Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. Falcon, Andrea. “Time for Aristotle,” Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, April 1, 2006. https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/time-for-aristotle/.

2. Parker, Kim, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, and Anna Brown, “About Half of Lower-Income Americans Report Household Job or Wage Loss Due to COVID-19.” Pew Research Center, April 21, 2020. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/04/21/about-half-of-lower-income-americans-report-household-job-or-wage-loss-due-to-covid-19/.

3. Iacurci, Greg. “40% of Low-Income Americans Lost Their Jobs Due to the Pandemic,” CNBC, May 14, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/14/40percent-of-low-income-americans-lost-their-jobs-in-march-according-to-fed.html.

4. Davis, Dominic-Madori. “Over 2 Million Gen Zers Have Moved Back In with Family in the Wake of the Coronavirus,” Business Insider, August 1, 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/gen-zers-moved-back-with-parents-family-coronavirus-zillow-studoc-2020-7.

5. An account of rationing imposed during WWII and its effects on domestic life: Flamm, Bradley J. “Putting the Brakes on ‘Non-Essential’ Travel: 1940s Wartime Mobility, Prosperity, and the US Office of Defense.” Journal of Transport History 27, no. 1 (2006): 71–92. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233547720_Putting_the_brakes_on_%27non-essential%27_travel_1940s_wartime_mobility_prosperity_and_the_US_Office_of_Defense. See also this compelling essay about how the U.S. united in the war effort, including setting the speed limit to 35 miles per hour so as to preserve tires: Davis, Wade. “The Unraveling of America,” Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/political-commentary/covid-19-end-of-american-era-wade-davis-1038206/.

6. Macias, Amanda. “America Has Spent $6.4 Trillion on Wars in the Middle East and Asia Since 2001, a New Study Says,” CNBC, November 20, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/20/us-spent-6point4-trillion-on-middle-east-wars-since-2001-study.html.

7. Koma, Wyatt et al. “Low-Income and Communities of Color at Higher Risk of Serious Illness if Infected with Coronavirus,” KFF, May 7, 2020. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/low-income-and-communities-of-color-at-higher-risk-of-serious-illness-if-infected-with-coronavirus/.

CHAPTER ONE: COVID & THE CULLING

1. Lee, Justina and Valdana Hajric. “Why Robinhood Day Traders Are Greedy When Wall Street Is Fearful,” Bloomberg Businessweek, June 11, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-11/u-s-stock-market-investors-keep-buying-amid-recession.

2. Cain, Áine and Madeline Stone. “These 31 Retailers and Restaurant Companies Have Filed for Bankruptcy or Liquidation in 2020,” Business Insider, August 25, 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/retailers-filed-bankruptcy-liquidation-closing-stores-2020-2#california-pizza-kitchen-filed-for-chapter-11-bankruptcy-on-july-30-after-permanently-closing-an-undisclosed-number-of-restaurants-due-to-the-pandemic-26.

3. Neufeld, Dorothy. “The Hardest Hit Companies of the COVID-19 Downturn: The ‘BEACH’ Stocks,” Visual Capitalist, March 25, 2020. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/covid-19-downturn-beach-stocks/.

4. Swisher, Kara and Scott Galloway, hosts. “Addressing the US economy (a note from Andrew Yang), data privacy in a public health emergency, and a listener question on the ‘great WFH-experiment,’” Pivot (podcast), March 20, 2020.

5. “James Provisions: Brooklyn.” jamesrestaurantny.com.

6. Olsen, Parmy. “Telemedicine, Once a Hard Sell, Can’t Keep Up with Demand,” Wall Street Journal, April 1, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/telemedicine-once-a-hard-sell-cant-keep-up-with-demand-11585734425.

7. Forman, Laura. “The Pandemic Has Made Sudden Heroes of the Tech Companies—for Now,” Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-pandemic-has-made-sudden-heroes-of-the-tech-companiesfor-now-11588930200.

8. Davis, Michelle F. and Jeff Green. “Three Hours Longer, the Pandemic Workday Has Obliterated Work-Life Balance: People Are Overworked, Stressed, and Eager to Get Back to the Office,” Bloomberg, April 23, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-23/working-from-home-in-covid-era-means-three-more-hours-on-the-job?sref=AhQQoPzF.

