Abadan, 164, 165–166, 169, 177
Abdul Ilah, 124, 257–258, 265, 307, 312, 314
Abdullah, king of Jordan, 40, 80, 110–111, 115–116, 241, 242
Greater Syria Plan and, 117–118, 121–124
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 120, 125
Abu Dhabi, 134–135, 138, 235, 236
AIOC nationalization and, 168, 169–171
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 186, 188
Egypt and, 171, 173–174, 174–175, 178, 181
Aden, 347–348, 352–354, 356, 357, 360, 393–394, 395
violence and war in, 363–365, 369–374, 377–392
Ahmad, sixty-fifth imam of Yemen, 349–350
AIOC. See Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
Akhavi, Hassan, 202
Al Ahram, 375
Al-Asnag, Abdullah, 378–379, 382–383, 387–388
al Bizri, Afif, 301, 303, 305–306
al Hawrani, Akram, 299
al-Hiyari, Ahmad Yusif, 313
al-Sabah, Mubarak, 322
Al-Shaabi, Qahtan, 388
Aldrich, Winthrop, 283–284, 286
Alpha peace plan. See Egypt-Israeli peace initiative
Amer, Abdel Hakim, 219 (photo), 222, 243, 271, 350
American League for a Free Palestine, 95–100, 104–106, 109
American University, Cairo, 55
Amery, Julian, 326–327, 330, 354–355, 357, 358, 361, 366
Anderson, Robert, 245, 250–251, 253
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 85, 86–91, 96, 98
Anglo-American Working Group, 303
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 4, 60–61, 147–151, 153, 186, 264, 322, 347
joined by American companies in new consortium, 208–209
nationalization of, 154–167, 168–171
oil in Rub al-Khali and, 129
Anglo-Jordanian Treaty, 224, 279
Anti-Locust Unit, 42, 130, 132
anti-Semitism, 54–55, 87, 97, 108–109
Arab-Israeli conflict in Palestine, 28–29, 45, 49, 58. See also Jewish state
Arab-Israeli peace agreement, 224, 232
Arab League, 38, 75, 83–84, 125, 221, 225, 227, 241–242, 318, 343, 382
Arab Legion, 116, 117, 123, 243–244, 246–247
Arab Solidarity Agreement, 296, 307–308
Arab Union, 307, 308, 313, 335
Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco; previously CASOC), 3, 61, 70, 72, 142 (photo), 194, 246, 260
Baghdad Pact and, 244–245
Buraimi and, 238–239
oil in Rub al-Khali, 129–139, 131, 133–134, 135–136, 137–138, 141–147, 151–153
Oman and, 323–324
Saudi’s demand for Tapline protection and, 144
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119, 125, 127
Aramco. See Arabian American Oil Company
“Argyll’s Law,” 391
Arif, Abdul Salam, 335–336
Arif, General Rafiq, 314
“Ash Wednesday,” 13–14
Ashraf, princess of Iran, 183–184, 200
Aswan Dam, 252, 260–262, 263, 270
Atlantic Charter, 12, 16, 21, 23, 61, 82
Attlee, Clement, 92–93, 162–163, 164–166
Jewish immigrants to Palestine and, 81–83, 85, 86, 89–90, 95–96, 98, 100, 102
Baathists, 257–258, 299, 305–306, 338, 345–346
Badr (son of Imam Ahmad of Yemen), 349–350, 354, 358–359, 365
Baghdad Pact, 223–234, 240–245, 249, 252, 337
Balfour, Arthur, 28
Balfour Declaration, 27–28, 33–34, 35
Baqdash, Khalid, 299, 303, 305
Baruch, Bernard, 109–110
Bedell Smith, Walter, 205
Beeston, Dick, 368
Begin, Menachem, 93
Ben-Gurion, David, 37–39, 43, 97, 102, 150, 231, 280–281, 281–282
Fertile Crescent Scheme and, 40
violence in Palestine and, 91, 92
Ben Hecht (ship), 104–105
Bernstein, Leonard, 99
Bevin, Ernest, 110, 115, 124, 148, 151, 158, 172
end of British rule in Palestine and, 101–103
Greater Syria plan and, 116–117
Jewish immigrants to Palestine and, 82–83, 85–86, 88–89
Bin Ataishan, Turki, 235
Bin Hassan, Abdullah, 365, 369, 372
Bin Himyar, Suleiman, 325, 333–334
Bird, Richard, 134–136, 137–139
Blue Line agreement, 129, 129n
Bowles, Chester, 351
Boyle, Tony, 363, 369, 375, 380
Brando, Marlon, 100, 100 (photo)
Bretton Woods conference, 83
Brewster, Ralph, 57–58
