ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES
CAC: Churchill Archives Centre
FRUS: Foreign Relations of the United States
HC Deb: House of Commons, debates
IOR: India Office Records
MEC: Middle East Centre Archive
TNA: The National Archives
CHAPTER 1: THE BEGINNING OF THE END
1. A good example of chiasmus. All the quotes from Churchill’s speech come from “‘Great Design’ in Africa,” Times (London), Nov. 11, 1942.
2. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, 344.
3. HC Deb, July 2, 1942, vol. 381, c. 528. The speaker was Aneurin Bevan.
4. Hassall, Edward Marsh, 484.
5. Willkie, One World, 4; FRUS, 1942, vol. 4, 72, Kirk to Hull, Feb. 16, 1942. This was an incomplete explanation, as Rommel had cracked the cypher used by the U.S. military attaché, who was wiring reports of British plans to Washington (TNA, FO 1093/238, Stockholm to Foreign Office, Aug. 13, 1942).
6. Mangold, What the British Did, 6.
7. Willkie, One World, 16.
8. Evans, The Killearn Diaries, 215, 218, Feb. 4–5, 1942.
9. Willkie, One World, 5; TNA, PREM 4/27/1, “Willkie at the Front,” Collier’s Magazine, Oct. 24, 1942.
10. Willkie, One World, 14–15.
11. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, 500. Churchill’s letter was dated Dec. 8, 1940.
12. Neal, Dark Horse, 187–188.
13. Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 200; Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, 23.
14. Gilbert, Churchill and America, 41; Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 51; Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, 23; “Willkie in Air Raid, Forgets His Tin Hat,” The Republic, Jan. 28, 1941.
15. TNA, PREM 4/26/6, memorandum June 6, 1941.
16. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, 23.
17. Neal, Dark Horse, 196–197; Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 75.
18. “Willkie, Home, Sees Peace for Us in Help to Britain,” New York Times, Feb. 10, 1941; “Mr Churchill on Next Phase of War,” Times (London), Feb. 10, 1941.
19. “Verbatim Testimony of Wendell Willkie in Answer to Questions Put to Him by Senators,” New York Times, Feb. 12, 1941.
20. Neal, Dark Horse, 208–209.
21. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, 617.
22. “Mr Churchill on a Symbolic Meeting,” Times (London), Aug. 25, 1941; HC Deb, Sept. 9, 1941, vol. 374, c. 69.
23. FRUS, 1944, vol. 3, 62, Hull to Roosevelt, Sept. 30, 1944.
CHAPTER 2: THE OLD IMPERIALISTIC ORDER
1. Fielding, One Man in His Time, 27; Cooper, Cairo in the War, 82.
2. Willkie, One World, 21, 27; “One World,” Life, Apr. 26, 1943.
3. Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre, 4H 314, Proclamation du Général Catroux, faite au nom du Général de Gaulle, chef des Français Libres, June 8, 1941; “One World,” Life, Apr. 26, 1943.
4. Mott-Radclyffe, Foreign Body in the Eye, 109.
5. Willkie, One World, 16; TNA, FO 1093/238, Menzies (SIS) to Loxley, Nov. 17, 1942.
6. TNA, FO 608/107/2, “The strategic importance of Syria to the British Empire,” Dec. 9, 1918.
7. Segev, One Palestine Complete, 147.
8. Willkie, One World, 23–24.
9. Cowles, Mike Looks Back, 78.
10. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Oct. 23, 1954; Harvey, ed., The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 319, Nov. 4, 1943; TNA, FO 1093/373, Menzies (SIS) to Sargent, Feb. 19, 1948
11. Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, 154; Willkie, One World, 19.
12. Willkie, One World, 30.
13. Willkie, One World, 30.
14. HC Deb, Sept. 29, 1942, vol. 383, c. 667.
15. TNA, PREM 4/27/1, “Note of What Mr Wendell Willkie said to Mr AJ Toynbee at Mr TW Lamont’s House in New York on the 27th October 1942”; Neal, Dark Horse, 251.
16. Neal, Dark Horse, 260.
17. TNA, PREM 4/27/1, US Office of War Information, Willkie’s Report to the people, Oct. 26, 1942.
18. TNA, FO 371/61856. Official U.S. figures estimated the Jewish population in 1941 at 4,893,748.
19. “On Red Prisoners and Poles,” Life, Feb. 23, 1942.
20. Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy, 444.
21. “Palestine Project Pushed by Senator,” New York Times, Nov. 2, 1942.
22. TNA, PREM 4/27/1, minute by Churchill, Nov. 5, 1942.
23. “Old Imperialistic Order,” Times (London), Nov. 18, 1942; TNA, PREM 4/27/1, Halifax to Eden and Churchill, Nov. 19, 1942.
CHAPTER 3: HEADING FOR TROUBLE
1. “Biltmore Declaration Will Be Principal Zionist Demand at Peace Conference,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Nov. 27, 1942; TNA, CAB 66/37/46, Casey, “Palestine,” Apr. 21, 1943.
2. Rathmell, Secret War in the Middle East, 12.
3. Rhodes James, Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon, 396, Nov. 7, 1944; Eden, Another World, 132–133.
4. CAC, Amery Papers 2/2/19, Moyne to Amery, Feb. 16 and Jan. 21, 1943.
5. FRUS, 1941, vol. 3, 643, Roosevelt to Jones, July 18, 1941; Anderson, Aramco, the United States, and Saudi Arabia, 33.
6. CAC, Amery Papers 6/3/101, Moyne to Birdie Amery, Dec. 30, 1942; Morton, Buraimi, 10.
7. Magnes, “Toward Peace in Palestine,” 248.
8. Thomas, The Diplomatic Game, 10.
9. “Supply Centre,” The Economist, Mar. 13, 1943; TNA, CAB 66/9/2, Middle East War Council, conclusions, May 19, 1943.
10. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 772, Pinkerton to Hull, Apr. 17, 1943; TNA, CAB 66/37/46, Casey, “Palestine,” Apr. 17, 1943.
11. TNA, CAB 66/37/46, Casey, “Palestine,” Apr. 21, 1943.
12. TNA, CAB 66/37/46, Casey, “Palestine,” Apr. 21, 1943.
13. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 781–785, Hull to Roosevelt, May 7, 1943, enclosing “Summary of Lieutenant Colonel Harold B Hoskins’ Report on the Near East.”
14. TNA, CAB 66/39/2, Casey, “British Policy in the Middle East,” July 12, 1943.
15. Davis, “Keeping the Americans in Line?,” 107; FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 856, Kirk to Hull, Jan. 18, 1943.
16. Yergin, The Prize, 397; Davis, “Keeping the Americans in Line?,” 111.
17. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 778–780, Hurley to Roosevelt, May 5, 1943.
18. Medoff, Militant Zionism in America, 90; O’Sullivan, FDR and the End of Empire, 86.
19. Dockter, Churchill and the Islamic World, 235–236.
20. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 773–775, King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud to Roosevelt.
21. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 786–787, Hull to Kirk, May 26, 1943, enclosing Roosevelt to King Ibn Saud.
22. Noel Busch, “The King of Arabia,” Life, May 31, 1943.
23. Randall, “Harold Ickes and United States Foreign Petroleum Policy Planning, 1939–1945,” 375.
24. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 793, memorandum by Weizmann, June 12, 1943.
25. TNA, CAB 66/36/50, Eden, “Palestine,” May 10, 1943.
26. TNA, CAB 195/2, meeting of July 2, 1943.
27. TNA, CAB 195/2, meeting of July 14, 1943.
28. TNA, CAB 195/2, meeting of July 14, 1943.
CHAPTER 4: SHEEP’S EYES
1. Field, “Trade, Skills and Sympathy,” 6.
2. Crossman, Palestine Mission, 181.
3. Hart, Saudi Arabia and the United States, 38; FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 931, Hull to Roosevelt, July 6, 1943.
4. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 796, Hull to Hoskins, July 7, 1943.
5. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 936, Kirk to Hull, July 27, 1943.
6. Evans, Killearn Diaries, Aug. 18, 1943; Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 212.
7. “US Post-War Policy,” Times (London), Oct. 1, 1943.
8. Congressional Record—Senate, Oct. 28, 1943, 8864.
9. “American Resources after the War,” Times (London), Nov. 6, 1943.
10. FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, 942, Hull to Ickes, Nov. 13, 1943.
11. Harvey, The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey, 332, Feb. 19, 1944.
12. Yergin, The Prize, 401.
13. FRUS, 1944, vol. 3, 100–101, Churchill to Roosevelt, Feb. 20, 1944.
14. FRUS, 1944, vol. 3, 101–103, Roosevelt to Churchill, Feb. 22, 1944, Churchill to Roosevelt, Feb. 25, 1944, Roosevelt to Churchill, Mar. 3, 1944, Churchill to Roosevelt, Mar. 4, 1944.
CHAPTER 5: A PRETTY TOUGH NUT
1. Wagner, “Britain and the Jewish Underground, 1944–46,” 65.
2. TNA, FO 921/229, Killearn to Peterson, Feb. 18, 1944; Killearn to Moyne, Mar. 29, 1944.
3. Ritchie, James M. Landis, 121.
4. Ritchie, James M. Landis, 124–125.
5. Landis, “Anglo-American Co-operation in the Middle East,” 69, 67.
6. Roosevelt, Countercoup, 35–36; TNA, FO 921/229, Killearn to Peterson, Mar. 16, 1944.
7. TNA, FO 921/229, Moyne to Foreign Office, Mar. 29, 1944.
8. IOR, R/15/1/377, Conversations with Mr Wallace Murray Regarding the Middle East.
9. TNA, CAB 110/185, “Note for Discussion: Future Regional Economic Organisation in the M.E.,” 26 May 1944; TNA, CAB 195/2, meeting of July 14, 1944; CAC, Amery Papers 2/2/19, Moyne to Amery, June 19, 1944.
10. Hinds, “Anglo-American Relations in Saudi Arabia, 1941–1945,” 136.
11. FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, 697, Hull to Winant, May 1, 1944.
12. TNA, FO 921/192, Moyne to Foreign Office, July 5, 1944.
13. Vitalis, America’s Kingdom, 79.
14. TNA, FO 921/192, Jordan to Eden, Sept. 6, 1944; Moyne, minutes, Sept. 13, 1944.
15. TNA, CAB 110/185, minutes of meeting, Oct. 10, 1944.
16. “Talks in Cairo,” Daily Express (London), Oct. 27, 1944.
17. TNA, CAB 110/185, minutes of a meeting on Oct. 11, 1944; “List of Commodities for which MESC recommendations should continue in the Middle East,” n.d.
18. Wilmington, The Middle East Supply Centre, 165; Ritchie, James M. Landis, 127.
CHAPTER 6: THE JEWISH PROBLEM
1. O’Sullivan, FDR and the End of Empire, 120; TNA, FO 141/1001, Clayton, memorandum, Nov. 14, 1944.
2. FRUS, 1945, vol., 2, Memorandum of Conversation between Ibn Saud and Roosevelt, Feb. 14, 1945.
3. Brands, Inside the Cold War, 166.
4. FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, 2, Memorandum of Conversation between Ibn Saud and Roosevelt, Feb. 14, 1945.
5. “Texts of Letters Exchanged by Ibn Saud and Roosevelt,” New York Times, Oct. 19, 1945.
6. Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, 16; FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, 707, Truman to Abdullah, May 17, 1945.
7. Ovendale, “The Palestine Policy of the British Labour Government, 1945–46,” 413; Ottolenghi, “Harry Truman’s Recognition of Israel,” 969.
8. Report of Earl G. Harrison on his “Mission to Europe to inquire into the conditions and needs of those among the displaced persons in the liberated countries of Western Europe and in the SHAEF area of Germany—with particular reference to the Jewish refugees—who may possibly be stateless or non-repatriable,” n.d.
9. Harris, Attlee, 390.
10. Cohen, “The Genesis of the Anglo-American Committee on Palestine, November 1945,” 190.
11. FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, 737–740, Truman to Attlee, Aug. 31, 1945, and Attlee to Truman, Sept. 14, 16, 1945.
12. “Palestine ‘Pledge’ Denied by Truman,” New York Times, Sept. 27, 1945.
13. “Palestine ‘Pledge’ Denied by Truman,” New York Times, Sept. 27, 1945.
14. FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, 764, Henderson, memorandum, Oct. 10, 1945.
15. FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, 769–770, Byrnes to Eddy, Oct. 13, 1945, enclosing a message from Truman to Ibn Saud.
16. TNA, KV, 3/443-2, Extract from CX report No. 54, Oct. 17, 1945; FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, 777, memorandum of a conversation between Byrnes and Halifax, Oct. 19, 1945.
17. TNA, CAB 195/3 part 2, meeting of Nov. 13, 1945.
18. MEC, Crossman Papers, “The Palestine Report,” speech to RIIA, June 13, 1946.
19. Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, 130.
20. Crossman, Palestine Mission, 126.
21. Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, 25, 9.
22. Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, 213, 170; Crossman, Palestine Mission, 42.
23. TNA, CAB 129/9, Report by the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Apr. 20, 1946.
24. TNA, CAB 195/4, meeting of Apr. 20, 1946.
25. “Text of President Truman’s Statement on Report by Committee on Palestine,” New York Times, May 1, 1946.
26. “Government Studying the Palestine Report,” Times (London), May 2, 1946.
27. Rose, ‘A Senseless Squalid War’, 93.
28. “Sabotage and Violence in Palestine,” Times (London), July 25, 1946; Crossman, Palestine Mission, 139, Mar. 11, 1946; MEC, Crossman Papers, Singleton, “Public Security,” Apr. 9, 1946.
29. Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers, 267.
30. Cesarani, Major Farran’s Hat, 39.
31. Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers, 282–283.
32. “Firm British Action in Palestine,” Times (London), July 2, 1946.
33. “Jerusalem Bomb Kills 41 in Attack on British Offices,” “Bombed Hotel Property of New York Corporation,” New York Times, July 23, 1946.
34. MEC, Crossman Papers, Shaw to Crossman, Aug. 2, 1946.
35. TNA, CAB 195/4, meeting of July 23, 1946.
CHAPTER 7: FIGHT FOR PALESTINE
1. TNA, CO 537/1738, New York Post, July 29, 1946.
2. “Divided Palestine Is Urged by Anglo-US Cabinet Body, Delaying Entry of 100,000,” New York Times, July 26, 1946.
3. “Statement by Mr Truman,” Times (London), July 24, 1946.
4. TNA, CO 537/1738, press advertisement, July 2, 1946.
5. TNA, FO 371/52595, Halifax to Foreign Office, Mar. 6, 1946.
6. “Gillette Blames Policy,” New York Times, July 24, 1946.
7. Barr, A Line in the Sand, 329.
8. Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy, 488.
9. Medoff, Militant Zionism in America, 152.
10. Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers, 323; “Two Plays to Hold Premieres Tonight,” New York Times, Sept. 5, 1946.
11. TNA, CO 537/1738, MI5 to Trafford-Smith, Oct. 4, 1946.
12. Ottolenghi, “Harry Truman’s Recognition of Israel,” 970; “The Palestine Outlook: Mr Bevin on U.S. ‘Pressure,’” Times (London), Feb. 26, 1947.
