.
8 Thomas Fuller, The Worthies of England, 3 vols, ed. John Freeman (London, 1952 [1662]), vol. 2, p. 69.
9 J. W. Jones, The Salmon (London, 1959), preface.
10 Robert Blatchford, Merrie England (London, 1893), p. 88.
11 Charles Phair, Atlantic Salmon Fishing (New York, 1937), p. 130.
12 Charles Dickens,‘Salmon’, All The Year Round: A Weekly Journal, 20 July 1861, p.406.
13 Walton, Compleat Angler, p. 113.
1 David Starr Jordan, Salmon and Trout of the Pacific Coast (Sacramento, CA,1892), p. 1.
2 Francis Day, British and Irish Salmonidae (London, 1887), p. 1.
3 Salmonidae consist of 11 genera – a genus being a group of living organisms comprising related and morphologically similar species. Within these genera are 167 species, a species being a group of organisms capable of interbreeding. Family, genus and species are progressively smaller units of classification for animals and plants within Linnaeus’ system of taxonomy (1735). Above the family stand the order, class, phylum and, finally, the kingdom.
4 Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler (London, 1964 [1653]), p. 114.
5 Whether the salmon was originally a fresh or salt water fish has been as hotly debated as the question of its ocean of origin. The case for freshwater origins hinges on the invariable return there to spawn. If laid in salt water, ova would float; even if they sank to the bottom, they would die. Also, whereas entire genera and many species of Salmonidae live wholly in freshwater, there are no exclusively marine forms. According to the freshwater theory of origin – which still more or less holds sway – salmon began to migrate to the sea when freshwater conditions became unsuitable during glacial times. See V. Tchernavin, ‘The Origin of Salmon: Is its Ancestry Marine or Freshwater?’, Salmon and Trout Magazine, 95 (June 1939), pp. 120–40.
6 Pliny (C. Plinius Secundus), Historia Naturali (The Ninth Book of Plinies Naturall History), trans. Philemon Holland [1601], chapter 18.
7 Some earlier philologists contended that Salmo is of Celtic origin. See Alfred C. Andrews, ‘Greek and Latin Terms for Salmon and Trout’, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 86 (1955), p. 310.
8 Rainbow and cutthroat trout used to be classified as Salmo on a morphological basis, but were shifted to Oncorhynchus on evolutionary grounds in 1989. The bridge between salmon and the trout within Oncorhynchus is the steelhead, the rainbow’s sea-running form.
9 The History of Kamtschatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent, trans. James Grieve (Gloucester, 1764), pp. 145–9. Steller served as naturalist on Vitus Bering’s expedition (1741–2) to locate an eastern passage to North America, which discovered Alaska.
10 Fumihiko Kato, ‘Life Histories of Masu and Amago Salmon’, in Pacific Salmon Life Histories, eds. C. Groot and L. Margolis (Vancouver, BC,1991), p. 449.
11 Charles Hallock, The Salmon Fisher (New York, 1890), p. 49.
12 As quoted in W. Bullen, The Irish Salmon Question Socially, Economically and Commercially Considered by a Naturalist and an Epicure (Guildford, 1863), p. 15.
13 P. D. Malloch, Life-History and Habits of the Salmon, Sea-Trout, Trout, and Other Freshwater Fish (London, 1912), p. 138. At 18, Malloch opened a small taxidermy and fishing tackle shop in Perth that became Scotland’s most renowned.
14 Tim Bowling, ‘Hell’s Gate: 1913’, in Low Water Slack (Gibsons, BC, 1995), p. 17.
15 Walton, Compleat Angler, p. 114.
16 Andrew Young, The Book of the Salmon (London, 1850), p. 215;J. Arthur Hutton, The Life-History of the Salmon (Aberdeen, 1924), p. 12.
17 Thomas Pennant, British Zoology, 4 vols (London, 1769), vol. 3, p. 241; Michael Drayton, Poly-olbion, ed. J. William Hebel (Oxford, 1933), p. 112.
18 Walton, Compleat Angler, p. 114.
19 The kype represents a marvellous piece of recycling. As salmon can no longer grow bone in the usual way – they are not feeding so they cannot absorb phosphate and calcium – they must rely on their own existing supplies. Just as deer grow antlers, soft connective tissue is converted into bone.
20 Steller, History of Kamtschatka, p. 148.
21 William Jardine, Illustrations of British Salmonidae with Descriptions by Sir William Jardine (Edinburgh, 1839–41), Plate 7.
22 W.J.M. Menzies, The Salmon: Its Life Story (Edinburgh, 1925), pp. 26–7.
23 Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (London, 1859), p. 94; id., The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (London, 1871), pp. 510–12.
