(t = top, m = middle, b = bottom, l = left, r = right)
Illustrations on pages 15t, 18, 25, 30t, 36l, 37l, 38l, 39t, 46br, 48b, 52t, 53tm, 57t&b, 59b, 62, 65b, 94t, 95r, 97t, 98t&b, 100b, 103t&br, 107b, 108b, 112t, 113t, 122b, 123l, 127t, 128b, 141t, 142t, 145t, 146, 152t, 155t, 157b, 165t, 171tr, 182b, 183m, 184, 185t, 195t, 198, 199t, 207t&m, 208t, 209, 211m, 229, 278t, 286br, 308t, 346b, 349 by Robert Brandt.
All images copyright the following:
Alamy Stock Photo: 27t Heritage Image Partnership Ltd; 27b Science Photo Library; 50 blickwinkel; 51b Yon Marsh Natural History; 59t Martina Simonazzi; 66b Denis Crawford; 73t Nigel Cattlin; 75 Krystyna Szulecka; 76t Zoonar GmbH; 77b Adrian Weston; 80l Natural Visions; 84b M I (Spike) Walker; 88t Science History Images; 123r blickwinkel; 136tr buccaneer; 164br Zoonar GmbH; 170b Steffen Hauser; 173b imageBROKER; 177t Garden World Images Ltd; 180t Natural Visions; 186t Sabena Jane Blackbird; 189t FloralImages; 197b Bob Gibbons; 202l Science Photo Library; 203b studiomode; 210r Custom Life Science Images; 236tl The Natural History Museum; 246b The Natural History Museum; 258t Premaphotos; 259t Minden Pictures; 262bl Bob Gibbons; 277r Scott Camazine; 288r buccaneer; 293b Andy Catlin; 298t Witold Krasowski; 303t Duncan Usher; 310b Arterra Picture Library; 313t robertharding; 313l Zoonar GmbH; 323b imageBROKER; 329t Richard Mittleman; 330b Stephanie Jackson; 336l Andrew Kearton; 348bl Mediscan; 348br Joerg Boethling; 350b dpa picture alliance.
AL Baker: 231t.
Josef Bergstein (MPI-MP: Research Group Kraemer): 77t.
Stephen Blackmore: 281r, 316t, 317t, 318t, 327t&m, 334b, 336r, 339t, 340b, 344b, 345t, 352t&b, 353t, 355t.
BlueRidgeKitties: 74t.
Craig Boase: 267t.
Joel Brehm & Daniel Schachtman (University of Nebraska-Lincoln. ©2017 The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska): 88b.
Brendan Choat: 99mr.
Continental: 324t.
Cornell University Plant Anatomy Collection: 43b, 44b, 101tl&ml.
PG Davison: 186bl&br.
Sylvain Delzon: 108m.
Diego Demarco: 213m.
JC Domec: 116br&bl.
LA Donaldson, J Grace & GM Downes: 127ml&bl.
Doranakandawatta: 291b.
Dreamstime: 23t Sociologas; 32b Nancy Kennedy.
Andrew Drinnan: 14b, 24t&b, 34b, 36t, 38r, 40r, 41b, 43tr, 46t, 48tl,bl&br, 53tl,tr&b.
AR Ennos, H-Ch Spatz & T Speck: 121b.
Stefan Eberhard: 11.
Robert Eplee: 81t.
Fred Essig: 211t, 212m&b, 214r.
GAP Photos: 237b JS Sira; 264t Tim Gainey; 270t Marcus Harpur; 296b Jonathan Buckley.
Getty Images: 32t Ed Reschke; 35m Nastasic; 44t Garry DeLong; 46m Photos Lamontagne; 70t Ed Reschke; 112b Dr Richard Kessel & Dr Gene Shih; 113b Nigel Cattlin/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.; 216t Susumu Nishinaga/Science Photo Library; 216b Ed Reschke; 355b SEYLLOU DIALLO/Stringer.
Lorna J Gibson: 105t&m.
Kari Greer and the USDA Forest Service: 132t.
Uwe Hacke & Steven Jansen: 109l,m&r.