13. TNA, CAB 195/5, meeting of Jan. 15, 1947.
14. Rose, ‘A Senseless, Squalid War,’ 135.
15. HC Deb, Feb. 18, 1947, vol. 433, cc. 988–989.
16. TNA, CAB 195/5, meeting of Feb. 14, 1947.
17. HC Deb, Feb. 25, 1947, vol. 433, c. 2007.
18. TNA, FO 1093/420, “Proposals for action to deter ships’ masters and crews from engaging in illegal Jewish immigration traffic,” Dec. 19, 1946.
19. TNA, CAB 195/5 meeting of Dec. 19, 1946; TNA, FO 1093/420, “Proposals for action to deter ships’ masters and crews from engaging in illegal Jewish immigration traffic,” Dec. 19, 1946, C to Hayter, Dec. 19, 1946.
20. TNA, CAB 195/5, meeting of Mar. 20, 1947.
21. TNA, CO 537/2314, “Build Dov Gruner’s Memorial”; Medoff, Militant Zionism in America, 176.
22. TNA, CO 537/2314, Foreign Office to Washington, May 22, 1947; “Halt in Palestine Agitation Here Requested by Truman,” New York Times, June 6, 1947.
23. TNA, CO 967/103, Robey to Bromley, Sept. 9, 1947; Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 32; Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 194.
24. “3 Slain on Zionist Vessel as Refugees Fight British,” New York Times, July 19, 1947.
25. “British Statement to UN on Palestine,” Times (London), Sept. 27, 1947.
26. Hecht, A Child of the Century, 612.
27. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, 168–169.
28. TNA, CAB 195/6, meeting of Mar. 22, 1948.
CHAPTER 8: EGGS IN ONE BASKET
1. Seale, The Struggle for Syria, 13.
2. TNA, CAB 195/5, meeting of Jan. 22, 1947; Pappé, “Sir Alec Kirkbride and the Anglo-Transjordanian Alliance, 1945–50,” 127.
3. FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, 741, Marshall to Gallman, Feb. 14, 1947.
4. FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, 742, Gallman to Marshall, Feb. 17, 1947; 744, Marshall to Gallman, Mar. 3, 1947; 746, editorial note.
5. FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, 748–749, Marshall to Baghdad Embassy, June 12, 1947, 749, note 3.
6. Wilford, America’s Great Game, 114.
7. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 6, 9, 249.
8. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 101; Wilford, America’s Great Game, 79.
9. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 119.
10. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 122.
11. HC Deb, July 14, 1947, vol. 440, c. 9.
12. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 122.
13. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 75.
14. Roosevelt, Arabs, Oil and History, 127.
15. FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, 759, editorial note.
16. Roosevelt, “Triple Play for the Middle East,” 366.
17. Little, “Pipeline Politics: America, TAPLINE and the Arabs,” 273; TNA, FO 371/75528, Syria, Political Summary for the Months of January and February 1949, n.d.
18. Little, “Cold War and Covert Action,” 55; Wilford, America’s Great Game, 101.
19. Wilford, America’s Great Game, 72; “US Attaché Fights Off Gunmen,” New York Times, Mar. 10, 1949.
CHAPTER 9: EXPLORING THE WILDER AREAS
1. MEC, Philby Papers, 2/3/2/6, Philby to Mrs. Astley, Jan. 27, 1948.
2. Morton, Buraimi, 19.
3. Morton, Buraimi, 15.
4. IOR, R/15/1/238 Ambassador Cairo to Political Resident Bushire, Apr. 1, 45.
5. Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 41.
6. TNA, FO 371/68777, Burrows to Trott, draft, Feb. 20, 1948.
7. Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 156.
8. Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 203.
9. MEC, Philby Papers, 2/3/2/6, Philby to Mrs. Astley, Jan. 27, 1948.
10. IOR, R/25/599, Bird to Jackson, Apr. 17, 1948; MEC, Paxton Papers, Bird to Lermitte, June 13, 1948, “Note on Mr Thesiger.”
11. IOR, R/25/599, Bird to Jackson, Apr. 17, 1948.
12. MEC, Paxton Papers, Bird to Lermitte, June 13, 1948, “Note on Mr Thesiger.”
13. Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 272; Morton, Buraimi, 48; Thesiger, “A Further Journey across the Empty Quarter,” 40.
14. Morton, Buraimi, 48; Thesiger, “A Further Journey across the Empty Quarter,” 39; Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 314.
15. Morton, Buraimi, 76.
16. MEC, Paxton Papers, Bird to Lermitte, Apr. 28, 1949.
17. IOR, R 15/2/465, Foreign Office to Bahrain, May 7, 1949; MEC, Paxton Papers, Bird to Longrigg, Apr. 10, 1949.
18. IOR, R 15/2/549, memorandum, May 4, 1949.
19. MEC, Paxton Papers, Henderson to Lermitte, Mar. 20, 1950.
20. IOR, R/15/6/250, Hay to Bevin, Apr. 25, 1950.
CHAPTER 10: GOING FIFTY-FIFTY
1. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 11, Funkhouser, memorandum of conversation, Jan. 10, 1950.
2. FRUS, 1949, vol. 6, 1624, editorial note; 1950, vol. 5, 1147, Childs, memorandum of conversation, Mar. 23, 1950; 1950, vol. 5, 25, note 2.
3. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 1128, Truman to Ibn Saud, n.d.
4. McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World, 186.
5. Grafftey-Smith, Bright Levant, 267.
6. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 52, Acheson to US Embassy, Saudi Arabia, June 1, 1950; 56, Childs to Acheson, June 13, 1950.
7. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 52, Acheson to US Embassy, Saudi Arabia, June 1, 1950.
8. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 63, Childs to Acheson, July 25, 1950.
9. McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World, 320–321.
10. Yergin, The Prize, 159; TNA, CAB 195/4, meeting of June 3, 1946; Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951, 56.
11. Churchill, The World Crisis 1911–1914, 132; Abdelrehim, “Oil Nationalisation and Managerial Disclosure,” 126.
12. Marsh, “HMG, AIOC and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Crisis,” 147; Hardy, The Poisoned Well, 109.
13. Abdelrehim, “Oil Nationalisation and Managerial Disclosure,” 117–121, 126.
14. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 37.
15. TNA, CAB 195/9, meeting of Apr. 23, 1951: Philip Noel Baker made the remark. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 102, estimates that AIOC’s Iranian assets represented 10 percent of the company’s overall assets of £286 million.
16. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 580, Douglas to Acheson, Aug. 12, 1950.
17. McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World, 323–324.
18. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 106–109, Funkhouser, memorandum of conversation, Nov. 6, 1950.
19. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 1190, Truman to Ibn Saud, Oct. 31, 1950; 1951, vol. 5, 277, Funkhouser, memorandum of conversation, Jan. 10, 1951; 1951, vol. 5, 283, Acheson to Certain Diplomatic and Consular Posts, Jan. 25, 1951.
CHAPTER 11: AN UNFORTUNATE TURN
1. FRUS, 1950, vol. 5, 512, “The Present Crisis in Iran,” n.d.
2. Falle, My Lucky Life, 76; McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World, 390.
3. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 70.
4. Kinzer, All The Shah’s Men, 75.
5. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 76.
6. TNA, CAB 129/44/28, Bevin, “Persia,” Jan. 22, 1951.
7. “Iranian intrigue,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 4, 1952; FRUS, 1952–1954, Iran 1951–1954, 126, Richards, “Recent Increase in Political Prestige of Ayatollah Kashani,” Aug. 20, 1951; TNA, CAB 129/54/25, Eden, “Political Developments in Persia,” Aug. 5, 1952, circulating Middleton’s letter of July 28, 1952.
8. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 74.
9. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 78.
10. Goodman, The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee, 357.
11. McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World, 327; Falle, My Lucky Life, 80 (the verdict was Middleton’s).
12. FRUS, 1951, vol. 5, 290, Fritzlan to State Department, Mar. 26, 1951.
13. Thorpe, Eden, 363; McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World, 333; TNA, CAB 195/9, meeting of Apr. 5, 1951.
14. Falle, My Lucky Life, 79.
15. Louis, “Britain and the Overthrow of Mossadeq,” in Gasiorowski and Byrne, Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, 156; McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World, 333.
16. CIA, Intelligence Estimate: Iran’s Position in the East-West Conflict, Apr. 15, 1951, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East; FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 33, Rountree, Memorandum of Conversation, Apr. 17, 1951; TNA, CAB 129/45/39, Morrison, “Persian Oil,” Apr. 20, 1951.
17. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 33, Rountree, Memorandum of Conversation, Apr. 17, 1951.
18. TNA, CAB 129/45/39, Morrison, “Persian Oil,” Apr. 20, 1951.
19. TNA, CAB 195/9, meeting of Apr. 30, 1951.
20. FRUS, 1952–1954, Iran 1951–1954, 117; CIA, Intelligence Estimate: Effects of Closing Down the Iranian Oil Industry, July 11, 1951, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East.
21. FRUS, 1952–1954, Iran 1951–1954, 90, Memorandum for the Record, May 16, 1951.
22. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 75, May 7, 1951; HC Deb, May 29, 1951, vol. 488, cc. 41–42.
23. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 58–59, Stutesman, memorandum of conversation, May 31, 1951.
24. Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men, 93.
25. TNA, CAB 195/9/1, meeting of June 25, 1951; CAB 195/9, meeting of July 2, 1951.
26. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 112, Harriman to State Department, July 24, 1951.
27. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 135; CAB 195/9/1, meeting of Sept. 27, 1951.
28. CAB 195/9/1, meeting of Sept. 27, 1951.
29. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 191, Gross to Hickerson, Oct. 2, 1951; Dorril, MI6, 562.
30. FRUS, 1951, vol. 4, 974–975, Perkins to Acheson, Sept. 26, 1951.
31. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 244, Walters, memorandum of conversation, Oct. 28, 1951.
CHAPTER 12: SECOND FIDDLE
1. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 79, June 11, 1951, 180, Aug., 13–15, 1952.
2. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 6, part 1, 740, Bradley, notes, Jan. 5, 1952; Thornhill, Road to Suez, 36.
3. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 596; HC Deb, Nov. 7, 1951, vol. 493, c. 193.
4. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 280, Acheson to State Department, Nov. 10, 1951; 257, Acheson, memorandum of conversation, Nov. 4, 1951; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 27, Nov. 4, 1951.
5. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 27, Nov. 4, 1951.
6. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 280, Acheson to State Department, Nov. 10, 1951, 257.
7. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 6, 1082, memorandum of a meeting between Eisenhower and Churchill, June 25, 1954; 1952–1954, vol. 10, 280, Acheson to State Department, Nov. 10, 1951, 257; Brands, “The Cairo-Teheran Connection in Anglo-American Rivalry in the Middle East, 1951–53,” 443.
8. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 43; TNA, CAB 195/10, meeting of Nov. 12, 1951.
9. TNA, CAB 195/10 meeting of Nov. 12, 1951.
10. FRUS, 1951, vol. 5, 431, note 2, Caffery to State Department, Dec. 6, 1951.
11. TNA, CAB 129/48/40, Eden, “Egypt,” Dec. 6, 1951; TNA, CAB 195/10, meeting of Dec. 7, 1951.
12. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 29, Dec. 16, 1951.
13. FRUS, 1951, vol. 5, 443, note 2.
14. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 6, part 1, 721, Gifford to State Department, Dec. 28, 1951.
15. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 6, 731, Acheson, memorandum, Jan. 8, 1952; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 32, Jan. 5, 1952.
16. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 55; FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 6, 737–738, Acheson, memorandum, Jan. 8, 1952.
17. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 133, Jan. 17, 1952.
18. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 58.
19. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 64.
20. TNA, FO 141/1453, Hamilton, minutes, Feb. 13, 1952.
21. TNA, CAB 195/10, meeting of Feb. 14, 1952; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 163–164, May 30, 1952.
22. Lucas and Morey, “The hidden ‘alliance’,” 97.
23. O’Sullivan, FDR and the End of Empire, 61; Grafftey-Smith, Bright Levant, 238, 236; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Aug. 21, 1952.
24. Lucas, “Divided We Stand,” 17.
25. Lucas and Morey, “The hidden ‘alliance’”; Lucas, “Divided We Stand,” 19; FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 1839, Byroade to Acheson, July 21, 1952.
26. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 88.
27. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 88.
28. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Sept. 19, 1952.
29. Roosevelt, “Egypt’s Inferiority Complex,” 357.
30. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Sept. 19, 1952.
31. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Sept. 8, 1952; Brands, “The Cairo-Teheran Connection,” 446; Lucas, “Divided We Stand,” 21; Lucas and Morey, “The hidden ‘alliance’,” 98.
32. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 186, Sept. 27, 1952.
CHAPTER 13: PLOTTING MOSADDEQ’S DOWNFALL
1. Maclean, Eastern Approaches, 274.
2. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 235.
3. TNA, CAB 129/54/25, Eden, “Political Developments in Persia,” Aug. 5, 1952, circulating Middleton’s letter of July 28.
4. TNA, CAB 195/10, meeting of July 29, 1952.
5. Rahnema, Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran, xviii.
6. TNA, CAB 195/10, meeting of Aug. 7, 1952.
7. Dobson, Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century, 116.
8. Rahnema, Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran, 25.
9. “Iranian Intrigue,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 4, 1952.
10. Brands, Inside the Cold War, 267.
11. Rahnema, Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran, 25; CIA, Intelligence Estimate: Prospects for Survival of Mossadeq Regime in Iran, Oct. 14, 1952, and “Probable Developments in Iran Through 1953,” Nov. 13, 1952; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 55, Nov. 20, 1952, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East.
12. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 47, Nov. 5, 1952.
13. Talbot, The Devil’s Chessboard, 200–203; Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, 237, May 14, 1953; Thornhill, Road to Suez, 122.
14. Hoopes and Brinkley, FDR and the Creation of the UN, 56.
15. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 22, Mar. 20, 1957.
16. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 37; Dulles, “Policy for Security and Peace,” 355.
17. TNA, CAB 195/11, meeting of Dec. 30, 1952.
18. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, 69–70; Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, 222–224, Jan. 6, 1953.
19. Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, 222–223, Jan. 6, 1953.
20. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 620, 629.
21. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 71, Jan. 7, 1953.
CHAPTER 14: THE MAN IN THE ARENA
1. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 662–663, Dulles to U.S. Embassy London, Feb. 10, 1953; CIA, Intelligence Estimate: Mossadeq Plans to Announce End of Oil Negotiations, Feb. 17, 1953, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East.
2. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 689–690, CIA, memorandum for the president, Mar. 1, 1953.
3. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 693, 698, memorandum of discussion at the NSC, Mar. 4, 1953; Wevill, Diplomacy, Roger Makins and the Anglo-American Relationship, 107.
4. CIA, Intelligence Estimate: The Iranian Situation, Mar. 8, 1953, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East.
5. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 10, 713, memorandum of discussion at the NSC, Mar. 10, 1953.
6. Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 2.
7. Wilber, Iran: Past and Present, 90.
8. Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 9.
9. Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 6.
