1. L. C. Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (1932), 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, 1935, p. 16.
2. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics (1890), 8th edn, London: Macmillan, 1920, p. 1.
1. Hesiod, Theogony and Works and Days, trans. M. L. West, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 39.
2. Ibid., p. 38.
3. B. F. Gordon, Economic Analysis before Adam Smith: Hesiod to Lessius, London: Macmillan, 1975, p 11.
4. W. I. Matson, A New History of Philosophy, Vol. 1, London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987, p. 67.
5. This term is taken from S. T. Lowry, The Archaeology of Economic Ideas: The Classical Greek Tradition, Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1987.
6. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, trans. David Ross, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 110.
1. Genesis 1:28, 2:15.
2. Isaiah 2:6–8.
3. Amos 8:4–6.
4. Exodus 22:25–6.
5. Ecclesiastes 11: 1–2.
6. J. J. Spengler, ‘Economic thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6, April 1964, p. 290.
7. Quoted in O. Langholm, Economics in the Medieval Schools, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992, pp. 54–5.
8. Summa Aurea, quoted in Langholm, Economics in the Medieval Schools, p. 71.
9. Langholm, Economics in the Medieval Schools, p. 71.
10. Quoted in Langholm, Economics in the Medieval Schools, p. 187.
11. Luke 6:35.
12. Quoted in O. Langholm, The Legacy of Scholasticism in Economic Thought: Antecedents of Choice and Power, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 59.
13. Quoted in A. E. Monroe, Early Economic Thought: Selections from Economic Literature Prior to Adam Smith, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965, p. 101.
1. Quoted in M. Grice Hutchison, The School of Salamanca: Readings in Spanish Monetary Theory, 1544–1605, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952, p. 94.
2. Ibid., p. 95.
3. It has also been attributed to John Hales (d. 1571), a Member of Parliament. For a detailed discussion see D. Palliser, The Age of Elizabeth: England under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603, London: Longman, 1983, Appendix 2.
4. M. Dewar (ed.), A Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1959, p. 59.
5. Ibid., p. 54.
1. W. Petty, The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, Vol. 1, ed. C. H. Hull, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1899, p. 244.
2. Ibid., pp. 244–5.
3. Ibid., p. 304.
4. Quoted in A. O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before its Triumph, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977, P. 39.
5. Quoted in Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests, pp. 25–6.
6. T. Mun, England's Treasure by Forraign Trade (1664), quoted in A. E. Monroe, Early Economic Thought: Selections from Economic Literature Prior to Adam Smith, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965, p. 180.
7. W. Letwin, The Origins of Scientific Economics: English Economic Thought, 1660–1776, London: Methuen, 1963, p. 3.
8. J. Child, Brief Observations Concerning Trade and Interest of Money (1668), at http://www.ecn.bris.ac.uk/het/child/trade.txt, accessed 24 May 2001.
9. J. Locke, Locke on Money, Vol. 1, ed. P. H. Kelly, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 216.
10. Ibid., pp. 235–6.
11. J. R. McCulloch (ed.), Early English Tracts on Commerce, London: Political Economy Club, 1856; reprinted Cambridge: The Economic History Society, 1952, p. 510.
12. Ibid., p. 516.
13. Ibid., p. 525.
14. Ibid., pp. 529–30.
15. Ibid., p. 528.
16. Ibid., pp. 513–14.
1. Quoted in T. W. Hutchison, Before Adam Smith: The Emergence of Political Economy, 1662–1776, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, p. 111.
2. R. Cantillon, Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Générale (1755), trans. and ed. H. Higgs, London: Macmillan, 1931, p. 3.
3. Ibid., p. 59.
4. Ibid., pp. 61–3.
5. Ibid., p. 65.
6. Ibid., p. 161.
7. Ibid., p. 185.
8. Ibid., p. 189.
9. Quoted in P. D. Groenewegen, The Economics of A. R. J. Turgot, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977, p. 26.
10. Ibid., p. 29.
11. Ibid., p. 84.
12. Ibid., p. 141.
1. Quoted in A. S. Skinner, A System of Social Science: Papers Relating to Adam Smith, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979, p. 1.
2. Ibid., p. 5.
3. A. Ferguson, Principles of Moral and Political Science, Vol. 1, Edinburgh, 1792, p. 47.
4. D. Hume, Writings on Economics, ed. E. Rotwein, Edinburgh: Nelson, 1955, p. 5.
5. Ibid., p. 11.
6. Ibid., pp. 11–12.
7. Ibid., p. 33.
8. Ibid., p. 37.
9. J. Steuart, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy (1767), ed. A. S. Skinner, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1966, p. 153.
10. Ibid., p. 5.
11. Ibid., p. 12.
12. Ibid., pp. 40, 41.
13. Ibid., p. 195.
14. Ibid., p. 198.
15. Ibid., p. 339.
16. Ibid., p. 345.
17. Ibid., pp. 142–3.
18. A. Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759–90), ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976, p. 3.
19. Ibid., p. 86.
20. Ibid.
21. A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), ed. R. H. Campbell, A. S. Skinner and W. B. Todd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976, p. 25.
22. Ibid., p. 75.
23. Ibid., p. 330.
24. Ibid., p. 337.
25. Ibid., pp. 337–8.
26. Ibid., pp. 163–4.
27. Ibid., p. 456.
28. Ibid., p. 723.
1. T. R. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), ed. A. Flew, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970, p. 100.
2. D. P. O'Brien, The Classical Economists, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 45.
3. S. Bailey, A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measure and Causes of Value (1825), London: LSE Reprints, 1925, p. 1.