Michael Hough (from Master thesis, 2008, State University of New York): 85t.
Ian_MC99: 237t.
Sandrine Isnard & Wendy K Silk: 118t.
Steven Jansen: 99br.
Agata Jedrzejuk et al. (The Scientific World Journal, Vol. 12, Article ID 749281): 121tl.
Jon E Keeley (from Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution, 2012, pp. 123): 133t.
John Kinross: 188.
C Leitinger: 111t.
Jennifer Mahley: 102b.
Rui Malho: 217b.
Ciera Martinez: 101bl.
Stefan Mayr: 110tl.
MC McCann, B Wells & K Roberts: 106b.
Joel McNeal: 219br.
Nature Photographers Ltd: 303b Paul Sterry.
Olivia Messinger: 252b.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory: 69.
Dr S Orang: 50t.
Neil Palmer/CIAT: 297b, 351bl&br.
Alann J Pedersen: 189b.
G Pilate, et al.: 127mr&br.
Jarmila Pittermann: 95l, 99t, 99bl, 100t, 104b, 110bl,bm&br, 114tm&tr, 116t, 118b, 119t&b, 125tl.
Libor Pitterman: 115tr&b.
George Poinar, JR Finn & N Rasmussen: 263b.
D. Price-Goodfellow: 7bl, 120r, 170t, 171b, 219bl, 272.
Peter Richardson: 199b.
Chris Rico: 105b.
Julietta Rosell: 114tl&b, 115tl.
Catarina Rydin & Kristina Bolinder: 204bl&br.
Science Photo Library: 20b Dennis Kunkel Microscopy; 22r Steve Gschmeissner; 42 Dr Keith Wheeler; 60l Dr Jeremy Burgess; 60r Dennis Kunkel Microscopy; 61t Dennis Kunkel Microscopy; 63t Omikron; 64 Nigel Cattlin; 66t Biodisc, Visuals Unlimited; 67b Ted Kinsman; 82 Eye of Science; 83t USDA/Science Source; 83b Wim Van Egmond; 90l Astrid & Hanns-Frieder Michler; 90r Eye of Science; 91t Nigel Cattlin; 91b Dennis Kunkel Microscopy; 97b Dr Keith Wheeler; 142b Power and Syred; 145b Biology Pics; 154l Ramon Andrade 3Dciencia; 158t&b Dr Jeremy Burgess; 159tl Power and Syred; 168b Steve Gschmeissner; 194b Noble Proctor; 196b Dr Keith Wheeler; 197t Claude Nuridsany & Marie Perennou; 217t Eye of Science; 265b Photo Insolite Realite; 289t Dr Keith Wheeler.
John D Shaw: 132bl.
Clive Shirley: 190t.
Shutterstock: 3 Africa Studio; 6tl Dr Morley Read; 6tr Pongwisa Dechapun; 6br LutsenkoLarissa; 7tl Brian Maudsley; 7tr Blue Rose photos; 7br Jakob Fischer; 9 Nagib; 10b Tropper2000; 12 Dr Morley Read; 14t Manfred Ruckszio; 15b Ghing; 16l Pablo Rodriguez Merkel; 17 THPStock; 19t primola; 20t Grimplet; 22l D Kucharski K Kucharska; 25b Lucky-photographer; 29 Catmando; 33t Orest lyzhechka; 33m Velichka Miteva; 33b Ashley Whitworth; 40l robin foto; 43tl Ines Behrens-Kunkel; 45t Glynsimages2013; 46bl Bo Valentino; 47 Manfred Ruckszio; 48t guentermanaus; 52b De Visu; 54 Pongwisa Dechapun; 56 siambizkit; 58t zebra0209; 63b Becca D; 65t Elis Blanca; 67t Olya Detry; 68t Goncharov_Artem; 68b jeep2499; 70b Richard Griffin; 71t Fotos593; 71b Benny Marty; 72t ronstik; 72b Jubal Harshaw; 73b Frank Fennema; 74b panphai; 76b Ethan Daniels; 78t ckchiu; 78b Lee Prince; 79t AAMLERY; 79b Jubal Harshaw; 80r Dr Morley Read; 81b Alexander