Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
accidents, nuclear: Fukushima, Japan, 143; launching, 56–57; nuclear weapons, 54–57
Agreed Framework of 1994, 28–29
agreements, for peace, 187
agriculture, productivity, 70, 132
Alliance for Nuclear Accountability, 184
American Enterprise Institute, 20
American Values Network, 179
Anastasio, Michael, 43–44
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 24, 104
antimissile programs: failed promises of, 33, 223n44; “Star Wars,” 52
antimissile weapons systems: funding increases for U.S., 24, 33, 78, 223n44; Russia’s view on, 13; U.S., Czech Republic and Poland and, 13
arsenals, nuclear: under attack, 121–22; China, 59, 60; connections between existing and future, 147–55; France, 58–59, 60; global, 1, 58–59, 60, 61; India, 59, 60, 132–33; Israel, 59, 60; limiting and reducing, 182; North Korea, 59, 246n6; Pakistan, 59, 60, 121, 122–27, 132; reasonable budgets and smaller, 88–90; Russia, 99–100, 110, 226n3; savings with reduction of, 90–91; security of, 124–27; UK, 59, 60; U.S., 46, 76–77, 83–96, 99–100, 226n3
“Atoms for Peace” speech, 88
Banco Delta Asia, sanctions on, 161–62
black market, nuclear: with active smuggling networks, 32–33; A. Q. Khan and, 25, 32–33, 133, 134, 164; nuclear technology traded in, 17, 194
bombs: atomic, 52, 56, 70, 77, 88, 211; hydrogen, 55, 64; nuclear, 28–29, 63–66, 100; with plutonium cores, 78
Bomb Scare: The History and Future of Nuclear Weapons (Cirincione), 2, 134, 161
“Breaking the War Mentality” (Obama), 14
Budget Control Act (BCA), 82
budgets: China’s annual defense, 79; fiscal crisis in U.S., 79–84; global fiscal crisis, 193; global military, 81; Russia’s military, 81, 102; U.S. military, 75–80, 81, 82–83, 102
budgets, nuclear: affordability of new weapons, 87–88; annual costs, 85; argument for cuts, 77; argument for increases, 76–77, 86–87; downsizing, 91–96; environmental and health costs, 85; environmental cleanup, 78; missile defense, 85; NNSA, 77–78; nuclear incident management, 85, 232n41; nuclear threat reduction, 85, 232n41; polls, 3, 75–79; savings with arsenal reduction, 90–91; smaller arsenals and reasonable, 88–90; studies, 78–79, 85–86
bunkers, underground, 23, 31
Bush, George W., 4, 92, 134; antimissile weapons systems and, 13; NPR and, 23, 29, 31, 104–5; nuclear policy, 20–25, 42, 54, 101, 104–5, 161; SORT and, 222n35; war on Iraq, false allegations,, and, 22, 24, 25–26
Bush (George W.) doctrine: on arms control, 20–21, 104–5; counter-proliferation strategy, 25; on military action over diplomacy and containment, 22–23; nonproliferation treaties discounted by, 23–24, 30; repairing damage caused by, 33–35; successes, 24–25; terrorism, hostile regimes and, 22, 23, 25; on U.S. power, 21–22, 23
Bush (George W.) doctrine, failures: active nuclear smuggling networks, 32–33; antimissile programs and failed promises, 33; Cold War nuclear weapons poised for attack, 30–31, 53, 84; with increase of nuclear terrorism, 27; Iran and acceleration of nuclear program, 27–28; nonproliferation regime weakened, 32; North Korea, nuclear bomb detonation, and weapons program expansion, 28–29; proliferation of nuclear technology, 29–30; U.S.-India deal and spread of nuclear weapons, 32, 144; value of nuclear weapons increased, 31
“Call for Global Nuclear Disarmament, A” (Sagan, S.), 60–61
Carnegie Corporation of New York, 186
Cartwright, James, 84, 92
casualties: cancer deaths, 65; famine, 70, 132; global nuclear war, 65–67, 195, 203, 228n8; from nuclear submarine strike, 64, 65; in nuclear war, 63–67, 203, 228n8; with Pakistan-India migration, 127, 128; in South Asian nuclear war, 68, 132
Center for American Progress, 247n28