10. Roosevelt, Countercoup, 19.
11. Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 14; Woodhouse, Something Ventured, 125.
12. Roosevelt, Countercoup, 18.
13. Roosevelt, “Propaganda Techniques of the English Civil Wars and the Propaganda Psychosis of Today,” 373.
14. Brands, Inside the Cold War, 272; TNA, FO 371/82393, Rothnie, minutes, Mar. 19, 1953.
15. Roosevelt, Countercoup, 52; Dorril, MI6, 588.
16. Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men, 9.
17. Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 27.
18. TNA, FO 371/104569, note by Gandy, Aug. 17, 1953; O’Connell, King’s Counsel, 19; Rahnema, Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran, 99; Talbot, The Devil’s Chessboard, 229.
19. O’Connell, King’s Counsel, 19.
20. Theodore Roosevelt, “Citizenship in a Republic,” speech given Apr. 23, 1910.
21. Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 51; TNA, FO 371/104569, Makins to Foreign Office, Aug. 17, 1953.
22. TNA, FO 371/104569, unsent Foreign Office response, 18 Aug. 18, 1953; Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 59.
23. Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men, 175.
24. Saturday Evening Post, Nov. 6, 1954, cited in Woodhouse, Something Ventured, 129.
25. Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men, 181.
26. Wilber, Clandestine Service History, 78–79.
27. Elm, Oil, Power and Principle, 277.
28. FRUS, 1952–1954, Iran 1951–1954, 781, editorial note.
CHAPTER 15: THE GIFT OF A GUN
1. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 11–12, memorandum of conversation, May 11, 1953; 21, memorandum of conversation, May 12, 1953.
2. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 25, Caffery to State Department, noon, May 13, 1953; 27, Caffery to State Department, 1 p.m. May 13, 1953.
3. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 395, memorandum of discussion at the NSC, July 9, 1953; 406, Dulles to Certain Diplomatic Missions, July 30, 1953.
4. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 26.
5. Petersen, “Anglo-American Rivalry in the Middle East,” 76.
6. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 163; FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 9, memorandum of conversation, May 11, 1953; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 231, May 12, 1953.
7. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 10, memorandum of conversation, May 11, 1953; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Jan. 19, 1954.
8. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 2140, Caffery to State Department, Sept. 24, 1953.
9. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 9, 2219, Dulles to Embassy in the UK, July 15, 1953; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Jan. 15, 1954; Thornhill, Road to Suez, 173.
10. Thorpe, Eden, 420.
11. FRUS, 1952–1954, vol. 6, part 1, 1024, Dulles, memorandum of dinner conversation, Apr. 12, 1954; Mott-Radclyffe, Foreign Body in the Eye, 214–215; TNA, CAB 195/12, meeting of June 22, 1954.
12. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 194; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 37
13. TNA, CAB 195/12, meeting of July 7, 1954.
14. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 207.
15. Copeland, The Game of Nations, 176–178; Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 102; Copeland, The Game of Nations, 177.
16. Beeston, Looking for Trouble, 19; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Nov. 8, 1955.
CHAPTER 16: BAGHDAD PACT
1. TNA, CAB 129/68/31, Lloyd, “Future Defence Arrangements with Iraq,” May 31, 1954.
2. Nasser described his deal to Slade-Baker. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, July 31, 1954. Slade-Baker’s work for MI6 is made clear by his diary entries for Aug. 28 and Sept. 12, 1952.
3. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 224, July, 15, 1954.
4. TNA, CAB 129/65/4, Eden, “United States Project to Associate Military Aid to Pakistan with Middle East Defence,” Jan. 5, 1954; Sanjian, “The Formulation of the Baghdad Pact,” 240.
5. Seale, The Struggle for Syria, 217; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Mar. 18, 1955, Feb. 2, 1956.
6. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 2, 1956; Hart, Saudi Arabia and the United States, 235–236.
7. Heikal, Cutting the Lion’s Tail, 75.
8. TNA, FO 371/115493, Stevenson to FO, “Discussion between the Secretary of State and Egyptian Leaders,” Feb. 21, 1955; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 41.
9. Heikal, Cutting the Lion’s Tail, 77.
10. Thornhill, Road to Suez, 209; TNA, CAB 195/13, meeting of Mar. 15, 1955.
11. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 14, 118, memorandum of conversation, Mar. 24, 1955.
12. Ashton, “The hijacking of a pact,” 132.
13. Wilford, America’s Great Game, 192–193; Tuhami to Nasser, June 18, 1955, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112263.
14. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 48.
15. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 14, 237, Byroade to State Department, June 9, 1955.
16. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 52.
17. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 52; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Nov. 5, 1955.
18. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 480, Sept. 22, 1955.
19. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Memorandum, “Comparative Cost of U.S. Equipment to Egypt as Opposed to the Cost of USSR Equipment,” Oct. 5, 1955, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East.
20. Copeland, The Game of Nations, 134.
21. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 14, 520–521, State Department to Mission, UN, Sept. 27, 1955.
22. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 507, Nov. 13, 1955.
23. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 281, Sept. 26, 1955.
24. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 489, Oct. 2, 1955.
25. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 14, 519, memorandum of conversation, Sept. 26, 1955; vol. 14, 526, Dulles to State Department, Sept. 27, 1955.
26. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 14, 543, memorandum of conversation, Oct. 3, 1955.
27. TNA, CAB 195/14, meeting of Oct. 4, 1955.
28. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 53; TNA, CAB 195/14, meeting of Oct. 4, 1955; TNA, CAB 128/29/34, meeting of Oct. 4, 1955.
CHAPTER 17: OVERREACH
1. “Michael Weir,” Daily Telegraph, Aug. 14, 2006
2. TNA, DO 35/6313, Samuel, “Buraimi,” Sept. 30, 1955.
3. “Breakdown of Arbitration over Buraimi,” Times (London), Sept. 17, 1955; TNA, DO 35/6313, “The Buraimi Dispute,” Oct. 4, 1955.
4. TNA, DO 35/6313, Samuel, “Buraimi,” Sept. 30, 1955.
5. TNA, CAB 129/78/2, Macmillan, Middle East Oil, Oct. 13, 1955; TNA, CAB 128/29/35, cabinet, conclusions, Oct. 18, 1955; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 493, Oct. 20, 1955.
6. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 293, Oct. 26, 1955.
7. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, 508, Nov. 20, 1955; “Aramco, Disputed by British and Arab Interests, Courts Favor in Saudi Arabia and Gains Profits,” Wall Street Journal, June 28, 1956, estimated the Saudi share of Aramco’s profit at $270 million; Vassiliev, in his History of Saudi Arabia, believes that the figure was much higher: $348 million; H. St. John Philby, “The Scandal of Arabia—II,” Sunday Times (London), Oct. 30, 1955; TNA, CAB 129/78/2, Macmillan, “Middle East Oil,” Oct. 14, 1955; CIA, Department of State Memorandum, Saudi Arabia: A Disruptive Force in Western-Arab Relations,” Jan. 18, 1956, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East.
8. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, 508, Nov. 20, 1955.
9. TNA, FO 371/115954, Turton, memorandum, Oct. 12, 1955.
10. Yeşilbursa, The Baghdad Pact, 143–144.
11. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 14, 821, Dulles to Macmillan, Dec. 5, 1955; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 307, Dec. 2, 1955.
12. Gorst, “‘A Modern Major General’: General Sir Gerald Templer, Chief of the Imperial General Staff,” in Kelly and Gorst, Whitehall and the Suez Crisis, 32; Horne, But What Do You Actually Do?, 44–45; French, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967, 1.
13. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Jan. 13, 1956.
14. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 516, Dec. 11, 1955.
15. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Jan. 13, 1956.
16. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 525, Jan. 12, 1956.
17. “British Assessment of Middle East,” Observer (London), Jan. 8, 1956.
18. TNA, FO 115/4547, Gardener, letter, Jan. 27, 1956; FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 567, memorandum of conversation, Jan. 30, 1956; TNA, FO 115/4547, minutes of the meeting of Jan. 30, 1956; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 90.
19. TNA, FO 115/4547.
20. TNA, CAB 195/14, meeting of Feb. 9, 1956; “Palace brains trust angers desert rebels,” Daily Express (London), Feb. 13, 1956.
21. Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs, 300.
22. Asseily and Asfahani, A Face in the Crowd: 30/11 The Situation in Jordan, n.d.; 33/11, Report from Amman, Mar. 11, 1956.
23. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Mar. 6, 1956; Beeston, Looking for Trouble, 21.
24. TNA, CAB 195/14, meeting of Mar. 5, 1956; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 341, Mar. 3, 1956.
25. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 345, Mar. 7, 1956; Thorpe, Eden, 466.
26. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 346, Mar. 12, 1956.
27. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 345, Mar. 8, 1956.
CHAPTER 18: DITCHING NASSER
1. Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, 100.
2. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 15, 307, Anderson to Dulles, Mar. 6, 1956.
3. Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, 318, Mar. 8, 1956; Lucas and Morey, “The hidden ‘alliance’,” 103.
4. TNA, CAB 195/14, meeting of Mar. 21, 1956.
5. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, 34. Originally, Nutting said that Eden had told him he wanted Nasser “destroyed”; after Eden’s death, he said that the word Eden had used was murdered.
6. TNA, CAB 195/14 meeting of Mar. 21, 1956.
7. Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, 323, Mar. 28, 1956.
8. Wilford, America’s Great Game, 220.
9. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 169; Cavendish, Inside Intelligence, 195; Dorril, MI6, 569.
10. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 170.
11. Young, Who Is My Liege, 31.
12. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 171.
13. Wilford, America’s Great Game, 224.
14. Heikal, Cutting the Lion’s Tail, 118.
15. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 181; Wilford, America’s Great Game, 224.
16. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 189.
17. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 190.
18. “US to Reshuffle Envoys to Bolster Role in Mideast,” New York Times, July 16, 1956.
19. Ferrell, The Eisenhower Diaries, 318, Mar. 8, 1956.
20. TNA, AIR 19/0163, Mclean, “Notes on Conversation with King Saud, Riyadh,” Oct. 22, 1962; Vitalis, America’s Kingdom, 164; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Mar. 6, 1955, July 3, 1956.
21. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, June 28, 1956.
22. Asseily and Asfahani, A Face in the Crowd, 157; 131/13, “Report on Development of Arab political activities in Lebanon in relation to the opposition to and support of the Turkish Alliance,” n.d.
23. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 10, 1957.
24. TNA, CAB 129/82/34, Lloyd, “Egypt,” July 20, 1956.
25. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 136.
26. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 15, 867, memorandum of a telephone conversation, July 19, 1956; Kyle, Suez, 129; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 137.
27. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 15, 873, memorandum of telephone conversation, July 19, 1956; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, July 21, 1956.
CHAPTER 19: A SORT OF JENKINS’ EAR
1. Thorpe, Eden, 101.
2. “Suez Canal Company,” Times (London), June 18, 1956.
3. Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, 28.
4. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, July 26, 1956.
5. Horne, Macmillan, vol. 1, 395.
6. Owen, In Sickness and In Power, 121.
7. Lane, “The Past as Matrix,” in Kelly and Gorst, Whitehall and the Suez Crisis, 209.
8. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 178, Apr. 26, 1954; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 142.
9. TNA, CAB 195/15, meeting of July 27, 1956.
10. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 9, Eden to Eisenhower, July 27, 1956.
11. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 61–62, Murphy to Dulles and Hoover, July 31, 1956.
12. CIA, Intelligence Estimate: Nasser and the Middle East Situation, July 31, 1956, in Aid, U.S. Intelligence on the Middle East; FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 70, Eisenhower to Eden, July 31, 1956.
13. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 98–99, memorandum of conversation, Aug. 1, 1956.
14. TNA, CAB 195/15 meeting of Aug. 1, 1956. Dulles used “disgorge” in a meeting with Eisenhower on July 31 and again in his meeting with Lloyd before his lunch with Eden on August 1 (FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 64, 95).
15. Kyle, Suez, 163.
16. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 119, note 3.
17. HC Deb, Aug. 2, 1956, vol. 557, cc. 1603, 1608.
18. “Channel Race Ban on Egyptians,” Times (London), Aug. 3, 1956; “One Man’s War Breaks Out in Mayfair,” Daily Express (London), Aug. 3, 1956.
19. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 586, Aug. 9, 1956; TNA, CAB 195/15, meeting of Aug. 14, 1956; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Aug. 22, 1956. Slade-Baker’s work for MI6 is first made clear by his diary entries for Aug. 28 and Sept. 12, 1952.
20. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 180.
21. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 186.
22. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 402–403, Eden to Eisenhower, Sept. 6, 1956.
23. Lane, “The Past as Matrix” in Kelly and Gorst, Whitehall and the Suez Crisis, 209; TNA, CAB 195/15, meeting of Sept. 11, 1956.
24. HC Deb, Sept. 12, 1956, vol. 558, c. 11.
25. Kyle, Suez, 246.
26. HC Deb, Sept. 13, 1956, vol. 558, c. 304.
27. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Sept. 15, 1956.
CHAPTER 20: THE SUEZ MISCALCULATION
1. Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, 138.
2. Barr, A Line in the Sand, 286–93, 336–348.
3. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 227; Shlaim, “The Protocol of Sevres, 1956,” 512.
4. Kyle, Suez, 296.
5. Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, 134; Onslow, “Unreconstructed Nationalists and a Minor Gunboat Operation,” 81.
6. TNA, CAB 195/15 meeting of Oct. 18, 1956.
7. Lucas, Divided We Stand, 208.
8. Kyle, Suez, 256.
9. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 317, Jan. 5, 1956.
10. TNA, CAB 195/15, meeting of Oct. 18, 1956.
11. Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, 46.
12. TNA, CAB 195/15, meeting of Oct. 23, 1956.
13. Heath, The Course of My Life, 169; TNA, CAB 128/30/74, Cabinet, 74th Conclusions, Oct. 25, 1956.
14. TNA, CAB 128/30/74, Cabinet, 74th Conclusions, Oct. 25, 1956.
15. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Jan. 23, 1957.
16. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 798, Special Watch Report, Oct. 28, 1956.
17. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 818, Aldrich to State Department, Oct. 29, 1956.
18. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 818, Aldrich to State Department, Oct. 29, 1956.
19. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 807, memorandum of a telephone conversation, Oct. 28, 1956.
20. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 807, memorandum of a telephone conversation, Oct. 28, 1956.
21. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 815–816, Dulles to Embassy in France, Oct. 29, 1956.
22. Hennessy, The Prime Minister, 236; Lane, “The Past as Matrix,” in Kelly and Gorst, Whitehall and the Suez Crisis, 213.
23. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 362, Nov. 1, 1956; Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, 215.
24. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 849, Eisenhower to Eden, Oct. 30, 1956.
25. TNA, CAB 195/15, meeting of Nov. 2, 1956, 4:30 p.m.
26. Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, 297.
27. TNA, CAB 195/15, meeting of Nov. 4, 1956.
28. HC Deb, Nov. 5, 1956, vol. 558, c. 1966; Kyle, Suez, 452.
29. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 985–986, Eden to Eisenhower, Nov. 5, 1956.
30. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 16, 1001, memorandum of a conference with the President, Nov. 5, 1956.
