ABC Charters, 110
academia: exchanges in, 10, 99–100; on migration, 35, 134, 189
accountability, public, 180–81
acculturation, 33
activism, 60
“Activities against the Castro Regime,” 63
African-American community, 122
agents, U.S., evacuating, 62
Agrarian Reform Institute, 48
aid: to Cubans, 63, 72, 75, 99, 169; opposition to, 80
Alascoń, Ricardo, 98
Alfonso, Carlos, 113
Allen, Richard, 115
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 101
American identity, 13
annexationist, 165
anti-communists, 6
anti-dialogue position: and isolation, 143–47; and military action, 141–43
anti-immigrant backlash, 32, 171–72
antiwar movement, 89
Antonio Maceo Brigade, 8, 93–95, 100, 148
appointments, U.S., of Cubans, 121
Arcos, Gustavo, 137
Arenas, Reinaldo, 113
armed action, 85
“Arte Cubana,” 162
arts and multiculturalism, 35
Aruca, Francisco, 148
assistance, 63. See also aid
AT&T, 145
authoritarian political culture, 143
Avellaneda, Gertrudis Gómez de, 5, 39
Barba Roja, 111
Bay of Pigs invasion, 1, 49, 58
Before Night Falls (Arenas), 113
Behar, Ruth, 165
Bell, Griffin, 96
Bender, Frank, 56
Benitez, Carlos, 121
Berlin Wall, 155
Bhabha, Homi, 192
bilateral issues, 151
Blanco, José Antonio, 136
Boifill, Ricardo, 137
bombings, 84, 102. 140, 153. See also terrorism
Borge. Luis, 170
Bosch, Orlando, 78. 85. 113, 142
Bosch, Pepin, 78
boundaries, nation and state, 166
Boza, Juan, 113
Boza Masvidal. Eduardo, 101
“bridge generation,” 91
“Bridges to Cuba.” 165
bureaucracy. 168, 180; turf wars of, 96 97, 110–11. 134, 139–40
Bush administration, 145
business: of exiles, 110: opportunities, 180; sanctioned. 99
Calzón. Frank. 116
Cámara, Madelín, 152
Camarioca. 71, 96, 173–74, 216n. 32
Campaneria. Virgilio, 49
Canada, 144
Cañas, Martinez, 164
CANF. See Cuban-American National Foundation (CANF)
capitalism, 16
care packages, 99. .See also aid
Carillo, Justo. 56
Carter administration, 174
Casa de las Américas, 93
Castañeda, Consuelo. 164
Castillo. Lionel. 92
Castro, Fidel. 6, 136, 147. 168–69; and Cuban exiles, 40, 98; and the Dialogue, 93–94; and exile policy, 119, 172–74
Castro, Raul, 51
Castro government, 113. See also Cuban government
Catholic: Charities. 80; Church. 50; missionaries. 191
CBT Charters, 110
Central American immigrants to U.S., 36
Central de Acción Social Autonoma (CASA), 8, 17
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). See U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Centro de Estudios de Alternativas Politicas, El(CEAP). 111–12, 135, 136, 170
Centro de Estudios Sobre América, El (CEA), 111, 134
Cernuda, Ramón, 140–41, 145, 149, 168
Chase, Gordon. 82
Chíbas, Eduardo, 47
children, 66, 70–71: of the revolution, 159, 161, 163
Chilean immigrants to U.S., 36
CIA. See U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Círculo de Cultura Cubana, El, 100
citizenship. 20, 32, 102, 196; and identity. 23, 26; U.S., 192–93
Civic Resistance Movement, 47
civil rights movement, 89. See also human rights
Clark amendment, 116
class, 161, 165–66; disaffected, 135; origins, 182; socioeconomic, 74–77. See also identity
Clinton, Bill, 146, 147, 172, 174
coexistence in Miami, 158
cold war, 29, 127, 155, 177, 197; and identity, 15–16
collective understanding, 201
Commission of Broadcasting to Cuba, 118
Committees in Defense of the Revolution, 108
common ground, 163
communism, 67
Communist Party, 48, 136, 139, 153, 167–68; Congress, 218n. 19; directives, 134; and infiltrators, 110–11
communities, Cuban exile. See exiles
communities abroad project, 10, 139–40
Conference of Black Lawyers, 101
Conference on National Identity, 171
Confessions of a White Racist (King), 6
