1. Carol Iancu, Bleichröder et Crémiaux: Le combat pour l’émancipation des juifs de Roumanie devant le Congrès de Berlin: Correspondence inédite, 1878–1880 (Montpellier, 1987), p. 6.
2. Lucretiu Patrascanu, Sub trei dictaturi (Bucharest, 1970), p. 221.
3. Sabin Manuila and Wilhelm Filderman, Regional Development of the Jewish Population in Romania (Rome, 1957), p. 13.
4. Matei Dogan, Analiza statistica a democratiei parlamentare din Romania (Bucharest, 1946); “Federatia Comunităţilor Evreiesti: Monografie” (Bucharest, unpublished), vol. 2; and Manuila and Filderman, Regional Development.
5. Jean Ancel, ed., Documents Concerning the Fate of Romanian Jewry During the Holocaust [hereafter DCFRJDH] (New York, 1986), vol. 8, p. 497.
6. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York, 1985), vol. 3, p. 1220.
7. George Voicu, “Reactia de Prestigiu,” Sfera politicii 63 (October 1998).
1. Iancu, Bleichröder, p. 19.
2. I. C. Butnaru, Holocaustul uitat (Tel Aviv, 1985), p. 485; available in English as The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews (New York, 1992).
3. Iancu, Bleichröder, p. 25.
4. Ibid., p. 29.
5. Ibid., p. 58.
6. Carol Iancu, Les Juifs de Roumanie, 1866–1919: De l’exclusion à l’émancipation (Aix-en-Provence, 1978), pp. 186–87.
7. Emanuel Turczynski, “The Background of Romanian Fascism,” in Peter F. Sugar, ed., Native Fascism in the Successor States (Santa Barbara, 1971), p. 106.
8. Iancu, Les Juifs de Roumainie, p. 203.
9. Iancu, Bleichröder, p. 27.
10. Ibid., p. 30.
11. Carol Iancu, L’émancipation des Juifs de la Roumanie (Montpellier, 1992), p. 32.
12. DCFRJDH, vol. 1, p. 52.
13. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 24–25.
14. Ibid., p. 93.
15. Iancu, L’émancipation, p. 115.
16. Ibid., p. 95.
17. Gheorghe Dumitras-Bitoaica, Statutul juridic al evreilor si legislatia romanizarii (Bucharest, 1942), p. 28.
18. La Situation de Juifs en Roumanie: Petition du Comité Executif du Congres Mondial Juif au Conseil de la Societé des Nations (Geneva, 1938), p. 6.
19. Ibid., p. 7.
20. Carol Iancu, Les Juifs en Roumaine, 1919–1938: De l’émancipation à la marginalisation (Paris-Louvain, 1996), p. 51.
21. Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars (Bloomington, Ind., 1983), p. 174.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 176.
24. Ibid., p. 177.
25. Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, p. 189.
26. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives [hereafter USHMM/RMFA], RG 25.006M, roll 4, Chronology of Anti-Semitism in Romania, 1926–1927, p. 1.
27. Ibid., p. 6.
28. Ibid., p. 16.
29. Ibid., p. 18.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., p. 22.
33. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 391.
34. DCFRJDH, vol. 1, p. 209.
35. Ibid., pp. 211–12.
36. Ibid., p. 214.
37. Bela Vago, The Shadow of the Swastika: The Rise of Fascism and Anti-Semitism on the Danube Basin, 1936–1939 (Farnborough, U.K., 1975), p. 39.
38. Dumitraş-Bitoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 42.
39. DCFRJDH, vol. 1, p. 214.
40. Hilberg, The Destruction, p. 72.
41. Ibid., p. 68.
42. Dumitraş-Biţoaica’s book Statutul juridic, published in 1942, cites about one hundred anti-Semitic laws, decrees, and other administrative regulations. Immediately after its publication, this book was sent to the German legation in Bucharest with a request to have it distributed to those Nazi German institutions that might be interested (National Archives and Records Administration [hereafter NARA], T175M, roll 663).
43. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 33.
44. Ibid., p. 47.
45. Ibid., p. 55.
46. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 58.
47. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 59.
48. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 59.
49. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 59.
50. Monitorul Oficial [Official Monitor] (Bucharest, 1942), Decree No. 1257, April 30, 1942.
51. NARA, T175, roll 662; Monitorul Oficial 156 (August 1943) and 171 (July 1943).
52. DCFRJDH, vol. 1, p. 536.
53. Mihail Manoilescu, Sensul si destinul burgheziei naţionale (Bucharest, 1942), p. 260.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., p. 267.
56. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 109.
57. Ibid., p. 121.
58. Aurică Simion, Preliminarii politico-diplomatice ale insurecţiei române din august 1944 (Cluj, 1979), p. 125.
59. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, pp. 127–28.
60. Ibid., p. 128.
61. Matatias Carp, Cartea neagră (Bucharest, 1946–1948), vol. 1, pp. 43–44.
62. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 484.
63. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, pp. 43–44.
64. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 127.
65. Ibid., p. 99.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., pp. 81–82.
68. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 144.
69. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 71.
70. Procesul marii trădări naţionale [Juridical Status of the Jews and the Roumanization Legislation] (Bucharest, 1946), p. 43.
71. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 75.
72. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 79.
73. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, p. 380.
74. Ibid., p. 389.
75. Ibid., pp. 155–56.
76. Ibid., pp. 160–61.
77. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 310.
78. Ibid., p. 572.
79. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 219.
80. Ibid., p. 701.
81. Dumitraş-Biţoaica, Statutul juridic, pp. 59, 389.
82. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 441.
83. Ibid., p. 502.
84. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 1.
85. Ibid., p. 22.
86. Ibid., p. 27.
87. Ibid., p. 28.
88. Ibid., p. 75.
89. Ibid., p. 85.
90. Ibid., p. 105.
91. Ibid., p. 120.
92. Ibid., pp. 116–17, 123–25.
93. Ibid., p. 126.
94. Ibid., p. 131.
95. Ibid., p. 137.
96. Ibid., p. 136.
97. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 172, and vol. 3, p. 404.
98. Ibid, vol. 4, p. 489.
99. Ibid., p. 503.
100. Ibid., p. 648.
101. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 532.
102. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 706.
103. Ephraim Nathanson, “Romanian Governments and the Legal Status of the Jews,” Romanian Jewish Studies (Jerusalem) 1:1 (1987): 56.
1. Jean Ancel, “The Jassy Syndrome,” Romanian Jewish Studies 1:1 (1987): 43.
2. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 376.
3. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 30.
4. Ibid., vol. 8, pp. 575–77.
5. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 25–26.
6. Ibid., p. 26.
7. Marius Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina si Dorohoi (Bucharest, 1945), p. 23.
8. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 26.
9. Ibid., p. 27.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 28.
12. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 53.
13. This was taken from Report No. 59, dated July 29, 1940, cited in ibid., p. 140.
14. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Romanian Intelligence Service Archives [hereafter USHMM/SRI], RG 25.004M, reel 7, vol. 4087.
15. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 495.
16. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 139–40.
17. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 26–27, 43–45; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 119–39; Ancel, “The Jassy Syndrome,” pp. 43–46; DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 539.
18. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 495.
19. Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 172–73.
20. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 436.
21. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 54.
22. Ibid., p. 55.
23. Ibid., p. 109.
24. Ibid., p. 116.
25. Ibid., p. 117.
26. DCFRJDH, vol. 1, pp. 538–88.
27. Ibid., p. 585.
28. Carp. Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 119.
29. Ibid., p. 141.
30. Ibid., p. 145.
31. Ibid., pp. 125, 127, 150; DCFRJDH, vol. 2, pp. 34, 55.
32. Asasinatele de la Jilava: Strejnicul si Snagov (Bucharest, 1941), p. 259.
33. Procesul marii trădări, p. 10.
34. Asasinatele de la Jilava, pp. 123–43, 164–65.
35. Procesul marii trădări, p. 132.
36. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 132.
37. Ibid., p. 143.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., p. 173.
40. Ibid., p. 193.
41. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 74.
42. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 195.
43. Ibid., p. 121.
44. Aurica Simion, Regimul politic in România in perioada septembrie 1940-ianuarie 1941 (Cluj, 1976), p. 117.
45. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 160.
46. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 47.
47. Ibid., pp. 115–16.
48. Ibid., p. 168.
49. Ibid., p. 111.
50. Philippe Marguerat, Le Ille Reich et le pétrole roumain, 1938–1940 (Geneva, 1977), p. 75.
51. DCFRJDH, vol. 9, pp. 112–13.
52. Marguerat, Le Ille Reich, p. 90.
53. DCFRJDH, vol. 9, p. 112–13.
54. Ibid., p. 141.
55. Ibid., p. 150.
56. Mémorial Antonescu: Le troisième homme de l’Axe (Paris, 1950), pp. 72–76.
57. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 259.
58. Walter Schellenberg, Hitler’s Secret Service (New York, 1971), pp. 205–6.
59. Memorial Antonescu, p. 104.
60. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 259.
61. Simion, Regimul politic, p. 265.
62. Ibid.
63. Timpul (Bucharest), July 30, 1941.
64. Asasinatele de la Jilava, p. 524.
65. Ibid., pp. 281–82.
66. Ibid., pp. 294–95.
67. DCFRJDH, vol. 9, p. 161.
68. Ibid., p. 327.
69. Procesul marii trădări, pp. 157, 171.
70. Schellenberg, Hitler’s Secret Service, p. 320.
71. NARA, roll 626/1; DCFRJDH, vol. 9, p. 669; Simion, Preliminarii, pp. 256–63.
72. Simion, Regimul politic, pp. 226–27.
73. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 155.
74. Ibid., p. 163.
75. Ibid., p. 156.
76. Ibid., p. 159.
77. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, pp. 228, 370–73.
78. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 170.
79. Simion, Regimul politic, p. 84.
80. Foreign Relations of United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1941 (Washington, D.C., 1959), vol. 2, p. 861.
81. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 764.
82. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, pp. 223–24, 228–29.
83. Ibid., pp. 229–30.
84. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, pp. 174–75.
85. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, pp. 231–32; DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 196.
86. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 175.
87. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, pp. 233–34.
88. Ibid., p. 235.
89. Ibid., pp. 221–22.
90. Ibid., pp. 239–40.
91. Ibid., pp. 246–323.
92. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, pp. 335–36.
93. Ibid., vol. 9, p. 666.
94. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 28–29; DCFRJDH, vol. 2, pp. 268–69.
1. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 11.
2. Ibid., p. 39.
3. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 468.
4. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 445.
5. Procesul marii trădări, p. 53.
6. Ibid., p. 64.
7. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 48.
8. Ibid., p. 50.
9. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 44, fond 108233, vol. 54.
10. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 41; Procesul marii trădări, p. 170.
11. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 19.
12. Ibid., pp. 51–52.
13. Aurel Kareţki and Maria Covaci, Zile însingerate la Iasi (Bucharest, 1978), p. 50.
14. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 61; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 35.
15. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 22, 95; Kareţki and Covaci, Zile însingerate, p. 53.
16. Kareţki and Covaci, Zile însingerate, p. 45.
17. Ibid., pp. 45–46.
18. Marius Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi (Bucharest, 1945), p. 5; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 43, fond 108233, vol. 38.
19. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 43.
20. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 58; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 376–77.
21. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 53; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 377. See also the testimony of Beno Beer, USHMM/SRI, roll 44, RG 25.004M, vol. 36.
22. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 22–23; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 368.
23. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 369.
24. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 66.
25. Ibid., pp. 25, 61; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 369.
26. Kareţki and Covaci, Zile însingerate, p. 57.
27. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 25; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 369.
28. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 46, fond 108233, vol. 109.
29. Ibid., roll 43, fond 108233, vol. 36; Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 9.
30. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 25.
31. Ibid., p. 26; DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 433, and vol. 6, pp. 369–70.
32. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 89; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 370.
33. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 26–27.
34. Ibid., p. 26.
35. Ibid., p. 116.
36. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 35.
37. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 83.
38. Ibid., pp. 70, 108.
39. Ibid., pp. 27–28; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 371.
40. Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, pp. 30–31; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 38, and vol. 6, p. 37.
41. Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 15.
42. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 40–41.
43. Ibid., p. 20.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., pp. 364–419.
46. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 44, fond 108233, vol. 45, part 2.
47. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 394–95, 397.
48. Ibid., p. 20.
49. Ibid., pp. 384–85, 388, 390, 392, 398.
50. Ibid., pp. 387, 392–93, 395–97.
51. Ibid., pp. 20–22.
52. Ibid., p. 24.
53. Ibid., pp. 28–29.
54. Ibid., p. 34.
55. Ibid., p. 19.
56. Ibid., pp. 29–30.
57. Minimum (Tel Aviv) 18 (1988).
58. Revista Cultului Mozaic (Bucharest, 1986), p. 4.
59. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 66; Kareţki and Covaci, Zile însingerate, p. 80.
60. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 41.
61. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 83.
62. Ibid., p. 85.
63. Ibid., pp. 102, 112.
64. Ibid., p. 109.
65. Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 38; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 388–96.
66. Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 38; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 39.
67. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 387.
68. Ibid., p. 44.
69. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 112.
70. Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 43.
71. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 44, fond 108233, vol. 36.
72. Ibid., roll 48, fond 108233, vol. 20.
73. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 143–46; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 47, fond 108233, vol. 20.
74. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 43, fond 108233, vol. 38.
75. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 109.
76. Ibid., p. 76.
77. Ibid., pp. 118–19.
78. Ibid., pp. 143–46; DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 434.
79. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 13, fond 2983, vol. 323.
80. Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 83.
81. Ibid., pp. 82–83; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 43, fond 108233, vol. 38.
82. Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 80.
83. Ibid.; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 97–98.
84. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 97–98, 147.
85. Ibid., p. 197.
86. Ibid., p. 34.
87. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 574.
88. Ibid.
89. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 92.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid., pp. 31, 123.
92. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 401.
93. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 122, 129.
94. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 401.
95. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 22, p. 401.
96. Ibid., p. 134.
97. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 402.
98. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 92.