24 J. W. Jones, Salmon (London, 1959), p. 7.
25 As quoted in Frank Buckland, Manual of Salmon and Trout Hatching (London, 1864), p. 17.
26 As quoted in Buckland, Manual of Salmon and Trout Hatching, p. 16.
27 From ‘Piscator’, Fishing Gazette (6 March 1886), as quoted in Day, British and Irish Salmonidae, pp. 81–2.
28 Kenneth Dawson, Salmon and Trout in Moorland Streams (London, 1928), p. 83.
29 Lewis Lloyd, Field Sports of the North of Europe: A Narrative of Angling, Hunting and Shooting in Sweden and Norway (London, 1885), p. 79.
30 Roderick Langmere Haig-Brown, Return to the River: A Story of the Chinook Run (New York, 1941), pp. 247–8.
31 Charles Hallock, The Salmon Fisher (New York, 1890), p. 12.
32 Walton, Compleat Angler, p. 113.
33 Humphry Davy, Salmonia: or Days of Fly Fishing(London, 1828), pp. 60–62.
34 Menzies, The Salmon: Its Life Story, p. 71.
35 William Landram McFarland, Salmon of the Atlantic (New York, 1925), p. 131.
36 Henry Charles Williamson, Pacific Salmon Migration: Report of the Tagging Operations in 1925 (Toronto, 1927), p. 41.
37 Menzies, The Salmon: Its Life Story, p. 35.
38 Charles Kingsley, The Water-Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby (London, 1901 [1863]), pp. 106–8.
39 Hector Boece (Hector Boethius), Scotorum Historiae: Scotorum Regni Descriptio, folio XII (Paris, 1527); translated by John Bellenden as The Hystory and Croniklis of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1540).
40 Boethius, The Hystory and Croniklis of Scotland, p. 25.
41 Walton, Compleat Angler, p. 116. How these ribbons and threads remained in place is something of a mystery.
42 David Starr Jordan, Days of a Man, 2 vols (Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY,1922), vol. 1, p. 227.
43 Jordan, Salmon and Trout of the Pacific Coast, p. 14.
44 Lyall Watson, Jacobson’s Organ and the Remarkable Nature of Smell (London, 2000), pp. 12–15.
45 Francis Trevelyan Buckland, Natural History of British Fishes (London, 1881), p. 302.
46 A. D. Hasler and W. J. Wisby, ‘Discrimination of Stream Odors by Fishes and its Relation to Parent Stream Behaviour’, American Naturalist, 85 (1951), pp. 223–38; A. D. Hasler, ‘Odor Perception and Orientation in Fishes’, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11 (1954), pp. 107–29.
47 Arthur Hasler, Underwater Guideposts: Homing of Salmon (Madison, WI, 1966), pp. 55–6.
48 Ibid., p. 98.
49 V. C. Wynne-Edwards, Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour (Edinburgh, 1962), p. 463.
1 Ernest Dunbar Clark, The Salmon Canning Industry (Seattle, 1927), p. 11.
2 Alaska Packers Association, Argo Red Salmon Cook Book: How to Eat Canned Salmon (San Francisco, 1911), p. 6.
3 Tim Bowling, ‘Desire’, in Low Water Slack (Gibsons, BC,1995), p. 71.
4 An Alaskan researcher estimated that nearly a third of salmon running up a typical stream were killed by bears before spawning. Richard F. Shuman, ‘Bear Predations on Red Salmon Spawning Populations in the Karluk River System’, Journal of Wildlife Management, 14/1 (1950), pp. 1–9.
5 Herbert Maschner and Katherine Reedy-Maschner, ‘Letter from Alaska: Aleuts and the Sea’, Archaeology, 58/2 (March/April 2005), pp. 63–4, 66–8, 70. These findings strengthen the Aleut case for extending their permitted fishing season.
6 Recent research questions the extent of this apocryphal super abundance on the Atlantic coast. Salmon in New England and Atlantic Canada were in fact outstripped by cod, shad, alewives and sturgeon (and early Euro-American observers often confused shad with salmon). Climatic conditions may not have been suitable for the salmon’s spread into this region until relatively recently. Analysis of fish bones in New England’s prehistoric middens has revealed virtually no traces of salmon.
7 Jefferson F. Moser, Salmon and Salmon Fisheries of Alaska: Report of the Operation of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross for the Year Ending June 30,1898 (Washington, DC, 1899), pp. 12–13.
