The notes that follow have a dual purpose. They are designed to show the sources of direct quotations and to guide the reader to further information. As even a casual glance will show, I am heavily in debt to the editors (Stephen Thernstrom et al.) of and contributors to the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), which will be cited as HEAEG. For the strengths and weaknesses of this invaluable tool see my review essay, “The Melting Pot: A Content Analysis,” in Reviews in American History (December 1981): 428–33. In addition, two textbooks were of great assistance. Maldwyn A. Jones’s American Immigration (Chicago, 1960), is the book that most shaped my total view of the immigrant past, while Thomas Archdeacon’s Becoming American (New York, 1983), is the best recent text and contains a good bibliography. All works cited in the notes except for newspapers and popular periodicals, appear in the Selected Bibliography, which follows the notes.
CHAPTER 1 OVERSEAS MIGRATION FROM EUROPE
1. Donald C. Johnson and Mailand A. Edey, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind (New York, 1981). On Aleut languages see Don E. Dumond, The Eskimos and Aleuts (New York, 1987).
2. Lynn White, Jr., Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays (Los Angeles, 1978).
3. Edward Eggleston, The Transit of Civilization (New York, 1901).
4. Alfred J. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange (Westport, Conn., 1972), and Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe (Cambridge, England, 1986). For Winthrop, see Lyle Koehler, “Red-White Power Relationships and Justice in the Courts of Seventeenth-Century New England,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 3:4 (1979): 4.
5. Magnus Mörner, Race Mixture in the History of Latin America (Boston, 1967). For the Berkeley school itself, see Woodrow Borah and S. F. Cook, The Aboriginal Population of Central Mexico on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963).
6. For colonial identity, see Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the New World, 1500–1800 (Princeton, 1988).
7. Walter Goffart, Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584. The Techniques of Accommodation (Princeton, 1980).
8. Amerigo Castro, The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980).
9. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, ed., Great Adventures and Explorations (New York, 1949).
10. Erik Wahlgren, The Kensington Stone. A Mystery Solved (Madison, Wis., 1958).
11. Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America, vol. 1, The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500–1600 (New York, 1971).
12. John Larner, “The Certainty of Columbus: Some Recent Studies,” History (February 1988): 3–23, is a scholarly and witty account of recent Columbus scholarship and controversy.
13. Ravenstein’s major essay is “The Laws of Migration,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (1889): 241–301.
14. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot. (New York, 1963).
15. Robert Harney, “The Italian Experience in America,” in Anthony Mollica, ed., Handbook for Teachers of Italian (Ontario, Canada, 1976), pp. 219—41. William Chazanof, Valledolmo-Fredonia (Fredonia, N.Y., 1961).
16. Thomas J. Archdeacon, Becoming American: An Ethnic History (New York, 1983), p. 139.
17. Thistlewaite’s essay, “Migration from Europe Overseas in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” often reprinted, first appeared in XI Congrès International des Sciences Historiques, Rapports (Stockholm, 1960), vol. 5, pp. 32–60.
18. For Argentina, see Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism: Argentina and Chile, 1890–1914 (Austin, Tex., 1970); for Brazil, Thomas H. Holloway, Immigrants on the Land (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980).
19. Friedrich Edding, “Intra-European Migration and the Prospects of Integration,” in Brinley Thomas, ed., Economics of International Migration (London, 1958), pp. 238–48; Dudley Kirk, Europe’s Population in the Interwar Years (Princeton, 1946), p. 126.
20. Archdeacon, Becoming American, p. 139.
21. Richard A. Esterlin, “Immigration: Economic and Social Characteristics,” in HEAEG, pp. 476–86, is a good summary of the data.
CHAPTER 2 ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA
1. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, “The Central Theme of Southern History,” American Historical Review 33 (1928): 30–50.
2. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, (New York, 1937), pp. 70–71.
3. Quotations from Hakluyt and most of the other pamphleteers in this chapter are from David Cressy’s fine book, Coming Over (Cambridge, England, 1988).
4. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery; American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975) is the source for most of the statements about Virginia.
5. Karen O. Kupperman, “Apathy and Death in Early Jamestown,” Journal of American History 66 (1979): 24–40, at 24–25.
6. A. L. Rowse, The Elizabethans and America (New York, 1959), p. 82.
7. Campbell, The English Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (New Haven, 1942). See also Abbot Smith, Colonists in Bondage (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947) and David Galenson, White Servitude in Colonial America (Cambridge, England, 1981).