Mazurkevich; 84t Worachat Tokaew; 86t Iurii Kruglikov; 86b Morphart Creation; 89 Sundry Photography; 94b DmitryKomarov; 97m Iryna Loginova; 101br kpboonjit; 102t Mike Rosecope; 104t Claudio Divizia; 104m grapher_golf; 106t Elena Elisseeva; 107t koliw; 108t Eric Buermeyer; 117t Dean Pennala; 120l Ines Behrens-Kunkel; 121tm Mike Rosecope; 125tr Chris Murer; 126 Igor Normann; 128t lcrms; 130r abdusselam fersatoglu; 131ml hareluya; 131mr JFFotografie; 131br WeihrauchWelt; 132br Kyle T Perry; 134 LutsenkoLarissa; 136tl Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH; 137t ANGHI; 138r SAJE; 139bl NuiGetSetGo; 139bmr Jojoo64; 139mr Puttiporn; 139br Jeff Holcombe; 140t george photo cm; 140bl bonchan; 141bl Rattiya Thongdumhyu; 141br Bihrmann; 143br Unkas Photo; 144t Mr3d; 144bl PJ photography; 144br LeStudio; 147r Gallinago_media; 148tl PFMphotostock; 148tr Brzostowska; 149tr Anton Foltin; 149b Iva Vagnerova; 150l Nomad_Soul; 150r r.classen; 151t AlessandroZocc; 151m Rattiya Thongdumhyu; 151b Vitalii_Mamchuk; 153tl&tr Stephen Farhall; 153m Sina Jasteh; 154r Jaboticaba Fotos; 155b simona pavan; 156l Imladris; 156r Pixeldom; 157t nevodka; 157m Matsuo Sato; 159b Rattiya Thongdumhyu; 160t Korotkov Oleg; 161tl svf74; 161tr Aniroot; 161b Nik Merkulov; 162t smileimage9; 163t pisitpong2017; 163br Pascale Gueret; 166b Jeff Holcombe; 169m marako85; 169br pittaya; 171tl photolike; 172b frank60; 174t&b cpaulfell; 177b alybaba; 178 Brian Maudsley; 180bl Anest; 180br Kenneth Dedeu; 181t Andrew M Allport; 181b Noppharat888; 182t Carlos Rondon; 183t Lebendkulturen.de; 183b Daniel Poloha; 185m Chad Zuber; 185b ChWeiss; 187t IanRedding; 187b Starover Sibiriak; 190tr Kichigin; 190bl Henri Koskinen; 190br Anest; 192 Sibiriak; 193t Tatjana Romanova; 193ml,mr&br Jubal Harshaw; 193bl Rattiya Thongdumhyu; 196t Konstantin Bratsikhin; 197m Elisa Manzati; 201b Antonio Gravante; 202r bevz tetiana; 203t IreneuszB; 203m Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH; 204tr Fanfo; 205b Sanit Fuangnakhon; 206t aleksandr shepitko; 206m rwkc; 206b Ihor Bondarenko; 212t Manfred Ruckszio; 213b Tim Zurowski; 214l Dobryanska Olga; 215t Suman_Ghosh; 215bl Stephen B Goodwin; 215br Isabelle OHara; 218t Ivaschenko Roman; 218b Nataliia Zhekova; 219t Alter-ego; 220 Blue Rose photos; 222tl&tr arka38; 222b Heiti Paves; 223tl Gurcharan Singh; 223tr Gavin Budd; 224l ingamiv, 224r Dionisvera; 225tl Doug Armand; 225tr Sherjaca; 225b Suttipon Yakham; 226 elementals; 227t Worraket; 227b Protasov; 228t basel101658; 228b Oleksandr Kostiuchenko; 230b Lano Lan; 231b Snow At Night; 232t vilax; 232bl Nick Pecker; 232br tr3gin; 233b Dr Morley Read; 235t Kerrie W; 236tr Nella; 236bl Oleksandr Kostiuchenko; 238b Bihrmann; 239b Foto2rich; 240t Kateryna Larina; 240b teekayu; 241b Byron Ortiz; 242 Oleksandr Kostiuchenko; 