British Officers’ Club bombing in Jerusalem, 103–104, 105
Brook, Sir Norman, 343
Brown, George, 289–390, 381, 385, 394
Bulganin, Nikolai, 291–292
Bullard, Sir Reader, 236, 237–238
Bundy, McGeorge, 345
Bunker, Ellsworth, 362
Buraimi, 134, 137–140, 142–143, 235–240, 245, 323, 328
Butler, Brigadier, 290
Butler, Rab, 316, 373–374, 375
Cadogan, Alec, 189
Caffery, Jefferson, 181–182
California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC)
drilling rights Saudi Arabia and, 40–41, 46, 49–50
renamed Aramco (See Arabian American Oil Company)
Casey, Richard, 43–45, 46, 51–53, 57–58
CASOC. See California Arabian Standard Oil Company
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 120, 125, 162, 164, 213, 222, 240, 245, 283, 289, 306, 309, 313, 369
Egypt and, 179, 181, 218, 221–222, 231, 250, 369
failed coups and, 294, 297, 300–302
Iraq and, 345–346
Mosaddeq and, 188, 193–196, 201–202, 204–209
Nasser and, 254, 256, 259–260, 268, 354, 370–371
Chamoun, Camille, 309–311, 315–316, 317–318
Charles, Sir Arthur, 383
Chehab, Farid, 125
Churchill, Winston, 39, 47, 56, 77–78, 82, 116, 117, 120, 167, 198, 227, 236, 278
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 187, 188–190, 190–192, 200–201, 208
dispute over Suez base and, 215–218, 219–220
Egypt and, 14, 172–173, 174–175, 177, 178
nationalization of Suez Canal and, 275
oil and, 61–63
Roosevelt and, 2, 10, 11–13, 17–19, 20, 21–24, 35–36, 48–49
Russia and, 31–32
Suez crisis and, 281–282
Willkie and, 16–19, 19–21, 21–24, 31–32, 35–36
World War II and, 9–13
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
communism, 147, 190, 241, 260, 295–296, 301
Iraq and, 311, 336, 337, 338, 345
South Yemen and, 395
Cooper, Johnny, 364–366, 369, 371–372, 375
Copeland, Miles, 126, 221–222, 229, 232, 297, 345
coups
failed, 294–304
See also under Free Officers; Hussein; Mosaddeq; Syria; Yemen
Crossman, Richard, 2, 86–89, 90, 93–94
Cuban Missile Crisis, 351, 354, 358, 362
Cunnningham, Sir Alan, 102
Daily Mail, 287
Daily Telegraph, 256, 357, 366, 368
Darbyshire, Norman, 197–198, 199–200, 205
Dayan, Moshe, 280–281
de Gaulle, Charles, 26–27
De la Billière, Peter, 376, 380
Dean, Patrick, 282
Deane-Drummond, Tony, 331–332, 333
Delmer, Sefton, 246
Dennison, Malcolm, 334
Dhofar Liberation Front, 395
Douglas-Home, Alec (Lord Home), 289–290, 342, 353, 354, 359, 361, 370–372, 374–375, 396
Drake, Eric, 165
Duce, James Terry, 152
Dulles, Allen, 254, 256, 261–262, 267, 309
coup against Syria and, 295, 300–304
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 193–195, 198, 203
Dulles, John Foster, 193, 194, 195, 198–199, 251, 254, 306, 310, 324–325
Anglo-Egyptian agreement and, 222
Aswan Dam loan and, 260–262, 263
Baghdad Pact and, 223–225, 227–228, 230–231, 231–232, 232–234, 242, 244–245
coup against Syria and, 257, 295
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 188–190, 191–192
dispute over Suez base and, 213–215, 215–218, 218–220
nationalization of Suez Canal and, 267–269, 271–274
Suez crisis and, 279, 283, 284–285, 286–287, 291
Eddy, Bill, 72–73, 78 (photo), 79, 84
Eden, Anthony, 1–2, 4, 35–36, 39, 56, 61, 64, 72, 208–209, 250, 262, 265, 270 (photo), 301, 355
AIOC nationalization and, 168–171
Baghdad Pact and, 223–225, 227–229, 231, 234, 241–242, 244–245, 249
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 185–186, 188–190, 192
dispute over Suez base and, 216, 217–221
Egypt and, 173–174, 174–175, 177–178, 180, 182
Glubb and, 248–249
Greater Syria plan and, 116–117
Nasser and, 248–249, 251, 252–253
nationalization of Suez Canal and, 264, 265–275
Palestine statement and, 50–51
Suez crisis and, 276–278, 280–281, 281–283, 285–286, 287–293