contestation of home and host, 195–96
Contra Viento y Marea, 93
contributions to political candidates, 132–33
Coordinadora de Derechos Humanos, La, 149–50, 185
Correa, Armando, 161
Cosa, La (The Thing), 89
cottage industries, 137
counterculture movement, 94
counterrevolution, 53, 79. See also opposition
“Criterio Alternativo,” 218n. 19
Crockett, George, 131
Cruz, José, 148
Cruz Varela, Maria Elena, 20
Cuban: domestic security, 60–61; enclave economy, 75
Cubana, 163
Cuban-American: Democrats, 91, 147; vote, 123. See also identity
Cuban-American Bar Association, 147
Cuban-American Coalition, 148–49
Cuban-American Committee (CAC), 99. 118, 148–49, 185; Second Generation Project of, 19, 151–52
Cuban-American Democratic Committee, 124
Cuban-American National Foundation (CANF), 12, 126, 131, 172–74; as anti-dialogue, 143–47; and elections, 123; formation of, 115–18; and political significance, 183–85; and State Department contract, 122
Cuban-American Pro-Family Reunification Committee, 148–49
Cuban-American Public Affairs Council, 116
Cuban Commission on Human Rights and National Reconciliation, 140
Cuban Committee for Democracy, 152, 172, 185
Cuban Communist Party. See Communist Party
Cuban communities in exile. See exile
Cuban Constitution, 139
Cuban Democracy Act, 144, 145, 147
Cuban émigrés. See émigrés; exiles
Cuban government, 18, 59, 77, 113; and Antonio Maceo Brigade, 8; and cultural elites, 165; and discontent, 105, 108–9; leadership of, 198; and Mariel, 186; opposition to, 48, 137–38; strategy of, 180–81. See also Castro, Fidel
Cubania, 166
Cuban Liberation Council, 46, 47
Cuban Ministry of the Interior, 52, 92
Cuban National Planning Council, 84, 92
Cuban Power, 85
Cuban Refugee Program, 73
Cuban Research Institute (FIU), 165
Cuban Revolutionary Council, 78
Cubans in United States: appointments of, 121; as Golden Exiles, 37; and Latino community, 176; racism against, 5; status of, 69. See also exiles
Cuban Socialist Youth, 90
“Cuban Unity against Castro,” 77
Cuba-U.S. relations, future of, 12, 199–201
cultural: exchanges. 99–100; identity, 34, 161, 165, 222n. I; life, 113, 138–39; pluralism. 194; practices, 80–82
culture, 165–66; commodification of, 27; hybridity of, 192; of Miami, 161–62
Dallas, Texas, 5
Davis, Manuel, 140
decision making, in Cuba, 213n. 30
Democratic Party in Florida, 184
Department of the Americas, 110–11
Department of the Study of the United States, 111–12
depoliticization, 135
destiempo, 37
destierro, 37
deterritorialization, 165
dialogue: anti forces on, 141–47; assumptions of, 152–54; debate on, 140–42; pro forces on, 148–52
Dialogue, The, 94–95, 97; backlash on members, 100–101; conceptual framework of, 190–92, 195–96; and Mariei, 112; and suspension of accords, 119
diaspora, 16, 22, 26–27, 176, 190–91, See also exiles
Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies (Tölölyan), 27
Diaz, Carmen, 148
Díaz. Jesús, 93, 120, 206n. 14
Díaz Fanz, Pedro. 48
Didion, Joan, 158
Diego, Eliseo, 11
Directorio Estudiantil, El, 49
Directorio Revolucionario, El, 46–47
discrimination, 7, 37, 73, 76, 85. See also racism
dissent, externalizing, 181
Dorticós, Osvaldo, 51
Dreaming in Cuban (Garcia), 164
dual citizenship, 52
Dukakis, Michael, 147
Dulles, Allen, 55
Echeverria, Antonio, 47
economic policies and Cuban exile community, 122
economic resource, émigré community as, 180
economic restructuring and socialist bloc, 187
economics: and discontent, 109; and exiles, 14
economy, U.S., militarization of, 28
educational level and discrimination, 76–77
Eisenhower administration, 54
elections, 217n. 41; and Cuban émigrés, 121–24; and ethnicity, 146–47; methods of, 104, 184
