17.1.7 Page Numbers and Other Locators
17.1.8 Chapters and Other Parts of a Book
17.1.9 Letters and Other Communications in Published Collections
17.2.6 Special Issues and Supplements
17.4.2 Citing Newspapers in Notes
17.4.3 Citing Newspapers in Text
17.5 Additional Types of Published Sources
17.5.1 Classical, Medieval, and Early English Literary Works
17.5.2 The Bible and Other Sacred Works
17.6.1 Theses and Dissertations
17.6.2 Lectures and Papers Presented at Meetings
17.6.3 Interviews and Personal Communications
17.7 Websites, Blogs, Social Networks, and Discussion Groups
17.7.2 Blog Entries and Comments
17.7.3 Social Networking Services
17.7.4 Electronic Discussion Groups and Mailing Lists
17.8 Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts
17.8.3 Movies, Television, Radio, and the Like
17.8.5 Texts in the Visual and Performing Arts
17.9.1 Elements to Include, Their Order, and How to Format Them
17.9.2 Congressional Publications
17.9.3 Presidential Publications
17.9.4 Publications of Government Departments and Agencies
17.9.8 State and Local Government Documents
17.9.9 Canadian Government Documents
17.9.10 British Government Documents
17.9.11 Publications of International Bodies
17.9.12 Unpublished Government Documents
Chapter 16 presents an overview of the basic pattern for citations in the notes-bibliography style, including bibliography entries, full notes, shortened notes, and parenthetical notes. If you are not familiar with this citation style, read that chapter before consulting this one.
This chapter provides detailed information on the form of notes and bibliography entries for a wide range of sources. It starts with the most commonly cited sources—books and journal articles—before addressing a wide variety of other sources. The sections on books (17.1) and journal articles (17.2) discuss variations in such elements as authors’ names and titles of works in greater depth than sections on less common sources.
Examples of electronic versions of most types of sources are included alongside other types of examples. Electronic books are discussed at 17.1.10. Websites, blogs, and social-networking services are discussed in 17.7.
Examples of notes are identified with an N and bibliography entries with a B. In some cases, the examples show the same work cited in both forms to illustrate the similarities and differences between them; in other cases, they show different works to illustrate variations in elements even within a specific type of source. For shortened forms of notes, see 16.4.
If you cannot find an example in this chapter, consult chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition (2010). You may also create your own style, adapted from the principles and examples given here. Most instructors, departments, and universities accept such adaptations as long as you use them consistently.
Citations of books may include a wide range of elements. Many of the variations in elements discussed in this section are also relevant to other types of sources.
Give the name of each author (and editor, translator, or other contributor) exactly as it appears on the title page, and in the same order. If a name includes more than one initial, use spaces between them (see 24.2.1). For multiple authors, see figure 16.1.
In notes, list authors’ names in standard order (first name first):
N: 1. Harriet Murav, Music from a Speeding Train: Jewish Literature in Post-revolution Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 219–20.
6. G. J. Barker-Benfield, Abigail and John Adams: The Americanization of Sensibility (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 499.
11. Donald R. Kinder and Allison Dale-Riddle, The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 47.
In bibliography entries, put the first-listed author’s name in inverted order (last name first), except for some non-English names and other cases explained in 16.2.2.2. Names of any additional authors should follow but should not be inverted.
B: Murav, Harriet. Music from a Speeding Train: Jewish Literature in Post-revolution Russia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.
Barker-Benfield, G. J. Abigail and John Adams: The Americanization of Sensibility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Kinder, Donald R., and Allison Dale-Riddle. The End of Race? Obama, 2008, and Racial Politics in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.
17.1.1.1 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN ADDITION TO AN AUTHOR. If a title page lists an editor or a translator in addition to an author, treat the author’s name as described above. Add the editor or translator’s name after the book’s title. If there is a translator as well as an editor, list the names in the same order as on the title page of the original. If the author’s name appears in the title, you may omit it from the note but not from the bibliography entry.
In notes, insert the abbreviation ed. (never eds., since in this context it means “edited by” rather than “editor”) or trans. before the editor’s or translator’s name.
N: 6. Elizabeth I, Collected Works, ed. Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 102–4.
7. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Science of Logic, ed. and trans. George di Giovanni (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 642–43.
10. The Noé Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature, ed. Daniel Balderston, trans. Susan E. Benner (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 189.
In bibliography entries, insert the phrase Edited by or Translated by before the editor’s or translator’s name.
B: Elizabeth I. Collected Works. Edited by Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The Science of Logic. Edited and translated by George di Giovanni. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Jitrik, Noé. The Noé Jitrik Reader: Selected Essays on Latin American Literature. Edited by Daniel Balderston. Translated by Susan E. Benner. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.
When a title page identifies an editor or translator with a complicated description, such as “Edited with an Introduction and Notes by” or “Translated with a Foreword by,” you can simplify this phrase to edited by or translated by and follow the above examples. In general, if a foreword or an introduction is written by someone other than the author, you need not mention that person unless you cite that part specifically (see 17.1.8).
17.1.1.2 EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR IN PLACE OF AN AUTHOR. When an editor or a translator is listed on a book’s title page instead of an author, use that person’s name in the author’s slot. Treat it as you would an author’s name (see above), but add the abbreviation ed. or trans. following the name. If there are multiple editors or translators, use eds. or trans. (singular and plural) and follow the principles for multiple authors shown in figure 16.1.
N: 3. Seamus Heaney, trans., Beowulf: A New Verse Translation (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 55.
4. Anne-Maria Makhulu, Beth A. Buggenhagen, and Stephen Jackson, eds., Hard Work, Hard Times: Global Volatility and African Subjectivities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), viii–ix.
B: Heaney, Seamus, trans. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000.
Makhulu, Anne-Maria, Beth A. Buggenhagen, and Stephen Jackson, eds. Hard Work, Hard Times: Global Volatility and African Subjectivities. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.
17.1.1.3 ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR. If a publication issued by an organization, association, commission, or corporation has no personal author’s name on the title page, list the organization itself as author, even if it is also given as publisher. For public documents, see 17.9.
N: 9. American Bar Association, The 2010 Federal Rules Book (Chicago: American Bar Association, 2010), 221.
B: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004.
17.1.1.4 PSEUDONYM. Treat a widely recognized pseudonym as if it were the author’s real name. If the name listed as the author’s is known to be a pseudonym but the real name is unknown, add pseud. in brackets after the pseudonym.
N: 16. Mark Twain, The Prince and the Pauper: A Tale for Young People of All Ages (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1899), 34.
B: Centinel [pseud.]. “Letters.” In The Complete Anti-Federalist, edited by Herbert J. Storing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
17.1.1.5 ANONYMOUS AUTHOR. If the authorship is known or guessed at but omitted from the book’s title page, include the name in brackets (with a question mark if there is uncertainty). If the author or editor is unknown, avoid the use of Anonymous in place of a name, and begin the note or bibliography entry with the title.
N: 22. [Ebenezer Cook?], Sotweed Redivivus, or The Planter’s Looking-Glass (Annapolis, 1730), 5–6.
31. A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced (London, 1610), 17.
B: [Cook, Ebenezer?]. Sotweed Redivivus, or The Planter’s Looking-Glass. Annapolis, 1730.
A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. London, 1610.
List complete book titles and subtitles. Italicize both, and separate the title from the subtitle with a colon. If there are two subtitles, use a colon before the first and a semicolon before the second.
N: 5. Daniel Goldmark and Charlie Keil, Funny Pictures: Animation and Comedy in Studio-Era Hollywood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011), 177–78.
B: Ahmed, Leila. A Border Passage: From Cairo to America; A Woman’s Journey. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.
Capitalize most titles and subtitles headline style; that is, capitalize the first letter of the first and last words of the title and subtitle and all major words. For foreign-language titles, use sentence-style capitalization; that is, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns and proper adjectives that would be capitalized under the conventions of the original language (in some Romance languages, proper adjectives and some proper nouns are not capitalized). (See 22.3.1 for a more detailed discussion of the two styles.)
(headline style) How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians
(sentence style) De sermone amatorio apud latinos elegiarum scriptores
Preserve the spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation of the original title, with two exceptions: change words in full capitals (except for initialisms or acronyms; see chapter 24) to upper- and lowercase, and change an ampersand (&) to and. Spell out numbers or give them as numerals according to the original (Twelfth Century or 12th Century) unless there is a good reason to make them consistent with other titles in the list.
For titles of chapters and other parts of a book, see 17.1.8.
17.1.2.1 SPECIAL ELEMENTS IN TITLES. Several elements in titles require special typography
■ Dates. Use a comma to set off dates at the end of a title or subtitle, even if there is no punctuation in the original source. But if the source introduces the dates with a preposition (for example, “from 1920 to 1945”) or a colon, do not add a comma.
N: 5. Romain Hayes, Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence, and Propaganda, 1941–43 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 151–52.
B: Sorenson, John L., and Carl L. Johannessen. World Trade and Biological Exchanges before 1492. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2009.
■ Titles within titles. When the title of a work that would normally be italicized appears within the italicized title of another, enclose the quoted title in quotation marks. If the title-within-a-title would normally be enclosed in quotation marks, keep the quotation marks.
N: 22. Elisabeth Ladenson, Dirt for Art’s Sake: Books on Trial from “Madame Bovary” to “Lolita” (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007), 17.
B: McHugh, Roland. Annotations to “Finnegans Wake.” 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
However, when the entire main title of a book consists of a quotation or a title within a title, do not enclose it in quotation marks.
N: 8. Sam Swope, I Am a Pencil: A Teacher, His Kids, and Their World of Stories (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), 108–9.
B: Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray: An Annotated, Uncensored Edition. Edited by Nicholas Frankel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
■ Italicized terms. When an italicized title includes terms normally italicized in text, such as species names or names of ships, set the terms in roman type.
N: 7. T. Hugh Pennington, When Food Kills: BSE, E. coli, and Disaster Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 15.
B: Lech, Raymond B. The Tragic Fate of the U.S.S. Indianapolis: The U.S. Navy’s Worst Disaster at Sea. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001.
■ Question marks and exclamation points. When a title or a subtitle ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, no other punctuation normally follows. One exception: if the title would normally be followed by a comma, as in a shortened note (see 16.4.1), keep the comma. See also 21.12.1.
N: 26. Jafari S.Allen, ¡Venceremos? The Erotics of Black Self-Making in Cuba (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 210–11.
27. Allen, ¡Venceremos?, 212.
B: Wolpert, Stanley. India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation? Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.
17.1.2.2 OLDER TITLES. For titles of works published in the eighteenth century or earlier, retain the original punctuation and spelling. Also retain the original capitalization, even if it does not follow headline style. Words in all capital letters, however, should be given in upper- and lowercase. If the title is very long, you may shorten it, but provide enough information for readers to find the full title in a library or publisher’s catalog. Indicate omissions in such titles by three ellipsis dots. If the omission comes at the end of a title in a bibliography entry, use a period and three ellipsis dots.
N: 19. John Ray, Observations Topographical, Moral, and Physiological: Made in a Journey Through part of the Low-Countries, Germany, Italy, and France: with A Catalogue of Plants not Native of England … Whereunto is added A Brief Account of Francis Willughby, Esq., his Voyage through a great part of Spain ([London], 1673), 15.
B: Escalante, Bernardino. A Discourse of the Navigation which the Portugales doe make to the Realmes and Provinces of the East Partes of the Worlde…. Translated by John Frampton. London, 1579.
17.1.2.3 NON-ENGLISH TITLES. Use sentence-style capitalization for non-English titles, following the capitalization principles for proper nouns within the relevant language. If you are unfamiliar with these principles, consult a reliable source.
N: 3. Sylvain Gouguenheim, Aristote au Mont-Saint-Michel: Les racines grecques de l’Europe chrétienne (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2008), 117.