Eden, Clarissa, 249
Edwards, Robin, 380–381
Egypt, 10, 25–26, 29, 52, 101–102, 178–181, 191, 192, 297, 321
Anglo-Egyptian agreement and, 221–222, 223, 224, 225, 233
Anglo-Egyptian dispute over Suez base and, 158, 162–163, 169, 172–173, 213–221, 221–222
anti-British insurgency and, 171–174, 174–176
Aswan Dam loan and, 260–262, 263
Baghdad Pact and, 224–227, 227–229, 229–231, 231–232, 233, 242, 243
British rule in, 13–16
British usurpation in, 181–182
Free Officers’ coup and, 179–181, 183, 186, 235, 254
Israel and, 171, 251–252, 255–256, 276–293, 389, 391, 393
MESC and, 73–75
Muslim Brotherhood and, 172, 177
nationalists and British Suez base and, 158, 162–163, 169
opposition to British forces in, 83
Six-Day War and, 389, 391, 393
Suez crisis and, 15, 169, 251, 292, 295, 296, 301–302, 341
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 125
See also Suez Canal
Egypt-Israeli peace initiative (aka Alpha peace plan), 224, 227, 231, 245, 250–251
Egypto-Saudi Pact, 259–260
Eichelberger, James, 253–256, 345
Einstein, Albert, 86–87, 87–88
Eisenhower, Dwight, 45, 241, 245, 253, 254, 259, 261, 315, 324, 336
communism in Middle East and, 295–296
coup against Syria and, 296–297, 299, 301
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 188–190, 190–192, 193–195, 199, 200–201, 209
dispute over Suez base and, 215–216, 220, 221
Egypt-Israeli peace initiative and, 250–251
nationalization of Suez Canal and, 265–269, 272, 275
Suez crisis and, 279, 284–285, 286–287, 290–291
El Alamein, 4, 10–11, 12, 13, 36, 37, 39, 42, 363
election rigging, 125
Empty Quarter. See Rub al-Khali
Eveland, Bill, 253–256, 256–259, 295, 300
Falle, Sam, 183–187, 312–315, 338–339, 388–389
Farouq, king of Egypt, 15–16, 29, 30, 174, 175, 177, 178–181, 355
Farran, Roy, 107
Federation of South Arabia, 353, 354, 356, 359–360, 373, 375, 378–379, 382, 384, 391–392
Feisal, crown prince of Saudi Arabia, 246, 259, 260, 309, 352, 358, 362
Feisal I, king of Iraq, 29, 40
Feisal II, king of Iraq, 29, 265, 307–308, 313–314
Fertile Crescent scheme, 38–41, 45, 64–65, 303. See also Greater Syria plan
Five Senators, 57–60, 62, 65, 69
A Flag Is Born (play), 99–101, 100 (photo), 104
flights, long-distance international, 77
FLOSY. See Front for the Liberation of South Yemen
Foreign Affairs, 41
Fowler, Henry, 387
France, 2–3, 26–29, 43, 55, 108–110, 116, 229, 251–252, 264, 266–268, 270–271, 276–290, 292, 321–322
Franks, Brian, 361–363
Fraser, Sir William, 148, 149–150, 157–158, 161–162
Free Officers, 216
July 1952 coup, 179–181, 183, 186, 230, 235, 254
Front for the Liberation of South Yemen (FLOSY), 388, 389
Funkhouser, Richard, 152–153
Gaitskell, Hugh, 165, 248, 271, 273, 287, 288, 317
Gandhi, Mahatma, 155
Gazier, Albert, 276–278
Gidel, Gilbert, 149–150
Gillette, Guy, 82, 83–84, 97–98, 99
Glubb, Sir John (aka Glubb Pasha), 246–250, 247 (photo), 269, 277, 355
Greater Syria plan, 116–118, 120–124, 142–143. See also Fertile Crescent Scheme
Greenwood, Arthur, 382
Grey, Sir Edward, 164
Gromyko, Andrei, 303
Haganah, 43–44, 85, 87, 91–93, 100, 106–107
Hamilton, John, 180
Harriman, Averill, 166
Hashemites, 29, 34, 38, 40–41, 80, 115–116, 120, 121, 144–145, 252, 253, 260, 301, 308, 311, 313, 318, 335–336, 341
Hassan (brother of Imam Ahmad of Yemen), 349–350, 351–352, 354
Head, Antony, 220, 288–289, 292–293
Healey, Denis, 381–382, 384, 385–386, 394
Heath, Edward, 396
Heath, Maurice, 330–331
Hecht, Ben, 99–100, 105–106, 109
Henderson, Edward, 139
Henderson, Loy, 198–199, 206, 302
Hiram, Dan, 372
Hitler, Adolf, 10, 11, 12, 30, 35, 177, 272, 360
Home, Lord. See Douglas-Home, Alec
Hoover, Herbert, 267
Hopkins, Harold, 18