243tl Swetlana Wall; 243tr Oleksandr Kostiuchenko; 244t Michael Richardson; 244b Dory F; 245tl Wagner Campelo; 245tr IamTK; 247tl Xuanlu Wang; 248r revenaif; 249t Ole Schoener; 249b SeDmi; 250b Joe McDonald; 251b mhgstan; 253m&r kc_film; 254r Karel Gallas; 255t Galina Savina; 255bl Digital Media Pro; 255br EpicStockMedia; 257mr Florian Andronache; 258bl zaferkizilkaya; 258br Vespa; 259b catus; 261tr Laurens Hoddenbagh; 261b Rudchenko Liliia; 262br Armando Frazao; 263t yevgeniy11; 266b Ivaschenko Roman; 267b divedog; 268 puchan; 269l Volcko Mar; 269r Pakhnyushchy; 270m Alexey Wraith; 271l Mit Kapevski; 274 John_T; 275b Henri Koskinen; 279t Abdecoral; 279bl Fernando Tatay; 281l Sigur; 282l songsak; 282r ChristinaDi; 283b Tony BKK; 284tl Nuttapong Wongcheronkit; 284tr Nataliia K; 284b wisawa222; 285l Tukaram. Karve; 285r Taisiia_89; 287m Mirelle; 290 Daimond Shutter; 291t Artistas; 292l Andrew M Allport; 292r Pavel Kovacs; 293t Dennis W Donohue; 294t JayPierstorff; 294m Jarun Tedjaem; 294b Sarah2; 295t D Kucharski K Kucharska; 295m Kazakov Maksim; 295b wasanajai; 296t Manfred Ruckszio; 297m prapann; 298b viks74; 299l Zhukerman; 300t Christian Roberts-Olsen; 300b Vlad Siaber; 301t KarenHBlack; 302t Leonid Ikan; 303m elod pali; 304t emmor; 304m brackish_nz; 304bl Ole Schoener; 304br watcher fox; 305t kalmukanin; 305m Microgen; 306tm Aleks Kvintet; 306tr ueuaphoto; 306b ElenVD; 307tl Alter-ego; 307tr Avigator Thailand; 307bl Anna Kucherova; 307bml Tim UR; 307bmr Bekshon; 307br Atwood; 308b Maksim Aan; 309tl Peter Hermes Furian; 309tr Tim UR; 309bm krungchingpixs; 309br inewsfoto; 310t Sergei25; 311tl HelloRF Zcool; 311tr Martin Fowler; 311bl Filipe B Varela; 312l Fotos593; 312r Jeff Grabert; 313br Elise Lefran; 314 Jakob Fischer; 320t Yellow Cat; 320b BasPhoto; 321b LAURA_VN; 322t nednapa; 322b homydesign; 323t SOMMAI; 323b margouillat photo; 325bl FatManPhoto; 325br Kovaleva_Ka; 326t El Greco; 326b John Copland; 327b Photology1971; 328tl Reinhold Leitner; 328tml vardy0; 328tm Africa Studio; 328tmr IMG Imagery; 328tr Ragnarock; 328b Mark Winfrey; 329m Dale Stagg; 329b LUNNA TOWNSHIP; 330t Swapan Photography; 331t Manfred Ruckszio; 331bl oksana2010; 331bml NIPAPORN PANYACHAROEN; 331bmr Binh Thanh Bui; 331br Kyselova Inna; 332 Sara Winter; 333t LiliGraphie; 333b Rawpixel.com; 334t Le Do; 335tl cooperr; 335tr Pierre-Yves Babelon; 335b Veniamin Kraskov; 337b KULISH VIKTORIIA; 338t kzww; 338bl Maryan Melnyk; 338bm UMB-O; 339b Giorgio Rossi; 340t Matteo Ceruti; 341tl Orest lyzhechka; 341tr Vasilius; 341b barbajones; 342tl Dionisvera; 342tm Tommy Atthi; 342tr Nattika; 343t Dionisvera; 343m Swapan Photography; 343b Muellek Josef; 344tl Rich Carey; 344tr dolphfyn; 345b Olga Vasilyeva; 346t Yasonya; 347t Grandpa; 347b Andrei Rybachuk; 351t Claudine Van Massenhove; 354 Anna Nikonorova.