6. Ljiljana Piletić Stojanović, ed. Gutfreund i češki kubizam (Belgrade: Muzej savremene umetnosti, 1971), 54–55.
B: Kelek, Necla. Die fremde Braut: Ein Bericht aus dem Inneren des türkischen Lebens in Deutschland. Munich: Goldmann Verlag, 2006.
If you add the English translation of a title, place it after the original. Enclose it in brackets, without italics or quotation marks, and capitalize it sentence style.
N: 7. Henryk Wereszycki, Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors’ League] (Warsaw: PWN, 1977), 5.
B: Yu Guoming. Zhongguo chuan mei fa zhan qian yan tan suo [New perspectives on news and communication]. Beijing: Xin hua chu ban she, 2011.
If you need to cite both the original and a translation, use one of the following forms, depending on whether you want to focus readers on the original or the translation.
B: Furet, François. Le passé d’une illusion. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, 1995. Translated by Deborah Furet as The Passing of an Illusion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
or
Furet, François. The Passing of an Illusion. Translated by Deborah Furet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Originally published as Le passé d’une illusion (Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 1995).
Some works are published in more than one edition. Each edition differs in content or format or both. Always cite the edition you actually consulted (unless it is a first edition, which is usually not labeled as such).
17.1.3.1. REVISED EDITIONS. When a book is reissued with significant content changes, it may be called a “revised” edition or a “second” (or subsequent) edition. This information usually appears on the book’s title page and is repeated, along with the date of the edition, on the copyright page.
When you cite an edition other than the first, include the number or description of the edition after the title. Abbreviate such wording as “Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged” as 2nd ed.; abbreviate “Revised Edition” as rev. ed. Include the publication date only of the edition you are citing, not of any previous editions (see 17.1.6).
N: 1. Paul J. Bolt, Damon V. Coletta, and Collins G. Shackelford Jr., eds., American Defense Policy, 8th ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 157–58.
B: Foley, Douglas E. Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. Rev. ed. New York: William Morrow, 2006.
17.1.3.2 REPRINT EDITIONS. Many books are reissued or published in more than one format—for example, in a paperback edition (by the original publisher or a different publisher) or in electronic form (see 17.1.10). Always record the facts of publication for the version you consulted. If the edition you consulted was published more than a year or two after the original edition or is a modern printing of a classic work, you may include the publication dates of both the original and the edition you are citing (see 17.1.6.3).
N: 23. Randall Jarrell, Pictures from an Institution: A Comedy (1954; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 79–80.
B: Dickens, Charles. Pictures from Italy. 1846. Reprint, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
If a book is part of a multivolume work, include this information in your citations.
17.1.4.1 SPECIFIC VOLUME. To cite a specific volume that carries its own title, list the title for the multivolume work as a whole, followed by the volume number and title of the specific volume. Abbreviate vol. and use arabic numbers for volume numbers.
N: 10. Hamid Naficy, A Social History of Iranian Cinema, vol. 2, The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 16.
B: Naficy, Hamid. A Social History of Iranian Cinema. Vol. 2, The Industrializing Years, 1941–1978. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.
If the volumes are not individually titled, list each volume that you cite in the bibliography (see also 17.1.4.2). In a note, put the specific volume number (without vol.) immediately before the page number, separated by a colon and no intervening space.
N: 36. Muriel St. Clare Byrne, ed., The Lisle Letters (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 4:243.
B: Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed. The Lisle Letters. Vols. 1 and 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Some multivolume works have both a general editor and individual editors or authors for each volume. When citing parts of such works, put information about individual editors or authors (see 17.1.1) after the titles for which they are responsible. The first example below also shows how to cite a volume published in more than one physical part (vol. 2, bk. 3).
N: 40. Barbara E. Mundy, “Mesoamerican Cartography,” in The History of Cartography, ed. J. Brian Harley and David Woodward, vol. 2, bk. 3, Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies, ed. David Woodward and G. Malcolm Lewis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 233.
B: Donne, John. The Variorum Edition of the Poetry of John Donne. Edited by Gary A. Stringer. Vol. 7, The Holy Sonnets, edited by Gary A. Stringer and Paul A. Parrish. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
17.1.4.2 MULTIVOLUME WORK AS A WHOLE. To cite a multivolume work as a whole, give the title, the total number of volumes, and, if the volumes have been published over several years, the full span of publication dates.
B: Aristotle. Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.
Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951–63.
For works that include individual volume titles or volume editors (see 17.1.4.1), it is usually best to cite the volumes individually.
If a book belongs to a series, you may choose to include information about the series to help readers locate or judge the credibility of the source. Place the series information after the title (and any volume or edition number or editor’s name) and before the facts of publication.
Put the series title in roman type with headline-style capitalization, omitting any initial The. If the volumes in the series are numbered, include the number of the work cited following the series title. The name of the series editor is often omitted, but you may include it after the series title. If you include both an editor and a volume number, the number is preceded by vol.
N: 7. Blake M. Hausman, Riding the Trail of Tears, Native Storiers: A Series of American Narratives (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 25.
B: Lunning, Frenchy, ed. Fanthropologies. Mechademia 5. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
Stein, Gertrude. Selections. Edited by Joan Retallack. Poets for the Millennium, edited by Pierre Joris and Jerome Rothenberg, vol. 6. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
The facts of publication usually include three elements: the place (city) of publication, the publisher’s name, and the date (year) of publication. In notes these elements are enclosed in parentheses; in bibliography entries they are not.
N: 1. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), 64–65.
B: Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Little, Brown, 2000.
For books published before the twentieth century, you may omit the publisher’s name.
N: 32. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London, 1871), 1:2.
B: Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 vols. London, 1871.
17.1.6.1 PLACE OF PUBLICATION. The place of publication is the city where the book publisher’s main editorial offices are located. If you do not see it listed on the title page, look for it on the copyright page instead. Where two or more cities are given (“Chicago and London,” for example), include only the first.
Los Angeles: Getty Publications
New York: Columbia University Press
If the city of publication might be unknown to readers or confused with another city of the same name, add the abbreviation of the state (see 24.3.1), province, or (if necessary) country. When the publisher’s name includes the state name, no state abbreviation is needed.
Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press
Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press
Use current, commonly used English names for foreign cities.
Belgrade (not Beograd)
Milan (not Milano)
When the place of publication is not known, you may use the abbreviation n.p. in a note (or N.p. in a bibliography entry) before the publisher’s name. If the place can be surmised, include it with a question mark, in brackets.
(n.p.: Windsor, 1910)
[Lake Bluff, IL?]: Vliet and Edwards, 1920
17.1.6.2 PUBLISHER’S NAME. Give the publisher’s name for each book exactly as it appears on the title page, even if you know that the name has since changed or is printed differently in different books in your bibliography.
Harcourt Brace and World
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Harcourt, Brace
You may, however, omit an initial The and such abbreviations as Inc., Ltd., S.A., Co., & Co., and Publishing Co. (and the spelled-out forms of such corporate abbreviations).
University of Texas Press
instead of
The University of Texas Press
Houghton Mifflin
instead of
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Little, Brown
instead of
Little, Brown & Co.
For foreign publishers, do not translate or abbreviate any part of the publisher’s name, but give the city name in its English form (as noted in 17.1.6.1). When the publisher is unknown, use just the place (if known) and date of publication.
17.1.6.3 DATE OF PUBLICATION. The publication date for a book consists only of a year, not a month or day, and is usually identical to the copyright date. It generally appears on the copyright page and sometimes on the title page.
Revised editions and reprints may include more than one copyright date. In this case, the most recent indicates the publication date—for example, 2010 in the string “© 1992, 2003, 2010.” See 17.1.3 for citing publication dates in such works.
If you cannot determine the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation n.d. in place of the year. If no date is provided but you believe you know it, you may add it in brackets, with a question mark to indicate uncertainty.
B: Agnew, John. A Book of Virtues. Edinburgh, n.d.
Miller, Samuel. Another Book of Virtues. Boston, [1750?].
If a book is under contract with a publisher and is already titled but the date of publication is not yet known, use forthcoming in place of the date. Treat any book not yet under contract as an unpublished manuscript (see 17.6).
N: 91. Jane Q. Author, Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, forthcoming).
Page numbers and other information used to identify the location of a cited passage or element generally appear in notes but not in bibliographies. One exception: if you cite a chapter or other section of a book in a bibliography, give the page range for that chapter or section (see 17.1.8 for examples).
For guidelines on expressing a span of numbers, see 23.2.4.
17.1.7.1 PAGE, CHAPTER, AND DIVISION NUMBERS. The locator is usually the last item in a note. Before page numbers, the word page or the abbreviation p. or pp. is generally omitted. Use arabic numbers except for pages numbered with roman numerals in the original.
N: 14. Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), 145–46.
17. Jacqueline Jones, preface to the new edition of Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present, rev. ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2010), xiv–xv.
Sometimes you may want to refer to a full chapter (abbreviated chap.), part (pt.), book (bk.), or section (sec.) instead of a span of page numbers.
N: 22. Srikant M. Datar, David A. Garvin, and Patrick G. Cullen, Rethinking the MBA: Business Education at a Crossroads (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2010), pt. 2.
Some books printed before 1800 do not carry page numbers but are divided into signatures and then into leaves or folios, each with a front side (recto, or r) and a back side (verso, or v). To cite such pages, include the relevant string of numbers and identifiers, run together without spaces or italics: for example, G6v, 176r, 232r–V or (if you are citing entire folios) fol. 49.
17.1.7.2 OTHER TYPES OF LOCATORS. Sometimes you will want to cite a specific note, a figure or table, or a numbered line (as in some works of poetry).
■ Note numbers. Use the abbreviation n (plural, nn) to cite notes. If the note cited is the only footnote on its page or is an unnumbered footnote, add n after the page number (with no intervening space or punctuation). If there are other footnotes or endnotes on the same page as the note cited, list the page number followed by n or (if two or more consecutive notes are cited) nn and the note number(s).
N: 45. Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 72n.
46. Dwight Bolinger, Language: The Loaded Weapon (London: Longman, 1980), 192n23, 192n30, 199n14, 201nn16–17.
■ Illustration and table numbers. Use the abbreviation fig. for figure, but spell out table, map, plate, and names of other types of illustrations. Give the page number before the illustration number.
N: 50. Richard Sobel, Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3.
■ Line numbers. For poetry and other works best identified by line number, avoid the abbreviations l. (line) and ll. (lines); they are too easily confused with the numerals 1 and 11. Use line or lines, or use numbers alone where you have made it clear that you are referring to lines.
N: 44. Ogden Nash, “Song for Ditherers,” lines 1–4.
In most cases you should cite the main title of any book that offers a single, continuous argument or narrative, even if you actually use only a section of it. But sometimes you will want to cite an independent essay or chapter if that is the part most relevant to your research. By doing so, you help readers see how the source fits into your project.
B: Demos, John. “Real Lives and Other Fictions: Reconsidering Wallace Stegner’s Angle of Repose.” In Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other), edited by Mark C. Carnes, 132–45. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
instead of
Carnes, Mark C., ed. Novel History: Historians and Novelists Confront America’s Past (and Each Other). New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
17.1.8.1 PARTS OF SINGLE-AUTHOR BOOKS. If you cite a chapter or other titled part of a single-author book, include the title of the part first, in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. After the designation in, give the book title. In a bibliography entry, include the full span of page numbers for that part following the book title; in a note, give the page number(s) for a specific reference as you would for any other quotation.
N: 1. Susan Greenhalgh, “Strengthening China’s Party-State and Place in the World,” in Cultivating Global Citizens: Population in the Rise of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 82.
B: Greenhalgh, Susan. “Strengthening China’s Party-State and Place in the World.” In Cultivating Global Citizens: Population in the Rise of China, 79–114. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.