9. Mims, Christopher. “The Work-from-Home Shift Shocked Companies—Now They’re Learning Its Lessons,” Wall Street Journal, July 25, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-work-from-home-shift-shocked-companiesnow-theyre-learning-its-lessons-11595649628.

10. Mims, “The Work-from-Home Shift.”

11. Ingraham, Christopher. “Nine Days on the Road. Average Commute Time Reached a New Record Last Year,” Washington Post, October 7, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/07/nine-days-road-average-commute-time-reached-new-record-Last-year/.

12. Galloway, Scott. “WeWTF,” No Mercy / No Malice (blog), August 16, 2019. https://profgalloway.com/wewtf. See also Walsh, James D. “‘At What Point Does Malfeasance Become Fraud?’: NYU Biz-School Professor Scott Galloway on WeWork,” New York Magazine, October 1, 2019. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/10/marketing-expert-scott-galloway-on-wework-and-adam-neumann.html.

13. “Coca Cola Commercial—I’d Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)—1971.” Uploaded December 29, 2008. Video, 00:59. https://youtu.be/ib-Qiyklq-Q.

14. Perrin, Nicole. “Facebook-Google Duopoly Won’t Crack This Year,” eMarketer, November 4, 2019. https://www.emarketer.com/content/facebook-google-duopoly-won-t-crack-this-year.

15. Gill, Zinnia. “Magna Forecasts V-Shaped Recovery for the US Advertising Market,” MAGNA, March 26, 2020. https://magnaglobal.com/magna-forecasts-v-shaped-recovery-for-the-us-advertising-market/.

16. McArdie, Megan. “Don’t Just Look at Covid-19 Fatality Rates, Look at People Who Survive But Don’t Entirely Recover,” Washington Post, August 16, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dont-just-look-at-covid-19-fatality-rates-look-at-people-who-survive--but-dont-entirely-recover/2020/08/14/3b3de170-de6a-11ea-8051-d5f887d73381_story.html.

17. Chuck, Elizabeth and Chelsea Bailey. “Apple CEO Tim Cook Slams Facebook: Privacy ‘Is a Human Right, It’s a Civil Liberty.’” NBC News, March 28, 2018. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/apple-ceo-tim-cook-slams-facebook-privacy-human-right-it-n860816.

18. Smith, Chris. “Making the $1,249 iPhone Xs Only Costs Apple $443,” New York Post, September 26, 2018. https://nypost.com/2018/09/26/making-the-1249-iphone-xs-only-costs-apple-443/.

19. Lyons, Kim. “TikTok Says It Will Stop Accessing Clipboard Content on iOS Devices: A Beta Feature on iOS 14 Showed What the App Was Up To,” The Verge, June 26, 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/26/21304228/tiktok-security-ios-clipboard-access-ios14-beta-feature.

20. Galloway, Scott. “Four Weddings & a Funeral,” No Mercy / No Malice (blog), June 12 2020. https://www.profgalloway.com/four-weddings-a-funeral.

21. Rodriguez, Salvador. “Why Facebook Generates Much More Money Per User Than Its Rivals,” CNBC, November 1, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/01/facebook-towers-over-rivals-in-the-critical-metric-of-revenue-per-user.html.

22. Tran, Kevin. “LinkedIn Looks to Become Dominant Ad Force,” Business Insider, September 7, 2017. https://www.businessinsider.com/linkedin-looks-to-become-dominant-ad-force-2017-9.

CHAPTER TWO: THE FOUR

1. Li, Yun. “The Five Biggest Stocks Are Dwarfing the Rest of the Stock Market at an ‘Unprecedented’ Level.” CNBC, January 13, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/13/five-biggest-stocks-dwarfing-the-market-at-unprecedented-level.html.

2. Bowman, Jeremy. “Jet.com May Be History, but Walmart Got What It Needed,” Motley Fool, May 20, 2020. https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/05/20/jetcom-may-be-history-but-walmart-got-what-it-need.aspx; https://www.axios.com/walmart-jet-com-6502ec3f-090c-4761-9620-944f99603719.html.