8 Jim Lichatowich, Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis (Washington, DC, 1999), pp. 25–33.
9 Hitoshi Watanabe, The Ainu Ecosystem: Environment and Group Structure (Seattle, 1973), p. 122.
10 Shiro Kayano, ‘Who Owns the Salmon?’, in First Fish, First People: Salmon Tales of the North Pacific Rim, ed. Judith Roche and Meg McHutchison (Seattle, 1998), pp. 41–2.
11 Arnold Henry Savage Landor, Alone With the Hairy Ainu: Or, 3800 Miles on a Pack Saddle in Yezo and a Cruise to the Kurile Islands (London, 1893), p. 64.
12 Ibid., p. 211.
13 W. B. Yeats, ‘Preface’ to Isabella Augusta (Lady) Gregory, Gods and Fighting Men (London, 1904).
14 Henry Lansdell, Through Siberia, vol. 2 (London 1882), pp. 221–3.
15 Marion Kite, ‘The Conservation of a 19th Century Salmon Skin Coat’, 12th Triennial Meeting, Lyon, 29 August-3 September 1999, vol. 2, International Council of Museums Committee for Conservation (London, 1999), p. 692.
16 The Journals of Lewis and Clark, ed. Bernard De Voto (Boston, 1997), pp. 194, 246, 252–4, 258, 262.
17 Washington Irving, Astoria or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains (Norman, OK, 1964), p. 262.
18 Alexander Russel, The Salmon (Edinburgh, 1864), p. 3.
19 Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), The History and Topography of Ireland (Harmondsworth, 1982 [1185]), 37.
20 Francisco Tolensi, Vita Thomae a Kempis (1680), pp. 36–7. Online at http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:xDh8qgw0JrcJ:www.augustiniancanons.org/documents/liturgy_of_the_hours%2520II.htm+francis+van+tolen&hl=en.
21 Richard C. Hoffman, ‘Frontier Foods for Late Medieval Consumers: Culture, Economy and Ecology’, Environment and History, 7/2 (May 2001), pp. 131–67.
22 Fish with a high oil content like salmon do not kipper well. The perfect fish for drying is cod, because it has virtually no fat. In the chilly Arctic, it could be air dried without salt.
23 Daniel Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (London, 1978 [1724–6]), pp. 635, 645.
24 A.R.B. Haldane, The Great Fishmonger of the Tay: John Richardson of Perth & Pitfour (Dundee, 1981), p. 14.
25 Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, p. 667.
26 Richard Franck, Northern Memoirs, Calculated for the Meridian of Scotland (London, 1694), p. 112.
27 Walter Scott, The Tale of Old Mortality (Edinburgh, 1816), p. 61.
28 Kenneth Dawson, Salmon and Trout in Moorland Streams (London, 1928), p. 79.
29 No documentary evidence of these restrictions has ever been produced – though not for want of trying.
30 R. D. Hume, Salmon of the Pacific Coast (San Francisco, 1893), p. 10. Relatively few canneries operated on the Asian side of the Pacific.
31 Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches: Letters of Travel, 2 vols (London, 1904), vol. 2, pp. 35–6.
32 Steve Wells, ‘John West: His Life and Dreams’, c. 1992, courtesy of Steve Wells, John West Foods, Liverpool.
33 Hume, Salmon of the Pacific Coast, p. 10.
34 Kipling, From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, vol. 2, pp. 26–7.
35 Evelyn Waugh, Scoop(London, 1937), p. 19.
36 William Yarrell, ‘The Salmon’, in A History of British Fishes, 2 vols (London, 1836), vol. 2, pp.9–10. Online at http://home.planet.nl/~zoete004/salmon.htm.
37 Thomas Tod Stoddart, The Angler s Companion to the Rivers and Lochs of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1847), p. 310.
38 Walter Scott, ‘Salmonia’, Quarterly Review, October 1828, online at http://www.arthurwendover.com/arthurs/scott/prose10.html.
39 Mark Kurlansky, Cod: A Biography of a Fish that Changed the World (London, 1999), p. 207.
40 Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (Edinburgh, 1781), p. 295.
41 John K. Walton, Fish and Chips and the British Working Class, 1870–1940 (Leicester, 1992), pp. 23–4.
42 Claudia Roden, The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand and Vilna to the Present Day (New York, 1996), p. 93.
43 Helen Stiles, ‘Beauty is Skin from the Deep’, The Field, October 2001, online at http://www.irishsalmonskinleather.com/news-story04.htm; ‘Fishy Fashion’s Salmon Special’, Sun, 21 November 2001.
44 Charles Dickens, ‘Salmon’, All The Year Round: A Weekly Journal, 20 July 1861, p. 405.
1 Charles Kingsley, The Water-Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby (London, 1901 [1863]), p. 117.
2 Mark Cioc, The Rhine: An Eco-Biography, 1815–2000 (Seattle, 2002), pp. 162–5. In romantic folklore, the Lorelei was the perch of a siren whose exquisite song lured boatmen to their deaths on the rocks below.