elite Cuban exiles, 74, 165. See also class
emigrant versus exile, 167. See also exiles
emigration, Cuban, 38–39, 72, 177; academics on, 134; and consumer goods, 108–9; Mariel, 107–8; polticization of, 53. See also exiles; immigration
émigrés, 180; and cold war, 29–30; and Mariel immigrants, 113; organizations, 180; and politics, 55, 114, 121–24; socioeconomics of, 74, 103. See also exiles
empowerment movements, 197
enclave in Miami, 183. See also Miami
equality and socialism, 109
escoria (anti-Cuban term), 204n. 38
ethnic: identities and U.S. political system, 193; minority, 18; mobilization, 184–85; tension, 183
ethnicity, 125–26; in electoral arena, 146–47
Evora, Antonio, 161
exchanges, academic and cultural, 99–100
exile versus emigrant, 167
Exile: Cuba in the Heart of Miami, The (Reiff), 35
exiles, 37–38; activism, 60; and bureaucracy, 168; and Camarioca, 216n. 32; and economic policies, 122; as ethnic minority, 18; as expendable, 197; flow to U.S., 39–40; and GOP, 116; groups, 58, 181; and identity, 84, 198; labeling of, 165; and Latino studies, 36; lobby efforts of, 90, 99; in Miami, 155; and national security, 30; and national security agencies, 60–61; policies, U.S. and Cuban, 172–74; politics, 18, 31, 59–61, 77; realignment, 127; refugees, 26; and Republican Party, 122; studies of, 42–43; as symbol, 173; U.S. government grants to, 75. See also Cubans in United States; diaspora; émigrés; immigrants
Exilio, 42
exit permits, 110. See also visas
exodus, 50–51. See also emigration, Cuban; Mariel; rafters
exploitation of returning exiles, 97
externalizing dissent, 181
Falk, Pamela, 131
Fallon, Barbara, 80
family: reconciliation, 170; visits, 120
family, author’s, relocation of, 4–5
favorite trading partnership, 127
Fernández, Aurelio, 78
Fernández, Irí Abrantes, 98
Fernández, Pablo Armando, 11
Fernández, Teresita, 162
Ferré, Maurice, 123
Florida, 121, 147, 184. See also Miami
Florida International University (FIU), 144
Font, José Antonio, 116
Fontaine, Roger, 114, 115, 147
foreign policy during Carter presidency, 91–92
functions, 29; immigrants’ rights, 172; and political significance, 182, 183, 186
Fortune 500 companies, 147
Freedom Flotilla, 113
Frente Democrático Revolucionario (FDR), 63
Freyre, Ernesto, 78
future, perspective on, 12, 199–201
Gaceta, 165
Gallup poll, 147
Garceran, Julio, 78
García, Cristina, 164
García, Nereida, 164
Garcia Barcens, Rafael, 47
generations, 90, 140, 151, 163, 175; second, 159–61
geographic: boundaries and nation states, 22–23; construction of culture, 170
Golden Exiles, 37, 155. See also exiles
golpear arriba (strike at the top), 46
Gómez, Andres, 93
Gómez Barratan, Jorgen, 167
GOP and Cuban exiles, 116
Gran Familia, La (magazine), 170
Gramna, 165
Grau, Polita, 49
Grau, Ramón, 49
Grau San Martin, Ramón, 46
Greer, Nenita, and Pucho, 4
Grobet, Lourdes, 170
Grupo de Reunificatión Familiar, El, 99
gusanologos, 135
gusanos (worms), 51, 201n. 1, 204n. 38
Gutierrez Menoyo, Eloy, 47, 78, 169
Haig, Alexander, 114
Haiti, 36
Hart, Armando, 93
Havana, 105: comparisons to Miami, 158
Havatas, 98
Hawkins, Peter, 118
Helms-Burton Act, 13
Hemingway, Ernest, 105
Heredia, José María, 39
Hermanos al Rescate (Brothers to the Rescue), 132, 172
Hernández, Frank, 116
Hernández, Quisqueya, 162
Hernández, Rafael, 136
Herrara, María Christina, 152, 167
Holland, John, 80
homeland, 187
homogeneity and nation states, 195
human rights, 89, 120, 130–31, 150–51, 174; activists, 167; groups, 149, 154. See also rights
Hurricane Lili, 169
Hurwitch, Robert, 67