If you cite a part with a generic title such as introduction, preface, or afterword, add that term before the title of the book in roman type without quotation marks. If the part is written by someone other than the main author of the book, give the part author’s name first and the book author’s name after the title.
N: 7. Alfred W. Crosby, preface to the new edition of Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900, new ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), xv.
16. Craig Calhoun, foreword to Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain, by Tariq Modood (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), xii.
If the author of the generic part is the same as the author of the book, cite book as a whole in the bibliography, not just the part.
B: Crosby, Alfred W. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. New ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Calhoun, Craig. Foreword to Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain, by Tariq Modood, ix-xv. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.
17.1.8.2 PARTS OF EDITED COLLECTIONS. If you cite part of an edited collection with contributions by multiple authors, list the part author and title (in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks) first. After the designation in, give the book title and the name of the editor. In a bibliography entry, include the full span of page numbers for that part following the book title; in a note, give the page number(s) for a specific reference as you would for any other quotation.
N: 3. Cameron Binkley, “Saving Redwoods: Clubwomen and Conservation, 1900–1925,” in California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression, ed. Robert W. Cherny, Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 155.
B: Binkley, Cameron. “Saving Redwoods: Clubwomen and Conservation, 1900–1925.” In California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression, edited by Robert W. Cherny, Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson, 151–74. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011.
If you cite two or more contributions to the same edited collection, you may use one of the space-saving shortened forms discussed in 16.4.1. The first time you cite any part from the book in a note, give full bibliographical information about both the part and the book as a whole. Thereafter, if you cite another part from the book, provide the full author’s name and title of the part, but give the information about the book in shortened form. Subsequent notes for individual parts follow one of the shortened note forms (author-only, shown here, or author-title).
N: 4. Robert Bruegmann, “Built Environment of the Chicago Region,” in Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide, ed. Ann Durkin Keating (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 259.
12. Janice L. Reiff, “Contested Spaces,” in Keating, 55.
14. Bruegmann, 299–300.
15. Reiff, 57.
In your bibliography, provide a full citation for the whole book and a variation on the shortened note form for individual parts.
B: Keating, Ann Durkin, ed. Chicago Neighborhoods and Suburbs: A Historical Guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
Bruegmann, Robert. “Built Environment of the Chicago Region.” In Keating, 76–314.
Reiff, Janice, L. “Contested Spaces.” In Keating, 55–63.
17.1.8.3 WORKS IN ANTHOLOGIES. Cite a short story, poem, essay, or other work published in an anthology in the same way you would a contribution to an edited collection with multiple authors. Give the titles of most works published in anthologies in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. An exception is the title of an excerpt from a book-length poem or prose work, which should be italicized (see 22.3.2).
N: 2. Isabel Allende, “The Spirits Were Willing,” in The Oxford Book of Latin American Essays, ed. Ilan Stavans (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 463–64.
B: Wigglesworth, Michael. Excerpt from The Day of Doom. In The New Anthology of American Poetry, vol. 1, Traditions and Revolutions, Beginnings to 1900, edited by Steven Gould Axelrod, Camille Roman, and Thomas Travisano, 68–74. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003.
If the original publication date of a work is important in the context of your paper, include it after the title of the work and before the title of the anthology in both your notes and your bibliography.
N: 2. Isabel Allende, “The Spirits Were Willing” (1984), in The Oxford Book…
B: Wigglesworth, Michael. Excerpt from The Day of Doom. 1662. In The New Anthology…
To cite a letter, memorandum, or other such item collected in a book, give the names of the sender and recipient followed by the date of the correspondence. (For unpublished personal communications, see 17.6.3; for unpublished letters in manuscript collections, see 17.6.4.) The word letter is unnecessary, but label other forms, such as a report or memorandum. Give the title and other data for the collection in the usual form for an edited book. Subsequent notes to the same item can be shortened to the names of the sender and recipient (plus a date if necessary).
N: 1. Henry James to Edith Wharton, November 8, 1905, in Letters, ed. Leon Edel, vol. 4, 1895–1916 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984), 373.
2. James to Wharton, 375.
5. EBW to Harold Ross, memorandum, May 2, 1946, in Letters of E. B. White, ed. Dorothy Lobrano Guth (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 273.
In the bibliography, cite the whole collection.
B: James, Henry. Letters. Edited by Leon Edel. Vol. 4, 1895–1916. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1984.
White, E. B. Letters of E. B. White. Edited by Dorothy Lobrano Guth. New York: Harper and Row, 1976.
Electronic books are cited like their printed counterparts, as discussed throughout 17.1. In addition, you will need to include information about the format you consulted. If you read the book online, include both an access date and a URL. If a recommended URL is listed along with the book, use that instead of the one in your browser’s address bar. If you consulted the book in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. If you downloaded the book in a dedicated e-book format, specify the format and do not include an access date. See 15.4.1 for more details.
N: 1. George Pattison, God and Being: An Enquiry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 103–4, accessed September 2, 2012, http://dx.doi.Org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588688.001.0001.
2. Joseph P. Quinlan, The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End of American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 211, accessed November 1, 2011, ProQuest Ebrary.
4. Erin Hogan, Spiral Jetta: A Road Trip through the Land Art of the American West (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 86–87, Adobe PDF eBook.
8. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (Boston: Little, Brown, 2008), 193, Kindle.
B: Pattison, George. God and Being: An Enquiry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Accessed September 2, 2012. http://dx.doi.Org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588688.001.0001.
Quinlan, Joseph P. The Last Economic Superpower: The Retreat of Globalization, the End of American Dominance, and What We Can Do about It. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Accessed November 1, 2011. ProQuest Ebrary.
Hogan, Erin. Spiral Jetta: A Road Trip through the Land Art of the American West. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Adobe PDF eBook.
Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. Boston: Little, Brown, 2008. Kindle.
Some e-book formats have stable page numbers that are the same for every reader (for example, PDF-based e-books), but in formats that allow individual readers to adjust type size and other settings, page numbers will vary from one person’s version to another’s. Including the name of the format or database you used will help your readers determine whether the page numbers in your citations are stable or not. Another option if the page numbers are not stable is to cite by chapter or another numbered division (see 17.1.7.1) or, if these are unnumbered, by the name of the chapter or section (see 17.1.8). The following source also lacks the original facts of publication.
N: 11. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. Constance Garnett (Project Gutenberg, 2011), pt. 6, chap. 1, accessed September 13, 2011, http://gutenberg.org/files/2554/2554-h/2554-h.htm.
Journals are scholarly or professional periodicals available primarily in academic libraries and by subscription. They often include the word journal in their title (Journal of Modern History), but not always (Signs). Journals are not the same as magazines, which are usually intended for a more general readership. This distinction is important because journal articles and magazine articles are cited differently (see 17.3). If you are unsure whether a periodical is a journal or a magazine, see whether its articles include citations; if so, treat it as a journal.
Many journal articles are available online, often through your school’s library website or from a commercial database. To cite an article that you read online, include both an access date and a URL. If a URL is listed along with the article, use that instead of the one in your browser’s address bar. If you consulted the article in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. See 15.4.1 for more details.
Give authors’ names exactly as they appear at the heads of their articles. Names in the notes are listed in standard order (first name first). In the bibliography, the name of the first-listed author is inverted. For some special cases, see 16.2.2.2 and 17.1.1.
List complete article titles and subtitles. Use roman type, separate the title from the subtitle with a colon, and enclose both in quotation marks. Use headline-style capitalization (see 22.3.1).
N: 12. Saskia E. Wieringa, “Portrait of a Women’s Marriage: Navigating between Lesbophobia and Islamophobia,” Signs 36, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 785–86, accessed February 15, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658500.
B: Saskia E. Wieringa. “Portrait of a Women’s Marriage: Navigating between Lesbophobia and Islamophobia.” Signs 36, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 785–93. Accessed February 15, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658500.
Terms normally italicized in text, such as species names and book titles, remain italicized within an article title; terms normally quoted in text are enclosed in single quotation marks because the title itself is within double quotation marks. Do not add either a colon or a period after a title or subtitle that ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. If the title would normally be followed by a comma, as in the shortened note example below (see 16.4.1), use both marks. See also 21.12.1.
N: 23. Lisa A. Twomey, “Taboo or Tolerable? Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls in Postwar Spain,” Hemingway Review 30, no. 2 (Spring 2011): 55.
25. Twomey, “Taboo or Tolerable?,” 56.
B: Lewis, Judith. ““Tis a Misfortune to Be a Great Ladie’: Maternal Mortality in the British Aristocracy, 1558–1959.” Journal of British Studies 37, no. 1 (January 1998): 26–53. Accessed August 29, 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/176034.
Foreign-language titles should generally be capitalized sentence style (see 22.3.1) according to the conventions of the particular language. If you add an English translation, enclose it in brackets, without quotation marks.
N: 22. Antonio Carreño-Rodríguez, “Modernidad en la literatura gauchesca: Carnavalización y parodia en el Fausto de Estanislao del Campo,” Hispania 92, no. 1 (March 2009): 13–14, accessed December 8, 2011, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40648253.
B: Kern, W. “Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?” [Where did Pigafetta collect his Malaysian words?] Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde 78 (1938): 271–73.
After the article title, list the journal title in italics, with headline-style capitalization (see 22.3.1). Give the title exactly as it appears on the title page or on the journal website; do not use abbreviations, although you can omit an initial The. If the official title is an initialism such as PMLA, do not expand it. For foreign-language journals, you may use either headline-style or sentence-style capitalization, but retain all initial articles (Der Spiegel).
Most journal citations include volume number, issue number, month or season, and year. Readers may not need all of these elements to locate an article, but including them all guards against a possible error in one of them.
17.2.4.1 VOLUME AND ISSUE NUMBERS. The volume number follows the journal title without intervening punctuation and is not italicized. Use arabic numerals even if the journal itself uses roman numerals. If there is an issue number, it follows the volume number, separated by a comma and preceded by no.
N: 2. Campbell Brown, “Consequentialize This,” Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 752, accessed August 29, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696.
B: lonescu, Felicia. “Risky Human Capital and Alternative Bankruptcy Regimes for Student Loans.” Journal of Human Capital 5, no. 2 (Summer 2011): 153–206. Accessed October 13, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/661744.
When a journal uses issue numbers only, without volume numbers, a comma follows the journal title.
B: Beattie, J. M. “The Pattern of Crime in England, 1660–1800.” Past and Present, no. 62 (February 1974): 47–95.
17.2.4.2 DATE OF PUBLICATION. The date of publication appears in parentheses after the volume number and issue information. Follow the practice of the journal regarding date information; it must include the year and may include a season, a month, or an exact day. Capitalize seasons in journal citations, even though they are not capitalized in text.
N: 27. Susan Gubar, “In the Chemo Colony,” Critical Inquiry 37, no. 4 (Summer 2011): 652, accessed August 29, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660986.
B: Bartfeld, Judi, and Myoung Kim. “Participation in the School Breakfast Program: New Evidence from the ECLS-K.” Social Service Review 84, no. 4 (December 2010): 541–62. Accessed October 31, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657109.
If an article has been accepted for publication but has not yet appeared, use forthcoming in place of the date and page numbers. Treat any article not yet accepted for publication as an unpublished manuscript (see 17.6).
N: 4. Margaret M. Author, “Article Title,” Journal Name 98 (forthcoming).
B: Author, Margaret M. “Article Title.” Journal Name 98 (forthcoming).
If you cite a particular passage in a note, give only the specific page(s) cited. For a bibliography entry or a note that cites the entire article, give the full span of page numbers for the article (see 23.2.4). By convention, page numbers of journal articles follow colons rather than commas.
N: 4. Tim Hitchcock, “Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London,” Journal of British Studies 44, no. 3 (July 2005): 478, accessed January 11, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429704.
B: Gold, Ann Grodzins. “Grains of Truth: Shifting Hierarchies of Food and Grace in Three Rajasthani Tales.” History of Religions 38, no. 2 (November 1998): 150–71. Accessed April 8, 2012. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176672.