Chemical and Metallurgical Research Replacement (CMRR) facility, 184
China, 26, 32, 45, 102, 150, 248n32, 248n33; annual defense budget, 79; India and relations with, 137; military budget, 81; North Korea’s relations with, 160; nuclear arsenal, 59, 60; nuclear program, 245n17; Pakistan and relations with, 133; U.S. national debt and, 230n11; U.S. policies and influence on, 112, 136
climate change, 13; global warming and, 1; nuclear war and, 69–70, 132
Clinton, Bill, 28, 55, 222n35; Bush doctrine and, 22–23; nuclear policy, 20, 21, 103, 105; Pakistan policy, 134–35
Clinton, Hillary, 46, 106; on Iran, 166–67; on security of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, 125–26
Cold Start, India and, 129, 131
Cold War, 1, 4; nuclear policies and failure to adapt to post-, 101; nuclear weapons poised for attack, 30–31, 53, 84
confidence-building measures (CBMs), 140, 142
Congressional Research Service, 220n14
containment policy, Bush doctrine and, 22–23
Council for a Livable World, 179
Countdown to Zero (film), 189
counter-proliferation strategy, 25
Czech Republic: antimissile weapons systems and, 13; Obama speech in Prague, 4, 11–17, 37, 40, 106, 169–70, 191–98, 209–13; Prague Spring, 192; protests in, 13; radar installations, 31; Velvet Revolution in, 13, 192, 198
Deadly Arsenals: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Threats (Cirincione, Wolfsthal, Rajkumar), 2
diplomacy: Bush doctrine with military action and, 22–23; Pakistan and India, 139–41
disarmament, 60–61, 93, 96; Obama UN speech on nonproliferation and, 203–5; as part of web of restraints, 153–54; U.S., 72–73; by U.S. and Russia and impact on global nonproliferation, 111–12, 148–50
economy: global crash of 2008, 12; Pakistan and improvements for, 137–39
Effects of Nuclear War, The (U.S. Office of Technology Assessment), 66–67
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 88
Elements of a Nuclear Disarmament Treaty (Blechman and Bollfrass), 96
environment, budgets, 78, 85
European Union (EU), 39, 141
false alarms, for nuclear war, 53–57
Fate of the Earth, The (Schell), 52
fissile material: international fuel bank of, 17, 196; plutonium, 29, 39, 78, 107, 123, 142, 158, 160–61, 184, 246n6; threat of missing, 121–22, 124–26; transparency, 142; treaty to ban production of, 16–17; uranium, 17, 25, 27–30, 32, 38–39, 107, 125, 135, 157, 164–65
Foreign Affairs, 6, 21, 89
foundations, 249n11; funders, 188; grants, 183, 185–86, 213; philanthropy and, 173–76, 183; Ploughshares Fund, 2, 4, 174, 176–89, 213–14, 249n16, 249n21. See also specific foundations
France, 26, 31, 38, 112, 150, 248n32, 248n33; military budget, 81; nuclear arsenals, 58–59, 60; nuclear program, 245n17
Friedman, Benjamin, 91, 94
Friends Committee on National Legislation, 184
fuel bank, international, 17, 196
funding: foundation grants, 183, 185–86, 213; nonproliferation, 27; U.S. antimissile weapons systems and increased, 24, 33, 78, 223n44; U.S. nuclear weapon programs, 43, 115, 232n38
Gfk Roper Public Affairs & Media, 3, 217n4
Global Zero: movement, 56; Nuclear Policy Commission, 92
health, environmental costs and, 85
hotlines, direct executive, 142
India, 248n32, 248n33; casualties in nuclear war, 68; China and relations with, 137; Cold Start, 129, 131; doomsday doctrines, 129–33; famine in, 70; military, 81, 132; nuclear arsenal, 59, 60, 132–33; nuclear program, 32, 47, 59, 120, 128–29, 151, 245n17; with nuclear testing, 20, 72, 128; Pakistan and improved relations with, 136, 137–44; Pakistan and nuclear balance with, 70–71, 121, 130–33; with Pakistan-India migration, 127, 128; Pakistan’s troubled past with, 127–30; plutonium, 142; terrorism attacks on, 130–32; U.S.-India deal and spread of nuclear weapons, 32, 144; U.S. policies and influence on, 112, 136
Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, 103
International Atomic Energy Agency, 24
International Campaign to Ban Land Mines, 177
International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, 93
International Crisis Group, 141
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), 124, 131, 163–64
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 193
International Security Advisory Board, 116–17
Iran, 31, 43, 105, 248n33; Bush doctrine and, 24; deterrence and, 167, 169, 184–85; with Israel, 162–63, 165–67; A. Q. Khan and nuclear black market, 32–33, 164; missiles in, 13; negotiating with, 17, 153, 221n25; as new nuclear state, 157–58, 162–72; NPT and, 47; nuclear program, 15, 19, 20, 24, 27–28, 38–39, 45, 120, 135, 153, 154, 163–64, 197, 245n17; Obama policy on, 113; sanctions on, 39, 167–69, 208; uranium, 38–39, 164–65; U.S. relations with, 136; U.S.-Russian cooperation and strengthened positions on, 112–13; WMD and, 24, 26
Iraq, 31, 105, 154, 248n33; biological weapons, 26; George W. Bush false allegations and war with, 22, 24, 25–26; chemical weapons, 26; cost of war in, 220n14, 230n15; nuclear program, 20; terrorism and, 27; UN sanctions on, 20; UN Special Commission on, 24; U.S. National Intelligence Estimate on, 26; WMD and, 22–23
Israel, 24, 158, 248n32, 248n33; with Iran, 162–63, 165–67; nondeclaratory policy, 59; nuclear arsenal, 59, 60; nuclear program, 59, 245n17
Japan, 16, 26, 60, 150, 154, 248n32; famine in, 70; Fukushima, 143; military budget, 81; plutonium, 158
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 127
Landau Network–Centro Volta, 241n45
launches, accidental, 56–57
Libya, 30, 31, 105, 154, 248n33; A. Q. Khan and nuclear black market, 32–33; long-range ballistic missiles, 25; nuclear program, 20, 25
“Logic of Zero, The” (Daalder and Lodal), 35, 89
long-range ballistic missiles: Libya and, 25; in Russia, 52; testing, 16; U.S. and, 52, 53, 223n44
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 78, 160, 184
Medvedev, Dmitry, 39, 116, 195, 199; New START and, 4–5, 44–46, 210; nuclear policy, 110–11, 209–11
Middle East, 26, 27, 30, 47, 163. See also specific countries
military: global budgets, 81; India, 81, 132; Pakistan, 124–25, 127; Russia, 81, 102, 116; taken off high alert, 114, 116. See also U.S. military
missiles: Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 24, 104; cruise, 55, 57, 59, 86, 88, 94, 123, 140, 166; Cuban Missile Crisis, 54, 60, 142; defense budgets, 85; in Iran, 13; long-range ballistic, 16, 25, 52, 53, 223n44; submarine-based, 54. See also antimissile programs; antimissile weapons systems
Money Well Spent (Brest and Harvey), 176
Mowatt-Larssen, Rolf, 125
National Defense Authorization Act, 231n26
National Intelligence Estimate (NIE), 149–51
National Security Project, 179
“National Security Strategy of the United States of America, The,” 23
“National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction,” 23
“Nightmare on Nuke Street” (Lewis), 54
nondeclaratory policy, Israel, 59
nonproliferation: arguments for, 89–90; Bush doctrine and discounting of, 23–24, 30; funding, 27; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 15, 25, 29, 32, 36, 39, 46–47, 60, 72, 110, 115–16, 144, 153–54, 161, 170, 196, 200, 204, 211; Obama UN speech on disarmament and, 203–5; regime weakened, 32; U.S.-Russia disarmament and impact on global, 111–12, 148–50
Noor (Queen of Jordan), 89