8. E. A. Wrigley, Population and History (New York, 1969).
9. David Souden, “Rogues, Whores and Vagabonds,” Social History 4 (1978): 23–41.
10. Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West (New York, 1986).
11. Günter Moltmann, “The Migration of German Redemptioners to North America, 1720–1820,” in P. C. Emmer, ed., Colonialism and Migration; Indentured Labour Before and After Slavery (Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1986), pp. 105–72.
12. Russell R. Menard, Economy and Society in Early Colonial Maryland (New York, 1985), is the source for most of the statements about Maryland.
13. Cressy, Coming Over, is the source of most of the statements about seventeenth-century migration to New England.
14. Compare several statements in a collection of Morison’s early essays, By Land and by Sea (New York, 1953), with his Oxford History of the American People (New York, 1965).
15. Galenson, White Servitude.
16. Oscar Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1959).
CHAPTER 3 SLAVERY AND IMMIGRANTS FROM AFRICA
1. Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power (New York, 1986).
2. Maldwyn A. Jones, American Imigration (Chicago, 1960); Thomas J. Archdeacon, Becoming American; An Ethnic History (New York, 1983).
3. August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, Black History and the Historical Profession (Urbana, Ill., 1986).
4. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom 6th ed. (New York, 1988); August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto (New York, 1976).
5. Melville J. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (New York, 1941).
6. Lorenzo Turner, Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (New York, 1949).
7. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Family in the United States (New York, 1939).
8. Philip D. Curtin, The African Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, Wis., 1969).
9. W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York, 1904).
CHAPTER 4 OTHER EUROPEANS IN COLONIAL AMERICA
1. The essay “Germans” by Kathleen Neils Conzen in HEAEG is the best possible beginning for a study of Germans. See also the essays on other German-speaking groups noted in the text. For German redemptioners, see Günter Moltmann’s “The Migration of German Redemptioners to North America, 1720–1820,” in P. C. Emmer, ed., Colonialism and Migration: Indentured Labour Before and After Slavery, (Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1986), pp. 105–22. For Pennsylvania Germans, the brief essay in HEAEG by folklorist Don Yoder is a good start. Settlement patterns and farming practices of the Germans are discussed in geographer James Lemon’s useful study, The Best Poor Man’s Country: A Geographical Study of Southeastern Pennsylvania (Baltimore, 1972). The best recent general history is LaVern J. Rippley’s The German-Americans (Boston, 1976).
2. The most recent full account is James G. Leyburn’s The Scotch-Irish: A Social History (Chapel Hill, 1962). Quotations from it are at p. 169, pp. 171–72 (Archbishop Boulter’s letters), and pp. 217–72. The essay by Maldwyn A. Jones in HEAEG is most useful, as is his contribution to E. E. R. Green, ed., Essays in Scotch Irish History (London, 1969). John William Ward, Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age (New York, 1955) explores and analyzes the mythic element that Jackson personified. There are illuminating comments in Lemon’s The Best Poor Man’s Country, even though most of Pennsylvania’s Scotch Irish lived outside his area of focus.
3. Gordon Donaldson, author of both the HEAEG essay and The Scots Overseas (London, 1966), is the best guide. For the colonial period, Ian C. C. Graham’s Colonists from Scotland: Emigration to North America, 1707–1783 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1965) supplies many details. For a good example of what genealogists can do, Donald Whyte’s Dictionary of Scottish Emigrants to the USA (Baltimore, 1972) should be browsed in. Its cutoff date is 1854.
4. Kerby P. Miller’s Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (New York, 1985) is the best single book on Irish immigration to America. For a survey of Catholicism in America, John Tracy Ellis’s American Catholicism (Chicago, 1956,1969) is the place to start, but the more recent works of Jay P. Dolan, for example, The Immigrant Church: New York’s Irish and German Catholics, 1815–1865 (Baltimore, 1975), and The American Catholic Experience (New York, 1985), are more detailed and analytical.
5. Rowland Berthoff’s essay in HEAEG is first-rate. Edward George Hartmann’s Americans from Wales (Boston, 1967) is the best survey. James Lemon’s The Best Poor Man’s Country analyzes Welsh settlement in Pennsylvania.
6. Robert P. Swierenga’s excellent essay in HEAEG should be supplemented by Ernst van den Boogaart, “The Servant Migration to New Netherland, 1624–664,” in P. C. Emmer, ed., Colonialism and Migration, pp. 124—44, which is broader than its title indicates.