identity, 7–8, 13–15, 76, 164, 165–67, 167; and citizenship, 23, 26; Cuban, 14; debate, 170–71; definition of, 14, 185–88, 191, 194–95; exile component of, 41, 198–99; and memory, 37–38; and nation state, 35–36; and politics, 125–26, 163. See also class; discrimination; racism
ideology, 16, 31, 40, 103; diversity of, 84; of policy changes, 94–95
Illinois, 145
illusion, 21
immigrants, 26, 84, 113, 182; backlash against, 32, 171–72; communities of, 26, 189; and identity, 41; resettlement of, 26, 81. See also exiles
immigration, 23, 26; policy, 96–97, 117–19, 130, 134, 173
Immigration and Naturalization Service, 144
In Banks We Trust (Lernoux), 158
independence movement, 39
Injinitas Fornias de Tránsito. 162
information material, ban on, 131–32
Institute de Estudios Cubanos, El (Institute of Cuban Studies), 88, 152, 164–65
Instituto de Reforma Agraria, 48
integration, cultural, 194
intellectuals, 138, 166, 187–88, 191
intelligence gathering, 28
Interconsult, 110
intermediaries, 110
international: culture, 192; pressure, 166; relations, Soviet and U.S., 29
International Christian Democrats, 149–50
Inter-University Program on Latino Research, 19, 189
intervention, and subversion, 114
intolerance, 159, 181. See also discrimination; racism
investments, 13. See also aid
isolation: assumptions of, 152 54; policy, 71
Javitz, Jacob, 91
John Birch Society, 6
Johnson, Lyndon B., 80
Jones, Roger, 69
Joven Cuba, 89
Juventud Cubana Socialista, 90
Kennedy, Robert, 79
Kissinger, Henry, 91
labeling of exiles, 165–66. See also identity
Lansdale, Edward, 79
Latin American Studies Association, 170
Latino, 8, 17, 36, 122–23, 190
leadership, 198
Legion Acción Revolucionaria, 47
Lejania, 120
León, Juan, 165
Lernoux, Penny, 158
Lewis, Oscar, 43
liberal exiles, 160
Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way (Perez-Firmat), 35
lowlife, 201n. 1. See also gusanos
Maceo, Antonio, 93
Machado, Gerardo, 39
Maidique, Modesto, 160
Mandela, Nelson, 159
Mankekar, Purnima, 195
Mann, Thomas, 55
Marazul Charters, 110
“Marcha del Pueblo Combiante, La” (March of the Fighting People), 108
marches, anti-dialogue, 153
Mariel, 18, 105, 174; generation, 160; immigration, 112–13, 186. See also rafters
marriage and emigration, 110
Martí, José, 39
Martin, Lydia, 160
Martínez, Milagros, 170
Martínez Cañas, María, 164
Más Canosa, Jorge, 78, 131, 144, 174; and CANF, 115, 116, 118
Masvidal, Raul, 123
Matos, Huber, 48
Mederos, Elena, 48
memorandum of conversation (11/29/60), 63
memorandum of understanding (11/6/65), 71
Memoria de la posguerra, 171
memory, 1, 37–38; and diasporic identity, 37–38. See also identity
Menéndez, Emilio, 67
Mesa-Gaido, Elizabeth, 163
Mestizaje, 192
metaphor, 21
Mexican immigrants to U.S., 36
Miami: Cuban exile, 4, 59, 73, 136, 183; Cuban visitors to, 136–37; culture of, 161–62, 175; images of, 155, 158–59; and terrorism, 140, 142–43, 153
Miami (Didion), 158
Miami Herald, 144, 146; Spanish daily of, 160, 185
“Miami Vice,” 158
Michigan Quarterly, 165
middle class, 76–77. See also class
Milian, Emiliano, 85
military training, U.S., of Cuban émigrés, 57
Ministry of Culture, Art Institute of, 138
Ministry of Foreign Relations, 111, 139–40
Ministry of the Interior, 110, 1l1, 134, 140, 170
minority, 103, 121, 125, 181, 189, See also class; identity
Miró Cardona, José, 48, 59, 62
monocultural vision, 193
Montaner, Carlos Alberto, 135, 149
Morales, Ricardo, 85
Mouffe, Chantal, 196
Movimiento Cristiano Liberación, 149
Movimiento de Recuperacíon Revolucionaria, El, 49
Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario, 47
Movimiento 26 de Julio (M-26–7), 40, 46, 47
Müller, Alberto, 49
Muller, Therese, 80
Museo de Arte Cubana Contemporanea, 140
music, Cuban, 160