31. Thorpe, Eden, 529.
32. TNA, CAB 128/30, cabinet, conclusions, Nov. 2, 1956, 4:30 p.m. meeting; TNA, CAB 195/16, meeting of Jan. 8, 1957; Horne, Macmillan, 441.
33. Thorpe, Eden, 538; Lucas, Divided We Stand, 311.
34. Smith, Ending Empire in the Middle East, 65; TNA, CAB 195/16, meeting of Nov. 28, 1956.
CHAPTER 21: FAILED COUPS
1. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 227; Lucas and Morey, “The hidden ‘alliance’,” 112; Little, “Cold War and Covert Action,” 67.
2. Hahn, “Securing the Middle East,” 39.
3. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 80.
4. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 54.
5. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 89, Mallory to State Department, Mar. 29, 1957; Wilford, America’s Great Game, 267.
6. Wilford, America’s Great Game, 267; Shlaim, Lion of Jordan, 131.
7. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Apr. 11, 1957.
8. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Apr. 23, 1957; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Apr. 30, 1957; Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 67.
9. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 109, editorial note.
10. Seale, The Struggle for Syria, 281, 319.
11. Rathmell, Secret War in the Middle East, 138.
12. Asseily and Asfahani, A Face in the Crowd, 144/12, report dated May 30, 1957; Rathmell, Secret War in the Middle East, 136.
13. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Aug. 6, 1957; Little, “Cold War and Covert Action,” 70.
14. Rathmell, Secret War in the Middle East, 137.
15. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 642, Dulles to Eisenhower, Aug. 20, 1957.
16. Little, “Cold War and Covert Action,” 72; FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 648, Dulles to Lloyd, Aug. 21, 1957.
17. Goodman, The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee, 396; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 55, Aug. 27, 1957.
18. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 57–58, Sept. 7, 1957.
19. Kirk, “The Syrian Crisis of 1957—Fact and Fiction,” 60; FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 702, memorandum of NSC discussion, Sept. 12, 1957.
20. Asseily and Asfahani, A Face in the Crowd, 143; 173/12, “The Situation in Syria”; TNA, CAB 195/16, meeting of Oct. 8, 1957.
21. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 718, Strong to Rountree, Oct. 16, 1957.
CHAPTER 22: THE YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS
1. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 745, Hare to State Department, Dec. 11, 1957.
2. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 12, 1958.
3. Eveland, Ropes of Sand, 271; Seale, The Struggle for Syria, 323.
4. Yapp, The Near East since the First World War, 104.
5. Johnston, The Brink of Jordan, 88.
6. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 13, 1958; Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism, 194.
7. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 15, 1958.
8. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Mar. 28, 1958.
9. Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism, 197; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Apr. 27, 1959.
10. Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism, 209.
11. FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 11, 47, memorandum of conversation, May 13, 1958.
12. TNA, CAB 195/17, meeting of May 13, 1958; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 116, May 13, 1958.
13. Ionides, Divide and Lose, 189; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Oct. 7, 1957.
14. Falle, My Lucky Life, 108.
15. Falle, My Lucky Life, 106–107, 118–119.
16. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Mar. 6, 1958.
17. Falle, My Lucky Life, 113; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diaries, Mar. 13, 1958; TNA, CAB 195/17, meeting of Mar. 18, 1958.
18. Shlaim, Lion of Jordan, 158.
19. Falle, My Lucky Life, 141; Beeston, Looking for Trouble, 52.
20. TNA, CAB 195/17, meeting of July, 14, 1958 at 7:30 p.m.; Ovendale, “Great Britain and the Anglo-American Invasion of Jordan and Lebanon in 1958,” 291.
21. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 134, July 14, 1958; TNA, CAB 195/17, meeting of July 14, 1958, 11 p.m.
22. Beeston, Looking for Trouble, 48.
23. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 135, July 16, 1958.
24. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 136, July 17, 1958.
CHAPTER 23: REBELS ON THE JEBEL
1. Parris and Bryson, Parting Shots, 330.
2. Mangold, What the British Did, 29; Hart, Saudi Arabia and the United States, 75.
3. Morris, Sultan in Oman, 10.
4. TNA, CAB 195/16, meeting of July 18, 1957.
5. TNA, CAB 195/16, meeting of July 18, 1957.
6. TNA, CAB 195/16, meeting of July 23, 1957; “US-British Rift Denied,” Washington Post, July 24, 1957.
7. FRUS, 1955–1957, vol. 13, 233, editorial note.
8. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 54, Aug. 13, 1957.
9. “Britain’s Burden in Arabia,” Times (London), Aug. 22, 1957.
10. “New Ideas on the Tide of Oil,” Times (London), Aug. 21, 1957.
11. Thesiger, Arabian Sands, 316–317.
12. Allfree, Warlords of Oman, 98.
13. Bailey, The Wildest Province, 252.
14. MEC, Smiley Papers, Smiley, letter, Dec. 5, 1959.
15. Mott-Radclyffe, Foreign Body in the Eye, 232.
16. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 18.
17. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 1, 448, July 14, 1955; Morton, Buraimi, 37.
18. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 41; “New Ideas on the Tide of Oil,” The Times (London), Aug. 21, 1957; Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 42.
19. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 49, 50.
20. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 65.
21. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 66.
22. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 68.
23. MEC, Smiley Papers, Smiley to Amery, Aug. 1958.
24. TNA, CAB 131/20, Lloyd, “Muscat and Oman,” Oct. 1, 1958.
25. TNA, CAB 131/20, Report by the Working Party on Oman Policy, Nov. 7, 1958, Annex A, “Outline Concept of Special Operations in Oman”; Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 70.
26. MEC, Smiley Papers, Smiley, letter, Oct. 28, 1958.
27. MEC, Graham Papers, Deane-Drummond, “22 Special Air Service Operations in Muscat & Oman 1958/59,” n.d.
CHAPTER 24: IRAQ AND KUWAIT
1. TNA, CAB 129/87/38, Lloyd, “Persian Gulf,” June 7, 1957.
2. TNA, CAB 129/87/38, Lloyd, “Persian Gulf,” June 7, 1957, Annex I.
3. TNA, CAB 195/17, meeting of July 31, 1958.
4. The coup’s mastermind was Rashid Ali al Gailani. By then the CIA had close links with Nazi German intelligence officers, who had encouraged Gailani to try to overthrow the government in Iraq in 1941. Trevelyan, Public and Private, 44; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 24, 1959; FRUS, 1958–1960, vol. 12, 445, memorandum of discussion at the NSC, Apr. 30, 1959.
5. Trevelyan, Public and Private, 45; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, July 10, 1959.
6. Trevelyan, Public and Private, 45; Worrall, “‘Coping with a Coup d’Etat’,” 189.
7. Trevelyan, Public and Private, 46.
8. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 24, 1959; Trevelyan, Public and Private, 42; Falle, My Lucky Life, 145; Trevelyan, Public and Private, 46; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Dec. 19, 1959.
9. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 16, 1959; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Feb. 17, 1959; MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, Mar. 14, 1958.
10. Mobley, “Gauging the Iraqi Threat to Kuwait in the 1960s,” 21; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 137, July 18, 1958.
11. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, 237.
12. Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution, 188.
13. TNA, FO 371/164266, Baghdad to Foreign Office, Jan. 20, 1962; TNA, CAB 131/25, Cabinet Defence Committee, minutes, June 29, 1961; Winger, “Twilight on the British Gulf,” 666.
14. TNA, CAB 195/19, meeting of July 3, 1961.
15. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, 238.