99. Ibid., p. 125.
100. Ibid., p. 129.
101. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 448, and vol. 6, p. 402.
102. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 397.
103. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 39912, vol. 1.
104. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 131.
105. Ibid., p. 125.
106. Ibid., pp. 127, 136; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 40, 403; Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 63.
107. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 35.
108. Ibid.; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 40, 403; Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, p. 65.
109. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 36, 197.
110. Ibid., pp. 137–38.
111. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 48, fond 108233, vol. 30; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 94; Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, pp. 88–90.
112. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 48, fond 108233, vol. 30.
113. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 94; Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, pp. 97–99.
114. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 44, fond 108233, vol. 55.
115. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 36; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 39.
116. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 33; DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 408, and vol. 6, pp. 406–7; Mircu, Pogromul de la Iaşi, pp. 76–79.
117. Kareţki and Covaci, Zile însingerate, p. 105.
118. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 767.
119. Curzio Malaparte, Kaputt (New York, 1946), p. 144.
120. Gheorghe Zaharia, Pages de la résistance antifasciste en Roumanie (Bucharest, 1974), p. 45.
121. Cristian Troncotă, Eugen Cristescu, asul serviciilor secrete româneşti (Bucharest, 1996), pp. 118–19; archival source quoted by the author: USHMM/SRI, folder 11314, p. 28.
122. Ibid., pp. 54–55.
123. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 51.
124. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 378.
125. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 89.
126. Ibid., fond 108233, vol. 63.
127. Ibid.
128. Ibid., roll 48, fond 108233, vol. 29.
129. Ibid., vol. 30.
130. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Mareles Stat Major [Supreme General Command] Archives [hereafter USHMM/MSM], RG 25.003M, roll 305, fond Marele Cartier General, vol. 3828; Martiriul evreilor din Romania, 1940–1944 (Bucharest, 1991), p. 96.
131. Universul (Bucharest), July 2, 1941.
132. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 48, fond 108233, vol. 28.
133. Procesul marii trădări, p. 64.
134. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 48, fond 108233, vol. 28.
135. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 434.
136. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 102.
137. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 178.
138. Ibid., p. 372.
139. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
140. Ibid., p. 37.
141. Ibid.
142. Ibid., p. 44.
143. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1941, vol. 2, pp. 868–69, 878–79.
144. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 11(781), fond Armata aIVa.
145. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 16, fond 22539, vol. 32; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 2–7, and vol. 6, p. 445.
146. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 18, fond 22539, vol. 1, and roll 24, fond 20725, vol. 5.
147. Ibid., roll 24, fond 20725, vol. 5.
148. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 91.
149. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 4.
150. Procesul marii trădări, p. 302; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 4.
151. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 125(655), fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 25.
152. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 5.
153. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 92.
154. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 125(655), fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, dosar 25.
155. Ibid., roll 26, roll 11(781), fond Armata aIVa.
156. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 26, fond 20725, vol. 11.
157. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, plate 11.
158. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, p. 430.
159. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 204.
160. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 23.
161. Ibid., p. 24.
162. Ibid., p. 73.
163. Ibid., p. 74; emphasis added.
164. Ibid.
165. Ibid., p. 77.
166. Ibid., p. 78; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 195–98.
167. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 44, fond 108233, vol. 46; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 78; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 80.
168. Ibid.
169. Ibid.
170. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 30; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 24.
171. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 26; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 147.
172. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 28.
173. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 30.
174. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 29.
175. Ibid., pp. 29–30.
176. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 30.
177. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 30.
178. Ibid., pp. 30–32.
179. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 30.
180. Ibid., p. 31; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 147.
181. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 147.
182. Ibid., p. 146.
183. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 37818, vol. 1.
184. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 37–44.
185. Ibid., p. 43.
186. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 31.
187. Ibid.; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 37–44.
188. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 31; Bucharest Office of War Criminals, file no. 5260/1947.
189. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 36–37.
190. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 31.
191. Ibid.; DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 617; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 46.
192. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 31; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 44.
193. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 32; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 49.
194. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 32; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 44–46.
195. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 33.
196. Ibid., pp. 51–52; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 425–26.
197. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 47, fond 108233, vol. 7; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 55.
198. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 49.
199. Ibid., pp. 104–6; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 31; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 426–27.
200. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 23, fond 20521, vol. 4, p. 7; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 104–5.
201. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 23, fond 20521, vol. 2.
202. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 61–64; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 304–7.
203. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, pp. 64–65.
204. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 32; Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 73.
205. Mircu, Pogromurile din Bucovina, p. 68; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 32; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 15, fond 1241, vol. 1.
206. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 33.
207. Ibid., p. 35.
208. Ibid.
209. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 411–12.
210. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 72, and vol. 3, p. 58.
211. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 55.
212. Ibid., pp. 34, 54–58.
213. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 23, fond 20521, vol. 2.
214. Ibid., vol. 7; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 35.
215. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 205.
216. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 35, 59.
217. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 15, fond 582, vol. 1.
218. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 32–33.
219. Ibid., p. 32.
220. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 23, fond 20521, vol. 11.
221. Ibid., roll 47, fond 108233, vol. 7, and fond 20521, vol. 5; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 429.
222. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 23, fond 20521, vol. 7.
223. Ibid., vol. 2.
224. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 75.
225. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 60.
226. Ibid., p. 75.
227. Ibid., p. 60
228. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 15, fond 18209, vols. 1–2; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 269–70.
229. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 272.
230. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Serviciul de Stat de Arhiva al Republicii Moldova [Central Archives of the Republic of Moldova; hereafter USHMM/SSARM], RG 54.001M, roll 5, fond 192 (Direcţia Generala a Politiei), opis 3, vol. 142.
231. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 60; Julius Fisher, Transnistria: The Forgotten Cemetery (South Brunswick, N.J., 1969), p. 40.
232. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 445–46.
233. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 45; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 460–65.
234. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 462.
235. Ibid., pp. 489–90.
236. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 45.
237. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 447–48.
238. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 45.
239. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 447–48.
240. Ibid., p. 448.
241. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 45.
242. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 449.
243. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 45.
244. Ibid.; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 450.
245. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 45; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 453.
246. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 453.
247. Ibid., p. 464.
248. Ibid., p. 209.
249. Ibid., p. 458.
250. Ibid., pp. 463–64.
251. Ibid., p. 464.
252. Ibid., p. 465.
253. Ibid., p. 466.
254. Ibid.
255. Ibid., pp. 470–71.
256. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 20725, vols. 25–26; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 216, 238–300.
257. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 494–98.
258. Ibid., pp. 516–18.
259. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, rolls 25–26, fond 20725, vols. 25–26; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 216, 238–300.
260. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 26, fond 20725, vol. 11.
261. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 294.
262. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 18424, vol. 1.
263. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 288.
264. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 24, fond 20521, vol. 21.
265. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 768.
266. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 55.
267. Henry Monneray, La Persécution des Juifs dans les Pays de l’Est (Paris, 1949), p. 291.
268. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 771.
1. DCFRJDH, vol. 2, pp. 414–15.
2. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 22.