A journal issue devoted to a single theme is known as a special issue. It carries a normal volume and issue number. If a special issue has a title and an editor of its own, include both in the citations. The title is given in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks.
N: 67. Gertrud Koch, “Carnivore or Chameleon: The Fate of Cinema Studies,” in “The Fate of Disciplines,” ed. James Chandler and Arnold I. Davidson, special issue, Critical Inquiry 35, no. 4 (Summer 2009): 921, accessed August 30, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/599582.
B: Koch, Gertrud. “Carnivore or Chameleon: The Fate of Cinema Studies.” In “The Fate of Disciplines,” edited by James Chandler and Arnold I. Davidson. Special issue, Critical Inquiry 35, no. 4 (Summer 2009): 918–28. Accessed August 30, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/599582.
If you need to cite the issue as a whole, omit the article information.
B: Chandler, James, and Arnold I. Davidson, eds. “The Fate of Disciplines.” Special issue, Critical Inquiry 35, no. 4 (Summer 2009).
A journal supplement may also have a title and an author or editor of its own. Unlike a special issue, it is numbered separately from the regular issues of the journal, often with S as part of its page numbers. Use a comma between the volume number and the supplement number.
N: 4. Ivar Ekeland, James J. Heckman, and Lars Nesheim, “Identification and Estimation of Hedonic Models,” in “Papers in Honor of Sherwin Rosen,” Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February 2004): S72, accessed December 23, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/379947.
B: Ekeland, Ivar, James J. Heckman, and Lars Nesheim. “Identification and Estimation of Hedonic Models.” In “Papers in Honor of Sherwin Rosen,” Journal of Political Economy 112, S1 (February 2004): S60–S109. Accessed December 23, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/379947.
Articles in magazines are cited much like journal articles (see 17.2), but dates and page numbers are treated differently.
Cite magazines by date only, even if they are numbered by volume and issue. Do not enclose the date in parentheses. If you cite a specific passage in a note, include its page number. But you may omit the article’s inclusive page numbers in a bibliography entry, since magazine articles often span many pages that include extraneous material. If you include page numbers, use a comma rather than a colon to separate them from the date of issue. As with journals, omit an initial The from the magazine title (see 17.2.3).
N: 11. Jill Lepore, “Dickens in Eden,” New Yorker, August 29, 2011, 52.
B: Lepore, Jill. “Dickens in Eden.” New Yorker, August 29, 2011.
If you cite a department or column that appears regularly, capitalize it headline style and do not enclose it in quotation marks.
N: 2. Barbara Wallraff, Word Court, Atlantic Monthly, June 2005, 128.
Magazines consulted online should include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). Typically there will be no page numbers to cite.
N: 7. Robin Black, “President Obama: Why Don’t You Read More Women?,” Salon, August 24, 2011, accessed October 30, 2011, http://www.salon.com/books/writing/index.html?story=/books/feature/2011/08/24/obama_summer_reading.
B: Black, Robin. “President Obama: Why Don’t You Read More Women?” Salon, August 24, 2011. Accessed October 30, 2011. http://www.salon.com/books/writing/index.html?story=/books/feature/2011/08/24/obama_summer_reading.
For English-language newspapers, omit an initial The in the name of the newspaper. If the name does not include a city, add it to the official title, except for well-known national papers such as the Wall Street Journal and the Christian Science Monitor. If a name is shared by many cities or is obscure, you may add the state or province in parentheses (usually abbreviated; see 24.3.1). For foreign newspapers, retain an initial article if it is formally part of the name, and add city names after titles for clarity, if necessary.
Chicago Tribune
Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal
Le Monde
Times (London)
In most cases, cite articles and other pieces from newspapers only in notes. Include a specific article in your bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited or both.
Follow the general pattern for citation of articles in magazines (see 17.3). Omit page numbers, even for a printed edition, because a newspaper may have several editions in which items may appear on different pages or may even be dropped. You may clarify which edition you consulted by adding final edition, Midwest edition, or some such identifier. Articles read online should include an access date and a URL. For articles obtained through a commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. See 15.4.1 for more details.
N: 4. Editorial, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, March 31, 2012.
5. Christopher O. Ward, letter to the editor, New York Times, August 28, 2011.
10. Mel Gussow, obituary for Elizabeth Taylor, New York Times, March 24, 2011, New York edition.
13. Saif al-lslam Gaddafi, interview by Simon Denyer, Washington Post, April 17, 2011, accessed September 3, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/an-interview-with-saif-al-islam-gaddafi-son-of-the-libyan-leader/2011/04/17/AF4RXVwD_story.html.
18. Associated Press, “Ex-IMF Chief Returns Home to France,” USA Today, September 4, 2011, accessed September 4, 2011, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-09-04/Ex-IMF-chief-returns-home-to-France/50254614/1.
22. Richard Simon, “Redistricting Could Cost California Some Clout in Washington,” Los Angeles Times, August 28, 2011, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-california-congress-20110829,0,1873016.story
29. Mark Lepage, “Armageddon, Apocalypse, the Rapture: People Have Been Predicting the End since the Beginning,” Gazette (Montreal), May 21, 2011, accessed December 20, 2012, LexisNexis Academic.
Articles from Sunday “magazine” supplements or other special sections should be treated as you would magazine articles (see 17.3).
Often, you will be able to cite an article by weaving several key elements into your text. At a minimum, include the name and date of the paper and the author of the article (if any). Some of this information can appear in parentheses, even if it does not follow the form for parenthetical notes described in 16.4.3.
In a New York Times article on the brawl in Beijing (August 19, 2011), Andrew Jacobs compares the official responses with those posted to social media networks.
or
In an article published in the New York Times on August 19, 2011, Andrew Jacobs compares the official responses to the brawl in Beijing with those posted to social media networks.
There are several additional types of published material that have special requirements for citations.
Literary works produced in classical Greece and Rome, medieval Europe, and Renaissance England are cited differently from modern literary works. These sources are often organized into numbered sections (books, lines, stanzas, and so forth) that are generally cited in place of page numbers. Because such works have been published in so many versions and translations over the centuries, the facts of publication for modern editions are generally less important than in other types of citations.
For this reason, classical, medieval, and early English literary works should usually be cited only in footnotes or, for frequently cited works, in parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3), as in the first example below. Include the author’s name, the title, and the section number (given in arabic numerals). See below regarding differences in punctuation, abbreviations, and numbers among different types of works.
The eighty days of inactivity reported by Thucydides (8.44.4) for the Peloponnesian fleet at Rhodes, terminating before the end of winter (8.60.2–3), suggests …
N: 3. Ovid, Amores 1.7.27.
8. Beowulf, lines 2401–7
11. Spenser, The Faerie Queene, bk. 2, canto 8, st. 14.
If your paper is in literary studies or another field concerned with close analysis of texts, or if differences in translations are relevant, include such works in your bibliography. Follow the rules for other translated and edited books in 17.1.1.1.
N: 35. Propertius, Elegies, ed. and trans. G. P. Goold, Loeb Classical Library 18 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 45.
B: Aristotle. Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by J. Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.
17.5.1.1 CLASSICAL WORKS. In addition to the general principles listed above, the following rules apply to citations of classical works.
Use no punctuation between the title of a work and a line or section number. Numerical divisions are separated by periods without spaces. Use arabic numerals (and lowercase letters, if needed) for section numbers. Put commas between two or more citations of the same source and semicolons between citations of different sources.
N: 5. Aristophanes, Frogs 1019–30.
6. Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.21, 2.3.120; Tacitus, Germania 10.2–3.
10. Aristotle, Metaphysics 3.2.996b5–8; Plato, Republic 360e–361b.
You can abbreviate the names of authors, works, collections, and so forth. The most widely accepted abbreviations appear in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Use these abbreviations rather than ibid. in succeeding references to the same work. In the first example, the author (Thucydides) stands in for the title so no comma is needed.
N: 9. Thuc. 2.40.2–3.
14. Pindar, Isthm. 7.43–45.
17.5.1.2 MEDIEVAL WORKS. The form for classical references works equally well for medieval works written in languages other than English.
N: 27. Augustine, De civitate Dei 20.2.
31. Abelard, Epistle 17 to Heloïse (Migne, PL 180.375c–378a).
17.5.1.3 EARLY ENGLISH WORKS. In addition to the general principles listed above, the following rules apply to citations of early English literary works.
Cite poems and plays by book, canto, and stanza; stanza and line; act, scene, and line; or similar divisions.
N: 1. Chaucer, “Wife of Bath’s Prologue,” Canterbury Tales, lines 105–14.
3. Milton, Paradise Lost, book 1, lines 83–86.
You may shorten numbered divisions by omitting words such as act and line, using a system similar to the one for classical references (see 17.5.1.1). Be sure to explain your system in the first note.
N: 3. Milton, Paradise Lost 1.83–86 (references are to book and line numbers).
If editions differ in wording, line numbering, and even scene division—common in works of Shakespeare—include the work in your bibliography, with edition specified. If you do not have a bibliography, specify the edition in the first note.
B: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Edited by Ann Thompson and Neil Taylor. Arden Shakespeare 3. London: Arden Shakespeare, 2006.
Cite the Bible and sacred works of other religious traditions in footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical notes (see 16.4.3). You do not need to include these works in your bibliography.
For citations from the Bible, include the abbreviated name of the book, the chapter number, and the verse number—never a page number. Depending on the context, you may use either traditional or shorter abbreviations for the names of books (see 24.6); consult your instructor if you are unsure which form is appropriate. Use arabic numerals for chapter and verse numbers (with a colon between them) and for numbered books.
Traditional abbreviations:
N: 4.1 Thess. 4:11, 5:2–5, 5:14.
Shorter abbreviations:
N: 5. 2 Sm 11:1–17, 11:26–27; 1 Chr 10:13–14.
Since books and numbering differ among versions of the scriptures, identify the version you are using in your first citation, with either the spelled-out name or an accepted abbreviation (see 24.6.4).
N: 6. 2 Kings 11:8 (New Revised Standard Version).
7. 1 Cor. 6:1–10 (NAB).
For citations from the sacred works of other religious traditions, adapt the general pattern for biblical citations as appropriate (see 24.6.5).
Well-known reference works, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, should usually be cited only in notes. You generally need not include them in your bibliography, although you may choose to include a specific work that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. Within the note, you may omit the facts of publication, but you must specify the edition (if not the first, or unless no edition is specified). Items consulted online will require an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). For a work arranged by key terms such as a dictionary or encyclopedia, cite the item (not the volume or page number) preceded by s.v. (sub verbo, “under the word”; p1. s.vv.)
N: 1. Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed., s.v. “mondegreen,” accessed February 1, 2012, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/251801.
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Sibelius, Jean,” accessed April 13, 2011, http:// www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542563/Jean-Sibelius.
For reference works that are more specialized or less well known, include the publication details in your notes, and list the work in your bibliography.
N: 4. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd ed. (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2008), 6.8.2.
B: Aulestia, Gorka. Basque-English Dictionary. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1989.
Reviews of books, performances, and so forth may appear in a variety of periodicals and should usually be cited only in a note. Include a specific review in your bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited.
Include the name of the reviewer; the words review of, followed by the name of the work reviewed and its author (or composer, director, and so forth); any other pertinent information (such as film studio or location of a performance); and, finally, the periodical in which the review appeared. If the review was consulted online, include an access date and URL (see 15.4.1.3).
N: 7. David Malitz, review of concert performance by Bob Dylan, Merriweather Post Pavilion, Columbia, MD, Washington Post, August 17, 2011, accessed August 31, 2011, http:// www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/music-review-bob-dylan-at-merriweather-post-pavilion/2011/08/17/glQAeb1DMJ_story.htmI.