7. For the French empire in North America see W. J. Eccles, France in America (New York, 1973). Jon Butler’s The Huguenots in America (Cambridge, Mass., 1983) is, as indicated in the text, indispensable. For Acadians, Marietta M. LeBreton’s essay in HEAEG is most useful. For Martin E. Marty’s remark, see his “Ethnicity: The Skeleton of Religion in America,” Church History 41 (1972): 5–21.
8. Two essays in HEAEG, Carlos E. Cortés’s long one, “Mexicans,” and Frances Leon Quintana’s brief one, “Spanish,” have useful information about the colonial period. For more detail see David J. Weber’s Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans (Albuquerque, 1973). For the Spanish empire see Charles Gibson, Spain in America (New York, 1967).
9. Ulf Beijbom’s essay in HEAEG is a good beginning. Boogaart, “The Servant Migration to New Netherland, 1624–1664,” has information on New Sweden and its fate.
10. Jacob Rader Marcus’s The Colonial American Jew, 3 vols. (Detroit, 1970), and Early American Jewry, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1951–53) are monuments by the man who “invented” the field. Nathan Glazer’s American Judaism, rev. ed. (Chicago, 1972), is a good general survey by a sociologist. Arthur A. Goren’s essay in HEAEG is thorough.
CHAPTER 5 ETHNICITY AND RACE IN AMERICAN LIFE
1. Marcus Eli Ravage, An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (New York, 1917), p. 60 ff.
2. Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, eds., Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500–1800 (Princeton, 1988).
3. Maldwyn A. Jones, American Immigration (Chicago, 1960).
4. Robert R. Berkhofer, Jr., Salvation and the Savage (Lexington, Ky., 1965).
5. John Donald Duncan, “Indian Slavery,” in Bruce A. Glasrud and Alan M. Smith, eds., Race Relations in British North America, 1607–1783 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 85–106.
6. Somerset case in Helen Catterall, ed.. Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro (Washington, D.C., 1926), pp. 4–5.
7. George Washington Williams, History of the Negro Race in America (New York, 1882).
8. The best account of the New York slave revolt is Ferenc M. Szasz’s “The New York Slave Revolt of 1741: A Re-Examination,” New York History 48 (1967): 215–30.
9. Henry M. Muhlenberg, as quoted in Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), p. 509, n. 54.
10. Franklin’s pamphlet from Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 4 (New Haven, 1961), p. 234.
11. Nash, Urban Crucible, p. 284.
12. George M. Frederickson and Dale T. Knobel, “History of Prejudice and Discrimination,” HEAEG, p. 840.
13. For American loyalism, see Wallace Brown’s The King’s Friends (Providence, R.I., 1965) and Mary Beth Norton’s The British-Americans: The Loyalist Exiles in England, 1774–1789 (New York, 1972).
14. For naturalization, see James H. Kettner’s The Development of American Citizenship, 1607–1870 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1978).
15. For the Alien and Sedition Acts, see John C. Miller’s Crisis in Freedom (Boston, 1952).
16. For Bishop Carroll, see John Tracy Ellis’s American Catholicism, 2nd. ed. (Chicago, 1969), pp. 36–37.
17. Philip Gleason, “American Identity and Americanization”, HEAEG.
18. John Quincy Adams, letter of June 4, 1819, cited in Moses Rischin, ed., Immigration and the American Tradition (Indianapolis, 1976), pp. 48–49.
CHAPTER 6 PIONEERS OF THE CENTURY OF IMMIGRATION
1. The most recent and comprehensive book on Irish immigration to America is Kerby Miller, Exiles and Emigrants (New York, 1986). Arnold Schrier, Ireland and the Emigration (Minneapolis, 1958), is a pioneering interpretation. Miller and Schrier are preparing for publication a large collection of the immigrant letters that have enriched both their books.
2. Hansen and the master of the Ocean quoted from “The Second Colonization of New England,” in Marcus Lee Hansen, The Immigrant in American History (Cambridge, Mass., 1940).
3. Oscar Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 1969).
4. Schrier, Ireland and the Emigration, p. 24.
5. Reverend John Francis Maguire, The Irish in America (New York, 1868), pp. 319–20.
6. James P. Shannon, Catholic Colonization on the Western Frontier (New Haven, Conn., 1967.)
7. Handlin, Boston’s Immigrants, p. 216. See also Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston, 1951).
8. Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger (New York, 1962), is a classic.