North Korea, 43, 105, 248n33; as Axis of Evil, 29; Bush doctrine and, 24; China’s relations with, 160; A. Q. Khan and nuclear black market, 32–33; as new nuclear state, 157–58, 159–62; NPT and, 47; nuclear arsenal, 59, 246n6; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and withdrawal by, 29, 161; nuclear program, 15, 28–29, 45, 59, 120, 154, 245n17; with nuclear technology, 160; with nuclear testing, 16, 20, 28–29, 72, 158, 159, 196; nuclear warheads, 246n6; plutonium, 29, 160–61, 246n6; sanctions on, 208; U.S. relations with, 160–61, 196–97
nuclear arms race: in South Asia, 19, 67; in space, 95
nuclear forces: Russian, 58; U.S., 57
nuclear incident management, budget for, 85, 232n41
Nuclear National Security Administration (NNSA), 77–78
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 15, 36, 46, 72; non-nuclear-weapons states, 60, 153–54; North Korea’s withdrawal from, 29, 161; Review Conference, 25, 32, 39, 46–47, 115–16; Russia and, 110, 170; U.S. and, 170, 196, 200, 204, 211; U.S.-India deal and, 32, 144
Nuclear Posture Review (NPR): George W. Bush and, 23, 29, 31, 104–5; Obama and, 6, 39, 41–42, 43–44, 46–47, 87, 96, 105–6, 116, 199–200, 199–201; strategic pivot, 105–6; verdict, 155
nuclear programs: China, 245n17; France, 245n17; India, 32, 47, 59, 120, 128–29, 151, 245n17; Iran, 15, 19, 20, 24, 27–28, 38–39, 45, 120, 135, 153, 154, 163–64, 197, 245n17; Iraq, 20; Israel, 59, 245n17; Libya, 20, 25; North Korea, 15, 28–29, 45, 59, 120, 154, 245n17; Pakistan, 32, 47, 59, 119, 121–22, 128–29, 154, 240n38, 245n17; Russia, 245n17; South Korea, 158; UK, 245n17; U.S., 43, 245n17
nuclear-risk-reduction centers, 142–43
Nuclear Threat Initiative, 189
nuclear threat reduction, budget for, 85, 232n41
nuclear warheads: dismantling, 222n35; North Korea, 246n6; reductions, 116; Russia, 30, 53, 58, 115; U.S., 30, 46, 53, 115, 231n35
nuclear weapons: accidents, 54–57; affordability of new, 87–88; arguments for increase in, 92; balance achieved with, 70–73, 121, 130–33; with ban on fissile material production, 16–17; China and stockpile of, 59, 60; from Cold War poised for attack, 30–31, 53, 84; countries known to have, 245n17; downsizing, 91–96, 136, 170–71; France and stockpile of, 58–59, 60; India and stockpile of, 59, 60; Israel and stockpile of, 59, 60; non-nuclear-weapons states, 60, 153–54; number allowable under New START, 235n2; number in today’s global arsenal, 1; Pakistan and stockpile of, 59, 60; polls on elimination of, 3, 189, 217n4; Russian stockpiles of, 52, 53, 58, 60; spread of, 51–61; UK and stockpile of, 59, 60; U.S.-India deal and spread of, 32, 144; U.S. stockpiles of, 46, 52, 53, 57, 60, 92; with values increased, 31; views and doctrines, 101–4; views and doctrines interrupted, 104–5; zero, 3, 7, 106–7, 111, 186, 205, 207, 211. See also specific nuclear weapons
nuclear winter, calculating, 69–70
Nuke Watch New Mexico, 184
Nunn, Sam, 31, 35, 38, 57, 106, 117, 171–72, 188, 189, 205
Obama, Barack: with George W. Bush legacy, 20–21, 25–33, 34, 101, 114; defense budget and, 80, 83; Iran policy, 113; mandate for, 7; New START and, 4–5, 44–46, 209–13; NPR and, 6, 39, 41–42, 43–44, 46–47, 87, 96, 105–6, 116, 199–200, 199–201; nuclear policy, 2–3, 4, 6, 14–16, 34–35, 37–44, 47–48, 54, 86–87, 96–97, 102, 105–8, 162–63, 171–72, 178, 195–96; nuclear security agenda, 39–40; nuclear strategy, 41–42; Prague speech, 4, 11–17, 37, 40, 106, 169–70, 191–98, 209–13; public involvement and, 173–74; reactions to nuclear policy of, 42–44; remarks at New START Treaty signing, 209–13; as senator, 14–15; state of union address, 207–8; UN speech on disarmament and nonproliferation, 203–5
Opportunity, The: Next Steps in Reducing Nuclear Arms (Pifer and O’Hanlon), 92