3. Dunne, Chris. “15 Amazon Statistics You Need to Know in 2020,” Repricerexpress, last visited September 3, 2020. https://www.repricerexpress.com/amazon-statistics/.

4. O’Hara, Andrew. “Apple’s Wearables Division Now Size of Fortune 140 Company,” Apple Insider, last accessed September 3, 2020. https://appleinsider.com/articles/20/04/30/apples-wearables-division-now-size-of-fortune-140-company.

5. Galloway, Scott. “Stream On,” No Mercy / No Malice (blog), November 22, 2019. https://www.profgalloway.com/stream-on.

6. Brush, Michael. “Opinion: Here’s Why Netflix Stock, Now Below $500, Is Going to $1,000,” MarketWatch, August 1, 2020. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/heres-why-netflix-stock-now-below-500-is-going-to-1000-2020-07-27/.

7. Knibbs, Kate. “Laughing at Quibi Is Way More Fun Than Watching Quibi,” Wired, July 15, 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/quibi-schadenfreude/.

8. Goldberg, Lesley. “Inside Apple’s Long, Bumpy Road to Hollywood.” Hollywood Reporter, October 15, 2019. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/apples-bumpy-tv-launch-inside-tech-giants-impending-arrival-hollywood-1247577.

9. Milan, Aiden. “How Much Did Each Game of Thrones Season Cost to Make?” Metro, May 21, 2019. https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/21/much-game-thrones-season-cost-make-9622963/.

10. Solsman, Joan E. “HBO Max: Everything to Know About HBO’s Bigger Streaming App,” CNET, August 28, 2020. https://www.cnet.com/news/hbo-max-live-everything-to-know-go-roku-amazon-firestick-streaming-app/.

11. Gomes, Lee. “Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million to Settle Lawsuit from Caldera,” Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2000. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947543007415899052.

12. Mac, Ryan. “A Kenosha Militia Facebook Event Asking Attendees to Bring Weapons Was Reported 455 Times. Moderators Said It Didn’t Violate Any Rules,” BuzzFeed News, August 28, 2020. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/kenosha-militia-facebook-reported-455-times-moderators.

13. Wong, Julia Carrie. “Praise for Alleged Kenosha Shooter Proliferates on Facebook Despite Supposed Ban,” Guardian, August 27, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/aug/27/facebook-kenosha-shooter-support-ban.

14. Townsend, Mark. “Facebook Algorithm Found to ‘Actively Promote’ Holocaust Denial,” Guardian, August 16, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/16/facebook-algorithm-found-to-actively-promote-holocaust-denial.

15. Collins, Ben and Brandy Zadronzy. “QAnon Groups Hit by Facebook Crackdown,” NBC News, August 19, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/qanon-groups-hit-facebook-crack-down-n1237330.

16. Galloway, Scott and Aswath Damodaran. “Valuing Tech’s Titans,” Winners & Losers, July 27, 2017. Video series, 37:27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CLEuPfwVBo.

17. Weise, Karen. “Amazon Sells More, but Warns of Much Higher Costs Ahead,” New York Times, April 30, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/technology/amazon-stock-earnings-report.html.

18. Bohn, Dieter. “Amazon Announces Halo, a Fitness Band and App That Scans Your Body and Voice,” The Verge, August 27, 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/27/21402493/amazon-halo-band-health-fitness-body-scan-tone-emotion-activity-sleep.

19. Murphy, Mike. “There Are Signs of Life for Apple Beyond the iPhone,” Quartz, October 30, 2019. https://qz.com/1738780/apples-q4-2019-earnings-show-the-iphone-isnt-all-that-matters/.

20. Leswing, Kif. “Apple Is Laying the Groundwork for an iPhone Subscription,” CNBC, October 30, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/30/apple-lays-groundwork-for-iphone-or-apple-prime-subscription.html.

21. “Sources of Funds,” California State University, 2019–20 Operating Budget, last accessed September 3, 2020. https://www2.calstate.edu/csu-system/about-the-csu/budget/2019-20-operating-budget/2019-20-operating-budget-plan.

