Steed, Tom, 225
Stern, Edgar, 209
Stern, Edith, 209
Stern, Sol, 333n8
Stewart, J. George, 134
Stokes, Anson Phelps, 50
Stone, Lucy, 315n2
Stone, Nahum, 108
Stone, Shepard, 148
Strong, Augustus, 28
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 209, 210
Sun Oil Company, 190
Supreme Court, California: on open-ended bequests, 17; on policy expertise vs. political advocacy, 85
Supreme Court, Massachusetts: on charitable bequests, 13; on philanthropy and existing laws, 78–81, 314–15n2
Supreme Court, New Jersey: on corporations’ right to give away profits, 175
Supreme Court, New York: on charitable bequests, 15
Supreme Court, Pennsylvania: on bequest to further racial integration, 83; on bequest to improve government, 84–85; on charitable intent, 16–17
Supreme Court, U.S.: on charitable fundraising and First Amendment, 247; Civil Rights Act (1875) overturned by, 83; on faith-based charities and federal funds, 255–58; on income tax, 87; on lobbying and tax exemption, 259, 261–63; nominees to, 228–29, 248; on racial segregation, 34, 77, 208; on racial segregation (Plessy and Brown), 34, 77, 193, 204, 207, 222; Virginia sterilization act upheld, 93–94. See also Fortas, Abe
Survey (magazine), 52
Sylvester, Edward, 218
Syria: Israel’s Jordan River project and, 165–66; rural development program in, 152
Taconic Foundation (Curriers): civil rights leaders funded by, 201; entrepreneurial loans of, 217; Harlem children’s program of, 211; program-related investments of, 218, 219; voter registration drive support of, 209, 210
Taft, Robert, 187
Taft, William H., 107
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 177–78, 186
Tamblyn & Brown (firm), 66, 67
taxation: Brookings recommendation on, 110; entities exempt from, 87, 102; of excess wartime profits, 175; federal relief juxtaposed to, 134; Filer Commission’s proposed changes to, 239; individual income and inheritance, 87–89, 172–74; non-itemized donations and, 246–47; payroll deductions and, 177–78, 241; reexaminations and reforms of, 204–7, 224–31; tax credit mechanisms and, 175–76, 254; Tax Reform Act of 1969, 228–30; veterans’ benefits and, 99–102; wealthy people’s avoidance of, 170, 172–74, 172–76, 202. See also Internal Revenue Service (IRS); Treasury Department, U.S.
Taxation with Representation, 261
tax exemption: advocacy vs. education distinction key to, 5, 89–103, 196–97, 206, 228–30; attacks on, due to civil rights efforts, 224–31; conservative think tanks and, 251, 252; debates about, 99–102; 501(c)(3), 501(c)(3) H, and 501(c)(4) designations, 260–61; foreign policy and, 161; historical context of, 76–85; philanthropic focus on social change and, 201; resentment of, 202–4; SRC vs. civil rights organizations, 210; “substantial” test and, 101–2, 204–5, 207, 259–60, 317n45. See also regulatory compromise
Tax Reform Research Group, 261
Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association, 24
Technical Cooperation Administration, 155, 159
Technoserve, 270
Temporary Emergency Relief Commission (TERC, Wilmington, Del.), 132, 133–34
Temporary Employment Relief Administration (N.Y.), 126
Tennessee: Mississippi flood (1927) in, 110–11
think tanks: conservative distrust of White House use of liberal, 340n53; conservative funding for, 253–54; conservative strategies of, 250–53; definition of, 249–50; emergence and influence of, 1, 107; Hoover’s embrace of, 107–10. See also foundations
third sector. See nonprofit sector
thrift: encouraged, 46; giving levels linked to, 73–74; mass philanthropy as public, 49; war chest fundraising and, 63–64. See also savings
Tilden Act (N.Y., 1893), 16, 17
Tilson, John Q., 122
Titanic (ship), 57
Tito, Josip Broz, 145
Tocqueville, Alexis de: on civic responsibility, 107; Eastern Europeans’ reading of, 273; on self-interest and altruism, 72–73, 295–96; on volunteering, 232
Townsend, John G., Jr., 134
Travelers’ Aid Society, 118
Treasury Department, U.S.: Advisory Committee on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs of, 240; attempts to stop donations for Israel, 166–67; charitable donation limit raised by, 175; drought relief plan and, 120; education vs. politics distinction of, 5, 89–103, 196–97, 206, 228–30; excise tax on philanthropies for, 230, 239; foundation regulations reconsidered by, 204–7; philanthropic exemption created by, 4; probate courts’ flexibility vs., 81; thrift stamps of, 63–64. See also Internal Revenue Service (IRS); regulatory compromise; taxation
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (1911), 57