15. A. O. Scott, review of The Debt, directed by John Madden, Miramax Films, New York Times, August 31, 2011.
B: Mokyr, Joel. Review of Natural Experiments of History, edited by Jared Diamond and James A. Robinson. American Historical Review 116, no. 3 (June 2011): 752–55. Accessed December 9, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.3752.
You can cite information in the abstract of a journal article, dissertation, or other work in a note. Include the full citation of the work being abstracted and insert the word abstract within the citation, following the title.
N: 13. Campbell Brown, “Consequentialize This,” abstract, Ethics 121, no. 4 (July 2011):749.
In your bibliography, cite the full article or other work and not the abstract.
Cite a pamphlet, corporate report, brochure, or another freestanding publication as you would a book. If you lack data for some of the usual elements, such as author and publisher, give enough other information to identify the document. Such sources should usually be cited only in notes. Include such an item in your bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited. Sources consulted online should include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).
N: 34. Hazel V. Clark, Mesopotamia: Between Two Rivers (Mesopotamia, OH: End of the Commons General Store, 1957).
35. TIAA-CREF Life Funds: 2011 Semiannual Report (New York: TIAA-CREF Financial Services, 2011), 85–94, accessed October 5, 2011, http://www.tiaa-cref.org/public/prospectuses/lifefunds_semi_ar.pdf.
Works that you have consulted in microform editions should be cited according to type (book, newspaper article, dissertation, and so forth). In addition, specify the form of publication (fiche, microfilm, and so forth) after the facts of publication. In a note, include a locator if possible. In the first example below, the page number (identified with the abbreviation p. for clarity) appears within the printed text on the fiche; the other numbers indicate the fiche and frame, and the letter indicates the row.
N: 5. Beatrice Farwell, French Popular Lithographic Imagery, vol. 12, Lithography in Art and Commerce (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), text-fiche, p. 67, 3C12.
B: Tauber, Abraham. “Spelling Reform in the United States.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1958. Microfilm.
Cite works published on CD- or DVD-ROM as you would analogous printed works, most often books.
N: 11. Complete National Geographic: Every Issue since 1888 of “National Geographic” Magazine, DVD-ROM (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2010), disc 2.
B: Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM, version 4.0. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
The name of a website such as Perseus that is devoted entirely to a specific subject area or to a collection of similar resources may be important enough to mention in your citation of a specific publication. In this way, such a resource is similar to a physical manuscript collection (see 17.6.4). In addition to the publication information, include the name of the collection and an access date and URL (see 15.4.1.3).
N: 1. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock and H. T. Riley (1855), in the Perseus Digital Library, accessed May 15, 2011, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=:text:1999.02.0137.
In the bibliography, if you have cited more than one source from the collection, you may also cite the collection as a whole (in which case an access date is unnecessary).
B: Perseus Digital Library. Edited by Gregory R. Crane. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/.
Sources that have never been published can be more difficult for readers to locate than published ones, because they often exist in only one place and typically lack official publication information. When citing such sources, it is especially important to include all of the information listed below to give readers as much help as possible.
Titles of unpublished works are given in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks, and not italicized. This format difference distinguishes them from similar but published works. Capitalize English-language titles headline style.
Theses and dissertations are cited much like books except for the title, which is in roman type and enclosed in quotation marks. After the author and title, list the kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography. Abbreviate dissertation as diss. The word unpublished is unnecessary. If you’ve consulted the document online, include an access date and a URL. If a recommended URL is listed along with the document, use that instead of the one in your browser’s address bar. If you consulted the document in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of the URL. See 15.4.1 for more details.
N: 1. Karen Leigh Culcasi, “Cartographic Representations of Kurdistan in the Print Media” (master’s thesis, Syracuse University, 2003), 15.
3. Dana S. Levin, “Let’s Talk about Sex … Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101–2, accessed March 13, 2012, http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75809.
4. Afrah Daaimah Richmond, “Unmasking the Boston Brahmin: Race and Liberalism in the Long Struggle for Reform at Harvard and Radcliffe, 1945–1990” (PhD diss., New York University, 2011), 211–12, accessed September 25, 2011, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
B: Levin, Dana S. “Let’s Talk about Sex … Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools.” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010. Accessed March 13, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75809.
After the author and title of the speech or paper, list the sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting at which it was given. Enclose this information in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography. The word unpublished is unnecessary. If you consulted a text or transcript of the lecture or paper online, include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). If you watched or listened to the presentation online, adapt the examples here to the advice at 17.8.3.5.
N: 2. Gregory R. Crane, “Contextualizing Early Modern Religion in a Digital World” (lecture, Newberry Library, Chicago, September 16, 2011).
7. Irineu de Carvalho Filho and Renato P. Colistete, “Education Performance: Was It All Determined 100 Years Ago? Evidence from São Paulo, Brazil” (paper presented at the 70th annual meeting of the Economic History Association, Evanston, IL, September 24–26, 2010), 6–7, accessed January 22, 2012, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/24494/1/MPRA_paper_24494.pdf.
B: Pateman, Carole. “Participatory Democracy Revisited.” Presidential address, annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Seattle, September 1, 2011.
Unpublished interviews (including those you have conducted yourself) should usually be cited only in notes. Include a specific interview in your bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited. Begin the note with the names of the person interviewed and the interviewer; also include the place and date of the interview (if known) and the location of any tapes or transcripts (if available). Notice the form for a shortened note, which differs from the usual pattern (see 16.4.1). (For an example of a published interview, see 17.4.2. For broadcast interviews, see 17.8.3.3.)
N: 7. David Shields, interview by author, Seattle, February 15, 2011.
14. Benjamin Spock, interview by Milton J. E. Senn, November 20, 1974, interview 67A, transcript, Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
17. Macmillan, interview; Spock, interview.
If you cannot reveal the name of the person interviewed, cite it in a form appropriate to the context. Explain the absence of a name (“All interviews were confidential; the names of interviewees are withheld by mutual agreement”) in a note or a preface.
N: 10. Interview with a health care worker, March 23, 2010.
Cite conversations, letters, e-mail or text messages, and the like only in notes. The key elements are the name of the other person, the type of communication, and the date of the communication. In many cases, you may be able to use a parenthetical note (see 16.4.3) or include some or all of this information in the text. Omit e-mail addresses. To cite postings to social networking services, see 17.7.3; for discussion groups and mailing lists, see 17.7.4.
N: 2. Maxine Greene, e-mail message to author, April 23, 2012.
In a telephone conversation with the author on January 1, 2012, Mayan studies expert Melissa Ramirez confided that…
Documents from physical collections of unpublished manuscripts involve more complicated and varied elements than published sources. In your citations, include as much identifying information as you can, format the elements consistently, and adapt the general patterns outlined here as needed.
17.6.4.1 ELEMENTS TO INCLUDE AND THEIR ORDER. If possible, identify the author and date of each item, the title or type of document, the name of the collection, and the name of the depository. In a note, begin with the author’s name; if a document has a title but no author, or the title is more important than the author, list the title first.
N: 5. George Creel to Colonel House, September 25, 1918, Edward M. House Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
23. James Oglethorpe to the Trustees, January 13, 1733, Phillipps Collection of Egmont Manuscripts, 14200:13, University of Georgia Library, Athens (hereafter cited as Egmont MSS).
24. Burton to Merriam, telegram, January 26, 1923, box 26, folder 17, Charles E. Merriam Papers, University of Chicago Library.
31. Minutes of the Committee for Improving the Condition of Free Blacks, Pennsylvania Abolition Society, 1790–1803, Papers of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (hereafter cited as Minutes, Pennsylvania Society).
44. Memorandum by Alvin Johnson, 1937, file 36, Horace Kallen Papers, YIVO Institute, New York.
45. Joseph Purcell, “A Map of the Southern Indian District of North America” [ca. 1772], MS 228, Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.
For shortened notes, adapt the usual pattern of elements (see 16.4.1) to accommodate the available information and identify the document unambiguously.
N: 46. R. S. Baker to House, November 1, 1919, House Papers.
47. Minutes, April 15, 1795, Pennsylvania Society.
If you cite only one document from a collection and it is critical to your argument or frequently cited within your paper, you may choose to include it in your bibliography. Begin the entry with the author’s name; if a document has a title but no author, or the title is more important than the author, list the title first.
B: Dinkel, Joseph. Description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth Cary Agassiz. Agassiz Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
If you cite multiple documents from a collection, list the collection as a whole in your bibliography, under the name of the collection, the author(s) of the items in the collection, or the depository. For similar types of unpublished material that have not been placed in archives, replace information about the collection with such wording as “in the author’s possession” or “private collection,” and do not mention the location.
B: Egmont Manuscripts. Phillipps Collection. University of Georgia Library, Athens.
House, Edward M., Papers. Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery. Papers. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Strother, French, and Edward Lowry. Undated correspondence. Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, IA.
Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform. Papers. Alice Belin du Pont files, Pierre S. du Pont Papers. Eleutherian Mills Historical Library, Wilmington, DE.
17.6.4.2 HOW TO FORMAT THE ELEMENTS. Here are some special formatting recommendations for documents in manuscript collections.
■ Specific versus generic titles. Use quotation marks for specific titles of documents but not for generic terms such as report and minutes. Capitalize generic names of this kind only if they are part of a formal heading in the manuscript, not if they are merely descriptive.
■ Locating information. Although some manuscripts may include page numbers that can be included in notes, many will have other types of locators, or none at all. Older manuscripts are usually numbered by signatures only or by folios (fol., fols.) rather than by page. Some manuscript collections have identifying series or file numbers that you can include in a citation.
■ Papers and manuscripts. In titles of manuscript collections the terms papers and manuscripts are synonymous. Both are acceptable, as are the abbreviations MS and MSS (plural).
■ Letters. To cite a letter in a note, start with the name of the letter writer, followed by to and the name of the recipient. You may omit first names if the identities of the sender and the recipient are clear from the text. Omit the word letter, which is understood, but for other forms of communication, specify the type (telegram, memorandum). For letters in published collections, see 17.1.9.
Material posted or shared on websites, blogs, social networks, and the like may lack one or more of the standard facts of publication (author, title, publisher, or date). In addition to an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3), you must include enough information to positively identify and (if possible) locate a source even if the URL changes or becomes obsolete.
For original content from online sources other than books or periodicals (see 15.4.1.2), include as much of the following as you can determine: author, title of the page (in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks), title or owner of the site (usually in roman type; see 22.3.2.3), and publication or revision date. Also include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). Normally, you can limit citations of website content to the notes. Include a specific item in your bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited or both.
N: 8. Susannah Brooks, “Longtime Library Director Reflects on a Career at the Crossroads,” University of Wisconsin-Madison News, September 1, 2011, accessed May 14, 2012, http://www.news.wisc.edu/19704.
15. “Privacy Policy,” Google Privacy Center, last modified October 3, 2010, accessed March 3, 2011, http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
18. “Toy Safety,” McDonald’s Canada, accessed November 30, 2011, http://www.mcdonalds.ca/en/community/toysafety.aspx.
23. “Wikipedia Manual of Style,” Wikipedia, last modified September 2, 2011, accessed September 3, 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.
In a bibliography, where there is no author, the source should be listed under the title of the website or the name of its owner or sponsor.
B: Google. “Privacy Policy.” Google Privacy Center. Last modified October 3, 2010. Accessed March 3, 2011. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
Blog entries are cited much like articles in newspapers (see 17.4). Include as much of the following as you can determine: the author of the entry, a title (in quotation marks), the name of the blog (in italics), and the date the entry was posted. Also include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). Give the blogger’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym; if the blogger’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets. If the title of the blog does not make the genre clear, you may indicate “blog” in parentheses. If the blog is part of a larger publication, give the name of the publication after the title of the blog. Citations of blog entries can usually be limited to notes. Include a specific entry in your bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited or both.