22. Hsu, Tiffany and Eleanor Lutz. “More Than 1,000 Companies Boycotted Facebook. Did It Work?” New York Times, August 1, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/01/business/media/facebook-boycott.html?action=click&module=Well&pgtype=Homepage&section=Business.

23. Stoller, Matt. “Absentee Ownership: How Amazon, Facebook, and Google Ruin Commerce Without Noticing,” “BIG,” July 28, 2020. https://mattstoller.substack.com/p/absentee-ownership-how-amazon-facebook.

CHAPTER THREE: OTHER DISRUPTORS

1. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/.

2. Adamczyk, Alicia. “Health Insurance Premiums Increased More Than Wages This Year,” CNBC, September 26, 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/26/health-insurance-premiums-increased-more-than-wages-this-year.html.

3. Lee, Aileen. “Welcome to the Unicorn Club: Learning from Billion-Dollar Startups,” TechCrunch, November 2, 2013. https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/02/welcome-to-the-unicorn-club/.

4. Teare, Gené. “Private Unicorn Board Now Above 600 Companies Valued at $2T,” Crunchbase, June 29, 2020. https://news.crunchbase.com/news/private-unicorn-board-now-above-600-companies-valued-at-2t/.

5. Smith, Gerry and Mark Gurman. “Apple Plans Mega Bundle of Music, News, TV as Early as 2020,” Bloomberg, November 14, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-14/apple-mulls-bundling-digital-subscriptions-as-soon-as-2020?sref=AhQQoPzF.

6. Roof, Katie and Olivia Carville. “Airbnb Quarterly Revenue Drops 67%; IPO Still Planned,” Bloomberg, August 12, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-12/airbnb-revenue-tanks-67-in-second-quarter-ipo-planned-for-2020?sref=AhQQoPzF.

7. Witkowski, Wallace. “Lemonade IPO: 5 Things to Know About the Online Insurer,” MarketWatch, July 2, 2020. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/lemonade-ipo-5-things-to-know-about-the-online-insurer-2020-07-01.

8. “Investor Relations,” Peloton, last accessed September 3, 2020. https://investor.onepeloton.com/investor-relations.

9. Watson, Amy. “Video Content Budget of Netflix Worldwide from 2013 to 2020,” Statista, May 28, 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/707302/netflix-video-content-budget/.

10. Tiger King (TV series). Directed by Eric Goode and Rebecca Chaiklin, 2020. Netflix.

11. “Tesla’s Recent Rally Comes from Its Narrative, Not the News or Fundamentals, Says NYU’s Aswath Damodaran.” Video. CNBC, July 9, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/07/09/teslas-recent-rally-comes-from-its-narrative-not-the-news-or-fundamentals-says-nyus-aswath-damodaran.html.

12. Isaac, Mike. Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2019). An interesting and cinematic account of Kalanick’s years at Uber and the transition to Khosrowshahi.

13. Chen, Brian X. and Taylor Lorenz. “We Tested Instagram Reels, the TikTok Clone. What a Dud,” New York Times, August 14, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/12/technology/personaltech/tested-facebook-reels-tiktok-clone-dud.html.

14. KPMG International. “Venture Capital Remains Resilient,” PR Newswire, July 22, 2020. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/venture-capital-remains-resilient‚Äîus62-9-billion-raised-by-vc-backed-companies-in-the-second-quarter-according-to-kpmg-private-enterprises-global-venture-pulse-q220-report-301097576.html.

CHAPTER FOUR: HIGHER EDUCATION

1. Kamal, Rabah, Daniel McDermott, and Cynthia Cox. “How Has US Spending on Healthcare Changed over Time?” Health System Tracker, December 20, 2019. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-spending-healthcare-changed-time/#item-nhe-trends_total-national-health-expenditures-us-per-capita-1970-2018.

2. Galloway, Scott. “Getting the Easy Stuff Right,” No Mercy / No Malice (blog), December 14, 2018. https://www.profgalloway.com/getting-the-easy-stuff-right.

3. Galloway, Scott. “Gang of Four: Apple / Amazon / Facebook / Google (Scott Galloway, Founder of L2) | DLD16.” Talk at DLD Conference, Munich, Germany, January 25, 2016. Video, 16:18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfjg0kGQFBY.