Hoskins, Franklin, 54–55
Hoskins, Harold, 44–45, 47, 48, 50, 52–53, 54–55, 56–57, 72
Hull, Cordell, 52–53, 55–57, 59–60, 61–62, 71, 72
Hurley, Patrick, 47, 48, 49, 50, 56
Hussein, king of Jordan, 241–242, 246–248, 258–259, 277, 283, 300, 315, 316–317, 318, 351–352, 354, 357, 358, 359, 382
bribery and subversion and, 245–246
coup attempt against, 296–299
creation of Arab Union and, 308
loan and, 307–308
plot to assassinate, 313–314
Yemen and, 362
Hussein, sharif of Mecca, 40, 115–116
Ibn Saud, 46, 48–50, 67, 78, 78 (photo), 214, 259
CASOC and controlling stake and, 55–57
Fertile Crescent Scheme and, 40–41
Greater Syria plan and, 117–118, 122–124
Jewish immigrants to Palestine and, 77–79, 79–80, 84
oil in Rub al-Khali and, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133–134, 136, 138–140, 141–147, 151–153
oil royalties and taxes and, 141–147, 151–153
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119, 127
Ickes, Harold, 46–47, 50, 55–57, 59–60, 61, 77
Ilyan, Michael, 257–258, 294, 299
Imam of Oman, 135, 139, 323, 325, 334, 367
imperial preference, 12, 12n, 23
imperialism/colonialism, 20, 25–36, 172, 278, 303, 321, 389
Ingledow, Tony, 388–389
IPC. See Iraq Petroleum Company
IPC pipeline. See under Iraq Petroleum Company
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 183–192, 193–209
oil, and British-led boycott of, 170, 194
oil concessions in, 147–151, 164–165, 196
oil nationalization and, 154–167, 168–171
oil royalties and, 147 (see also AIOC)
See also Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
Iraq, 2, 29–30, 143, 257, 277, 307
Baghdad Pact and, 223–226, 227–229, 230, 241
collapse of Hashemite regime in, 318
communism and, 311, 336, 337, 338, 345
Greater Syria plan and, 122, 123–124
Kuwait and, 335–346
revolution in, 311–315
Russia and, 337
See also Turco-Iraqi Pact
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 30, 60, 61, 241, 328, 344–345
IPC pipeline and, Syrian sabotage of, 291, 293, 302
oil in Rub al-Khali and, 129, 131, 134–137, 137–138, 139
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119–120, 307
Baghdad Pact and, 228, 229, 231
invasion of Egypt and, 276–293
Jordan overflights and, 316–317
Nasser’s opposition to, 251–252, 253
1948 war and, 171
Six-Day War and, 389, 391, 393
special operations against Egypt by, 255–256
See also Egypt-Israeli peace initiative
Israeli peace initiative, 253–256
Jalali, Ali, 197, 204, 205–206
Jaysh al Abyad (White Army), 356
Jebel Akhdar, 325–326, 329, 330–331, 333, 334, 349, 364, 380
Jerusalem, British Officers’ Club bombing in, 103–104, 105
Jewish Agency, 34–35, 37–38, 43, 81, 89, 90, 91–93, 102, 103–104, 107, 116
Jewish immigrants/refugees. See under Palestine
Jewish paramilitary organizations. See Haganah; Irgun; Stern Gang
Jewish state in Palestine, 33–36, 37–39, 42–43, 47, 48–55, 76–94, 95–111. See also Balfour Declaration; Biltmore Program; Middle East Economic Council; Middle East Supply Centre; Revisionists; Zionists/Zionism
Jews, Nazi atrocities against, 28, 34, 35, 82
JIC. See Joint Intelligence Committee
Johnson, Lyndon, 371, 374, 385, 387, 394, 395–396
Johnston, Charles, 354, 363, 364
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 340–341, 342
Jordan, 117, 277, 283–284, 307, 316–317, 318
Baghdad Pact and, 223–224, 228–229, 241–245
coup against Hussein and, 296–299
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119
UAR in, 313
Jordan, Stanley, 70–73
Jumblatt, Kamal, 310
Kalthoum, Umm, 222
Karimi, Zand, 202
Kashani, Abol-Ghasem, 158
Kashani, Ayatollah, 184, 187–188, 195–196, 201–202, 206
Keeler, Christine, 364
Kennedy, John F., 344–345, 346, 351–352, 362