3. Ibid., pp. 25, 22, 40; Procesul marii trădări, p. 100.
4. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 65.
5. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 77; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 80.
6. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 131.
7. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 303.
8. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 327.
9. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 274.
10. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 699.
11. Ibid., p. 599.
12. Ibid., vol. 6, pp. 315–18.
13. Ibid., pp. 234, 426.
14. Ibid., p. 238.
15. Ibid., p. 239.
16. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 234, 245–46.
17. Ibid., p. 241.
18. Ibid., pp. 241–42.
19. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 165.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., pp. 101–2.
22. Zaharia, Pages de la résistance, pp. 46–47.
23. DCFRJDH, vol. 7, p. 531.
24. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 36.
25. Ibid., p. 37.
26. Ibid., p. 38.
27. Mirjam Korber, Deportiert (Konstanz, 1993), p. 217.
28. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 36–63.
29. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 653, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, folder 5.
30. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 24, fond 20725, vol. 5; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 37, 65–67.
31. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 37, 70; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 42; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 45.
32. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 46, fond 108233, vol. 99; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, plate 4; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 39.
33. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 24, fond 20725, vol. 5.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., roll 20, fond 3981, vol. 10.
36. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, pp. 351–52.
37. Ibid., p. 79.
38. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 92.
39. Ibid., p. 91.
40. Ibid., p. 92.
41. USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, roll 2, fond Direcţia Generala a Poliţiei, opis 2, vol. 299.
42. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 89.
43. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 84.
44. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, pp. 768–69.
45. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 81, 96.
46. Ibid., p. 82.
47. Ibid., pp. 82, 98.
48. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 89.
49. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 781, fond Armata aIVa.
50. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 769.
51. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 82, 99.
52. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 770.
53. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 82, 103–4.
54. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond 3467 Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, folder 29.
55. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 36.
56. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 24, fond 20725.
57. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond 3467 Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, folder 29.
58. Korber, Deportiert, p. 217.
59. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 37–38.
60. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 203, fond Armata aIVa, vol. 870.
61. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 117.
62. Procesul marii trădări, p. 247.
63. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 129. Ironically, the anti-Semitic newspaper editor seems to conflate the Jews with the non-Jewish king, Ahasverus, who played a role in the Book of Esther.
64. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 771.
65. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 37818, vol. 1.
66. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 145.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid., pp. 144, 149.
69. Ibid., p. 147.
70. Ibid., p. 148.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., p. 153.
73. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 78.
74. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 579.
75. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 78.
76. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 107; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 93, plate 4; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 17.
77. USHMM/MSM, RG 23.003M, roll 653, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 5.
78. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, plate 4; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 18.
79. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 94.
80. USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, roll 5, fond 192 (Direcţia Generala a Poliţiei), opis 3, vol. 142.
81. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 24, fond 20725, vol. 4.
82. Ibid., roll 15, fond 18209, vol. 2; USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, roll 5, fond 192 (Direcţia Generala a Poliţiei), opis 3, vol. 142.
83. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 352, fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 413.
84. USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, roll 5, fond 192 (Direcţia Generala a Poliţiei), opis 3, vol. 142.
85. Ibid.
86. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 97.
87. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 38.
88. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 98–99; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 37.
89. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 37.
90. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 101.
91. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 107; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 98–99; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 40.
92. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 41.
93. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 102; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 47.
94. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 10; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 47.
95. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 15, fond 9614, vol. 1.
96. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 47.
97. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 35.
98. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 83; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 56.
99. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 107.
100. Ibid., DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 56.
101. Ibid.
102. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 107.
103. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 35.
104. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 107; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 57.
105. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 35.
106. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 85.
107. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 40; NARA, T165, roll 662.
108. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, pp. 40–41.
109. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 10, fond 2694, vol. 17.
110. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 32.
111. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 70–71.
112. Ibid., p. 82.
113. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 41; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 74.
114. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 32.
115. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 771.
116. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 487.
117. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 60–61, 78.
118. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 274.
119. Ibid., p. 275.
120. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 15, fond 9614, vol. 1.
121. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York, 1990), p. 418.
122. M. Rudich, La braţ cu moartea (Bucharest, 1945), pp. 25–27.
123. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1339.
124. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 83.
125. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 119; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 82.
126. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 83.
127. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 157.
128. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 35.
129. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 352, fond Armata aIIa, vol. 413.
130. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, pp. 579–80.
131. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 116.
132. Ibid.
133. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
134. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 119.
135. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
136. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 123–24.
137. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 29, fond 40013, vol. 6; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 123–24.
138. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 118.
139. Ibid.
140. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 29, fond 40013, vol. 6; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 120–23; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 124–25.
141. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
142. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 943.
143. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
144. Ibid., roll 24, fond 40013, vol. 1.
145. Ibid.
146. Ibid., roll 29, fond 40013, vol. 5.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid.
149. Ibid.
150. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 131.
151. Ibid., p. 133.
152. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
153. Ibid.
154. Ibid.
155. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 133.
156. Ibid., p. 127.
157. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 90.
158. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 131.
159. Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 243–44.
160. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
161. Ibid., roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 35; USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, roll 6.
162. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 92.
163. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25.
164. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 29, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
165. Ibid., roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 32.
166. Ibid., RG 25.004M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
167. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25.
168. USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, roll 3, fond 204, opis 1, vol. 23.
169. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vols. 32, 35; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25.
170. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 139.
171. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 1.
172. Ibid., vol. 5.
173. Ibid.
174. Ibid.
175. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 155–56.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., p. 143.
179. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 9.
180. Ibid., roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 4; Procesul marii trădări, p. 144.
181. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 45.
182. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 85, 116–17; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 73.
183. Ibid.
184. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 85.
185. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29; USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, fond 706 (Preşedenţia Consiliului de Ministrii), opis 1, vol. 22; author’s emphasis on point 11.
186. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 9; emphasis added.
187. Ibid.
188. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 84.
189. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 85–86; emphasis added.
190. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid.
193. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
194. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
195. Ibid.
196. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
197. USHMM/MSM, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 32.
198. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 40.
199. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 15, fond 9614, vol. 1; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 65.
200. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 88.
201. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 23, fond 20521, vol. 2.
202. Ibid., vol. 5.
203. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 40.
204. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 158.
205. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 88, 90, 128; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 158.
206. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 40.
207. Ibid., p. 88.
208. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 20725, vol. 10.
209. USHMM/MSM, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
210. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 87.
211. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 122.
212. Rudich, La braţ cu moartea, p. 51.
213. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, pp. 101, 102.
214. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
215. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 18, fond 22539, vol. 1, and roll 17, fond 22539, vol. 41.
216. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
217. Ibid., roll 18, fond 22539, vol. 1.
218. Ibid., vol. 32.
219. Ibid., roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
220. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 16(2), fond 18844, vol. 3.
221. Ibid.
222. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 88.
223. Ibid., p. 90.
224. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 134.
225. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.004M, fond 20725, vol. 10.
226. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
227. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
228. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
229. Ibid., roll 657.
230. Ibid., roll 658.
231. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
232. Ibid., roll 15, fond 582, vol. 2.
233. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 90, 128; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 16(2), fond 18844, vol. 3; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 131–33.
234. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
235. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 656, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 29.
236. Ibid.
237. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725.
238. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 32.
239. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
240. Ibid.
241. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 658, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar.
242. Ibid., roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 96.
243. Ibid., roll 658, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar.
244. Ibid., roll 657, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 96.
245. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 20725, vol. 10.
246. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 353, fond Armata aIIa, vol. 1122, and roll 658, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 96.
247. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 75.
248. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 658, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 96.
249. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
250. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 658, Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar, vol. 120.
251. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 48–50.
252. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 5.
253. Ibid., roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 9; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 143.
254. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 135, 152.
255. Ibid., p. 139.
256. Ibid., p. 171.
257. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 5; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 153; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 96.
258. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 5; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 155; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 99.
259. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 1.
260. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 137.
261. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 5.
262. Ibid.
263. Ibid.
264. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 137.
265. Ibid., p. 138.
266. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 104.
267. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 5; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Czernowitz Oblast Archives [hereafter USHMM/COA], RG 54.001M, fond 307, opis 3, vol. 10.
268. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 173.
269. Ibid., p. 180.
270. Ibid., p. 139.
271. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 14, fond 2868, vol. 207; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 141.
272. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 176.
273. Ibid., pp. 75, 134.
274. Ibid., pp. 133–34.
275. USHMM/COA, RG 31.006M, roll 5, fond 307, opis 3, vol. 10.
276. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 137–38.
277. Ibid., pp. 148–51.
278. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 257.
279. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 139.
280. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 17; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 134–35, 170–73.
281. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 452, fond Corpul 4 Armata, vol. 6262.
282. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 413.
283. Ibid.
284. Ibid., pp. 413–14.
285. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 75.
286. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 239.
287. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 5; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 232.
288. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
289. USHMM/COA, RG 25.006M, fond 307, opis 1, vol. 244; USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
290. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 232.
291. USHMM/COA, RG 31.006M, roll 9; USHMM/RMFA, RG 006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
292. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 15, fond 7197, vol. 2; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 265.
293. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 245.
294. Ibid.
295. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 266.
296. Ibid., p. 254.
297. Ibid., p. 255.
298. USHMM/COA, RG 31.005M, fond 307, opis 1, vol. 1254.
299. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 280.
300. Ibid., p. 281.
301. Ibid., p. 283.
302. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1941, vol. 2, p. 871.
303. Ibid., p. 874.
304. Martiriul evreilor din Romania (Bucharest, 1991), p. 171.
305. Ibid.; DCFRJDH, vol. 3, pp. 370–77.
306. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 50.
307. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 39.
308. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 19, and vol. 3, p. 39; Jean Ancel, “The Romanian Way of Solving the Jewish Problem in Bessarabia and Bukovina, June-July 1941,” Yad Vashem Studies (Jerusalem) 29 (1988).
309. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 20.
310. Ibid.
311. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 617.
312. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 586, and vol. 8, p. 576.
313. Ancel, “The Romanian Way,” p. 230.
314. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 768.
315. Ibid., p. 771.
316. NARA, Document No. 29958, PB 226, 16 Box 270, Encl. No. 2, Dispatch No. 1302, January 11, 1943, American legation in Stockholm.
317. American Jewish Archives (AJA) (Cincinnati), IJA 15/OSS (Office of Strategic Services); the Canadian source mentioned is Eugen Kulisher’s The Displacement of Population in Europe (Montreal, 1943).
318. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, roll 654, folder 13.
319. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 61.
320. Ibid.
321. Ibid.
322. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
323. Ibid.
324. USHMM/COA, RG 31.006M, roll 9, fond 807, opis 1, vol. 292.
325. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 658, fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, Cabinet Militar.
326. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 444–45.
327. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 1.
328. Ibid., roll 169(2), fond 18844, vol. 3.
329. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 510–13.
330. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 40.
331. American Jewish Archives, OSS-Labor Supply Section, Economics Subdivision, Europe-Africa Division, IJA 8A/2/OSS.
332. Alexander Dallin, Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule, Rand Corporation Memorandum No. 1875 (Santa Monica, 1957), p. 317.
333. Fisher, Transnistria, p. 135.
334. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 353, fond Armata aIIa, vol. 421.
335. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 320.
336. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
337. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 9.
338. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii.
1. Dallin, Odessa, p. 306.
2. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 776.
3. Dallin, Odessa, p. 308.
4. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 759.
5. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
6. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 184, plate 7; DCFRJDH, vol. 3, p. 286.
7. Dora Litani, “The Destruction of the Jews of Odessa in the Light of Romanian Documents,” Yad Vashem Studies 6 (1967): 137.
8. Dallin, Odessa, p. 308.
9. Cited in Litani, “The Destruction,” p. 137; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 95.
10. Procesul marii trădări, pp. 55, 285.
11. Ibid., p. 54.
12. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 12(203), fond Armata aIVa, vol. 870.
13. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 209; Procesul marii trădări, p. 286.
14. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 12(203), fond Armata aIVa, vol. 870.
15. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 199, 208.
16. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 12(203), fond Armata aIVa, vol. 870.
17. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 199, 208; Litani, “The Destruction,” p. 139; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 59.
18. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 199; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 65.
19. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 12(203), fond Armata aIVa, vol. 870.
20. Ibid.
21. NARA, T501M, roll 2T8; Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 1, p. 306.
22. Martiriul evreilor din Romania, p. 175.
23. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 200; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 1.
24. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 200; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 6.
25. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 210–11; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 6.
26. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 200; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, rolls 19, 20, 26, fonds 40011, 39181.
27. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 39181, vol. 10; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 82.
28. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, pp. 51–52.
29. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 6.
30. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 282; Litani, “The Destruction,” p. 139.
31. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 7.
32. Ibid., roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 7.
33. Ibid., roll 30, fond 20401, vol. 2.
34. Litani, “The Destruction,” p. 139.
35. NARA, T501, roll 278.
36. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 200.
37. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, rolls 19, 20, 26, fond 40011.
38. Ibid., roll 32, fond 40010, vol. 9.
39. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 541.
40. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 7.
41. Ibid., vol. 1, and roll 21, fond 40011, vol. 17; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 215–16.
42. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vols. 1, 6, and roll 21, fond 40011, vol. 17; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 93.
43. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 1; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 90.
44. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 541.
45. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 93.
46. Litani, “The Destruction,” p. 141.
47. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 36, fond 40010, vol. 127.
48. Ibid., roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 1.
49. Sonia Palty, Evrei treceti Nistrul (Bucharest, 1992), pp. 187–88, 195–96.
50. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 93.
51. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 6.
52. Ibid., roll 21, fond 40011, vol. 17.
53. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 20(354), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 1128.
54. Monneray, La Persecution, p. 263.
55. Ibid., pp. 263, 267.
56. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 193.
57. Ibid.
58. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 206.
59. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 541.
60. United States Holocaust Museum/Nikolaev Oblast Archives, RG 31.008M, fond P2178, opis 1, folder 58.
61. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 26, fond 38891, vol. 1.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 1, p. 374.