9. Robert E. Kennedy, The Irish: Emigration, Marriage and Fertility (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1973).
10. Earl Niehaus, The Irish in New Orleans, 1800–1865 (Baton Rouge, 1956), p. 123.
11. Dennis Clark, The Irish in Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1974).
12. R. A. Birchall, The San Francisco Irish, 1848–1880 (Berkeley, 1980).
13. Robert E. Hennings, James D. Phelan and the Wilson Progressives of California (New York, 1985), p. 3.
14. John Tracy Ellis, American Catholicism (Chicago, 1956).
15. Jay P. Dolan, The Immigrant Church (Baltimore, 1977).
16. David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in An American Mining Town, 1875–1925 (Urbana, Ill., 1989), and Brian C. Mitchell, The Paddy Camps: The Irish of Lowell, 1821–61 (Urbana, Ill., 1988), are two recent local studies.
17. William L. Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall (New York, 1963).
18. Mack Walker, Germany and the Emigration, 1816–1885 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964).
19. Kathleen Neils Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860 (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
20. Carl Wittke, “Ohio’s Germans, 1840–1875,” Ohio Historical Quarterly 62 (1957): 339–54.
21. Conzen, “Germans,” HEAEG, p. 415.
22. Arthur A. Goren, “Jews,” HEAEG, p. 579.
23. Two works by Don Heinrich Tolzmann, German-American Literature (Metuchen, N.J., 1977), and German-Americana (Metuchen, N.J., 1975), are excellent surveys.
24. Kristian Hvidt, Flight to America: The Social Background of 300,000 Danish Emigrants (New York, 1977), although chiefly about Danes, contains a superb comparative analysis upon which I draw extensively.
25. Ulf Beijbom, “Swedes,” HEAEG, is the source for much that follows.
26. Ulf Beijbom, Swedes in Chicago (Vaxjo, Sweden, 1971).
27. Roger Daniels, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 (Seattle, 1988), p. 70.
28. I have relied heavily on Peter A. Munch, “Norwegians,” HEAEG.
29. Theodore C. Blegen, Norwegian Migration to America, 1825–1860 (Northfield, Minn., 1931).
30. Rølvaag cited in Dorothy Burton Skårdal, The Divided Heart (Lincoln, Neb., 1974).
31. Hvidt, as noted, is a major source for what follows. See also Skårdal, “Danes,” HEAEG.
32. Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West (New York, 1986), p. xix.
33. William Mulder, Homeward to Zion (Minneapolis, 1957).
34. Marcus Lee Hansen, “Immigration as a Field for Historical Research,” American Historical Review 32 (1927): 500–518; John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N.J., 1955).
CHAPTER 7 FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN
1. Maldwyn A. Jones, Destination America (London, 1976), has a good account of immigrant ships and their disasters. A detailed analysis is in an essay by Günter Moltmann, “Steamship Transport of Emigrants from Europe to the United States, 1850–1914: Social, Commercial, and Legislative Aspects” (in press).
2. Robert F. Forster, The Italian Emigration of Our Times (Cambridge, Mass., 1919).
3. Andrew Rolle. The American Italians (Wadsworth, Calif., 1972), pp. 23–24. That and his The Immigrant Upraised (Norman, Okla., 1968) are particularly good on Italians in the American West. For Italians generally I follow Humbert Nelli, “Italians,” HEAEG.
4. Fiorello La Guardia. The Making of an Insurgent (Philadelphia, 1948), pp. 27–28.
5. Rudolph J. Vecoli, “Contadini in Chicago: A Critique of The Uprooted,” Journal of American History 51 (December, 1963): 404–17. William Chazanof, Valledolmo-Fredonia (Fredonia, N.Y., 1961).
6. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology (Glencoe, Ill., 1960).
7. The careers of March and Kelly are from Victor R. Greene, American Immigrant Leaders, 1800–1910 (Baltimore, 1987).
8. Theodore Saloutos’s A History of Greeks in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1964) and his “Greeks,” HEAEG, are the definitive authorities.
9. Alixa Naff is the author of a pathbreaking monograph, Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience (Carbondale, Ill., 1985), and the essay “Arabs,” HEAEG.
10. Robert Mirak’s “Armenians,” in HEAEG, is the source for most of the material on Armenian Americans. For the modern historical background, see Richard G. Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence (Berkeley, 1967).
CHAPTER 8 EASTERN EUROPEANS
1. Charlotte Erickson, Invisible Immigrants (London, 1972).
2. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” American Historical Association, Annual Report (1893).