Pakistan, 19, 27, 31, 40, 248n33; casualties in nuclear war, 68; China and relations with, 133; diplomacy, 139–41; doomsday doctrines, 129–33; economic improvements, 137–39; education, 138; India and improved relations with, 136, 137–44; India and nuclear balance with, 70–71, 121, 130–33; India’s troubled past with, 127–30; A. Q. Khan and nuclear black market, 32–33; media depictions of, 120–21; military, 124–25, 127; as most dangerous country, 119–22, 126–27; nuclear arsenal, 59, 60, 121, 122–27, 132; nuclear arsenals under attack, 121–22; nuclear program, 32, 47, 59, 119, 121–22, 128–29, 154, 240n38, 245n17; with nuclear testing, 20; with Pakistan-India migration, 127, 128; plutonium, 123, 142; al Qaeda and ties to, 119, 126; security of nuclear arsenal, 124–27; short-term nuclear fixes, 141–44; terrorism and, 130, 131, 135; U.S. and military aid to, 135, 138, 240n38; U.S. policies and influence on, 112, 133–39, 141–44
Perry, William, 35, 38, 45–46, 97, 106, 116–17, 149, 189, 205
Ploughshares Fund, 2, 4, 174, 249n21; big cube, 176–78; grants, 183, 185–86, 213; impact philanthropy and, 176, 178, 181, 183, 186–87; mandate, 213–14; model replicated, 183–85; New START Campaign and, 178–82; Nuclear Security Field, 185–89; organizational structure and strategy, 182; website, 249n16. See also foundations
plutonium, 39, 78, 107, 184; India, 142; Japan, 158; North Korean and, 29, 160–61, 246n6; Pakistan and, 123, 142. See also fissile material
policies, nuclear, 6, 27; containment, 22–23; failures, 25–33; with failure to adapt to post–Cold War, 101; Israel’s nondeclaratory, 59. See also Bush, George W.; Clinton, Bill; Obama, Barack; Reagan, Ronald; specific countries
polls: elimination of nuclear weapons, 3, 189, 217n4; limiting nuclear weapons for U.S. and Russia, 3; nuclear budgets, 3, 75–79; spending cuts for nuclear weapons, 3, 218n6; testing bans, 3, 217n3
posture: with disarmament as part of web of restraints, 153–54; explanation of, 147–49; history’s verdict, 154–55; link between proliferation and U.S., 149–51; NATO’s “Deterrence and Defense Posture Review,” 108; U.S. and Russia force, 102. See also Nuclear Posture Review
Preble, Christopher, 91, 94
productivity, agriculture, 70, 132
Program on International Policy Attitudes, 3, 217n3
Project for the New American Century, 21
Project on Government Oversight, 184
proliferation: counter-proliferation strategy, 25; with disarmament as part of web of restraints, 153–54; end of, 157–72; historic linkage between U.S. nuclear posture and, 149–51; history’s verdict, 154–55; of nuclear technology, 29–30; UN Resolution 1540, 25. See also nonproliferation
Prospect Hill Foundation, 249n11
“Rationale and Requirements for U.S. Nuclear Forces and Arms Control” (Payne et al.), 31
Reagan, Ronald, 6, 20, 23, 38, 189, 207; with aid to Pakistan, 240n38; nuclear policy, 102–3, 105; “Star Wars” antimissile system, 52; on zero nuclear weapons, 3, 7, 186, 205
Resolving Ambiguity: Costing Nuclear Weapons (Stimson Center), 78
Russia, 20, 248n32, 248n33; antimissile weapons systems as viewed by, 13; arms control and, 40; casualties in global nuclear war, 228n8; with Cold War nuclear weapons, 31, 84; disarmament and impact on global nonproliferation, 111–12, 148–50; force posture, 102; force structure and use doctrine, 100–101; long-range ballistic missiles, 52; with mandate to lead by example, 151–52, 170, 211; military budget, 81, 102; with military taken off high alert, 116; New START and, 4–5, 44–46, 99–100, 110–11, 210; nuclear arsenal, 99–100, 110, 226n3; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and, 110, 170; nuclear policy, 108–11, 209–11; nuclear program, 245n17; nuclear reductions with U.S., 116; nuclear warheads, 30, 53, 58, 115; nuclear weapons, 52, 53, 58, 60; polls on limiting nuclear weapons for, 3; Pressler amendment, Afghanistan, and, 240n38; radar installations, 33; steps to enhance security for U.S. and, 113–17; with transparency increased, 115–16; with U.S. cooperation and strengthened positions on Iran, 112–13; U.S. relations with, 31, 148, 207, 209–10, 212; views and doctrines, 101–4; views and doctrines interrupted, 104–5