65. Dallin, Odessa, p. 317.
66. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 26, fond 39181, vol. 4.
67. Ibid., roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 8; Rudich, La brat cu moartea, p. 77.
68. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Romanian State Archives [hereafter USHMM/RSA], RG 25.002M, roll 5.
69. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 8; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 205, 226, 227; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 261, 263–64.
70. USHMM/RSA, RG 25.002M, roll 5.
71. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 36(2), fond 23004, vol. 13.
72. Ibid., roll 28, fond 38891, vol. 23.
73. Ibid., roll 36(2), fond 23004, vol. 13; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 205–6, 227; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 274.
74. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 11(202), fond Armata aIVa, vol. 779.
75. Ibid., fond 39181, vol. 5.
76. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 282.
77. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum/Odessa Oblast Archives [hereafter USHMM/OOA], RG 31.004M, opis 1, folder 40.
78. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 15.
79. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 240.
80. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 36(2), fond 23004, vol. 13; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 283–84.
81. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 285–86.
82. Ibid., p. 286.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Ibid., p. 288.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., p. 289.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid., p. 293; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, testimony of David Wasserman.
90. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 295.
91. Ibid., p. 300.
92. Ibid., p. 302.
93. Ibid., p. 304.
94. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 26, fond 38891, vol. 1.
95. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 269, 271, 338–39.
96. Ibid., p. 271.
97. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 29, fond 40013, vol. 5.
98. Ibid., vol. 6.
99. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 295.
100. Ibid., pp. 298–99, 385–86.
101. Ibid., p. 301.
102. USHMM/COA, RG 31.006M, roll 9, name lists; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 5; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 282.
103. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 301.
104. USHMM/RIS, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 1, and roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 15.
105. Ibid., roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 6, and roll 29, fond 40013, vol. 5.
106. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 301–2.
107. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 22981, vol. 1.
108. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 305.
109. Ibid., p. 306.
110. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, pp. 310–14.
111. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 30, fond 40013, vol. 6; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 307–8.
112. Julius Fisher, “How Many Jews Perished in Transnistria?” in American Jewish Archives/World Jewish Congress Records [hereafter AJA/WJCR].
1. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 776; see also Fisher, Transnistria, p. 9.
2. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 39, fond 40030, vol. 11.
3. Procesul marii trădări, pp. 148–49.
4. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 777; see also Dallin, Odessa, p. 313.
5. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 6, vol. 15, p. 58.
6. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 12(202), fond Armata aIVa, vol. 781.
7. Ibid., roll 18(352), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 421.
8. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 19.
9. USHMM/MSM, RG 23.003M, roll 17(351), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 410; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 1, p. 19; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 220.
10. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 16(2), fond 18844, vol. 3.
11. NARA, XL 13166, roll 6226, Encl. No. 19, Box 0179, and T175, roll 658.
12. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 541.
13. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 14, fond 2869, vol. 208.
14. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 541.
15. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
16. Ibid.
17. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 306–13.
18. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, vol. 20.
19. DCFRJDH, vol. 7, p. 348.
20. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
21. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 59.
22. DCFRJDH, vol. 7, p. 681.
23. Dallin, Odessa, p. 317.
24. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 17, fond 18844, vol. 3; USHMM/RSA, RG 25.002M, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 86; USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, vol. 20.
25. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 88.
26. Ibid., p. 262.
27. Ibid.
28. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 580.
29. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 262.
30. Ibid., p. 263.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., p. 264.
33. Ibid., pp. 264, 326.
34. Ibid., p. 265.
35. Ibid., pp. 265–66.
36. Rudich, La braţ cu moartea, pp. 63–65.
37. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 261.
38. Dallin, Odessa, p. 317.
39. Fisher, Transnistria, p. 100.
40. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 354, fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 1127.
41. Fisher, Transnistria, p. 104.
42. Ibid., p. 105.
43. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 439–42.
44. Ibid., p. 266.
45. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 228.
46. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 28, fond 40013, vol. 1.
47. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 267.
48. Ibid., p. 322.
49. Ibid., p. 323.
50. Ibid., p. 325.
51. Ibid., p. 331.
52. Ibid., pp. 267–68.
53. Ibid., p. 268.
54. Rudich, La braţ cu moartea, p. 70.
55. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 89.
56. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 20(352), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 410.
57. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 329.
58. Ibid., pp. 268–69.
59. Ibid., p. 270.
60. Rudich, La braţ cu moartea, pp. 71–72.
61. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 171.
62. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 17(351), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 410.
63. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 202; Litani, “The Destruction,” p. 135; USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 8.
64. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 18(352), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 410.
65. Ibid.
66. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 202, 220; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 202.
67. Ibid.
68. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 203; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 203–5.
69. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 18(352), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 421; Yad Vashem/Odessa Oblast Archives [hereafter YV/OOA], M.39, rolls 1, 4; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 203–5; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 241.
70. YV/OOA, M.39, roll 4.
71. Ibid., roll 1.
72. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 214.
73. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 20, fond 40011, vol. 7; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 217.
74. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 30, fond 21401, vol. 2.
75. YV/OOA, M.39, roll 1; Dallin, Odessa, p. 308.
76. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 232–35.
77. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 352, fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 421.
78. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 231.
79. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 20(354), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 1196.
80. Ibid., roll 353, fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 1122.
81. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 30, fond 21401, vol. 2.
82. USHMM/RSA, RG 25.002M, roll 5.
83. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 20(354), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 1127.
84. Ibid., roll 18(352), fond Armata aIIIa, vol. 421.
85. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 205; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 222.
86. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 205.
87. Ibid., p. 206.
88. Ibid., pp. 286, 336–37; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 241.
89. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 269.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid., pp. 270, 347–49.
92. Ibid., p. 271.
93. Ibid., p. 272.
94. Ibid., pp. 272–73; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 269.
95. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 273, 353–56; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 270–71.
96. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 275.
97. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 665.
98. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 357–58.
99. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 579.
100. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 274–75, 283, 357–58.
101. Ibid., pp. 273, 356.
102. Ibid., p. 270.
103. Ibid., pp. 275–76.
104. Ibid., pp. 276, 278.
105. Ibid.
106. Ibid., p. 280.
107. Ibid., pp. 279–80.
108. YV/OOA, M.39, roll 1.
109. Ibid., roll 3.
110. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 282.
111. Ibid.
112. Ibid., pp. 282–83.
113. Ibid., pp. 283, 288.
114. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 19(353), fond Armata alla, vol. 421.
115. USHMM/RSA, RG 25.002M, roll 5.
116. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 369–72.
117. Ibid., p. 367.
118. Ibid., pp. 201, 376–77.
119. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 779.
120. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 285.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid., p. 287.
123. Ibid., p. 368.
124. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 779.
125. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 284.
126. Ibid., p. 287.
127. Ibid., p. 289.
128. Ibid., p. 290.
129. Ibid., p. 291.
130. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 545.
131. Ibid., p. 548.
132. Ibid., p. 550.
133. Litani, “The Destruction,” p. 152.
134. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 550; NARA, T175, roll 663.
135. Ibid.
136. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 550.