3. Ewa Morwaska, For Bread With Butter (Cambridge, England, 1985).
4. Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston, 1951); John Bodnar, The Transplanted (Bloomington, Ind., 1985).
5. Victor P. Greene’s “Poles,” in HEAEG, is the source for much that follows.
6. John J. Bukowczyk. And My Children Did Not Know Me (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), is the source of the folksong and the letter quoted below.
7. John Tracy Ellis, American Catholicism (Chicago, 1956).
8. Arthur Goren’s “Jews,” in HEAEG, is a good place to begin reading about modern American Jewry.
9. Lamar Cecil, Albert Ballin (Princeton, N.J., 1967); Richard J. Evans, Death in Hamburg (London, 1981).
10. Moses Rischin’s The Promised City (Cambridge, Mass., 1962) is the standard work on the Jews of the Lower East Side.
11. I owe the information about the Forward building to David Reimers.
12. Elizabeth Israels Perry, Belle Moscowitz (New York, 1984).
13. Much of the general information about Hungarian immigrants comes from Paula Benkart’s “Hungarians,” in HEAEG.
14. Julianna Puskás, “Hungarian Migration Patterns,” in Ira Glazier and Luigi De Rosa, eds., Migration Across Time and Nations (New York, 1986).
15. Morawska, For Bread With Butter, p. 157.
CHAPTER 9 MINORITIES FROM OTHER REGIONS
1. For Chinese I have relied heavily on Henry Shih-shan Tsai’s The Chinese Experience in America (Bloomington, Ind., 1986); Him Mark Lai’s “Chinese,” in HEAEG, and my own Asian America (Seattle, 1988).
2. For the transportation of other Asians, see Hugh Tinker’s A New System of Slavery (London, 1974).
3. U.S. Congress, House, Coolie Trade (Washington, 1856).
4. Sucheng Chan, This Bittersweet Soil (Berkeley, 1986).
5. Victor and Brett de Bary Nee, Longtime Californ’ (New York, 1973), p. 63.
6. Yung Wing, My Life in China and America (New York, 1909).
7. Sue Fawn Chung, “The Chinese American Citizens’ Alliance,” honors thesis, UCLA, 1965.
8. Rose Hum Lee, The Growth and Decline of Chinese Communities in the Rocky Mountain Region (New York, 1978), pp. 252–53.
9. Stanford L. Lyman, The Asian in North America (Santa Barbara, Calif., 1977).
10. For Japanese I have relied primarily on my own work, much of which is summarized in Asian America.
11. John Modell, The Economics and Politics of Racial Accommodation (Urbana, Ill., 1977).
12. Delber L. McKee, Chinese Exclusion Versus the Open Door Policy (Detroit, 1977), p. 51.
13. S. Frank Miyamoto, Social Solidarity Among the Japanese in Seattle (Seattle, 1984), p. 102.
14. Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Twelfth Annual Report (Boston, 1881), p. 469.
15. For French Canadians I have used chiefly Gerard J. Brault, The French Canadian Heritage in New England (Hanover, N.H., 1986), and Elliott Robert Barkan’s “French Canadians,” in HEAEG.
CHAPTER 10 THE TRIUMPH OF NATIVISM
1. Ray Allen Billington’s The Protestant Crusade (New York, 1938) is the best account of pre–Civil War nativism. For nativism up to 1924, John Higham’s Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N.J., 1955) is seminal. For an overview of nativism and more, see George M. Frederickson and Dale T. Knobel’s “Prejudice and Discrimination, History of,” in HEAEG.
2. For Chinese Exclusion and anti-Chinese activities generally, see Elmer C. Sandmeyer’s The Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Urbana, Ill., 1939); Stuart Creighton Miller’s The Unwelcome Immigrant (Berkeley, 1969); Alexander Saxton’s The Indispensable Enemy (Berkeley, 1971); and my own Asian America (Seattle, 1988).
3. Fiorello La Guardia, The Making of an Insurgent (Philadelphia, 1948), pp. 64–65.
4. Barbara Miller Solomon’s Ancestors and Immigrants (Cambridge, Mass., 1956) is the standard account of the Immigration Restriction League.