Truman, Harry: Cold War declared by, 146; on Eisenhower’s Middle East policy, 166; Israel policy of, 161, 325n81; Point Four program of, 155–58
tuberculosis: early research and treatment fundraising drives, 46–49; funding partnerships’ complementary efforts, 49–51, 61; hospitals and clinics for, 50–51;
tuberculosis bacillus discovered, 47; vaccine against, 309n30
Tuberculosis Institute (Philadelphia), 50
Turkey: Helsinki Accords signed by, 274
Turner, Ted, 283
Twentieth Century Fund, 108
UJA. See United Jewish Appeal (UJA)
unemployment: conference on, 108, 117; national vs. local priorities in, 125–26; new plan needed to combat, 128–29; relief efforts in Depression years, 117–20, 123; temporary relief for, 129–30
Unemployment Relief Organization, 123
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), 145, 268
Unitarian Service Committee, 148–49
Unitarian-Universalist Association, 218
United Auto Workers (UAW), 177–78, 278
United Church of Christ Citizenship education program, 210
United Civil Rights Leadership Council, 209
United Community Fund of Northern Delaware, 192
United Foundation-Torch Drive (Detroit), 177
United Jewish Appeal (UJA): fundraising of, 163–64, 165–66; objectives of, 162–63; tax-exempt status of, 161, 164; WWII humanitarian aid of, 140; Zionists’ attitudes toward, 160
United Jewish Charities, 52
United Nations: foundation leaders’ support for, 181–82; on Israel’s Jordan River project and, 165; millennium goals of, 283; New Policy Agenda of, 282; NGOs’ role in, 145–46, 282; rural development program of (Expanded Program), 154; Ted Turner’s grant to, 283; World Food Program, 268
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 145, 268
United Nations High Commission on Refugees, 145
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA): demise of, 144–45; humanitarian aid of, 141–42; legacy of, 145–46; origins of, 140–41; Ten-in-One packages of, 144
United Palestine Appeal, 140, 160
United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries, 97–98
United War Work Campaign: deductibility incentive and, 247; tax exemption and, 88; WWI advertising of, 62; WWI fundraising of, 63; WWI humanitarian efforts of, 57, 58–59
United Way, 55, 177, 237, 238, 241
universalism concept, 294
universities and colleges: admission requirements of, 305n42; agricultural, 40–41; asset limitation and charters for, 14; Avahan organization and, 290; conservative funding for newspapers of, 253; contested bequests to, 14; corporate donations to, 175, 328n20; deductibility incentive and, 246; foreign exchange and study programs of, 149–50; foundation money for, 9, 23–26, 148, 185, 188; fundraising firms utilized by, 66–67; Hoover’s support for applied research at, 109; nonprofit research in, 247, 340n51; pension systems for, 24; Point Four program and, 158; Popper scholarships at, 275; rich people’s envisioning and creation of, 8–9; Russian studies in, 150, 194; secularization of, 10, 23–24, 26–30; tax-exempt status of, 86, 87; trust for food for students at, 4
University of Chicago: Divinity School of, 28; founding of, 9, 26–30; medical research and, 24–25; Palestine agricultural project of, 160
University of Pittsburgh, 67
University of Wisconsin, 21
UNRRA. See United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
urban areas: community development to counter race riots in, 220–23; “Gray Areas” programs in, 213, 217; program-related investments in, 218–20; promoting adjustment to, 185–87; renewal of poor neighborhoods in, 217–18
Urban Coalition, 246
Urban League, 189, 209, 210, 215
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): Ethiopian aid of, 266, 269–70; HIV/AIDS campaign and, 288, 292; NGOs and, 283
U.S. Sanitary Commission, 44–45
Vandenberg, Arthur, 173
Vanderlip, Frank, 60
Van Kleeck, Mary, 108
Vasavya Mahila Mandali organization, 290
venture capital, 180
venture philanthropy concept, 284
Vernon, Raymond, 213
Versailles Peace Conference (Paris, 1919), 108
veterans’ benefits, 98, 99–102
Viguerie, Richard, 252
Vincent, George, 109
Vincent Astor Foundation, 212, 219
Virginia: black rural schools support in, 37; charitable trust law in, 17; Depression-era relief in, 131–32; hookworm eradication drive in, 41; legal treatment of bequests in, 13; sterilization act in, 93–94
Visiting Nurses’ Association, 118
voluntarism: compulsory type of, 64–65; federal programs as threat to, 232–34; fundraising firms’ reliance on, 66; Hoover’s role in, 104; limits of, 127, 254–55; reinvigoration of (1970s), 246–47; self-interest in, 72–73, 296–97; women’s organizations in cultural institutions, 312n91. See also associational life; common good