Yemen and, 358, 359–360, 370–371
Keyvani, Faruq, 197, 204, 205–206
Khormaksar airport, 380–381, 389
Khrushchev, Nikita, 233, 302, 303–304, 341
King David Hotel bombing, 1946, 93–94, 95, 96, 98, 102, 104
Kirkbride, Alec, 117, 122, 124
Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 265–266
Kirkuk, 337
Komer, Robert, 345, 346, 351–352, 358, 375
Kook, Hillel (aka Peter Bergson), 95–96, 97–98, 99, 101, 104
Korean War, 147
Kurdish rebellion, 344
crisis of 1961, 353
Iraq and, 335–346
oil in, 62, 292, 323, 332, 335, 339
Labour government, 86
Lampson, Miles, (Lord Killearn) 15–16, 57, 65, 68, 171, 174
Landis, James, 65–66, 65 (photo), 66–69, 71–72, 73–75, 121
Lansing, Robert, 189
Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia), 29, 38, 116, 117, 124
Baghdad Pact and, 228–229, 241
Greater Syria plan and, 122
revolution in, 315–316, 317–318
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119, 125
Lend-Lease Act, 17–18, 21, 23, 34, 41, 42, 46, 48, 49, 57–60, 109
Little, Tom, 389
Liwa oasis, 131–132, 136, 137–139
Lloyd, Selwyn, 244, 248, 252–253, 254, 256, 260–261, 310–311, 313, 335, 348
coup against Syria and, 296, 301
nationalization of Suez Canal and, 267–268, 269, 273
Suez crisis and, 276, 280–281, 281–282, 283–284, 284–285, 289, 290, 292
Love, Kennett, 204
MacMichael, Sir Harold, 27
Macmillan, Harold, 169, 175–176, 178, 182, 189–190, 238–240, 315–318, 340, 348, 364, 370
Baghdad Pact and, 231–232, 232–234, 241–244, 249
Chamoun and, 310–311
Hussein and, 296
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and, 343
Suez Canal/Suez crisis and, 267–268, 271, 273, 278, 279, 292, 293
Syria and, 240–241, 301–302, 304
Yemen and, 351, 352–354, 357–358, 358–360
MacNamara, Robert, 385
Maher, Ali, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 283
Majali, Hazza al-, 243
Marshall, George, 110, 117–121, 125
“mascots,” 329
McCarthy, Joseph, 196, 198–199
McGhee, George, 144–147, 151–152, 156, 160–162, 167
McLean, Billy, 354–360, 361–363, 365–367, 371–372
Mead, James, 57–58
Meade, Stephen, 125–126
Mehdi the Butcher, 184
MESC. See Middle East Supply Centre
MI6, 45, 193, 224, 225, 238, 253–255, 256, 271, 311, 327, 334, 341–342, 354–355
Iranian oil and, nationalization of, 155, 164, 167
Jewish immigration/Jewish State and, 85–86, 90, 104, 107
Mosaddeq and, 184, 192, 196–198, 205, 207–208
Yemen and, 368–370
Middle East Economic Council, 42, 51–52, 61
Middle East Oil, 239
Middle East Supply Centre (MESC), 41–43, 45, 46, 48, 51–52, 61, 63, 66–69, 73–75, 130
Ministry of Information, 45
Mitchell, Colin, 390–391
Mohammad the Simpleton, 184
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 231
Montgomery, Bernard, 14 (photo), 16, 92, 102
Morrison, Herbert, 161, 162, 163–164, 166–167
Morrison-Grady Plan, 96, 98–99
Mosaddeq, Mohammed, 2, 150, 155–167, 157 (photo), 169–170, 175, 254, 264, 322
coup attempt against, 183–192, 193–209, 215, 302, 312
Mott-Radclyffe, Charles, 219
Mountbatten, Lord, 242
Moyne, Lord, 39, 40, 64–65, 71–73, 76, 116–117
Murphy, Robert, 267–268
Murray, Wallace, 61, 62, 69, 70–71
Muscat, 321, 322, 326–329, 331–332, 333, 334
Muslim Brotherhood, 172, 177, 216, 225, 355
Nabulsi, Suleiman, 296–298, 299
Narriman, queen of Egypt, 178–179
Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 4, 181, 214, 219 (photo), 242–243, 245, 297, 299, 303, 312, 322, 334, 339
Anglo-Egyptian agreement and, 222
assassination of, 308
Aswan Dam loan and, 260–262, 263
Baghdad Pact and, 224–233
communist China and, 260
Egypt-Israeli peace initiative and, 250–251
FLOSY and, 388
Hashemites’ Arab Union and, 313
Israel and, 251–252, 253, 389, 391, 393
Lebanon and, 315