137. NARA, T175, roll 663.
138. DCFRJFH, vol. 8, p. 550.
139. NARA, T175, roll 663.
140. Ibid.
141. Ibid.
142. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 9, fond 2710, vol. 33.
143. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 292.
144. Ibid., pp. 293–96.
145. Ibid., p. 293.
146. Ibid., p. 296.
147. USHMM/OOA, RG 1.006M, fond 2364, opis I, folder 23.
148. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 301.
149. Ibid., p. 302.
150. Ibid., p. 304.
151. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 615.
152. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 304.
153. Ibid., p. 305.
154. Ibid., p. 308.
155. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
1. Traian Herseni, “Rasa si destin national,” Cuvîntul Nostru [Our Word], January 16, 1941.
2. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 53.
3. Ion Chelcea, Ţiganii in Romania (Bucharest, 1944).
4. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 59.
5. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.004M, roll 14, vol. 2695.
6. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 14, fond 9721, vol. 2.
7. Ibid.
8. YV/OOA, roll 14, fond 9721, vol. 2.
9. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 148(14), vol. 2695.
10. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 64, fond 18844, vol. 4.
11. Ibid., roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 59.
12. Procesul marii trădări, p. 108.
13. Ibid.
14. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 74.
15. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.004M, roll 14, vol. 2695.
16. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 225.
17. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 59; YV/OOA, roll 4, M.39.
18. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 94.
19. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 19, fond 40011, vol. 1; DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 90.
20. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 94.
21. Ibid.
22. YV/OOA, roll 2, M.39.
23. Ibid., roll 4, M.39.
24. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 26, fond 38891, vol. 1.
25. YV/OOA, roll 2, M.39.
26. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, fond 40010, roll 34, vol. 59, and roll 33, vol. 28.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Viorel Achim, Ţiganii in istoria Romaniei (Bucharest, 1998), p. 143.
31. Procesul marii trădări, p. 305.
32. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 541.
33. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 26, fond 3891, vol. 1.
34. Achim, Ţiganii in istoria Romaniei, p. 147.
35. Procesul marii trădări, p. 302.
36. DCFRJDH, vol. 9, pp. 279–80.
37. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 473.
1. Richard Breitman, “Himmler and the Origins of the Final Solution,” paper presented at the Smithsonian Institution, December 3, 1987 (RSHA) document Ereignismeldung USSR 52, August 14, 1941, in NARA, 6 238, No. 4540, p. 13.
2. Arno Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?: The “Final Solution” in History (New York, 1988), p. 305.
3. DCFRJDH, vol. 9, p. 185.
4. Ibid., pp. 240–41.
5. Ibid., p. 253.
6. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 784.
7. Jean Ancel, “Plans for Deportation of the Romanian Jews and Their Discontinuation in the Light of Documentary Evidence,” Yad Vashem Studies 16 (1984): 382.
8. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 17, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 32.
9. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 256.
10. Ibid., p. 247.
11. Ibid., pp. 248–49.
12. Ibid., p. 236; DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 299.
13. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 237; DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 299.
14. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 299.
15. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 237.
16. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 353.
17. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 36, fond 40010, vol. 35, p. 103.
18. Ancel, “Plans for Deportation,” p. 390.
19. DCFRJDH, vol. 1, p. 127.
20. Ibid., vol. 8, p. 599.
21. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 237.
22. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 785.
23. Ibid., p. 787.
24. DCFRJDH, vol. 9, p. 422.
25. Ibid.
26. Ancel, “Plans for Deportation,” p. 384.
27. Ibid., p. 396.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 398.
30. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, pp. 239–40.
31. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 239–40.
32. Ancel, “Plans for Deportation,” p. 399; DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 254.
33. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 24; DCFRJDH, vol. 4, pp. 300–301.
34. Ancel, “Plans for Deportation,” pp. 400, 418.
35. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 237.
36. Ibid., pp. 237–38.
37. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 236.
38. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 242.
39. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, pp. 599–600.
40. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 357.
41. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 36, fond 40010, vol. 127.
42. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, p. 787.
43. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, pp. 241–42.
44. Ibid., p. 243.
45. Ibid., pp. 354–57.
46. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 14, fond 2869, vol. 208.
47. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 608.
48. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 243.
49. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 203, and vol. 5, p. 376; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 407–8.
50. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, pp. 202, 204.
51. Ibid., p. 205.
52. Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 10–11.
53. Ibid., vol. 10, pp. 592–95.
54. Ibid., p. 605.
55. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 414.
56. Ibid., pp. 414–15.
57. Ibid., pp. 418–19.
58. Ibid., p. 406.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., p. 619; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 330.
61. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 335.
62. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 407.
63. Ibid., pp. 407, 424–25.
64. Ibid., p. 427.
65. Ibid., p. 428.
66. Ibid., pp. 407, 428–29.
67. Ibid., pp. 407, 430.
68. DCFRJDH, vol. 7, pp. 312, 321.
69. Ibid., p. 347.
70. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 407, 423–24.
71. Ibid., pp. 407–8.
72. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 638.
73. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 408, 431–33; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 380.
74. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 408, 434.
75. Ibid., pp. 408, 434–35; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 381.
76. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 409, 435–37; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 438–40.
77. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 409, 437.
78. Ibid., pp. 409, 438–43; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 440.
79. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 654.
80. Ibid., vol. 5, pp. 458–59.
81. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 443–44.
82. Ibid., pp. 409, 444–47; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 511–12.
83. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 410; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 510.
84. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 447–50; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 511–12.
85. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 450; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, p. 513.
86. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 692.
87. Ibid.
88. USHMM/RSA, RG 25.002M, roll 6.
89. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 410, 451–52.
90. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 13, fond 2898, vol. 237; Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, pp. 792–94.
91. DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 515–16.
92. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 410, 452–53.
93. Ibid., p. 453.
94. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, pp. 694–699, and vol. 5, pp. 518–19.
95. Ibid., vol. 7, pp. 547–51.
96. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 410.
97. Ibid., p. 411; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 539–40.
98. DCFRJDH, vol. 7, p. 610.
99. USHMM/MSM, RG 25.003M, roll 129(659), fond Guvernamîntul Basarabiei, vol. 177.
100. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 411.
101. Ibid.; DCFRJDH, vol. 5, pp. 539–40, and vol. 7, pp. 610–11.
102. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 587.
103. Ibid.
104. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 411, 455–56.
105. Ibid., p. 411.
106. Ibid., p. 412.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.; DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 26.
109. Ion Calefeteanu, Nicolae Dinu, and Teodor Gheorghe, Emigrarea populatiei evreieşti din Romania intre anii 1940–1944 (Bucharest, 1993), p. 136.
110. Ira Hirschmann, Caution to the Winds (New York, 1962), p. 157.
111. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 412.
112. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 497.
113. Ibid., pp. 487–97.
114. Ibid.
115. Alexandre Şafran, Resisting the Storm: Romania, 1940–1947 (Jerusalem, 1987), p. 243.
116. AJA/WJCR, from a meeting between the reunited Jewish delegations and the Romanian delegation, August 29, 1946.
Somewhat changed here, this chapter first appeared under the title “The Fate of Romanian Jews in Nazi-Occupied Europe,” in Randolph L. Braham, ed., The Destruction of the Romanian and Ukrainian Jews During the Antonescu Era (New York, 1997); reproduced with permission.