3 Leonard Mascall, Booke of Fishing with Hooke and Line (London, 1590), pp. 45–6.
4 Anthony Netboy, The Atlantic Salmon: A Vanishing Species? (London, 1968), p. 281.
5 Benjamin Martin, Natural History of England, 2 vols (London, 1759–63), vol. 2, p. 256.
6 Izaak Walton, The Compleat Angler (London, 1964 [1653]), p. 115.
7 Edward Wedlake Brayley, The History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St Peter, Westminster, 2 vols (London, 1818), vol. 1, p. 6.
8 Charles Dickens, ‘Salmon’, All The Year Round: A Weekly Journal, 20 July 1861, p. 406.
9 Francis Day, British and Irish Salmonidae (London, 1887), p. 116.
10 William Yarrell, History of British Fishes, 2 vols (London, 1836), vol. 2, p. 30.
11 Frank Buckland, ‘Salmon Caught in the Thames,’ Land and Water, 9 (23 April 1870), p. 292.
12 Dickens, ‘Salmon’, p. 405.
13 J. W. Willis Bund, Salmon Problems (London, 1885), pp. 1–3.
14 Frank Buckland, Natural History of British Fishes (London, 1881), p. 288.
15 Buckland, ‘Salmon Caught in the Thames’, p. 292. In a subsequent note (reporting the results of his post mortem), Buckland dismissed rumours that the salmon had been brought to the Gravesend hotel as a hoax: Land and Water, 9 (30 April 1870), p. 311.
16 Fish can be most effectively preserved by casting – stuffing entails loss of scales and discoloration – and Buckland became a skilled practitioner. He worked in the basement of his house and buried the cast-off fish in his garden (or, if he was quick, returned them to the fishmongers who supplied him).
17 Augustus Grimble, The Salmon Rivers of Scotland, 4 vols (London, 1899–1900), vol. 2, pp. 212, 286.
18 Daniel B. Botkin, Our Natural History: The Lessons of Lewis and Clark (New York, 1995), pp. 188–9.
19 As it plunges down a spillway, water churns and produces nitrogen gas, resulting in super-saturation. In a cold, fast-flowing river, excess dissolved nitrogen is released into the air and oxygen levels are high, whereas the slack, warm tail waters behind dams concentrate nitrogen.
20 Joseph E. Taylor III, ‘El Niño and Vanishing Salmon: Culture, Nature, History, and the Politics of Blame’, Western Historical Quarterly, 29 (Winter 1998), pp. 455–6.
21 As quoted in W. M. Shearer, The Atlantic Salmon: Natural History, Exploitation and Future Management (Oxford, 1992), p. xv.
22 Jessica Maxwell, ‘Swimming with Salmon’, Natural History, 9 (1995), p. 31.
23 Though Alaska’s and British Columbia’s commercial fisheries remains substantial, a glut of farmed salmon from British Columbia, Chile and Norway keeps prices down.
24 Philip Lymbery/Compassion in World Farming Trust, In Too Deep: The Welfare of Intensively Farmed Fish (Petersfield, Hants, 2002), pp. 3, 17.
25 Clive Gammon, ‘Salmon’, Punch, 72 (16–29 January 1999), pp. 16–17.
26 John Humphrys, The Great Food Gamble (London, 2001), p. 148.
27 Jane Bird and Toby Moore, ‘Foodies Angle for Real Fish’, Sunday Times, 7 June 1987. Some governmental action has ensued. In 1990, Alaska banned salmon farming from state waters to protect its vibrant commercial fishery. Norway has set up a gene bank for threatened wild stocks. Iceland and Sweden have established farm exclusion zones in certain sensitive waters. Scotland also imposed restrictions (1990) on farming along the north and east coasts to protect the best remaining wild runs. Some farms have reduced stocking densities and installed metered feeding systems to minimize waste.
28 The critique of salmon farming received unparalleled publicity in a BBC2documentary, ‘Warnings from the Wild: The Price of Salmon’, produced by Jeremy Bristow and presented by Julian Pettifer (7 January 2001). Though the industry dismissed it as muckraking codswallop, Bristow’s documentary received the International Wildlife Film Festival’s award for 2002 in the category ‘environmental issues, best conservation message’ and was named best TV documentary in that year’s British Environmental Media Awards.
29 ‘Salmon Safety Scare Spawns Fear and Paranoia among Scientists’, Sunday Herald, 7 January 2001.