5. I have analyzed the anti-Japanese movement in The Politics of Prejudice (Berkeley, 1962).
6. Roger Daniels, Racism and Immigration Restriction (St. Charles, Mo., 1974).
CHAPTER 11 MIGRATION IN PROSPERITY
1. Henry James, The American Scene (New York, 1907).
2. HEAEG, p. 493.
3. Roger Daniels, “American Refugee Policy in Historical Perspective,” in J. C. Jackman and C. M. Borden, eds., The Muses Flee Hitler (Washington, D.C., 1983), pp. 61–77.
4. Madison Grant, as cited in John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N.J., 1955), p. 306.
5. Michael A. Meyer, “The Refugee Scholars Project of the Hebrew Union College,” in B. W. Korn, ed., A Bicentennial Festschrift for Jacob Rader Marcus (New York, 1976) pp. 359–75.
6. Roger Daniels, Asian America (Seattle, 1988).
7. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied (Washington, D.C., 1982).
8. Philip Gleason, “American Identity and Americanization,” in HEAEG.
CHAPTER 12 FROM THE NEW WORLD
1. David J. Weber, Foreigners in Their Native Land (Albuquerque, N.M., 1973).
2. Carlos E. Cortes, “Mexicans,” in HEAEG.
3. For further details of discrimination against Mexicans in California see Roger Daniels and Harry H. L. Kitano’s American Racism (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1970), pp. 68–71, 73–78.
4. Carey McWilliam’s North from Mexico (Boston, 1948) is a pioneering account.
5. Joseph P. Fitzgerald, “Puerto Ricans,” in HEAEG.
CHAPTER 13 CHANGING THE RULES
1. Robert Shaplen, “One-Man Lobby,” The New Yorker (March 24, 1951), pp. 35–55; Fred Riggs, Pressures on Congress (New York, 1950). Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels, Asian Americans (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1988).
2. Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust (New York, 1982).
3. Roger Daniels, “Changes in Immigration Law and Nativism since 1924,” American Jewish History (December 1986), pp. 159–80.
4. Commission on Immigration and Naturalization, Whom We Shall Welcome (Washington, 1952).
5. V. S. Naipaul, The Enigma of Arrival (New York, 1987).
6. Leon W. Bouvier and Robert W. Gardner, Immigration to the U.S.: The Unfinished Story (Washington, D.C., 1986).
7. Nathan Glazer, ed., Clamor at the Gates (San Francisco, 1985).
8. David M. Reimers’s Still the Golden Door (New York, 1985) is the best account of post-1965 immigration.
CHAPTER 14 THE NEW ASIAN IMMIGRANTS
1. Harry H. L. Kitano and Roger Daniels. Asian Americans (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1988); Roger Daniels, Asian America (Seattle, 1988). Robert W. Gardner et al., Asian Americans: Growth, Change, and Diversity (Washington, D.C., 1985).
2. Carlos Bulosan, America Is in the Heart (New York, 1943); Mary Dorita Clifford, “The Hawaiian Sugar Planter Association and Filipino Exclusion,” and Roger Daniels, “Filipino Immigration in Historical Perspective” in J. Saniel, ed., The Filipino Exclusion Movement (Quezon City, Philippines, 1967).
3. Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India (New Haven, 1988), and “East Indians,” in HEAEG.
4. Roger Daniels, A History of Indian Immigration to the United States (New York, 1989).
5. Dalip Singh Saund, Congressman from India (New York, 1960).
6. Kitano and Daniels, Asian Americans.
7. David M. Reimers, Still the Golden Door (New York, 1985).
CHAPTER 15 CARIBBEANS, CENTRAL AMERICANS, AND SOVIET JEWS
1. Lisandro Perez, “Cubans,” in HEAEG.
2. George Pozzetta and Gary Mormino, The Immigrant World of Ybor City (Urbana, Ill., 1986).
3. Eleanor M. Rogg, The Assimilation of Cuban Exiles (New York, 1974).
4. David M. Reimers, Still the Golden Door (New York, 1985).
5. Ibid.
6. Michel S. Laguerre, “Haitians,” in HEAEG.
7. Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York, 1984).
8. U.S. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, U.S. Immigration Policy and the National Interest: Staff Report and Final Report (Washington, D.C., 1981).
9. Roger Boyes, “Locked Out of the Promised Land,” London Times, February 7, 1989.
CHAPTER 16 THE 1980S AND BEYOND
1. U.S. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, U.S. Immigration Policy and the National Interest: Staff Report and Final Report (Washington, D.C., 1981).