Sandia National Laboratories, 78
Schlesinger, James, 45, 149
security: of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal, 124–27; Ploughshares Fund and nuclear, 185–89
Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), 100
Skoll Global Threat Fund, 188
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 185
space, nuclear arms race in, 95
speeches: Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace,” 88; Kennedy’s modern-weapons, 88–90; Obama’s state of union address, 207–8; Obama’s UN disarmament and nonproliferation, 203–5; Obama’s at New START Treaty signing, 209–13; Obama’s in Prague, 4, 11–17, 37, 40, 106, 169–70, 191–98, 209–13
START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) treaty, 3; I, 44, 103, 104; II, 30, 103, 108; III, 222n35; New, 4–5, 39, 43, 44–46, 84, 91–92, 95, 99–100, 107, 110–11, 148, 209–13; New START campaign, 178–82
“Star Wars” antimissile system, 52
Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT), 30, 104, 222n35
submarines, nuclear: casualties from, 64, 65; Russia and submarine-based missiles, 54; U.S. Navy, 87, 90–91, 232n49
technology, nuclear: black market and trading of, 17, 194; North Korea and restricted abilities for, 160; proliferation of, 29–30; U.S.-India deal with, 32, 144
terrorism: Bush doctrine on, 22, 23, 25; increase in international, 221n21; India and, 130–32; Iraq and, 27; Pakistan and, 130, 131, 135; al Qaeda and, 194, 197; regimes linked to, 22, 23, 25–26, 105; September 11, 2001, 21, 22, 138
terrorism, nuclear: Bush doctrine and increased, 27; as greatest threat to U.S., 4, 89, 121, 197, 210; with threat of missing fissile material, 121–22, 124–26
testing, nuclear: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 16, 32, 35, 42, 43, 45, 72, 200, 204; global ban on, 16, 149–50; India, 20, 72, 128; North Korea, 16, 20, 28–29, 72, 158, 159, 196; Pakistan, 20; polls on testing bans, 3, 217n3; Russia and submarine-based missile, 54
threats, 2; budget for nuclear threat reduction, 85, 232n41; of missing fissile material, 121–22, 124–26; nuclear terrorism in U.S., 4, 89, 121; Nuclear Threat Initiative, 189; of nuclear war with India and Pakistan, 129–33; Skoll Global Threat Fund, 188; solutions to, 173–89
trade: of nuclear technology on black market, 17; Pakistan and India, 137
transformationalists, 35, 41
treaties: Anti-Ballistic Missile, 24, 104; to ban fissile-material production, 16–17; Bush doctrine and discounting of nonproliferation, 23–24, 30; Comprehensive Test Ban, 16, 32, 35, 42, 43, 45, 72, 200, 204; Elements of a Nuclear Disarmament Treaty (Blechman and Bollfrass), 96; Intermediate Nuclear Forces, 103; New START, 4–5, 39, 43, 44–46, 84, 91–92, 95, 99–100, 107, 148, 209–13, 210, 235n2; NPT Review Conference, 25, 32, 39, 46–47, 107, 115–16; Nuclear Non-Proliferation, 15, 25, 29, 32, 36, 46–47, 60, 72, 110, 115–16, 144, 153–54, 161, 170, 196, 200, 204, 211; SORT, 30, 104, 222n35; START, 3; START I, 44, 103, 104; START II, 30, 103, 108; START III, 222n35
underground bunkers, 23, 31
United Nations: Kennedy’s modern-weapons speech to, 88–90; New START treaty and, 39; Obama speech on non-proliferation and disarmament, 203–5; Resolution 1887, 38; sanctions on Iran, 39, 208; sanctions on Iraq, 20; Security Council Resolution 1540, 25; Special Commission on Iraq, 24