16. Wolfe-Hunnicutt, “The End of the Concessionary Regime,” 51.
17. Wolfe-Hunnicutt, “The End of the Concessionary Regime,” 49–50.
18. Lakeland Oral History Interview (Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton), 43.
19. FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 18, 343, note 1; Aburish, A Brutal Friendship, 140.
CHAPTER 25: PANDORA’S BOX
1. Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 5; HC Deb, Nov. 13, 1962, vol. 667, c. 247.
2. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, June 5, 1956; TNA, CAB 195/17, meetings of Apr. 14–15, 1958.
3. “New Wind in an Old Quarter?,” Times (London), Sept. 21, 62; Beeston, Looking for Trouble, 41.
4. Adams Schmidt, Yemen: The Unknown War, 45.
5. TNA, AIR 19/1063, Lt. Col. Neil McLean, “Report on Visit to the Yemen, 4 Dec–16 Dec 1962,” n.d.; TNA, AIR 19/1063, McLean,“Report of Visit to the Yemen 27–30 October 1962.”
6. Ferris, Nasser’s Gamble, 24.
7. Bass, Support Any Friend, 77, 89, 100.
8. FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 18, 177, Komer to Talbot, Oct. 12, 1962.
9. Hart, Saudi Arabia and the United States, 115.
10. Fain, “John F Kennedy and Harold Macmillan,” 109.
11. Clark, Yemen: Dancing on the Heads of Snakes, 91; Bower, The Perfect English Spy, 248.
12. TNA, CAB 128/36, 59th Conclusions, Oct. 9, 1962; TNA, CAB 128/36, 61st Conclusions, Oct. 23, 1962.
13. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 509, Oct. 22, 1962.
14. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, 244–245.
15. Fielding, One Man in His Time, xii; HC Deb, Mar. 7, 1956, vol. 549, col. 2146.
16. “MP Not Guilty on Drinking Charge,” Guardian (London), Jan. 16, 1963.
17. TNA, AIR 19/1063, McLean,“Report of Visit to the Yemen 27–30 October 1962.”
18. TNA, AIR 19/1063, McLean, “Report of Visit to the Yemen 27–30 October 1962.”
19. Neil McLean, “With the Loyalists in the Yemen,” Daily Telegraph (London), Nov. 6, 1962; Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 35.
20. TNA, AIR 19/1063, McLean, “Report of Visit to the Yemen 27–30 October 1962”; TNA, CAB 128/36, 66th Conclusions, Nov. 6, 1962.
21. FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 18, 238, Komer to Kennedy, Nov. 21, 1962.
22. TNA, AIR 19/1063, McLean, “Report on Visit to the Yemen, 4 December–16 December 1962”; Bower, The Perfect English Spy, 247.
23. TNA, CAB 129/112, “The Yemen,” Jan. 10, 1963; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 541, Feb. 17, 1963.
24. TNA, CAB 195/22, meeting of Jan. 3, 1963; Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 538.
25. Catterall, The Macmillan Diaries, vol. 2, 544, Mar. 7, 1963.
26. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, 246–247.
CHAPTER 26: SECRET WAR
1. Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 12.
2. Bass, Support Any Friend, 101.
3. Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 12.
4. Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 12.
5. Macintyre, SAS: Rogue Heroes, 185–186.
6. HC Deb, Mar. 22, 1963, vol. 674, col. 810.
7. TNA, AIR 19/1063, McLean, “Report on Visit to the Yemen, 4 Dec–16 Dec 62.”
8. Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 55, 50, 64; TNA, AIR 19/1063, McLean, “Report on Visit to the Yemen, 4 Dec–16 Dec 62.”
9. Walker, Aden Insurgency, 57.
10. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 104.
11. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 124.
12. Smiley, Arabian Assignment, 150.
13. Adams Schmidt, Yemen: The Unknown War, 258.
14. FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 18, 640; Badeau to State Department, July 11, 1963.
15. Bower, The Perfect English Spy, 248.
16. Aldrich and Cormac, The Black Door, 244; Mawby, “The Clandestine Defence of Empire,” 119.
17. FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 18, 752, Rusk to Badeau, message from Kennedy to Nasser, Oct. 19, 1963.
18. FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. 18, 822, Rusk to London Embassy, Dec. 3, 1963.
19. Ferris, Nasser’s Gamble, 220; Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 125, 160.
20. Jones, “‘Where the State Feared to Tread’,” 731.
21. HC Deb, Feb. 18, 1964, vol. 689, col. 1024. “Firm Denies Yemen Arms Deal,” Times (London), Feb. 25, 1964.
22. Smith, Ending Empire in the Middle East, 107; Hart-Davis, The War That Never Was, 131.
23. TNA, FO 371/174629, T.F. Brenchley, “Yemen: The Harib Incident,” Apr. 14, 1964.
24. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 21, 624, Bundy to Johnson, Apr. 9, 1964.
25. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 21, 330, Johnson to Douglas-Home, Apr. 12, 1964.
26. Smith, Ending Empire in the Middle East, 108
27. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 21, 633, Komer to Bundy, Apr. 28, 1964.
28. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 21, 638, Badeau to State Department, May 8, 1964; “The Story Behind These Five Captured Letters,” Sunday Times (London), July 5, 1964.
29. “Surprise Visit to Yemen by President Nasser,” Times (London), Apr. 24, 1964.
CHAPTER 27: FALLING OUT
1. Little, South Arabia, 69, 125.
2. Clark, Yemen: Dancing on the Heads of Snakes, 83.
3. Little, South Arabia, 182.
4. Clark, Yemen: Dancing on the Heads of Snakes, 83.
5. French, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967, 58.
6. Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, 474.
7. TNA, CAB 195/24, meeting of Oct. 18, 1964.
8. TNA, CAB 195/24, meeting of Nov. 26, 1964; Healey, The Time of My Life, 278–279.
9. Little, South Arabia, 115.
10. Walker, Aden Insurgency, 141; French, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967, 25.
11. French, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967, 26.
12. Healey, The Time of My Life, 282, 283.
13. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 12, 250, Bundy to Johnson, Sept. 10, 1965; Pham, Ending ‘East of Suez’, 38.
14. Healey, The Time of My Life, 281.
15. Smith, Ending Empire in the Middle East, 113; TNA, CAB 128/39, CC(65) 49th Conclusions, Sept. 23, 1965; Pham, Ending ‘East of Suez’, 39.
16. “Wasted Years in South Arabia,” Times (London), Oct. 12, 1965.
17. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 21, 152, circular airgram from State Department to certain posts, Oct. 15, 1965.
18. FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 22, 511, memorandum: “visit of Prime Minister Wilson,” n.d.; FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 22, 542, Fowler to Johnson, July 18, 1966.
19. Ferris, Nasser’s Gamble, 250.
20. Falle, My Lucky Life, 170.
21. Little, South Arabia, 168.
22. “Aden Struggle over Who Will Succeed the British,” Times (London), June 21, 1967.
23. Walker, Aden Insurgency, 248; Mitchell, Having Been a Soldier, 13.
24. Mitchell, Having Been a Soldier, 115, 1.
25. Trevelyan, Public and Private, 73.
26. “Lt Col CC ‘Mad Mitch’ Mitchell,” Daily Telegraph (London) July 24, 1996; French, The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967, 151.
27. Trevelyan, Public and Private, 75.
EPILOGUE
1. Smith, Ending Empire in the Middle East, 119.
2. TNA, CAB 128/43, CC (67) 6th Conclusions, Jan. 12, 1968; FRUS, 1964–1968, vol. 12, 604, memorandum of conversation, Jan. 1, 1968.
3. TNA, CAB 128/43, CC (67) 6th Conclusions, Jan. 12, 1968.
4. Akehurst, We Won a War, 8.
5. The missing file is FO 1016/795.
6. Buchan, Days of God, 167.