removal of, 251–253, 254–255, 256, 258, 276–293, 308, 355
Russia/Soviet Union and, 239, 351
Saudi Arabia and, 352
Six-Day War and, 389, 391, 393
Suez Canal/Suez base and, 216–218, 218–221, 263–275, 291
Syrian communism and, 305–306
Yemen and, 348–360, 361–362, 367–369, 370–371, 374–376, 385–386, 387, 392
National Liberation Front (NFL), 378–384, 379n, 388–392
nationalism/nationalization, 239
Aden and, 348
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and, 154–167, 168–171
Arab, 296
British Suez base and, 158, 162–163, 169
Iranian oil and, 154–167, 168–171
Suez Canal and, 263–275
Nazi atrocities, 28, 34, 35, 82
Neguib, Mohammed, 179–180, 182, 187, 192, 213–216, 218–220, 219 (photo), 221
Neutrality Acts, 17
New York Post, 99
New York Times, 48, 53, 61, 93, 95, 96, 106, 126, 204, 218, 256–257, 259
NFL. See National Liberation Front
Nixon, Richard, 336
Northern Tier, 215, 223, 225. See also Baghdad Pact
Nutting, Anthony, 252–253, 254, 276–277, 280, 281
Nuwar, Ali Abu, 277, 297–298, 299
Observer, 298
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 44–45, 120–121, 197
oil, 3–4, 49–50, 52, 54, 61–63, 239
in Abu Dhabi, 236
in Aden, 348
embargo, 393
in Kuwait, 62, 292, 322, 323, 335, 339
Lend-Lease Act and, 57–60
in Qatar, 292
in Rub al-Khali, 128–140, 141–147, 151–153
Trans-Arabian pipeline (or Tapline) and, 61, 77, 118–120, 125–127, 152, 307
See also AIOC; Aramco; CASOC; IPC; Saudi oil; under Iran
in Iran, 147–151, 164–165, 196
in Oman, 129, 134–135, 137, 138
in Saudi Arabia, 3–4, 46, 49–50, 55–56, 59–60, 70, 72, 133–134, 141–147, 151–153
Oman, 321–334, 364, 366, 395–397
oil concessions in, 129, 134–135, 137, 138
oil in Rub al-Khali and, 129, 132, 134–135, 137–139, 143
See also Jebel Akhdar; Muscat; Nizwa; Sohar
Omega peace plan, 253
One World (Willkie), 87
Operation Agatha, 92–93
Operation Bonaparte, 239
Operation Eagle, 176
Operation Fat Fucker, 179
Operation Musketeer, 267
Operation Nutcracker, 380
Operation Pile-Up, 274
Operation Vantage, 340–341
OSS. See Office of Strategic Services
Pacific Western Oil Company, 152
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry and, 85, 86–90
Arab-Jewish conflict and, 28–29, 45, 49, 58
end of British rule in, 101–103
Jewish immigrants/refugees to, 28, 34, 35, 48, 76–94
Jewish state in, 33–36, 37–39, 42–43, 47, 48–55, 76–94, 95–111
King David Hotel bombing and, 93–94, 95, 96, 98, 102, 104
partition and, 64, 108–111, 125
Zionist claim to, 79, 80 (see also Zionists/Zionism)
See also Greater Syria plan
Palestine statement, 50–53
Pearson, Lester, 288
People’s Front for the Liberation of the Arabian Gulf, 396
People’s Republic of South Yemen, 395
People’s Socialist Party (PSP), 378–379, 379n, 382–383, 388
Persian Gulf, 2
British departure from, 393–394, 395–396
Petroleum Reserves Corporation, 50, 61
Philby, St. John, 132
Pineau, Christian, 267, 269, 276, 280–281, 281–282
Powell, Enoch, 1–2
Pravda, 230
PSP. See People’s Socialist Party
Qaboos, Sultan, 396
Qasim, Abdel Karim, 314, 335–346, 344 (photo)
Qatar, 129, 131, 137, 139, 143, 235, 292
Quwatly, Shukri, 123, 125, 126, 240–241, 255, 294, 296, 299, 300, 306–307
“Ramadan Offensive,” 362
Rashidian, Asadollah, 183–184, 185, 187, 197, 201–202
Rashidian family, 183, 197, 206, 208
Razmara, Ali, 150–151, 157–159
Red Line Agreement, 60–61, 119
Restoration Plot, 355
Revisionists, 34–35, 38, 45, 51
Revolutionary Command Council, 216, 221
revolutions, 305–318
Reza, Mohammed, shah of Iran, 30, 150–151, 154–155, 183–185, 193–195, 197, 199–207, 203 (photo), 396
Roosevelt, Archie, 258–259, 259–260, 299
Roosevelt, Franklin, 9–13, 45, 66, 78 (photo), 120, 189, 190, 253
Churchill and, 2, 10, 11–13, 17–19, 20, 21–24, 35–36, 48–49