“nación y la emigración, La” (conference 1994), 167–68
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 80
National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, 123
National Coalition for a Free Cuba, 116, 117
National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 117, 146
National Geographic, 155
nationalism, 16, 39, 51, 177, 186
National Lawyers’ Guild, 101
national security, 28, 53–54, 111, 177
national sovereignty, 144, 147
Nation and Its Émigrés, The (conference, Cuba, 1994), 167–68
nation state, 22–23, 187–89, 194–95; and identity, 13–14, 35–36
Negrin, Eulalio, 101
neocolonialism, 34
New Latin American Policy for the Eighties, A, 114
New Right, 114, 115; and right wing, 125
New York Times, 47
Nieves, Luciano, 85
Noto, Mario, 71
Nuevo Herald, 160
occupational status, 75
occupation status, See class; identity
Ojito, Mirta, 166
Oliva, Erneido, 78
On Becoming Bilingual (Castañeda), 164
one-and-a-halvers, 159
one-dimensional world of cold war, 197
Operation Mongoose, 79
Operation Pedro Pan, 7, 10, 66
opposition: to Castro’s government, 48; groups, 137–38
Organization of American States (OAS), 91
Ortega, Katherine, 122
other as identity, 199
Pablo Milanes Foundation, 201n. 3
Padilla, Felix, 34
parallelism, 18
Partido del Pueblo Cubano Ortodoxo, 47
Partido Socialista Popular. See Communist Party
patria potestad, 50
Patterson, Enrique, 169
Patton, Arthur, 73
Paya, Oswaldo, 149
Pérez-Firmat, Gustavo, 35
Pérez-Stable, Marifeli, 167
perspective for future, 12, 199–201
Peruvian government, 105
pharmacies, 99
Phillips, R. Hart, 47
Piad, Dr. Carlos, 67
Piñeiro, Manuel, 111
policy, exile, 94–95, 134, 172–74
political candidates, contributions to, 132–33
political organizations, 143, 196. See also under specific organizations
political prisoners, 96–99, 109, 159, 206n. 19
political significance and foreign policy, 182–86
politics, 38–39, 102–4, 176–77, 195, 198; and CANF, 146; culture of, 14, 141, 143, 154, 185–88; and identity, 23, 26, 125–26, 193; of Miami, 175; mythology of, 173; participation in, 33, 103, 182–83, 188–89; positions of, 152–54, 160; and socialization, 34–35
population, Cuban, in United States, 40,83
postrevolution exile, 42
power struggle, 127; within exile community, 153; U.S.-Cuba, 173
presidential campaigns, 132, 146
pressure group methods, 104
private education, 50
Prodemca, 117
pro-dialogue forces, 148
pro-family organizations, 150
propaganda, 67
properties, confiscation of, 52
psychologists on identity debate, 171
public affairs and diaspora communities, 27
public culture, 193
Puerto Rican Socialist Party, 8, 17
Puerto Rico: immigrants to U.S., 36; and terrorist groups, 101
race, 222n. 1; and Cuban exiles, 76; and political socialization, 34
racism, 5–6, 190–91. See also discrimination
radio personalities, 149
rafters, 132–33, 172. See also Mariel
Ramos, Felix, 186
Raphael, Natalia, 165
Rapid Response Brigades, 20
Rasco, José Ignacio, 56
Rathbone, Tina, 160
Reagan administration, 9, 117, 125, 148
realignment, 141
rebels, 48
Rebozo, Bebe, 82
reconciliation, 21, 103, 111–12, 130, 138
reform, 140
Refugee Center, 73
refugees, 26, 67–68, 81; aid to, 63, 72, 80 (see also aid). See also exiles
Refugio, El, 73
Reich, Otto, 121
Reina Elizabeth, La, 139
remembering, role of, 164
remittances, 168
Representación Cubana en el Exilio (RECE, Cuban Representation in Exile), 115
repression, 49, 159, 187, 194–95
Republican National Committee (RNC), 123
Rescate Revolucionario, 49
revolution, 30, 42, 43, 177; and cold war, 15–16; cultural elite of, 161; legitimacy of, 51; propaganda against, 67–68; U.S. hegemony in the Caribbean and, 54