4. Walsh, Brian. “The Dirty Secret of Elite College Admissions,” Medium, December 12, 2018. https://gen.medium.com/the-dirty-secret-of-elite-college-admissions-d41077df670e.

5. Gage, John. “Harvard Newspaper Survey Finds 1% of Faculty Members Identify as Conservative,” Washington Examiner, March 4, 2020. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/harvard-newspaper-survey-finds-1-of-faculty-members-identify-as-conservative.

6. Carey, Kevin. “The ‘Public’ in Public College Could Be Endangered,” New York Times, May 5, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/upshot/public-colleges-endangered-pandemic.html.

7. Miller, Ben et al. “Addressing the $1.5 Trillion in Federal Student Loan Debt.” Center for American Progress, June 12, 2019. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-postsecondary/reports/2019/06/12/470893/addressing-1-5-trillion-federal-student-loan-debt/.

8. Fain, Paul. “Wealth’s Influence on Enrollment and Completion,” Inside Higher Ed, May 23, 2019. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/05/23/feds-release-broader-data-socioeconomic-status-and-college-enrollment-and-completion.

9. Aisch, Gregor et al. “Some Colleges Have More Students from the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours,” New York Times, January 18, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/18/upshot/some-colleges-have-more-students-from-the-top-1-percent-than-the-bottom-60.html.

10. Leighton, Mara. “Yale’s Most Popular Class Ever Is Available Free Online—and the Topic Is How to Be Happier in Your Daily Life,” Business Insider, July 13, 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/coursera-yale-science-of-wellbeing-free-course-review-overview.

11. Selingo, Jeffrey J. “Despite Strong Economy, Worrying Financial Signs for Higher Education,” Washington Post, August 3, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2018/08/03/despite-strong-economy-worrying-financial-signs-for-higher-education/.

12. Christensen, Clayton M. and Michael B. Horn. “Innovation Imperative: Change Everything,” New York Times, November 1, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/education/edlife/online-education-as-an-agent-of-transformation.html.

13. Hess, Abigail. “Harvard Business School Professor: Half of American Colleges Will Be Bankrupt in 10 to 15 Years,” CNBC, August 30, 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/30/hbs-prof-says-half-of-us-colleges-will-be-bankrupt-in-10-to-15-years.html.

14. Oneclass Blog. “75% of College Students Unhappy with Quality of eLearning During Covid-19,” OneClass (blog), April 1, 2020. https://oneclass.com/blog/featured/177356-7525-of-college-students-unhappy-with-quality-of-elearning-during-covid-19.en.html.

15. “Looking Ahead to Fall 2020: How Covid-19 Continues to Influence the Choice of College-Going Students.” Art and Science Group LLC, April 2020. https://www.artsci.com/studentpoll-covid-19-edition-2.

16. “The College Crisis Initiative.” @Davidson College, last accessed September 3, 2020. https://collegecrisis.shinyapps.io/dashboard/.

17. Lapp, Katie. “Update on Operational and Financial Planning,” Harvard University, June 9, 2020. https://www.harvard.edu/update-on-operational-and-financial-planning.

18. Carey, Kevin. “Risky Strategy by Many Private Colleges Leaves Them Exposed,” New York Times, May 26, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/upshot/virus-colleges-risky-strategy.html.

19. Steinberg, Laurence. “Expecting Students to Play It Safe if Colleges Reopen Is a Fantasy,” New York Times, June 15, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/opinion/coronavirus-college-safe.html.

20. Field, Anne. “10 Great Places to Live and Learn,” AARP.org. https://www.aarp.org/retirement/planning-for-retirement/info-2016/ten-ideal-college-towns-for-retirement-photo.html.

21. Zong, Jie and Jeanne Batalova. “International Students in the United States.” Migration Policy Institute, May 9, 2018. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/international-students-united-states-2017.

22. Whiteman, Doug. “These Chains Are Permanently Closing the Most Stores in 2020,” MoneyWise, August 12, 2020. https://moneywise.com/a/chains-closing-the-most-stores-in-2020.