30 Frode Alfnes, Atle G. Guttormsen and Gro Steine, ‘Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for the Color of Salmon: A Choice Experiment with Real Economic Incentives’, Discussion Paper #D-19/2004, Department of Economics and Resource Management, Agricultural University of Norway, Aas, Norway, online at http://www.nlh.no/ior/publikasjoner/diskusjonsnotat2004.19.html. Colourants account for about 15 per cent of feed costs.
31 Ronald A. Hites et al, ‘Global Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Farmed Salmon’, Science, 303 (9 January 2004), pp. 226–9.
32 Online at http://www.albany.edu/ihe/salmonstudy/graph1.html. These recommendations are based on US Environmental Protection Agency safe eating guidelines.
33 Saturation point may soon be reached in Europe and North America in terms of suitable and/or permissible sites. With no foreseeable recovery in wild fish stocks and a rapidly expanding population in the developing world, however, salmon farming will continue to seek fresh ‘blue’ pastures. China may be the next watery frontier.
34 Quoted in Bruce Barcott, ‘Aquaculture’s Troubled Harvest’, Mother Jones (November–December 2001), online at http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2001/11/aquaculture.html.
35 Alexandra Morton, ‘Salmon Weren’t Meant to be Farmed’, Wild Earth (Winter 1997/8), p. 53.
36 Richard Shelton, Longshoreman: A Life at Water’s Edge (London, 2004), p. 315.
37 Tony Reichardt, ‘Will Souped Up Salmon Sink or Swim?’, Nature, 406 (July 2000), pp. 10–12.
38 Soft flesh partly reflects chronic diarrhoea attributable to oily feed; organic feed has a maximum oil content of 28 per cent.
39 Henry Williamson, The Henry Williamson Animal Saga (London, 1960), p. 204.
40 G. W. Mawle and N. J. Milner, ‘The Return of Salmon to Cleaner Rivers – England and Wales’, in Salmon at the Edge, ed. Derek Mills (Oxford, 2003), pp. 186–99.
1 Charles Elmé Francatelli, A Plain Cookery Book for the Working Classes (London, 1861), pp. 9, 61.
2 Robert Blatchford, Merrie England (London, 1893), pp. 87–8.
3 Online at http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/magnacarta.htm.
4 Edward Wedlake Brayley, The History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St Peter, Westminster, 2 vols (London, 1818), vol. 1, p.6.
5 Lord Archibald Campbell, ‘Records of Argyll’, as reproduced in Augustus Grimble, The Salmon Rivers of Scotland, 4 vols (London, 1899–1900), vol. 4, pp. 111–16.
6 Jane Bradshaw, ‘Traditional Salmon Fishing in the Severn Estuary’, Master’s thesis, Department of Continuing Education, University of Bristol, 1996, pp. 5–7.
7 Villages along the Severn’s English side remain steeped in salmon lore. The primary school and cricket club in Oldbury, where today’s main employer is a nuclear power station, both have salmon logos.
8 Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches: Letters of Travel, 2 vols (London, 1904), vol. 2, p.28. Responding to protests from commercial netters at the Columbia’s mouth, Oregon and Washington banned fish wheels in 1926 and 1934 respectively.
9 Thomas Tod Stoddart, The Art of Angling as Practised in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1835), p. 89; id., An Angler’s Rambles and Angling Songs, p.382.
10 Stoddart, Art of Angling, p. 383.
11 Ibid., pp. 95–6.
12 Spearing is the oldest fishing method and the spear the small-scale salmon fisherman’s preferred implement since prehistoric times.
13 Other methods of poaching required less effort. In nineteenth-century Kerry, poachers emptied a small basketful of a crushed plant, Irish spurge, into rivers. This stupefied salmon for a couple of miles downstream without poisoning their flesh.
14 Walter Scott, Guy Mannering (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 321–6.
15 Walter Scott, ‘Davy’s Salmonia’, Quarterly Review (October 1828), in ‘Miscellaneous Prose Works, Vol. 1, Part 8’, online at http://www.arthurwendover.com/arthurs/scott/prose10.html.
16 William Scrope, Days and Nights of Salmon Fishing in the Tweed (London, 1843), p. 189.
17 Bill Parenteau, ‘A “Very Determined Opposition to the Law”: Conservation, Angling Leases, and Social Conflict in the Canadian Atlantic Salmon Fishery, 1867–1914’, Environmental History, 9 (July 2004), pp. 441, 444.