Ribicoff, Abraham, 68
Richmond, Gerald, 123
Rieff, David, 158
rights, 196. Sec also human rights
right wing, 114, 115, 124–25, 172
Ríos, Alejandro, 161
Rivera, Paquito de, 113
Robaina, Roberto, 169
Rodriguez, Albita, 161
Rodriguez, Félix, 115
Roman, Augustin, 101
Ros-Lehtinin, Ileana, 123
Rouse, Roger, 195
Rubeira, Vincente, 78
Rumbeaut, Ruben, 159
Rutgers University, Constitutional Legal Clinic, 101
Ruíz, Albor, 98
Said, Edward, 197
Sánchez, Elizardo, 137–38, 149
Sanchez Arango, Aureliano, 56
sanctioned businesses, 99
Sardiña Sanchez, Rafael, 56
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 29, 58–59
second generation, 90, 140, 159–61, 163, 175
Second Generation Project, 151
Segundo Frente de Escambray, 47
self-employment patterns, 76
self-sufficiency, 183
settlement patterns, 22
Shain, Yossi, 39
Simon, Paul, 145
Smith, Earl, 54
Smith, Wayne, 118
social service movement, 88
socioeconomics, 74
Sorzano, José, 121
South American immigrants, 36
Spanish American League against Discrimination (SALAD), 85
Spanish colonialism, 39
Spiral, 162
state and nation, 187–88, See also nation state
stereotypes, 146–47. See also identity
St. Mary’s University (Nova Scotia, Canada), 135
strategy of Cuban government, 180–81
Súarez, Xavier, 123
subversion and intervention, 114
Taladri, Raul, 168
Tapia Ruana, Alberto, 49
terrorism, 82, 100–104, 142–43. See also bombings
think tanks, 111
Tölölyan, Khachig, 26
Toriac, José, 170
Torres, Alicia, 119
Torres, María de los Angeles, 1, 4–6, 11; and identity, 8, 198–200; research on exiles, 19–20
Torrey, Charles, 63
Torricclli, Robert, 145
Torriente, José Elías de la, 85
tourist visas, 133
trading partnership, favorite, 127
Trading with the Enemy Act, 131
transculturation, 192
transnationalism, 27, 176–77, 188
travel agencies, 99, 109–10, 149
travel restrictions, 92, 117, 119, 136, 216n. 24; easing of, 133, 186–87; exemptions to, 90; unipolarity of, 197. See also embargo; visas; visits
Trinchera (newspaper), 49
TV Martí, 131
26th of July Revolution Movement, 40, 46, 47
underground, children of, 66
Unidad Revolucionaria, 49
Union of Writers and Artists (UNEAC), 165, 171
United States: administrations, 184; Cuban exiles to (See exiles); Cuban visitors to, 136–37; and Cuba relations, future of, 12, 199–201; foreign policy, 59–61; grants to Cuban exile community, 75 (See also aid); and Latin American relations, 36, 177; policy in Cuba, 55–59, 82, 174, 180
University of Florida, 89
University of Havana, 50, 111, 170, 171
Urrutia, Manuel, 48
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 7, 11, 28, 49, 96; intervention, 55–59
U.S. Espionage and Sedition Acts, 32
U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 101
U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, 68
U.S. National Security Council, 28
U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 28
U.S. State Department, 7
U.S. Treasury Department, 140
Varadero, 71
Varona, Manuel Antonio (Tony) de, 49, 56, 67
Venceremos Brigade, 7
Viajes Varaderos, 100
Vigia, 165
visas, 96; and CANF, 144; procedures for, 69–71; waivers of, 62–64, 66–67. See also travel
visits: and consumer goods, 108; as cottage industries, 137; to Cuba, 8–9; limits on, 119; to United States, 136–37. See also travel
visual art, 162
Voice of the Americas, 118
Voorhees, Tracy, 68
voting, 102
Voting Rights Act, 193
Washington, Harold, 124, 217nn. 40, 41
Western European immigration: to U.S., 32
Whalen, Charles, 91
Winston, Dr. Ellen, 70
World Council of Churches, 101
worms (gusanos), 51, 201n. 1, 204n. 38
writers, children of revolution as, 163
Yglesias, Manuel, 121
Young Communists Party, 168
Zero Option, 136