N: 5. Gary Becker, “Is Capitalism in Crisis?,” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012, accessed February 16, 2012, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.xhtml.
7. The Subversive Copy Editor [Carol Fisher Saller], “Still Learning: Fun Language Words,” The Subversive Copy Editor Blog, February 16, 2011, accessed February 28, 2011, http://www.subversivecopyeditor.com/blog/2011/02/still-learningfun-language-words.xhtml.
8. Dick Cavett, “Flying? Increasingly for the Birds,” Opinionator (blog), New York Times, August 19, 2011, accessed October 14, 2011, http://www.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/19/flying-increasingly-for-the-birds/
12. John McWhorter and Joshua Knobe, “Black Martian Linguists,” Bloggingheads. tv (video blog), August 26, 2011, accessed November 7, 2011, http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/38530?in=:00&out=:03.
B: Becker, Gary. “Is Capitalism in Crisis?” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 12, 2012. Accessed February 16, 2012. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2012/02/is-capitalism-in-crisis-becker.xhtml.
To cite a reader’s comment, follow the basic pattern for blog entries, but first identify the commenter and the date and time of the comment. Give the commenter’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym. For comments to blog entries already cited in the notes, use a shortened form (see 16.4.1).
N: 9. Roman Gil, comment, September 4, 2011 (2:14 p.m. ET), on “Second Thoughts about the Debt Debacle,” Daniel W. Drezner (blog), Foreign Policy, September 1, 2011, accessed December 2, 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/01/second_thoughts_about_the_debt_debacle.
11. Mr. Feel Good, comment, February 14, 2012 (1:37 a.m.), on Becker, “Is Capitalism in Crisis?”
Information posted on social networking services should be cited only in the notes. List the identity of the poster (if known and not mentioned in the text), the name of the service, and the date and time of the post. End the citation with an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).
N: 11. Sarah Palin, Twitter post, August 25, 2011 (10:23 p.m.), accessed September 4, 2011, http://twitter.com/sarahpalinusa.
12. Obama for America, post to Barack Obama’s Facebook page, September 4, 2011 (6:53 a.m.), accessed September 22, 2011, https://www.facebook.com/barackobama.
13. Comment on Sarah Palin’s Facebook page, April 1, 2011 (3:21 p.m.), accessed December 8, 2011, https://www.facebook.com/sarahpalin.
As with newspaper articles (see 17.4.3), you may choose to weave such information into the text rather than citing it in the notes. Be sure to preserve enough information to allow readers to identify the source.
In a message posted to her Twitter site on August 25, 2011 (at 10:23 p.m.), Sarah Palin (@SarahPalinUSA) noted that…
To cite material from an electronic discussion group or mailing list, include the name of the correspondent, the title of the forum or subject line of the e-mail message (in quotation marks), the name of the forum or list, and the date and time of the message or post. Omit e-mail addresses. Give the correspondent’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym. If the material is archived online, include an access date and a URL. As with personal communications (see 17.6.3), such items should be cited only in a note.
N: 17. Dodger Fan, post to “The Atomic Bombing of Japan,” September 1, 2011 (12:57:58 p.m. PDT), History forum, Amazon.com, accessed September 30, 2011, http://www.amazon.com/forum/history/.
18. Sharon Naylor, “Removing a Thesis,” e-mail to Educ. & Behavior Science ALA Discussion List, August 23, 2011 (1:47:54 p.m. ET), accessed January 31, 2012, http://listserv.uncc.edu/archives/ebss-l.xhtml.
As with newspaper articles (see 17.4.3), you may choose to weave such information into the text rather than citing it in the notes. Be sure to preserve enough information to allow readers to identify the source.
Sharon Naylor, in her e-mail of August 23, 2011, to the Educ. & Behavior Science ALA Discussion List (http://listserv.uncc.edu/archives/ebss-l.xhtml), pointed out that …
The visual and performing arts generate a variety of sources, including artworks, live performances, broadcasts, recordings in various media, and texts. Citing some of these sources can be difficult when they lack the types of identifying information common to published sources. Include as much identifying information as you can, format the elements consistently, and adapt the general patterns outlined here as needed.
Some of the sources covered in this section, where noted, can be cited in notes only or by weaving the key elements into your text, although you may choose to include a specific item in your bibliography that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. If your paper is for a course in the arts, media studies, or a similar field, consult your instructor.
17.8.1.1 PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS. Cite paintings, sculptures, photographs, drawings, and the like only in notes. Include the name of the artist, the title of the artwork (in italics) and date of its creation (preceded by ca. [circa] if approximate), and the name of the institution that houses it (if any), including location. You may also include the medium, if relevant. For images consulted online, include an access date and a URL.
N: 7. Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, Milwaukee Art Museum.
11. Michelangelo, David, 1501–4, Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence.
24. Ansel Adams, North Dome, Basket Dome, Mount Hoffman, Yosemite, ca. 1935, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC.
29. Erich Buchholz, Untitled, 1920, gouache on paper, Museum of Modern Art, New York, accessed December 4, 2011, http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=38187.
Instead of using a note, you can sometimes cite artworks by weaving the elements into your text. Some of the elements can appear in parentheses, even if they do not follow the form for parenthetical notes described in 16.4.3.
O’Keeffe first demonstrated this technique in The Cliff Chimneys (1938, Milwaukee Art Museum).
If you viewed the artwork in a published source and your local guidelines require you to identify this source, give the publication information in place of the institutional name and location.
N: 7. Georgia O’Keeffe, The Cliff Chimneys, 1938, in Barbara Buhler Lynes, Lesley Poling-Kempes, and Frederick W. Turner, Georgia O’Keeffe and New Mexico: A Sense of Place (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 25.
17.8.1.2 GRAPHIC ARTS. Cite graphic sources such as print advertisements, maps, cartoons, and so forth only in notes, adapting the basic patterns for artworks and giving as much information as possible. Give any title or caption in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks, and identify the type of graphic, in parentheses, if it is unclear from the title. For items consulted online, include an access date and a URL.
N: 12. Toyota, “We See beyond Cars” (advertisement), Architectural Digest, January 2010, 57.
15. “Republic of Letters: 1700–1750” (interactive map), Mapping the Republic of letters, accessed February 28, 2012, https://republicofletters.stanford.edu/.
18. “Divide by Zero” (Internet meme), Yo Dawg Pics, accessed December 2, 2012, http://yodawgpics.com/yo-dawg-pictures/divide-by-zero.
Cite live theatrical, musical, or dance performances only in notes. Include the title of the work performed, the author, any key performers and an indication of their roles, the venue and its location, and the date. Italicize the titles of plays and long musical compositions, but set the titles of shorter works in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3). If the citation is focused on an individual’s performance, list that person’s name before the title of the work.
N: 14. Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, by Glen Berger and Julie Taymor, music and lyrics by Bono and The Edge, directed by Julie Taymor, Foxwoods Theater, New York, September 10, 2011.
16. Simone Dinnerstein, pianist, Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2, by Johannes Brahms, Portland Center for the Performing Arts, Portland, OR, January 15, 2012.
Instead of using a note, you can sometimes cite live performances by weaving the elements into your text. Some of the elements can appear in parentheses, even if they do not follow the form for parenthetical notes described in 16.4.3.
Simone Dinnerstein’s performance of Brahms’s Intermezzo in A, op. 118, no. 2 (January 15, 2012, at Portland Center for the Performing Arts), was anything but intermediate…
To cite recordings and broadcasts of live performances, add information about the medium. See 17.8.3–5 for similar types of examples.
N: 17. Artur Rubinstein, pianist, “Spinning Song,” by Felix Mendelssohn, Ambassador College, Pasadena, CA, January 15, 1975, on The Last Recital for Israel, BMG Classics, 1992, VHS.
Citations of movies, television shows, radio programs, and the like will vary depending on the type of source. At a minimum, identify the title of the work, the date it was released or broadcast or otherwise made available, and the name of the studio or other entity responsible for producing or distributing or broadcasting the work. If you watched a video or listened to a recording, include information about the medium. If you consulted the source online, include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).
17.8.3.1 MOVIES. In the notes, list the title of the movie (in italics) followed by the name of the director, the name of the company that produced or distributed the movie, and year the movie was released. You may also include information about writers, actors, producers, and so forth if it is relevant to your discussion. Unless you watched the movie in a theater, include information about the medium.
N: 12. Crumb, directed by Terry Zwigoff (Superior Pictures, 1994), DVD (Sony Pictures, 2006).
14. Fast Times at Ridgemont High, directed by Amy Heckerling, screenplay by Cameron Crowe, featuring Jennifer Jason Leigh and Sean Penn (Universal Pictures, 1982), DVD (2002).
15. High Art, directed by Lisa Cholodenko (October Films, 1998), accessed September 6, 2011, http://movies.netflix.com/.
18. A. E. Weed, At the Foot of the Flatiron (American Mutoscope and Biograph, 1903), 35mm film, from Library of Congress, The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898–1906, MPEG video, 2:19, accessed February 4, 2011, http://www.loc.gov/ammem/papr/nychome.xhtml.
In the bibliography, you can list the movie either under the name of the director (followed by dir.) or under the title.
B: Crumb. Directed by Terry Zwigoff. Superior Pictures, 1994. DVD. Sony Pictures, 2006.
or
Zwigoff, Terry, dir. Crumb. Superior Pictures, 1994. DVD. Sony Pictures, 2006.
Information about ancillary material included with the movie should be woven into the text.
In their audio commentary, produced twenty years after the release of their film, Heckerling and Crowe agree that…
17.8.3.2 TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMS. To cite a television or radio program, include, at a minimum, the title of the program, the name of the episode or segment, the date on which it was first aired or made available, and the entity that produced or broadcast the work. You may also include an episode number, the name of the director or author of the episode or segment, and (if relevant to your discussion) the names of key performers. Italicize the titles of programs, but set the titles of episodes or segments in roman type, enclosed in quotation marks. If you watched or listened to a recording in anything other than its original broadcast medium, include information about the medium.
N: 2. “Bumps on the Road Back to Work,” Tamara Keith, All Things Considered, aired September 5, 2011, on NPR.
16. Mad Men, season 1, episode 12, “Nixon vs. Kennedy,” directed by Alan Taylor, aired October 11, 2007, on AMC, DVD (Lions Gate Television, 2007), disc 4.
19. 30 Rock, season 5, episode 22, “Everything Funny All the Time Always,” directed by John Riggi, featuring Tina Fey, Tracy Morgan, Jane Krakowski, Jack McBrayer, Scott Adsit, Judah Friedlander, and Alec Baldwin, aired April 28, 2011, on NBC, accessed March 21, 2012, http://www.hulu.com/30-rock/.
Instead of using a note, you can often cite such programs by weaving the key elements into your text, especially if some or all of the additional elements are not available or relevant to the citation.
Mad Men uses history and flashback in “Nixon vs. Kennedy” (AMC, October 11, 2007), with a combination of archival television footage and …
In the bibliography, radio and television programs are normally cited by the title of the program or series.
B: Mad Men. Season 1, episode 12, “Nixon vs. Kennedy.” Directed by Alan Taylor. Aired October 11, 2007, on AMC. DVD. Lions Gate Television, 2007, disc 4.
17.8.3.3 INTERVIEWS. To cite interviews on television, radio, and the like, treat the person interviewed as the author, and identify the interviewer in the context of the citation. Also include the program or publication and date of the interview (or publication or air date). Interviews are normally cited only in the notes. List the interview in your bibliography only if it is critical to your paper or frequently cited. For unpublished interviews, see 17.6.3.
N: 10. Condoleezza Rice, interview by Jim Lehrer, PBS NewsHour, July 28, 2005, accessed July 7, 2012, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june05/rice_3-4.xhtml.
12. Laura Poitras, interview by Lorne Manly, “The 9/11 Decade: A Cultural View” (video), New York Times, September 2, 2011, accessed March 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/09/02/us/sept-11-reckoning/artists.xhtml.