2. Theodore Hesburgh, “Enough Delay on Immigration,” New York Times, March 20, 1986. For a defense of the commission by its staff director, see Lawrence H. Fuchs’s “Immigration Reform in 1911 and 1981: The Role of Select Commissions,” Journal of American Ethnic History 3 (1983): 58–89.
3. Carl Rowan, “Marshall Plan for Mexico?” Cincinnati Enquirer, June 21, 1986. For Galbraith see his A Life in Our Times (Boston, 1981), pp. 280–81. Council of Economic Advisors and F. Ray Marshall quoted in Leon F. Bouvier and Robert W. Gardner, Immigration to the United States: The Unfinished Story (Washington, D.C., 1986), pp. 28, 30.
4. Alan Simpson quoted in David M. Reimers, Still the Golden Door (New York, 1985), pp. 152–54.
5. New York Times story by Roberto Suro, June 18, 1989.
6. INS Form 1–9 (01/07/87).
7. New York Times, June 18, 1989.
8. Gardner and Bouvier, Immigration to the United States, p. 40. For US English and the English-only movement see Ana Celia Zentella, “English-Only Laws Will Foster Divisiveness, Not Unity: They Are Anti-Hispanic, Anti-Elderly, and Anti-Female,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 23, 1988, p. B-l; Time, December 5, 1988; Newsweek, February 20, 1988; Eric Schmitt, “As the Suburbs Speak More Spanish, English Becomes a Cause,” New York Times, February 26, 1989, p. E6; and Christopher Hitchens, “Deporting the Native Tongues,” Times Literary Supplement, June 30–July 6, 1989, which contains the quotations from John Tanton.
9. Kingsley Davis, “The Migrations of Human Populations,” Scientific American, 231, no. 3 (September 1974), p. 105; Ben J. Wattenberg, The Birth Dearth (New York, 1987).
10. Francis X. Clines, “The New Illegals: The Irish,” New York Times Magazine, November 20, 1988.
11. International Herald Tribune, July 15–16, 1989.
12. For an informed look at the whole Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Project see F. Ross Holland, Idealists, Scoundrels, and the Lady: An Insider’s View of the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Project (Urbana, 1993).
13. Nathan Glazer, ed., Clamor at the Gates (San Francisco, 1985), p. 3.
CHAPTER 17 IMMIGRATION IN AN AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
1. The Maxwell School Report may be found online at: http://www.govexec.com/gpp/reportcard.htm.
2. David North, 1995. “Soothing the Establishment: The Impact of Foreign-Born Scientists and Engineers on America,” as cited, Migration News, February 1996.
3. The following categories of “nonimmigrants” not otherwise discussed in the text came in the numbers indicated in 1998: Transit aliens—365,607; foreign government officials—126,543; international representatives—86,129; representatives of foreign media—28,888; NATO officials—12,176; Other and unknown—87; and fiancés and fiancées of U.S. citizens—13,748. Persons in the last group become “immigrants” as soon as the marriage ceremony is performed. INS, 1998 Statistical Yearbook, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2000, Table 38.
4. The categories are and respective numbers in 1998 are: 1. H-1A, registered nurses—555; 2. H-3, industrial trainees—3,157; 3. O-l—workers with “extraordinary ability or achievement”—12,221; 4. 0–2—helpers for O-1s—2,802; 5. P-l—“internationally recognized” athletes or entertainers—34,477; 6. P-2—Artists or entertainers in reciprocal exchange programs—3,089; 7. P-3—Artists or entertainers in culturally unique programs—9, 452; 8. Q-l—Workers in international cultural exchange programs—1,921; and 9. R-l—Workers in religious occupations—10,863. Ibid., Tables 38 and 40.
5. “Plan to check ID at border under fire,” Tucson Citizen, March 30, 1999.
6. David M. Reimers, Unwelcome Strangers: American Identity and the Turn Against Immigration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998).
7. Public Papers of the Presidents: Ronald Reagan, 1986, p. 1521. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1989.
8. Christopher Mitchell, “Changing the Rules: The Impact of the Simpson-Rodino Act on Inter-American Diplomacy,” pp. 177–189 in Georges Vernez, ed., Immigration and International Relations. (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1990). Quotation at p. 183. Simpson-Rodino is another name for IRCA.
9. Graciela Sevilla, “Border Patrol captures increase: Record year due to more agents and funding.” Arizona Republic, Oct. 7, 1988.
10. “Operation Hold the Line in Texas,” Migration News, (March 1994).