United States, 248n32, 248n33; antimissile weapons systems and, 13, 24, 33, 223n44; arms control and, 40–41; as benevolent empire, 21; casualties in global nuclear war, 228n8; China policies, 112, 136; with de-emphasis on international relations, 34; disarmament, 72–73; disarmament and impact on global nonproliferation, 111–12, 148–50; fiscal crisis, 79–84; force posture, 102; force structure and use doctrine, 100–101; funding for antimissile weapons systems, 24, 33, 78, 223n44; funding for nuclear weapon programs, 43, 115, 232n38; global views of, 26, 37, 134, 138; historic linkage between nuclear posture and proliferation, 149–51; India deal and spread of nuclear weapons, 32, 144; India policies, 112, 136; Iran and relations with, 136; long-range ballistic missiles, 52, 223n44; with mandate to lead by example, 7, 151–52, 170, 195, 211; Middle East policy, 27; national debt, 79, 230n11; New START and, 4–5, 44–46, 95, 99–100, 148, 209–13, 210, 235n2; North Korea’s relations with, 160–61, 196–97; nuclear arsenal, 46, 76–77, 83–96, 99–100, 226n3; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and, 170, 196, 200, 204, 211; with nuclear policy problems of 2011, 6; nuclear program, 43, 245n17; nuclear reductions with Russia, 116; nuclear security agenda, 39–40; nuclear strategy, 41–42; nuclear terrorism as greatest threat to, 4, 89, 121, 197, 210; nuclear warheads, 30, 46, 53, 115, 231n35; Pakistan and military aid from, 135, 138, 240n38; Pakistan policies, 112, 133–39, 141–44; polls on limiting nuclear weapons for, 3; power, 21–22, 23; reactions to nuclear policy of, 42–44; reductions and recommendations, 116–17; with Russian cooperation and strengthened positions on Iran, 112–13; Russia’s relations with, 31, 148, 207, 209–10, 212; steps to enhance security for Russia and, 113–17; stockpiles of nuclear weapons, 46, 52, 53, 57, 60, 231n35; with transparency increased, 115–16; views and doctrines, 101–4; views and doctrines interrupted, 104–5; withdrawal from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 24, 104. See also Bush, George H. W.; Bush, George W.; Clinton, Bill; Obama, Barack; Reagan, Ronald
Universal Compliance (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), 73, 170
uranium: enrichment facilities, 17, 27–28, 38–39, 123, 135, 164–65; enrichment programs, 25, 29–30, 157; with global stocks secured, 39, 107; Iran, 38–39, 164–65; U.S.-India deal and, 32. See also fissile material
U.S. military: with affordability of new nuclear weapons, 87–88; budget, 75–80, 81, 82–83, 102; Bush doctrine with diplomacy and action by, 22–23; taken off high alert, 114, 116
U.S. National Intelligence Estimate on Iraq, 26
U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, 66–67
wars: George W. Bush, false allegations against Iraq, and, 22, 24, 25–26; In-do-Pakistani, 127, 129; Iraq, Afghanistan, and cost of, 220n14, 230n15
wars, nuclear: casualties, 63–67, 203, 228n8; casualties in South Asian, 68, 132; climate change and, 69–70, 132; consequences of, 51–52, 56, 66, 228n6; false alarms and risk for, 53–57; global, 65–67, 195, 203, 228n8; India, Pakistan, and threat of, 129–33; nuclear winter and, 69–70; regional, 67–68
weapons of mass destruction (WMD): George W. Bush and false allegations of, 22–23, 24, 26; security of, 124; UN Special Commission on Iraq, 24
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, 176, 189
Wilson, Valerie Plame, 89, 120
Winston Foundation for World Peace, 186, 249n11
Wolfsthal, Jon B., 2, 170
zero: Global Zero, 56, 92; “The Logic of Zero,” 35, 89; nuclear weapons, 3, 7, 106–7, 111, 186, 205, 207, 211; zero-based targeting, 114
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 111