death of, 80
elections and, 13, 17, 21, 22, 24, 32, 33–34, 35–36, 76–77
Hoskins and, 44–45
Jewish immigrants to Palestine and, 76–77, 77–79, 79–80, 84, 87, 97–99
Lend-Lease Act and, 58–59, 109
Middle East and, 23–24
oil and, 61–63
Willkie and, 13, 17, 21–24, 35–36
Roosevelt, Kermit “Kim,” 2, 120–124, 178–179, 250, 254, 259–260, 299
Anglo-Egyptian agreement and, 221–222
Hussein and, 297
Mosaddeq and, 197, 198–199, 200–203, 204–209
Suez base and, 218
Rub al-Khali (aka Empty Quarter)
oil in, 128–140, 141–147, 151–153
survey of, 130–140
Rusk, Dean, 371, 373, 374, 375, 394
Russell, Richard, 59
Russia, 31–32, 147, 205, 337, 351, 356, 357
Aswan Dam loan and, 260–262, 263
Baghdad Pact and, 222, 224, 225, 229–231, 231–232, 233–234
Suez Canal/Suez crisis and, 268, 272, 276, 285, 291–292
Yemen and, 350–351, 362–363, 367–368, 370, 395
See also Soviet Union
Sabri, Ali, 179
Said, Nuri, 29, 265, 278, 311–314
Baghdad Pact and, 224–226, 227–228, 230, 234
Fertile Crescent Scheme and, 38–39, 40–41, 45
Syrian oil pipeline threat and, 240–241
Said bin Taimur, sultan of Muscat and Oman, 328–329, 331, 332, 395, 396
SAL. See South Arabian League
Salem, Salah, 219 (photo)
Sallal, Abdullah, 350, 354, 357, 382
Sanaa, 350, 351–354, 357–359, 362, 367, 370, 373–374, 376
Sandys, Duncan, 323, 348, 354, 359, 364, 374, 375, 379, 381
Sarraj, Abdul Hamid, 294, 299, 300, 303
SAS. See Special Air Service
Saud, king of Saudi Arabia, 236, 241, 246, 259–260, 296, 298–299, 303, 304
Arab Union and, 308
Israeli peace initiative and, 253
loan and, 307–308
Nizwa and, 323
UAR and, 308–309
Saud, prince of Saudi Arabia, 117
Saudi Arabia, 69–73, 145, 240–248, 255
Buraimi and, 143, 235–238, 238–240
corruption, bribery, and subversion in, 70, 237, 238, 240–241, 243, 245–246, 249
demand for Tapline protection and, 144
Iranian oil threat and, 194
Yemen and, 351–352, 356–360, 361–376
Anglo-Iranian and American consortium and, 208–209
CASOC and, 40–41, 46–47, 49–50, 55–57, 59–60
neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, 141
oil concessions and, 3–4, 46, 49–50, 55–56, 59–60, 70, 72, 133–134, 141–147, 151–153
oil reserves, revenues, royalties, and taxes and, 141–147, 151–153, 240, 241, 395
in Rub al-Khali, 128–140, 141–147, 151–153
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 61, 77, 118–120, 119, 125–127
See also Aramco
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 200
SCUA, 276
Selassie, Haile, 130
Shaban the Brainless, 184, 195
Shakhbut, Sheikh, 131, 134, 135, 138, 140, 236–237, 329, 334
Sharif of Beihan, 371
Shawcross, Sir Hartley, 237
Shepilov, Dmitri, 230
Shuckburgh, Evelyn, 170, 188, 192, 220, 233, 240, 242, 248–249, 286
Sinclair, Sir John, 193, 194, 197, 207–208
Slade-Baker, John, 271, 274, 311
Smiley, David, 327, 328, 329–330, 332, 333, 334, 366–369
Soames, Christopher, 330
SOE. See Special Operations Executive
Sohar, 329–330
South Arabia, 352, 377, 378, 381, 387–389, 397
South Arabian League (SAL), 379, 379n
South Yemen, 395
Soviet Union, 215, 239. See also Russia
Spears, Sir Louis, 27
Special Air Service (SAS), 130, 331–334, 361, 364, 380–381
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 45, 130, 139, 197, 327, 354
Spectator, 244
Stalin, Joseph, 11, 31–32, 62, 77–78, 200
Stern Gang, 85, 87, 90–92, 100, 107, 277
Stevenson, Adlai, 374
Stirling, David, 361, 363–366, 369
Stokes, Richard, 166
Stone, Rocky, 202–203, 300–301
Suez Canal, 14–15, 27–28, 78, 83, 175, 393
Anglo-Egyptian agreement and, 221–222, 223, 224, 225, 233
Anglo-Egyptian dispute over Suez base and, 158, 162–163, 169, 172–173, 213–221
attempt to regain Western control of, 276–293