18 Roberta Ulrich, Empty Nets: Indians, Dams, and the Columbia River (Corvallis, OR, 1999), p. 14.
19 Online at http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/legal/boldt.htm.
20 Lisa Mighetto and David Ebel, Saving the Salmon: A History of the US Army Corps of Engineers’ Efforts to Protect Anadromous Fish on the Columbia and Snake Rivers (Seattle, 1994), p. 159.
21 Following pressure for a review from white fishing interests backed by the state of Washington, the Supreme Court upheld Boldt (1979), reflecting that ‘except for some desegregation cases in the south the district court has faced the most concerted official and private efforts to frustrate a decree of a federal court witnessed this century’.
1 Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches: Letters of Travel, 2 vols (London, 1904), vol. 2, p.34.
2 Current British enthusiasts include Diana Rigg, the actress (best known for her role as Emma Peel in the 1960s TV show ‘The Avengers’) and Jenny Hanley, actress and TV presenter.
3 Andrew N. Herd, ‘A History of Fly Fishing’ (no date) online at http://www.flyfishinghistory.com.
4 Quotations from The Booke of Haukynge, Huntyng and Fysshyng, with all Necessary Properties and Medicines that are to be Kept (Tottell, 1561), online at http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/berners/berners.html.
5 Walton’s The Compleat Angler (1653) is one of the most published books in English, rivalled only by the Bible and Shakespeare’s complete works.
6 Online at http://www.flyfishinghistory.com.
7 Marion Shoard, This Land is Our Land: The Struggle for Britain’s Countryside (London, 1987), p. 101.
8 Frederic Tolfrey, Jones’s Guide to Norway, and Salmon Fisher’s Pocket Companion (London, 1848), p. xiii. In fact, Brioude, on the River Allier in southwest France, was a mecca for French and other European salmon anglers in the late nineteenth century.
9 Charles Dickens, ‘Salmon’, All The Year Round: A Weekly Journal, 20 July 1861, p. 407.
10 Augustus Grimble, The Salmon Rivers of Scotland, 4 vols (London, 1899–1900), vol. 1, p. xvii.
11 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 240; Thomas Tod Stoddart, An Angler’s Rambles and Angling Songs (Edinburgh, 1866), p. 72.
12 Prince Charles to Harold Wilson, 12 September 1969, Catalogue Reference: PREM13/3450, The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey. Charles’s concern for the future of the Atlantic salmon galvanized the Wilson administration into action and helped secure new restrictions on high seas fishing within a year. See http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2003/january2/charles.htm.
13 Thomas Tod Stoddart, The Art of Angling as Practised in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1835), pp. 41–2.
14 Humphry Davy, Salmonia; or Days of Fly Fishing (London, 1828), p. v.
15 Walter Scott, ‘Salmonia’, Quarterly Review, October 1828, online at http://www.arthurwendover.com/arthurs/scott/prose10.html.
16 Ibid.
17 Alexander Russel, The Salmon (Edinburgh, 1864), pp. 15–16.
18 Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland: The Story of the Acclimatisation Societies (London, 1992), p. 108.
19 Samuel Wilson, The California Salmon, With an Account of its Introduction into Victoria (Melbourne, 1878), p. 15.
20 Davy, Salmonia, pp. 119–22.
21 Lewis Lloyd, Field Sports of the North of Europe: A Narrative of Angling, Hunting and Shooting in Sweden and Norway (London, 1885 [1831]), p. 16. See also, id., Scandinavian Adventures, 2 vols (London, 1854).
22 William Bilton, Two Summers in Norway, 2 vols (London, 1840), vol. 1, p. 7, vol. 2, p.266.
23 Frederic Tolfrey, Jones’s Guide to Norway, and Salmon Fisher’s Pocket Companion (London, 1848), p. 238. It was rumoured that the author, Frederic Tolfrey (Jones was the owner of the exclusive London fishing tackle business who hired him), had never visited Scandinavia but extracted all his information from Jones’s customers.
24 Rudge (sic), ‘More Notes from Norway’, Salmon and Trout Magazine, 37 (October 1924), p. 252.
25 Bill Parenteau, ‘A “Very Determined Opposition to the Law”: Conservation, Angling Leases, and Social Conflict in the Canadian Atlantic Salmon Fishery, 1867–1914’, Environmental History, 9 (July 2004), pp. 445, 455.
26 Bill Maree, Fishing with the Presidents (Mechanicsburg, PA, 1999), p. xv.
27 Online at http://www.hoover.archives.gov/exhibit/Hooverstory/galley09.html.
28 John Mundt, ‘The Presidential Salmon’, Yale Anglers’ Journal, 4/1 (2004), pp. 13–18.
29 Herbert Hoover, Fishing for Fun (New York, 1963), pp. 79–81.
30 Maree, Fishing with the Presidents, p.141.
31 I have borrowed this phrase from the title of Allison Beaumont’s history of female anglers at http://www.womenanglers.us/Allison_history.html.