1. Ion Calefeteanu, “Regimul cetăţenilor romani de origine evreiasca aflati in strainatate in anii dictaturii antonescience,” Anale de Istorie [Annals of History] 5 (1986): 163.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p. 131.
4. Ibid., p. 315.
5. Ibid., p. 328.
6. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 88.
7. Ibid., p. 99.
8. Ibid., p. 182.
9. Ukrainian Archival Administration/Odessa Regional Archives, RG 31.006M, fond 2264, opis 1, folder 40A/1943.
10. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 550, and vol. 8, pp. 121, 139.
11. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 543.
12. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 452–53.
13. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, pp. 696–97.
14. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 416.
15. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 18, fond Germania, vol. 33.
16. Ibid., roll 17, fond Germania, vol. 32; DCFRJDH, vol. 10, pp. 792–93; Calefeteanu, “Regimul,” p. 130.
17. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, pp. 182–83; Calefeteanu, “Regimul,” p. 130.
18. Calefeteanu, “Regimul,” p. 130.
19. Ibid., p. 131.
20. Ibid., p. 132.
21. Ibid.
22. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 16, fond Germania, vol. 32; DCFRJDH, vol. 9, p. 421.
23. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, pp. 110–12, and vol. 11, p. 209.
24. Calefeteanu, “Regimul,” p. 312; USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 17, fond Germania, vol. 32.
25. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 17, fond Germania, vol. 32.
26. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 16, fond 22539, vol. 32, Document No. NG 291/948.
27. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 16, fond Germania.
28. Jean Ancel, “Simpozion stiintific Romano-Israelian, Jerusalem, 12–14 ianuarie 1986,” Anale de Istorie 3 (1986): 139.
29. Calefeteanu, “Regimul,” p. 133.
30. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 17, fond Germania, vol. 32.
31. Serge Klarsfeld, Vichy-Auschwitz (Paris, 1983), p. 180.
32. Serge Klarsfeld, Mémorial de la Déportation des juifs de France (Paris, 1978), p. 312.
33. Klarsfeld, Vichy-Auschwitz, pp. 182, 454.
34. Klarsfeld, Mémorial, p. 319.
35. Klarsfeld, Vichy-Auschwitz, pp. 182, 454.
36. Klarsfeld, Mémorial, pp. 312, 319.
37. Ibid., p. xxxvii.
38. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 547.
39. Ibid., vol. 10, p. 242.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., p. 316.
42. Ibid., p. 314.
43. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 17, fond Germania, vol. 32.
44. Ibid., roll 16, fond Germania, vol. 32.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., roll 17, fond Germania, vol. 33.
47. Calefeteanu, “Regimul,” p. 135.
48. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 15, fond Belgia, vol. 28.
49. Ibid., p. 135.
50. Ibid., p. 136.
51. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 702.
52. Ancel, “Simpozion,” pp. 138–39.
53. Ibid.
54. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 16, fond Germania, vol. 30.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 417.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp. 331, 372, 424–26.
60. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 16, fond Germania, vol. 30.
1. Procesul marii trădări, p. 71.
2. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 608.
3. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 47.
4. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 1; Evreii dia Romania între Anii 1940–1944, vol. II, Problema evreiască în stenogramele Consiliului de Miniştrii, (Bucharest, 1996), p. 229.
5. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 32, fond 40010, vol. 1; Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 2, p. 39.
6. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 32, fond 40010, vol. 1.
7. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 79.
8. USHMM/RSA, RG 25.002M, roll 18, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, Cabinet Dosar 167/1941.
9. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 89.
10. Ibid., roll 19, fond 40010, vol. 5.
11. Ibid., roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 1.
12. USHMM/RMFA, RG 25.006M, roll 10, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, vol. 20.
13. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, p. 143.
14. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 78.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., vol. 28, and roll 35, fond 40010, vol. 78.
17. USHMM/SSARM, RG 54.001M, roll 3, fond CBBT, Office 3.
18. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 1.
19. 23 August 1944, Documente (Bucharest, 1984), vol. 1, p. 499.
20. Ibid., p. 437.
21. Ibid., p. 433.
22. Ibid., p. 436.
23. Ibid., p. 422.
24. Ibid., p. 424.
25. Ibid., p. 442.
26. Ibid., p. 426.
27. Ibid., p. 438.
28. Ibid., p. 444.
29. Ibid.
30. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, fond 40010, vol. 77.
31. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, pp. 130–32.
32. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, fond 40010, vol. 1.
33. DCFRJDH, vol. 3, pp. 258–62, 378–81.
34. Ibid., p. 425.
35. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 1.
36. Ibid., roll 25, fond 20725, vol. 10.
37. Ibid., roll 34, fond 40010, vol. 75.
38. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, pp. 214–15.
39. Ibid., p. 215.
40. Ibid., p. 233.
41. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 522.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., p. 523.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 544.
46. Ibid., p. 667.
47. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 547; Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, pp. 792–93.
48. Ibid.
49. USHMM/RSA, RG 25.002M, fond Preşedenţia Consiliului de Miniştrii, Cabinet Militar, folder 205.
50. Ibid.
51. DCFRJDH, vol. 4, p. 712.
52. Carp, Cartea neagră, vol. 3, pp. 458–59; DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 19; NARA, OSS Report No. 19533, May 22, 1944.
53. DCFRJDH, vol. 10, p. 422.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., vol. 8, p. 486.
56. Procesul marii trădări, p. 51.
57. Ibid., p. 54.
58. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, pp. 608–9.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., vol. 9, p. 253.
61. Ibid., vol. 10, pp. 241–43.
62. Alexandre Şafran, “The Rulers of Fascist Romania Whom I Had to Deal With,” Yad Vashem Studies 6 (1967): 179.
63. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, pp. 68–73.
64. Ibid., pp. 97–98.
65. Ibid., vol. 10, pp. 413–15.
66. Procesul marii trădări, pp. 91–92.
67. Ibid., p. 109.
68. Ibid., pp. 97–109.
69. Ibid., p. 66.
70. Ibid., p. 153.
71. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 623.
72. Procesul marii trădări, p. 153.
73. DCFRJDH, vol. 8, p. 620.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid., p. 624.
76. Şafran, “The Rulers,” pp. 175–76.
77. AJA/WJCR, OSS/Romania, June 9, 1945, p. 2.
1. USHMM/SRI, RG 25.004M, roll 31, fond 40010, vol. 1.
2. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 3, p. 1220.
3. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 759.
4. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1941, vol. 2, p. 877.
5. DCFRJDH, vol. 6, p. 606.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 660.
8. Butnaru, Holocaustul uitat, p. 375.
9. Paul Shapiro, “Prelude to Dictatorship in Romania: The National Christian Party in Power, December 1937–February 1938,” Canadian-American Slavic Studies 8 (January 1974).
10. Calefeteanu, Dinu, and Gheorghe, Emigrarea.
11. Hilberg, The Destruction, vol. 2, pp. 759–60.