23. Thomas, Lauren. “25,000 Stores Are Predicted to Close in 2020, as the Coronavirus Pandemic Accelerates Industry Upheaval,” CNBC, June 9, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/09/coresight-predicts-record-25000-retail-stores-will-close-in-2020.html.

24. “Public Viewpoint: COVID-19 Work and Education Survey,” STRADA: Center for Consumer Insights, July 29, 2020. https://www.stradaeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Report-July-29-2020.pdf.

25. Galloway, Scott. “Cash & Denting the Universe,” No Mercy / No Malice (blog), May 5, 2017. https://www.profgalloway.com/cash-denting-the-universe.

26. Bariso, Justin. “Google’s Plan to Disrupt the College Degree Is Absolute Genius.” Inc., August 24, 2020. https://www.inc.com/justin-bariso/google-career-certificates-plan-disrupt-college-degree-university-genius.html.

27. Bridgeland, John M. and John J. DiIulio Jr. “Will America Embrace National Service?” Brookings Institution, October 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/National-Service_TEXT-3.pdf.

28. Spees, Ann-Cathrin. “Could Germany’s Vocational Education and Training System Be a Model for the U.S.?” World Education News + Reviews, June 12, 2018. https://wenr.wes.org/2018/06/could-germanys-vocational-education-and-training-system-be-a-model-for-the-u-s; and a great book on the subject by Matthew Crawford, Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work (New York: Penguin Books, 2009).

CHAPTER FIVE: THE COMMONWEALTH

1. Harari, Yuval Noah. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (New York: Harper Perennial, 2018), 25.

2. McIntosh, Kristen et al. “Examining the Black-White Wealth Gap.” Brookings Institution, February 27, 2020. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/02/27/examining-the-black-white-wealth-gap/.

3. Aisch, Gregor et al. “Some Colleges Have More Students From the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours,” New York Times, January 18, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/18/upshot/some-colleges-have-more-students-from-the-top-1-percent-than-the-bottom-60.html.

4. Maciag, Mike. “Your ZIP Code Determines Your Life Expectancy, But Not in These 7 Places,” Governing.com, November 2018. https://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/gov-neighborhood-life-expectancy.html; https://time.com/5608268/zip-code-health/.

5. Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).

6. “About Chronic Diseases.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last accessed September 3, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/costs/index.htm.

7. “CDC—Budget Request Overview.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/budget/documents/fy2020/cdc-overview-factsheet.pdf.

8. Stein, Jeff. “Tax Change in Coronavirus Package Overwhelmingly Benefits Millionaires, Congressional Body Finds,” Washington Post, April 14, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/14/coronavirus-law-congress-tax-change/.

9. Woods, Hiat. “How Billionaires Got $637 Billion Richer During the Coronavirus Pandemic,” Business Insider, August 3, 2020. https://www.businessinsider.com/billionaires-net-worth-increases-coronavirus-pandemic-2020-7. See also Mims, Christopher. “Covid-19 Is Dividing the American Worker,” Wall Street Journal, August 22, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-is-dividing-the-american-worker-11598068859. The author says we have a “‘K’ shaped recovery … in which there are now two Americas: professionals who are largely back to work, with stock portfolios approaching new highs, and everyone else.”

10. Kiel, Paul and Justin Elliott. “Trump Administration Discloses Some Recipients of $670 Billion Small Business Bailout,” ProPublica, July 6, 2020. https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-administration-discloses-some-recipients-of-670-billion-small-business-bailout.

11. Ingraham, Christopher. “Wealth Concentration Returning to ‘Levels Last Seen During the Roaring Twenties,’ According to New Research,” Washington Post, February 8, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2019/02/08/wealth-concentration-returning-levels-Last-seen-during-roaring-twenties-according-new-research/.

12. “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2013 to 2016: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances.” Federal Reserve, September 2017. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/scf17.pdf.

13. “Poverty Thresholds.” U.S. Census Bureau, last accessed September 3, 2020. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html.

14. Langston, Abbie, “100 Million and Counting: A Portrait of Economic Insecurity in the United States,” PolicyLink, December 2018. https://www.policylink.org/resources-tools/100-million.

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