32 Scott, ‘Salmonia’.
33 Henry Flowerdew, The Parr and Salmon Controversy (Manchester, 1871), p. 11.
34 The 32.2 kg, 1.35-metre salmon that Buckland cast and displayed in his museum in South Kensington was netted at Newburgh on Tay in 1872.
35 G. W. Ballantine, ‘Landing of the Record Tay Salmon’, pp. 121–6 [no source provided], Perth Museum and Art Gallery. The record for the North Atlantic as a whole is a 34 kg, 1.73-metre fish caught in Quebec’s Restigouche River on 23 June 1990 by a retired businessman. Unlike Miss Ballantine’s fish, this one was released after being photographed.
36 The largest British spring salmon, at 27 kg, was also caught by a woman, Miss Doreen Davey, at Lower Winforton on the Wye in 1932.
37 C. Billyeald, ‘Women as Anglers’, Salmon and Trout Magazine, 93 (December 1938), p. 348.
38 Kenneth Dawson, Salmon and Trout in Moorland Streams (London, 1947 [1928]).
39 The prize for the first salmon (released since 2001) is a trophy and a gallon of whisky donated by the ceremony’s sponsors, Dewar’s (based at nearby Aberfeldy).
40 Davy, Salmonia, pp. 94–5.
41 Fen Montaigne, ‘Everybody Loves Atlantic Salmon: Here’s the Catch . . .’, National Geographic, July 2003, p. 112.
1 Donagh MacDonagh, ‘A Poaching Song’, in A Warning to Conquerors (1968), p. 51.
2 Thomas Tod Stoddart, The Angler’s Companion to the Rivers and Lochs of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1847), pp. 171, 143.
3 According to legend, a lady crossing the River Clyde lost her wedding ring, and her jealous husband, suspecting that she had given it to another man, entreated St Kentigern (Glasgow’s patron saint, a.k.a. Mungo) to help defend his wife’s honour by finding it. St Kentigern instructed a fisherman to bring him the first salmon he caught, duly finding the ring in its mouth.
4 Thomas Moule, The Heraldry of Fish (London, 1842), pp. 112–32.
5 James Patrick Howley, The Beothucks, or Red Indians: The Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland (Cambridge, 1915), p. 331. The Beothucks (extinct since the 1820s) wrapped dried or smoked salmon in parcels of bark fastened with rootlets, which were buried with their important people to sustain them on their journey to the ‘Happy Hunting Grounds’.
6 Mourning Dove (Christine Quintasket), Coyote Tales (1933), online at http://members.cox.net/academia/coyote.html.
7 Online at http://www.indigenouspeople.net/mountsha.htm.
8 Franz Boas, Chinook Texts, US Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 20 (Washington, DC, 1894), pp. 102–6.
9 Erna Gunther, ‘An Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony’, American Anthropologist, 28/4 (1926), pp. 605–17.
10 Franz Boas, Religion of the Kwakiutl Indians, 2 vols (New York, 1930), vol. 2, p. 207.
11 Anthony Netboy, The Columbia River Salmon and Steelhead Trout: Their Fight for Survival (Seattle, 1980), pp. 17–18.
12 Gunther, ‘Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony’, pp. 615–16. Western Europeans held first salmon ceremonies too. At the English village of Norham in Northumberland, commercial salmon fishing on the Tweed is now moribund. Yet Norham’s venerable tradition of net fishing from cobbles is still commemorated on the opening night of the salmon season (14 February). The local vicar comes down to the Pedwell fishery at midnight and blesses the nets. In return, he receives the first salmon. Nearby Tweedmouth has an annual salmon queen festival that begins the Sunday after 18 July, culminating in the coronation of the Tweedmouth Salmon Queen.
13 Takako Yamada, The World View of the Ainu (New York, 2001), p. 129.
14 Hitoshi Watanabe, The Ainu Ecosystem: Environment and Group Structure (Seattle, 1973), pp. 71–3.
15 For a 1920s account of Ainu rituals, see Ito Oda, ‘Traveling by Dugout on the Chitose River and Sending the Salmon Spirits Home: Memoir of an Ainu Woman’, in First Fish, First People: Salmon Tales of the North Pacific Rim, ed. Judith Roche and Meg McHutchinson (Seattle, 1998), pp. 123–31.
16 Roche and McHutchinson, eds, First Fish, First People, p.92.
17 Georg Wilhelm Steller/Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, The History of Kamtschatka, and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent, trans. James Grieve (Gloucester, 1764), p. 146.