voting rights: bequest for cause of, 78–81, 314–15n2; blacks disenfranchised from, 36, 307n80; registration drive for African Americans, 208–11, 222–23; trust to further women’s suffrage, 84
Voting Rights Act (1965), 226
Wagner, Robert, Jr., 213
Waite, Morrison, 31
Wallace, George, 252
Wallace, Henry A., 152
Walsh, Frank, 21
Wanamaker, John, 33
war. See Cold War; Korean War; Vietnam War; World War I; World War II
Warburg, Felix, 115
War Camp Community Board, 311n65
Ward, Hill, Pierce & Wells (firm), 66, 67
Warm Springs Foundation, 70
War on Poverty: federal funds for nonprofits in, 217–20; limitations of, 214; as model for developing countries, 279; pluralist support for, 243; Ylvisaker and Ford’s role in, 211–13. See also Great Society; poor people and poverty
War Relief Agencies, President’s Committee on (Davies Committee), 138
War Relief Clearing House (U.S.), 57
War Relief Control Board, 142–43, 144
Warren, Charles, 321n7
Warren, Earl, 228
War Revenue Act (1917), 88
Washington, Booker T., 33, 34, 35, 36, 39
Washington, George, 162
wealthy people: community foundation fundraising among, 54; increased number of, 1–2, 8; individual appeals to, 18–19; lack of interest in public health issues, 47, 48; need for intervention by, 117–20; philanthropic intentions of, 298; Reagan’s tax cuts for, 246, 253; reinvestment in philanthropy, 2, 8–11; resentment against, 202–4; rise of inequality juxtaposed to, 29–30; taxes avoided by, 170, 172–76, 202. See also reformers/rich people partnership
“We Are the World” (song), 268
Welch, Robert, 199
Welch, William H., 25
Welfare Reform Act (1996), 257–59
welfare system: broadened in 1960s reforms, 215–16; conservative challenges to, 190–91; debates on, 105; dismissal of federal support for, 121–23; systematization of, 17–18; “two-tiered,” 129–30. See also charity and charities; social services
“well-being of mankind.” See “improvement of mankind” concept
Whipple, Charles K., 315n2
Wickersham, George W., 21
Will, Folsom & Smith (firm), 68
William H. Gates Foundation, 347n61
Williams, Alberta, 40
Williams, Aubrey, 128
Williams, John, 229
Wilmington (Del.): Associated Charities in, 118, 130–31, 132, 134, 180; Board of Education in, 118; community chest and foundation of, 192; Depression-era philanthropic funding in, 117–20, 122
Wilson, Woodrow, 21, 57, 58, 107, 162
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894), 87
W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 180, 226
Wofford, Harris, 209
Wolfe, Tom, 207
Wolfensohn, James, 282
women: cultural institutions influenced by, 312n91; HIV/AIDS campaign and, 289–91; microlending to, 280–81; rights of, 78–81, 84, 277, 281–82, 314–15n2; Social Security provisions for, 216. See also birth control and contraception
Women’s World Banking, 270
Wood, Michael, 333n8
Woods, Arthur, 117
Woodward, Robert, 24
working class: coerced giving of, 64–65; giving and savings balanced by, 49; giving habits among, 45–46; income and giving levels of, 74–75, 246; income increased among, 2–3; midcentury generosity of, 176–77; payroll deductions of donations and dues by, 177–78; Polish poor compared with, 278; relief efforts in coalmining areas, 122; thrift encouraged for, 46; WWI fundraising among, 63–64
Works Progress Administration, 134
World Bank: civil society commitment of, 282–83; Ethiopia excluded from loans, 267; Global Agriculture and Food Security Program overseen by, 347n70; HIV/AIDS campaign and, 288; microlending and, 281; U.S. cuts for aid via, 268
World Health Organization, 145, 289–90
World Neighbors, 159
World Vision, 268, 269, 270, 271
World War I: armistice of, 58; humanitarian efforts during and after, 56–66, 88, 106; shipbuilding company in, 190; standard of living increased in, 72, 313–14n106; U.S. entry into, 65; U.S. neutrality initially, 42
World War II: humanitarian efforts in, 139–46; U.S. entry into, 139; U.S. neutrality initially, 138
Yale University, 247, 290, 340n51
Ylvisaker, Paul, 211–13, 217, 237
YMCA: cancer films of, 67; humanitarian efforts in occupied areas by, 142; philanthropic alliances of, 62, 311n65; social purity crusade of, 91; thrift movement of, 64; WWI advertising of, 62; WWI fundraising of, 63; WWI humanitarian efforts of, 58; WWII refugee assistance of, 142
Young, Andrew, 210
youth. See children and youth
Youths for Christ, 197
Yugoslavia, Helsinki Accords signed by, 274
“zero population growth” movement, 324n61
Zionism. See Israel; Jewish people