17.8.3.4 ADVERTISEMENTS. Cite advertisements from television, radio, and the like only in notes or by weaving the elements into your text.
N: 18. Doritos, “Healing Chips,” advertisement aired on Fox Sports, February 6, 2011, 30 seconds.
As with television shows (17.8.3.2), you can often cite advertisements by weaving the key elements into your text rather than using a note, especially if some or all of the additional elements are not available or relevant to the citation.
The Doritos ad “Healing Chips,” which aired during Super Bowl XLV (Fox Sports, February 6, 2011)…
17.8.3.5 VIDEOS AND PODCASTS. To cite a video or a podcast, include, at a minimum, the name and description of the item plus an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3). The examples above for movies, television, and radio (17.8.3.1–4) may be used as templates for including any additional information. Give the creator’s name exactly as listed, even if it is clearly a pseudonym; if the creator’s real name can be easily determined, include it in brackets.
N: 13. Adele, “Someone like You” (music video), directed by Jake Nava, posted October 1, 2011, accessed February 28, 2012, http://www.mtv.com/videos/adele/693356/someone-like-you.jhtml.
18. Fred Donner, “How Islam Began” (video of lecture, Alumni Weekend 2011, University of Chicago, June 3, 2011), accessed January 5, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RFK5u5lkhA.
40. Michael Shear, host, “The Spat over President Obama’s Upcoming Jobs Speech,” The Caucus (MP3 podcast), New York Times, September 1, 2011, accessed September 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/pages/podcasts/.
4. Luminosity, “Womens Work_SPN” (video), March 5, 2009, accessed April 22, 2011, http://www.viddler.com/v/lf6d7f1f.
Citations of videos and podcasts can normally be limited to the notes or, like citations of newspaper articles, woven into the text (see 17.4.3). If a source is critical to your paper or frequently cited, however, you may include it in your bibliography.
B. Adele. “Someone like You” (music video). Directed by Jake Nava. Posted October 1, 2011. Accessed February 28, 2012. http://www.mtv.com/videos/adele/693356/someone-like-you.jhtml.
To cite a recording, include as much information as you can to distinguish it from similar recordings, including the date of the recording, the name of the recording company, the identifying number of the recording, the copyright date (if different from the year of the recording), and the medium. Titles of albums should be in italics; individual selections should be in quotation marks except for musical works referred to by genre (see 22.3.2.3). Abbreviate compact disc as CD. Recordings consulted online should include an access date and a URL (see 15.4.1.3).
N: 11. Billie Holiday, “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf, recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis, on Lady in Satin, Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm.
14. Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata no. 29 (“Hammerklavier”), Rudolf Serkin, recorded December 8–10, 1969, and December 14–15, 1970, Sony Classics, 2005, MP3.
19. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, CD.
22. Pink Floyd, “Atom Heart Mother,” recorded April 29, 1970, Fillmore West, San Francisco, streaming audio, accessed July 7, 2011, http://www.wolfgangsvault.com/pink-floyd/concerts/fillmore-west-april-29-1970.xhtml.
In the bibliography you can list the recording under the name of the composer or the performer, depending on which is more relevant to your discussion.
B: Rubinstein, Artur. The Chopin Collection. Recorded 1946, 1958–67. RCA Victor/BMG 60822–2-RG, 1991.11 CDs.
Shostakovich, Dmitri. Symphony no. 5 / Symphony no. 9. Conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Recorded with the New York Philharmonic, October 20, 1959 (no. 5), and October 19, 1965 (no. 9). Sony SMK 61841, 1999. CD.
Treat recordings of drama, prose or poetry readings, lectures, and the like as you would musical recordings.
N: 6. Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood, performed by Dylan Thomas et al., recorded May 14, 1953, on Dylan Thomas: The Caedmon Collection, Caedmon, 2002, 11 CDs, discs 9 and 10.
B: Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal. Read by Rick Adamson. New York: Random House, RHCD 493, 2004. 8 CDs.
17.8.5.1 ART EXHIBITION CATALOGS. Cite an art exhibition catalog as you would a book. In the bibliography entry only, include information about the exhibition following the publication data.
N: 6. Susan Dackerman, ed., Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 43.
B: Dackerman, Susan, ed. Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011. Published in conjunction with the exhibitions shown at the Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, MA, and the Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
17.8.5.2 PLAYS. In some cases you can cite well-known English-language plays in notes only. (See also 17.5.1.) Omit publication data, and cite passages by act and scene (or other division) instead of by page number.
N: 22. Eugene O’Neill, Long Day’s Journey into Night, act 2, scene 1.
If your paper is in literary studies or another field concerned with close analysis of texts, or if you are citing a translation or an obscure work, cite every play as you would a book, and include each in your bibliography. Cite passages either by division or by page, according to your local guidelines.
N: 25. Enid Bagnold, The Chalk Garden (New York: Random House, 1956), 8–9.
B: Anouilh, Jean. Becket, or The Honor of God. Translated by Lucienne Hill. New York: River-head Books, 1996.
17.8.5.3 MUSICAL SCORES. Cite a published musical score as you would a book.
N: 1. Giuseppe Verdi, Giovanna d’Arco, dramma lirico in four acts, libretto by Temistocle Solera, ed. Alberto Rizzuti, 2 vols., Works of Giuseppe Verdi, ser. 1, Operas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Milan: G. Ricordi, 2008).
B: Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Sonatas and Fantasies for the Piano. Prepared from the autographs and earliest printed sources by Nathan Broder. Rev. ed. Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.
Cite an unpublished score as you would unpublished material in a manuscript collection.
N: 2. Ralph Shapey, “Partita for Violin and Thirteen Players,” score, 1966, Special Collections, Joseph Regenstein Library, University of Chicago.
Public documents include a wide array of sources produced by governments at all levels throughout the world. This section presents basic principles for some common types of public documents available in English; if you need to cite other types, adapt the closest model.
Such documents involve more complicated and varied elements than most types of published sources. In your citations, include as much identifying information as you can, format the elements consistently, and adapt the general patterns outlined here as needed.
The bulk of this section is concerned with documents published by US governmental bodies and agencies. For documents published by the governments of Canada and the United Kingdom and by international bodies, see 17.9.9–11. For unpublished government documents, see 17.9.12.
In your citations, include as many of the following elements as you can:
■ name of the government (country, state, city, county, or other division) and government body (legislative body, executive department, court bureau, board, commission, or committee) that issued the document
■ title, if any, of the document or collection
■ name of individual author, editor, or compiler, if given
■ report number or other identifying information (such as place of publication and publisher, for certain freestanding publications or for items in secondary sources)
■ date of publication
■ page numbers or other locators, if relevant
■ an access date and either a URL or the name of the database, for sources consulted online (see 15.4.1 and, for examples, 17.9.13)
In general, list the relevant elements in the order given above. Certain elements may be left out of the notes but should be included in the bibliography. Other types of exceptions are explained in the following sections of 17.9.
N: 1. Select Committee on Homeland Security, Homeland Security Act of 2002, 107th Cong., 2d sess., 2002, HR Rep. 107-609, pt. 1, 11–12.
B: US Congress. House of Representatives. Select Committee on Homeland Security. Homeland Security Act of 2002. 107th Cong., 2d sess., 2002. HR Rep. 107-609, pt. 1.
Note that, by convention, ordinals in public documents end in d instead of nd (2d instead of 2nd).
For congressional publications, bibliography entries usually begin with the designation US Congress, followed by Senate or House of Representatives (or House). (You may also simplify this to US Senate or US House.) In notes, US is usually omitted. Other common elements include committee and subcommittee, if any; title of document; number of the Congress and session (abbreviated Cong. and sess. respectively in this position); date of publication; and number and description of the document (for example, H. Doc. 487), if available.
17.9.2.1 DEBATES. Since 1873, congressional debates have been published by the government in the Congressional Record (in notes, often abbreviated as Cong. Rec.). Whenever possible, cite the permanent volumes, which often reflect changes from the daily editions of the Record. (For citations of the daily House or Senate edition, retain the H or S in page numbers.)
N: 16. Cong. Rec., 110th Cong., 1st sess., 2008, vol. 153, pt. 8:11629–30.
B: US Congress. Congressional Record. 110th Cong., 1st sess., 2008. Vol. 153, pt. 8.
Occasionally you may need to identify a speaker in a debate, the subject, and a date in a note.
N: 4. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts, speaking for the Joint Resolution on Nuclear Weapons Freeze and Reductions, on March 10, 1982, to the Committee on Foreign Relations, SJ Res. 163, 97th Cong., 1st sess., Cong. Rec. 128, pt. 3:3832–34.
Before 1874, congressional debates were published in Annals of the Congress of the United States (also known by other names and covering the years 1789–1824), Register of Debates (1824–37), and Congressional Globe (1833–73). Cite these works similarly to the Congressional Record.
17.9.2.2 REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS. When you cite reports and documents of the Senate (abbreviated S.) and the House (H. or HR), include both the Congress and session numbers and, if possible, the series number. Notice the form for a shortened note, which differs from the usual pattern (see 16.4.1).
N: 9. Select Committee on Homeland Security, Homeland Security Act of 2002, 107th Cong., 2d sess., 2002, HR Rep. 107-609, pt. 1, 11–12.
14. Declarations of a State of War with Japan, Germany, and Italy, 77th Cong., 1st sess., 1941, S. Doc. 148, serial 10575, 2–5.
15. Select Committee, Homeland Security Act, 11.
22. Reorganization of the Federal Judiciary, 75th Cong., 1st sess., 1937, S. Rep. 711.
B: US Congress. House. Expansion of National Emergency with Respect to Protecting the Stabilization Efforts in Iraq. 112th Cong., 1st sess., 2011. H. Doc. 112-25.
17.9.2.3 BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. Congressional bills (proposed laws) and resolutions are published in pamphlet form. In citations, bills and resolutions originating in the House of Representatives are abbreviated HR or H. Res., and those originating in the Senate S. or S. Res. Include publication details in the Congressional Record (if available). If a bill has been enacted, cite it as a statute (see 17.9.2.5).
N: 16. No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act, H. Res. 237, 112th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record, vol. 157, daily ed. (May 4, 2011): H3014.
B: US Congress. House. No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act. H. Res. 237. 112th Cong., 1st sess. Congressional Record 157, daily ed. (May 4, 2011): H3014–37.
17.9.2.4 HEARINGS. Records of testimony given before congressional committees are usually published with titles, which should be included in citations (in italics). The relevant committee is normally listed as part of the title. Notice the form for a shortened note, which differs from the usual pattern (see 16.4.1).
N: 13. Hearing before the Select Committee on Homeland Security, HR 5005, Homeland Security Act of 2002, day 3, 107th Cong., 2d sess., July 17, 2002, 119–20.
14. HR 5005, Hearing, 203.
B: US Congress. Senate. Famine in Africa: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 99th Cong., 1st sess., January 17, 1985.
17.9.2.5 STATUTES. Statutes, which are bills or resolutions that have been passed into law, are first published separately and then collected in the annual bound volumes of the United States Statutes at Large, which began publication in 1874. Later they are incorporated into the United States Code. Cite US Statutes, the US Code, or both. Section numbers in the Code are preceded by a section symbol (§; use §§ and et seq. to indicate more than one section).
Cite statutes in notes only; you do not need to include them in your bibliography. Notice the form for a shortened note, which differs from the usual pattern (see 16.4.1).
N: 18. Atomic Energy Act of 1946, Public Law 585, 79th Cong., 2d sess. (August 1, 1946), 12, 19.
19. Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970, US Code 15 (2000), §§ 1681 et seq.
25. Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 107-296, US Statutes at Large 116 (2002): 2163–64, codified at US Code 6 (2002), §§ 101 et seq.