11. Migration News, December 2000.
12. INS Yearbook, 1998, p. 203.
13. INS Yearbook, 1998, pp. 134–41. For a good analysis of earlier naturalization data see Elliott R. Barkan, “Whom Shall We Integrate? A Comparative Analysis of the Immigration and Naturalization Trends of Asians Before and After the 1965 Immigration Act (1951–1978).” Journal of American Ethnic History (Fall 1983) 29–57.
14. For Jordan’s comments, see Migration News, May 1994, Vol. 1, No. 5. For the reports and other materials generated by the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform (1990–1997) see http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/uscir/
15. There is a good summary in the perceptive essay by the German scholar Herbert Dittgen, “The American Debate about Immigration in the 1990s: A New Nationalism After the Cold War?,” pp. 197–225 in Knud Krakau, ed., The American Nation, National Identity, Nationalism. Münster, Germany, 1997.
16. “Hot Lines and Hot Tempers.” Time magazine (domestic edition), Nov. 28, 1994.
17. Los Angeles Times, Sep. 14, 1999.
18. The Economist (London), July 13, 1996.
19. Lucy E. Salyer, Laws Harsh as Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law (Chapel Hill, 1995).
20. Washington Post, November 3, 1999. The legal authority for the use of secret evidence is the Classified Information Procedures Act (CIPA) to Immigration Proceedings, Chapter 9 of Title II of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1351 et seq.)
21. The immigration statute is Title IV of PL 104–193.
22. Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation: Common Sense about America’s Immigration Disaster (New York, 1995.) Reviews cited: Samuel Francis in National Review v. 47 (May 1, 1995), p. 76; Lawrence Chua in Voice Literary Supplement v. 134 (April 1995), p. 17; and Richard Bernstein, New York Times 1995. For a contrast see the review by Nicholas Lemann in The New York Times Book Review, April 16, 1995, p. 3.
23. The statutes were the Balanced Budget Act of August 5, 1977 (111 Stat. 270), and the Agricultural Research Reform Act of February 11, 1998 (112 Stat. 575).
24. Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of November 19, 1997 (111 Stat. 2193).
25. Polovchak v. Meese 774 F. 2d 731 (1985).
26. Almost nothing appeared about “Pedro Pan” until shortly before the Elián episode; see Victor Andres Triay, Fleeing Castro: Operation Pedro Pan and the Cuban Children’s Program (Gainesville, 1998), and Yvonne M. Conde, Operation Pedro Pan: The Untold Exodus of 14,048 Cuban Children (New York, 1999). After Elián there was a flurry of stories in the press. Dirk Johnson, “Children of ‘Operation Peter Pan’ Recall Painful Separations from Parents” New York Times, April 22, 2000.
27. Maria Cristina Garcia, Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994 (Berkeley, 1996).
28. UN Press Release E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/13, June 15, 2000.
29. “Pope Calls for Change in Mentality Toward Immigration Contrasts Immigrants’ Desperate Plight with Tunnel Vision of Developed Countries,” Vatican City; ZENIT, December 8, 1999.
30. Trends in International Migration. Paris: OECD, 2001.
31. Michael Weiner, “Japan in the Age of Migration,” pp. 52–69 in M. Douglass and G.S. Roberts, eds., Japan and Global Migration (New York, 2000). For historical background see Weiner’s definitive The Origins of the Korean Community in Japan, 1910–1923 (Manchester, England, 1989).
32. Material on contemporary migration is from several interviews and the following newspaper articles: “Job Conditions Severer for Japanese Latin Americans,” Japan Weekly Monitor, October 5, 1998, as cited Asian Migration News, December 1998; Howard LaFranchi, “The Revolving Door Connecting Brazil and Japan for 90 Years is Taking Another Turn,” Christian Science Monitor, November 19, 1998; Matt Moffett, “Brazil’s Japanese Community Wonders Where the Boys Are,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 1998.
33. Sarah Kurush, “Russian government addresses population decline,” Associated Press story datelined Moscow, Feb. 15, 2001.
34. Mutuma Mathiu in The Nation (Nairobi), September 9, 2001.
35. 8 United States Code 1184(g). Title 8 governs “Aliens and Nationality”; Section 1184 governs “admission of nonimmigrants.”
36. Steven Greenhouse, “Labor Urges Amnesty for Illegal Immigrants,” New York Times, February 17, 2000, and “Labor Warms to Immigrant Workers,” New York Times, April 2, 2000.
37. Joann Kelly, “Study: Immigrant amnesty hurts unions,” United Press International, September 14, 2001.