18 Isabella Augusta (Lady) Gregory, Gods and Fighting Men (London, 1904), p. 162.
19 Martin Martin, Description of the Western Islands of Scotland (London, 1703), p. 7.
20 Robert B. K. Stevenson, ‘The Inchyra Stone and Some Other Unpublished Early Christian Monuments’, Proceedings of the Society of Scottish Antiquaries (1958–9), pp. 33–6.
21 Kathryn McKay and Anne Ikeda, ‘Unpacking the Label: British Columbian Salmon Can Imagery in the 20th Century’, in Trademarks and Salmon Art: A Brand New Perspective, ed. Anne Ikeda and Kathi Lees (Richmond, BC, 2002), pp. 33–6.
22 Ibid., p. 37.
23 Decimus Magnus Ausonius, The Mosella, trans. E. H. Blakeney (London, 1933), lines 9–11. Salmon have been absent from the Mosel since the 1880s.
24 Seamus Heaney, Door into the Dark (London, 1969), p. 18.
25 Tim Bowling, Low Water Slack (Gibsons, BC, 1995), p. 33.
26 Sherman Alexie, The Man Who Loves Salmon (Boise, ID, 1998).
27 Ted Hughes, River (London, 1983), pp. 8, 18, 64, 98, 112, 114.
28 Tom Pero, ‘“So Quickly It’s Over”: An Interview with Ted Hughes’, Wild Steelhead and Salmon Magazine, 5/2 (Winter 1999), pp. 50–58.
29 Brenda Colloms, Charles Kingsley: The Lion of Eversley (London, 1975), p. 256.
30 Charles Kingsley, The Water-Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Land-Baby (London, 1901 [1863]), pp. 106–8, 122–6.
31 Williamson closely monitored the portrayal of Salar’s anatomical features by his illustrator, Charles F. Tunnicliffe; see Ian Niall, Portrait of a Country Artist: C. F. Tunnicliffe, R.A., 1901–1979 (London, 1980), pp. 73, 76.
32 Henry Williamson, Salar the Salmon (New York, 1965 [1935]), pp. 14, 37, 12, 43, 131, 185.
33 Neil Gunn, Highland River (Edinburgh, 1937), pp. 11, 16, 168, 203, 320, 304, 330–31.
34 Boria Sax, H-NILAS (Nature in Legend and Story), online discussion list, 8 June 1997, http://www.h-net.org/~nilas/.
35 Johani’s most ambitious plan, inspired by the 3,000-year-old Uffington White Horse on Berkshire’s chalk downlands (now part of Oxfordshire), is to carve a 150-metre salmon into a bare hillside above Port Townsend’s airport.
36 As quoted in Deborah Woolston, ‘Salmon Take to the Streets’, Bremerton Sun, 17 November 2001. Soul Salmon itself was inspired by a Chicago project involving cow sculptures.
37 Online at http://www.soulsalmon.org.
38 Online at http://www.salmonnation.com/declaration/Dec_Inter dependence.cfm. You can taste Salmon Nation at Vancouver International Airport, where gift shops sell salmon candy (smoked salmon coated in maple syrup and studded with peppercorns) and pink bubble gum in the form of salmon eggs.
39 Since it opened in 1984, hundreds of thousands of schoolchildren have filed through the hands-on museum, scrutinizing hatching eggs through magnifying glasses and gazing at the different species in their aquariums. In spring, children can release fry into the Toyohira (the river that flows through the city) and in the autumn they watch spawning in an outdoor pool.
40 Chisato O. Dubreuil, ‘Ainu-e: Instructional Resources for the Study of Japan’s Other People’, Education About Asia, 9/1 (Spring 2004), p. 10. Ainu-e is a genre of Japanese painting depicting Ainu lives.
41 Boria Sax, H-NILAS (Nature in Legend and Story), online discussion list, 8 June 1997, http://www.h-net.org/~nilas/.
1 ‘New Bush Salmon Rules Spark Controversy’, Sacramento Bee, 3 May 2004.
2 Rik Scarce, Fishy Business: Salmon, Biology, and the Social Construction of Nature (Philadelphia, 1999), pp. 112–14.
3 Lisa Mighetto and Wesley J. Ebel, Saving the Salmon: A History of the US Army Corps of Engineers’ Efforts to Protect Anadromous Fish on the Columbia and Snake Rivers (Seattle, 1994), p. 174.
4 Visit Salmon Nation’s website and you will be urged to declare your citizenship by taking the Salmon Nation Oath. Once you have pledged allegiance, you can apply for your Salmon Nation Citizenship Pack – but only if you live in the US or Canada.