27. Homeland Security Act, 2165.
Before 1874, laws were published in the seventeen-volume Statutes at Large of the United States of America, 1789–1873. Citations of this collection include the volume number and its publication date.
Presidential proclamations, executive orders, vetoes, addresses, and the like are published in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents and in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Proclamations and executive orders are also carried in the daily Federal Register and then published in title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Once they have been published in the Code, use that as your source. Put individual titles in quotation marks.
N: 2. Barack Obama, Proclamation 8621, “National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2011,” Federal Register 75, no. 250 (December 30, 2010): 82215.
21. William J. Clinton, Executive Order 13067, “Blocking Sudanese Government Property and Prohibiting Transactions with Sudan,” Code of Federal Regulations, title 3 (1997 comp.): 230.
B: US President. Proclamation 8621. “National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, 2011.” Federal Register 75, no. 250 (December 30, 2010): 82215–16.
The public papers of US presidents are collected in two multivolume works: Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, and, starting with the Hoover administration, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. (Papers not covered by either of these works are published elsewhere.) To cite items in these collections, follow the recommendations for multivolume books (see 17.1.4).
Executive departments, bureaus, and agencies issue reports, bulletins, circulars, and other materials. Italicize the title, and include the name of any identified author(s) after the title.
N: 30. US Department of the Treasury, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury Transmitting a Report from the Register of the Treasury of the Commerce and Navigation of the United States for the Year Ending the 30th of June, 1850, 31st Cong., 2d sess., House Executive Document 8 (Washington, DC, 1850–51).
B: US Department of the Interior. Minerals Management Service. Environmental Division. Oil-Spill Risk Analysis: Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lease Sales, Central Planning Area and Western Planning Area, 2007–2012, and Gulfwide OCS Program, 2007–2046, by Zhen-Gang Ji, Walter R. Johnson, and Charles F. Marshall. Edited by Eileen M. Lear. MMS 2007-040, June 2007.
The US Constitution should be cited only in notes; you need not include it in your bibliography. Include the article or amendment, section, and, if relevant, clause. Use arabic numerals and, if you prefer, abbreviations for terms such as amendment and section.
N: 32. US Constitution, art. 2, sec. 1, cl. 3.
33. US Constitution, amend. 14, sec. 2.
In many cases, you can use a parenthetical note (see 16.4.3) or even include the identifying information in your text. Spell out the part designations in text. Capitalize the names of specific amendments when used in place of numbers.
The US Constitution, in article 1, section 9, forbids suspension of the writ “unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.”
The First Amendment protects the right of free speech.
The texts of treaties signed before 1950 are published in United States Statutes at Large; the unofficial citation is to the Treaty Series (TS) or the Executive Agreement Series (EAS). Those signed in 1950 or later appear in United States Treaties and Other International Agreements (UST, 1950–) or Treaties and Other International Acts Series (TIAS, 1945–). Treaties involving more than two nations may be found in the United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS, 1946–) or, from 1920 to 1946, in the League of Nations Treaty Series (LNTS).
Italicize titles of the publications mentioned above and their abbreviated forms. Unless they are named in the title of the treaty, list the parties subject to the agreement, separated by hyphens. An exact date indicates the date of signing and is therefore preferable to a year alone, which may differ from the year the treaty was published. Notice the form for a shortened note, which differs from the usual pattern (see 16.4.1).
N: 4. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water, US-UK-USSR, August 5, 1963, UST 14, pt. 2, 1313.
15. Convention concerning Military Service, Denmark-Italy, July 15, 1954, TIAS 250, no. 3516, 45.
39. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1317–18.
B: United States. Naval Armament Limitation Treaty with the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan. February 6, 1922. US Statutes at Large 43, pt. 2.
Citations of legal cases generally take the same form for courts at all levels. In notes, give the full case name (including the abbreviation v.) in italics. Include the volume number (arabic), name of the reporter (abbreviated; see below), ordinal series number (if applicable), opening page number of the decision, abbreviated name of the court and date (together in parentheses), and other relevant information, such as the name of the state or local court (if not identified by the series title). Actual pages cited follow the opening page number, separated by a comma.
Cite statutes in notes only; you do not need to include them in your bibliography.
N: 18. United States v. Christmas, 222 F.3d 141, 145 (4th Cir. 2000).
21. Profit Sharing Plan v. MBank Dallas, N.A., 683 F. Supp. 592 (ND Tex. 1988).
A shortened note may consist of the case name and, if needed, a page number.
N: 35. Christmas, 146.
The one element that depends on the level of the court is the name of the reporter. The most common ones are as follows.
■ US Supreme Court. For Supreme Court decisions, cite United States Supreme Court Reports (abbreviated US) or, if not yet published there, Supreme Court Reporter (abbreviated S. Ct.).
N: 21. AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Bd., 525 US 366 (1999).
39. Brendlin v. California, 127 S. Ct. 2400 (2007).
■ Lower federal courts. For lower federal-court decisions, cite Federal Reporter (F.) or Federal Supplement (F. Supp.).
N: 3. United States v. Dennis, 183 F. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).
15. Eaton v. IBM Corp., 925 F. Supp. 487 (SD Tex. 1996).
■ State and local courts. For state and local court decisions, cite official state reporters whenever possible. If you use a commercial reporter, cite it as in the second example below. If the reporter does not identify the court’s name, include it before the date, within the parentheses.
N: 6. Williams v. Davis, 27 Cal. 2d 746 (1946).
8. Bivens v. Mobley, 724 So. 2d 458, 465 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).
Cite state and local government documents as you would federal documents. Use roman type (no quotation marks) for state laws and municipal ordinances; use italics for codes (compilations) and the titles of freestanding publications.
N: 39. Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality (IIEQ), Review and Synopsis of Public Participation regarding Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions, by Sidney M. Marder, IIEQ Document no. 77/21 (Chicago, 1977), 44–45.
42. Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act, Illinois Compiled Statutes, ch. 720, no. 646, sec. 10 (2005).
44. Page’s Ohio Revised Code Annotated, title 35, sec. 3599.01 (2011).
47. New Mexico Constitution, art. 4, sec. 7.
B: Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality (IIEQ). Review and Synopsis of Public Participation regarding Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Emissions, by Sidney M. Marder. IIEQ Document 77/21. Chicago, 1977.
Cite Canadian government documents similarly to US public documents. End citations with the word Canada (in parentheses) unless it is obvious from the context.
Canadian statutes are first published in the annual Statutes of Canada, after which they appear in the Revised Statutes of Canada, a consolidation published every fifteen or twenty years. Wherever possible, use the latter source and identify the statute by title, reporter, year of compilation, chapter, and section.
N: 4. Canada Wildlife Act, Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, chap. W-9, sec. 1.
5. Assisted Human Reproduction Act, Statutes of Canada 2004, chap. 2, sec. 2.
Canadian Supreme Court cases since 1876 are published in Supreme Court Reports (SCR); cases after 1974 should include the volume number of the reporter. Federal court cases are published in Federal Courts Reports (FC, 1971–) or Exchequer Court Reports (Ex. CR, 1875–1971). Cases not found in any of these sources may be found in Dominion Law Reports (DLR). Include the name of the case (in italics), followed by the date (in parentheses), the volume number (if any), the abbreviated name of the reporter, and the opening page of the decision.
N: 10. Robertson v. Thomson Corp., (2006) 2 SCR 363 (Canada).
11. Boldy v. Royal Bank of Canada, (2008) FC 99.
Cite British government documents similarly to US public documents. End citations with the phrase United Kingdom (in parentheses) unless it is obvious from the context.
Acts of Parliament should usually be cited only in a note. Include a specific act in your bibliography only if it is critical to your argument or frequently cited. Identify acts by title, date, and chapter number (arabic numeral for national number, lowercase roman for local). Acts from before 1963 are cited by regnal year and monarch’s name (abbreviated) and ordinal (arabic numeral).
N: 8. Act of Settlement, 1701, 12 & 13 Will. 3, chap. 2.
15. Consolidated Fund Act, 1963, chap. 1 (United Kingdom).
16. Manchester Corporation Act, 1967, chap. xl.
Most British legal cases can be found in the applicable report in the Law Reports, among these the Appeal Cases (AC), Queen’s (King’s) Bench (QB, KB), Chancery (Ch.), Family (Fam.), and Probate (P.) reports. Until recently, the courts of highest appeal in the United Kingdom (except for criminal cases in Scotland) had been the House of Lords (HL) and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (PC). In 2005, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (UKSC) was established.
Include the name of the case, in italics (cases involving the Crown refer to Rex or Regina); the date, in parentheses; the volume number (if any) and abbreviated name of the reporter; and the opening page of the decision. If the court is not apparent from the name of the reporter, or if the jurisdiction is not clear from context, include either or both, as necessary, in parentheses.
N: 10. Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, (1884) 14 QBD 273 (DC).
11. Regal (Hastings) Ltd. v. Gulliver and Ors, (1967) 2 AC 134 (HL) (Eng.).
12. NML Capital Limited (Appellant) v. Republic of Argentina (Respondent), (2011) UKSC 31.
Documents published by international bodies such as the United Nations can be cited much like books. Identify the authorizing body (and any author or editor), the topic or title of the document, the publisher or place of publication (or both), and the date, followed by a page reference in the notes. Also include any series or other identifying publication information.
N: 1. League of Arab States and United Nations, The Third Arab Report on the Millennium Development Goals 2010 and the Impact of the Global Economic Crises (Beirut: Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, 2010), 82.
B: United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Governing Council / Global Ministerial Environment Forum on the Work of Its Eleventh Special Session. Official Records, 65th sess., supplement no. 25, A/65/25. New York: UN, 2010.
If you cite unpublished government documents, follow the patterns given for unpublished manuscripts in 17.6.4.
Most unpublished documents of the US government are housed in the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in Washington, DC, or in one of its branches. Cite them all, including films, photographs, and sound recordings as well as written materials, by record group (RG) number.
The comparable institution for unpublished Canadian government documents is the Library and Archives Canada (LAC) in Ottawa, Ontario. The United Kingdom has a number of depositories of unpublished government documents, most notably the National Archives (NA) and the British Library (BL), both in London.
To cite online public documents, follow the relevant examples presented elsewhere in 17.9. In addition, include the date you accessed the material and a URL. For items obtained through a commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead. See 15.4.1 for more details. Note that databases for legal cases may mark page (screen) divisions with an asterisk. These should be retained in specific references (see also 17.9.7).
N: 1. Select Committee on Homeland Security, Homeland Security Act of 2002, 107th Cong., 2d sess., 2002, HR Rep. 107-609, pt. 1, 11–12, accessed September 8, 2011, http:// www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-107hrpt609/pdf/CRPT-107hrpt609-pt1.pdf.
12. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 2002, July 29, 2011, accessed October 10, 2011, http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions11.htm.
17. McNamee v. Department of the Treasury, 488 F.3d 100, *3 (2d Cir. 2007), accessed September 25, 2011, LexisNexis Academic.
B: US Congress. House of Representatives. Select Committee on Homeland Security. Homeland Security Act of 2002.107th Cong., 2d sess., 2002. HR Rep. 107-609, pt. 1. Accessed September 8, 2011. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-107hrpt609/pdf/CRPT-107hrpt609-pt1.pdf.
Responsible researchers avoid repeating quotations that they have not actually seen in the original. If one source includes a useful quotation from another source, readers expect you to obtain the original to verify not only that the quotation is accurate but also that it fairly represents what the original meant.
If the original source is unavailable, however, cite it as “quoted in” the secondary source in your note. For the bibliography entry, adapt the “quoted in” format as needed.
N: 8. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.
B: Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification.” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
The same situation may arise with a quotation you find in a secondary source drawn from a primary source (see 3.1.1). Often you will not be able to consult the primary source, especially if it is in an unpublished manuscript collection. In this case, follow the principles outlined above.