4. J. S. Mill, Principles of Political Economy with Some of their Applications to Social Philosophy (1848), London: Longmans, 1873, ‘Preliminary remarks’, p. 13.
5. Ibid, pp. 13–14.
6. Ibid., Book V, Chapter IX, Section 16, p. 590.
7. K. Marx, Capital, Vol. 2 (1885), London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1974, p. 189.
8. Ibid., Vol. 1 (1867), trans. S. Moore and E. Aveling, pp. 714–15.
9. Ibid., p. 715.
10. Ibid.
1. W. S. Jevons, The Theory of Political Economy (1871), ed. R. D. C. Black, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970, p. 187.
2. C. Menger, Principles of Economics (1871), trans. J. Dingwall and B. F. Hoselitz, Grove City, Pa.: Libertarian Press, 1994, P. 52.
3. Ibid., p. 164.
4. Ibid., p. 217.
5. Ibid., p. 97.
6. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics (1890), 8th edn, London: Macmillan, 1920, p. 315.
1. J. B. Clark, The Philosophy of Wealth (1886), 2nd edn, Boston, 1887, pp. 151.
2. J. B. Clark, The Distribution of Wealth (1899), 2nd edn, New York, Macmillan, 1902, pp. 401–2.
3. This and the following diagram are taken from I. Fisher, The Purchasing Power of Money, New York: Macmillan, 1911.
4. T. B. Veblen, Theory of Business Enterprise, New York: Scribners, 1904, p. 67.
5. Ibid., p. 66.
6. T. B. Veblen, The Engineers and the Price System (1921), New York: A. M. Kelley, 1965, pp. 81–2.
7. T. B. Veblen, ‘The preconceptions of economic science II’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 13, 1899, p. 422.
8. W. C. Mitchell, ‘Quantitative analysis in economic theory’, American Economic Review, 15, 1925, p. 5.
9. F. H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921), London: LSE Reprints, 1933, p. vii.
10. Ibid., pp. 52–3.
11. F. H. Knight, The Ethics of Competition (1935), New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1997, p. 87.
12. E. H. Chamberlin, The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1933, p. 10.
1. A. Marshall and M. P. Marshall, The Economics of Industry (1879), Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994, pp. 154–5.
2. J. M. Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Vol. 4, A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923), London: Macmillan, 1971, p. 65.
3. Ibid., p. 138.
4. D. Laidler, Fabricating the Keynesian Revolution: Studies of the Inter-war Literature on Money, the Cycle and Unemployment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 243.
5. Quoted in Laidler, Fabricating the Keynesian Revolution, p. 215.
6. Ibid., p. 241.
7. J. M. Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Vol. 7,
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), London: Macmillan, 1971, pp. 149–50.
8. Ibid., p. 152.
9. Ibid., p. 3.
10. This way of putting it is due to Laidler, Fabricating the Keynesian Revolution.
1. R. Stone, ‘The accounts of society’, American Economic Review, 87 (6), 1997, p. 20.
2. Quoted in R. Frisch, ‘Editorial’, Econometrica, 1, 1933, p. 1.
3. T. Haavelmo, ‘The probability approach in econometrics’, Econometrica, 12 (supplement), 1944, p. iii. (Italics have been removed from the original.)
4. T. Haavelmo, ‘The statistical implications of a system of simultaneous equations’, Econometrica, 11,1943, p. 1.
5. M. S. Morgan, A History of Econometric Ideas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 264.
6. P. A. Samuelson, Foundations of Economic Analysis, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1947, p. 4. (‘Hypothesis' has been changed to the plural.)
7. P. A. Samuelson, ‘How Foundations came to be’, Journal of Economic Literature, 36 (3), 1998, p. 1382.
8. G. Debreu, Theory of Value: An Axiomatic Theory of Economic Equilibrium, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959, p. x.
9. J. von Neumann and O. Morgenstern, The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944, p. 38.
1. W. S. Jevons, The State in Relation to Labour (1882), 3rd edn, London, 1894, p. 14.
2. H. Sidgwick, The Principles of Political Economy (1883), 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, 1887, p. 71.
3. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics (1890), 8th edn, London: Macmillan, 1920, p. 108.
4. A. C. Pigou, The Economics of Welfare, London: Macmillan, 1920, p. 10.
5. Ibid., p. 11.
6 V. Pareto, Manual of Political Economy (1906), trans. A. S. Schwier, New York: A. M. Kelley, 1971, p. 155.
7. Ibid., p. 268.
1. M. Perlman, The Character of Economic Thought, Economic Characters and Economic Institutions: Selected Essays of Mark Perlman, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1996, p. 217.
1. J. A. Schumpeter, A History of Economic Analysis, London: Allen & Unwin, 1954, p. 23.
2. A. Blinder, ‘The economics of brushing teeth’, Journal of Political Economy, 82, 1974, pp. 887–91.
3. A. O. Hirschman, Essays in Trespassing: Economics to Politics and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Crossing Boundaries: Selected Writings, New York: Zone Books, 1998.
4. J. Niehans, ‘Transactions costs’, in J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman (eds.), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, London: Macmillan, 1987, Vol. 4, p. 676.
5. R. Coase, ‘The problem of social cost’, Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1960, pp. 1–44.
6. J. A. Schumpeter, Economic Doctrine and Method (1912), trans. R. Aris, London: Allen & Unwin, 1954, p. 152.
7. Ibid.
1. J. A. Schumpeter, A History of Economic Analysis, London: Allen & Unwin,
1954, p. 754.
2. Ibid., p. 827.
3. E. H. Chamberlin, The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1933, p. 10.