British Suez base, 101–102, 158, 162–163, 169, 172–173, 347
nationalization of, 263–275
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119
Suez Canal Users’ Association (SCUA), 272–274
Suez crisis, 15, 169, 251, 276–293, 295, 296, 301–302, 341
Sultan of Muscat, 134–135, 138–140, 321, 322, 323
Sultan of Oman, 235–236, 237, 364, 366
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 26
Syria, 26–27, 122, 143, 146, 224–225, 226, 228–229, 297
communism and, 296, 299, 305–306
coup against, 254–256, 256–259, 294–296, 299–304
Fertile Crescent Scheme and, 38, 40, 41
IPC pipeline threat and, 240–241, 291, 293, 302
presidential election and, 240–241
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119, 125–127
UAR and, 306–307, 339, 349, 351
See also Greater Syria plan
Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, 55
Talal, king of Jordan, 241
Talib (brother of Imam of Oman), 323, 325, 332, 333, 334, 367
Tapline. See Trans-Arabian Pipeline
Texaco, 56–57
Thesiger, Wilfred, 128–140, 133 (photo), 235, 326, 328–329, 341
Thorneycroft, Peter, 374
Trans-Arabian Pipeline (aka Tapline), 61, 77, 118–120, 125–127, 144, 152, 307
Treaty of Sib, 322
Trevaskis, Sir Kennedy, 379–380, 382
Trevelyan, Humphrey, 336, 337–338, 341–342, 389, 391–392
Tripartite Declaration, 251, 277, 283, 286–287
Trucial Sheikhdoms, 129, 134, 138, 143, 321
Truman, Harry, 92, 117, 125, 143, 144, 145, 171, 189, 190, 191
AIOC nationalization and, 165, 166
coup attempt against Mosaddeq and, 187–188
Egypt and, 174–175
Jewish immigrants to Palestine and, 80–86, 88–89, 95–96, 98–99, 100–101, 106
Lend-Lease and oil and, 58–59
Morrison-Grady plan and, 98–99
Trans-Arabian Pipeline and, 119
Truman Committee, 80
Tuhami, Hassan, 230
Turco-Iraqi Pact, 225, 226–229
Turco-Pakistani Agreement, 223–226
Turnbull, Sir Richard, 383–384, 389
Turp, Robert, 372–373
“Twilight of the Gods,” 167
UAR. See United Arab Republic
UN Atomic Energy Commission, 109
UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), 103, 108
United Arab Republic (UAR), 306–311, 313, 339, 349, 351. See also Egypt; Syria
United Nations, 43, 236, 283, 317–318, 330, 331, 352, 386–387
AIOC nationalization and, 167
nationalization of Suez Canal and, 273, 274
Palestine and, 89, 96, 102–103, 107, 108–111, 117, 125
Suez crisis and, 287, 289, 291
Yemen and, 362, 365, 367, 368, 369
Vandenberg, Arthur, 21
Victoria, queen, 348
Vietnam War, 348, 351, 368, 374, 385, 387, 394
British Officers’ Club bombing in Jerusalem and, 103–104, 105
King David Hotel bombings in Palestine and, 90–94
Visscher, Charles de, 236–238
Voice of the Arabs, 243, 248, 252, 312, 325, 348
Wall Street Journal, 187
Wallace, Henry, 20
Warburton, Nick, 380
Weill, Kurt, 99
Weizmann, Chaim, 48, 50, 55–57, 88, 91
Wilber, Donald N., 197–198, 199–200, 205
Williams, Esther, 181
Willkie, Wendell C., 14 (photo), 29–30, 42, 47, 66, 87, 92, 154
British rule in Egypt and, 13–16
Churchill and, 16–19, 19–21, 21–24, 31–32, 35–36
election and, 13, 17, 21, 22, 24, 32, 33–34, 35–36, 76
long-distance international flights and, 77
Roosevelt and, 21–24, 32, 33, 35–36
Russia and, 31–32
Wilson, Harold, 381–382, 384–387, 393–394, 396
World War I, 2–3
World War II
Anglo-American relations during, 9–24
second front in Western Europe, 31–32
Wright, Michael, 312–313, 315, 341
Yemen, 348–376, 387, 395, 397. See also Aden
Yemeni Arab Republic, 351
Zahedi, Fazlollah, 184, 185–188, 195, 197, 199–203, 204–207, 300
Zayid, Sheikh, 134, 140, 236, 237, 240
Zia Tabatabai, Seyyid, 183–184, 185
Zionist Organization, 48
Zionists/Zionism, 4, 34–35, 37–38, 43–44, 48–50, 51, 52–53, 79, 80–82, 88, 97. See also Irgun; Stern Gang
Zog, King, 355