Ria Tan: 23b.
Irene Terry: 201m.
Vida van der Walt: 239t.
Jill Walker: 136b, 137l&br, 139bml, 140mr, 143t, 143bl, 147l, 148bl&br, 149tr, 152b, 153b, 160b, 163bl, 167t&b, 169t, 169bl, 176t, 190tl, 223b, 241t, 247r, 248l, 257t, 265tl&tr, 280b, 283t, 301b, 306tl, 309m, 309bl, 311br.
Wellcome Collection, London: 307m, 316–17, 318b, 319t&b.
Wikimedia Commons: 8 Des Callaghan; 16r Mike Bayly; 19b Christian Fischer; 21t kvd; 21b Hermann Schachner; 26 Jason Hollinger; 28t Plantsurfer; 28bl Peter Coxhead; 28br Matteo De Stefano/MUSE; 31t James St John; 31b Rodney E Gould; 35b ANE; 37r Luis Fernández García; 39b Stefan.lefnaer; 41t LiquidGhoul; 45b Anatoly Mikhaltsov; 48tr Tim Bartel; 51m Melburnian; 58b Verisimilus T; 61b Bernd Haynold; 85b Louisa Howard; 87t Joachim Schmid; 87b William Wergin & Richard Sayre (colorized by Stephen Ausmus); 96t Canley; 96b Falconaumanni, 117b David McSpadden; 124 Stan Shebs; 131tl Harry Rose; 133b Casliber; 138l Christian Fischer; 138t Muriel Bendel; 140ml Kevmin; 162b Schurdl; 164t H Zell; 164bl Robb Hannawacker; 165bl&br Sten Porse; 166t Noah Elhardt; 168t Júlio Reis; 172t C T Johansson; 173tl Scott Zona; 173tr H-U Küenle; 175tl JoshNess; 175tr Qwert1234; 175b Mark Marathon; 176b Robert Kerton, CSIRO; 194t Jeffdelonge; 199m tanetahi; 200t Alex Lomas; 204tl BotBln; 205t gbohne; 205m Hans Hillewaert; 207b Heiti Paves; 208b Abbieeturner; 210l Scott Zona; 213t El Grafo; 228m John Game; 230t Frank Vincentz; 231m Christian Fischer; 233t Frank Vincentz; 234l Beentree; 234r Stan Shebs; 235b (all 4) Frank Vincentz; 243b Tino Ehrhart; 245b Fritzflohrreynolds; 246t Wilferd Duckitt; 247ml Dcrjsr; 249m Hildesvini; 251t Frank Vincentz; 254l Haneeshkm; 256t&m Gideon Pisanty; 256b Manfred Werner; 257ml Gnangarra; 257b joanvicent; 260t Orchi; 260b Dalton Holland Baptista; 261tl Bob Peterson; 262t Orchi; 264b Alex Jones; 275t Dartmouth College Electron Microscope Facility; 276l James St John; 276r Matteo De Stefano/MUSE; 277l James St John; 278b John Tann; 279br Didier Descouens; 280t Gerhard Elsner; 286t Orchi; 287t Wouter Hagens; 287b Melburnian; 288l Alessandro Wagner Coelho Ferreira; 289b Tomas Figura; 297t Walter Siegmund; 299r JonRichfield; 305b Paul Henjum; 338br LepoRello; 348t Martin Stübler; 350t Miksu; 353b MurielBendel.
Adam Wilson: 191b.
Emanuele Ziaco: 129.
Vojtěch Zavadil: 201t.
All other images in this book are in the public domain.
Every effort has been made to credit the copyright holders of the images used in this book. We apologize for any unintentional omissions or errors, and will insert the appropriate acknowledgement to any companies or individuals in subsequent editions of the work.