Index of Seasonal and Trans-Seasonal Words and Topics
Spring Words and Topics
aoyagi (aoyanagi; green willow), 34, 46, 66, 231n.37
Archery Day (Jarai; seventeenth day of First Month), 155
Aouma (White Horses; seventh day of First Month), 155, 242n.3
azalea (tsutsuji), 53, 74, 110, 111
black soybean (kuromame), 142, 183
boshun (end of spring), 74
bracken (warabi), 74; young (sawarabi), 183, 230n.34
Buddhist Memorial Service on Vernal Equinox (Higan), 81, 161
bush warbler (uguisu), 7, 32, 33, 34, 46, 74, 212; famous places (meisho) and, 167; month and flower associated with, 65, 66; as semi-migratory bird, 116; spring association of, 117
camellia (tsubaki), 61, 98, 103, 110, 167, 168
cat’s love (neko no koi), 23, 176–178
cherry bass (sakuradai), 183
cherry-blossom / flower viewing (hana-mi), 23, 153, 166, 169, 245n.43; history of, 213; of mountain cherry (yamazakura), 169; at Sumida River, 170
cherry blossom / tree (sakura, hana), 7, 53, 86–87; bright-foliage (momiji) poems in counterpart to, 44; calendars and, 10; ephemerality of, 133, 134; famous places (meisho) and, 23, 167, 168, 171–172, 172; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in haikai, 176; in Kokinshū, 31, 35–36; love associations of, 47; month and bird associated with, 65, 66; as nationalist symbol, 248n.5; poetic places (utamakura) and, 70–71; popularity of, 151; in renga, 77; seasonal pyramid and, 178; Somei-Yoshino, 111, 169; television reports on, 218; as tree flower, 20, 42, 110; in twelve-layered robe, 58, 61
cherry-patterned robe (hanagoromo), 215
chijitsu (long spring day), 223
cold, lingering (yokan), 223
Court Archery Festival (Noriyumi), 223
crimson plum blossom (kōbai), 46, 58, 60, 73
cuckoo (yobukodori), 74, 196, 222, 232n.17
dandelion (tanpopo), 176
dawn, spring (haru no akebono), 223
day, long spring (chijitsu), 223
Doll’s Festival (Hina-matsuri; Peach Day, third day of Third Month), 153, 156, 157, 158. See also Snake, first Day of the
edamame (green soybeans), 170
Fire Festival (Sagichō; fifteenth to eighteenth days of First Month), 155, 242n.5
First Month, 9, 60, 135, 163; festivals in, 155; first day of, 32; flower and bird associated with, 65, 66, 66; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; kabuki plays and, 95; noh plays and, 94; renga topics for, 74; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64. See also New Year; Rat, Day of the
frog (kawazu), 7, 36, 37, 46, 191; in haikai, 179; in renga, 74; satoyama cosmology and, 114
fuji (wisteria), 20, 21, 31, 46, 51, 229n.15; famous places (meisho) and, 167; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; ikebana and, 98; in Kokinshū, 36; noh play about, 123–124; poetic places (utamakura) and, 166; in renga, 74; rikka and, 99; talismanic functions of, 134; in twelve-layered robe, 58, 61; in waka, 151
fujinami (wisteria waves), 51
Gannichi no en (New Year banquet), 223
garlic (ninniku), 176
geese, returning north (kigan), 31, 34, 74 grass: spring (shunsō), 177; young (wakakusa), 223
green soybean (edamame), 170
green willow (aoyanagi, aoyagi), 34, 46, 66, 231n.37. See also willow
hanagoromo (cherry-patterned robe), 215
hana-mi (cherry-blossom / flower viewing), 23, 153, 166, 169, 245n.43; history of, 213; of mountain cherry (yamazakura), 169; at Sumida River, 170
haru (spring): aristocratic rituals of, 21–22; beginning of (risshun), 74; birds associated with, 117; in Chinese poetry, 28; end of (boshun), 74; famous places (meisho) and, 167; food associated with, 183; in Kokinshū, 31, 32, 34–36, 38–39; luni-solar calendar and, 9; modern solar calendar and, 10; passing spring (yuku haru), 31; psychological state of, 46; regret at passing of (sekishun), 47; in renga, 78; rikka and, 98; in twelve-layered robe, 58
haru no akebono (spring dawn), 223
haru no kōri (spring ice), 223
haru no kusa (spring wild flowers)
haru no yoru (spring night), 35
harukoma (spring horses), 74, 230n.34
harusame (fine spring rain), 46, 176, 230n.34
hatsumōde (first pilgrimage of year), 153
heat shimmer (itoyū), 223
herbs, new (wakana), 22, 28, 46, 74, 160, 212
hibari (skylark), 65, 74, 193, 194, 194–195
Higan (Buddhist Memorial Service on Vernal Equinox), 81, 161
Hina-matsuri (Doll’s Festival), 153, 156, 157, 158
horses, spring (harukoma), 74, 230n.34
ice, spring (haru no kōri), 223
iris (kakitsubata), 52–53, 230n.34; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; in renga, 74; rikka and, 98; in twelve-layered robe, 58
itoyū (heat shimmer), 223
Japanese horseradish (wasabi), 176
Japanese woodland primrose (sakurasō), 110
Jarai (Archery Day), 155
Jōshi (Minohi; first Day of the Snake), 102, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161
kakitsubata (iris), 52–53, 230n.34; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; in renga, 74; rikka and, 98; in twelve-layered robe, 58
kasumi (spring mist), 9, 10, 46, 77, 79, 167
kawazu (frog), 7, 36, 37, 46, 191; in haikai, 179; in renga, 74; satoyama cosmology and, 114
kigan (wild geese returning north), 31, 34, 74
kiji (kigisu; pheasant), 74, 116, 117, 118; as food, 119–120, 237n.13; month and flower associated with, 65, 66
kinsenka (marigold), 102
ko no hana (tree flowers), 20–21, 28, 42, 110
kōbai (crimson plum blossom), 46, 58, 60, 73
komatsu-hiki (pulling up small pines), 21, 32, 137, 156, 242n.9; kabuki early-spring plays and, 166; in poems of twelve months, 64
Koshōgatsu (Minor New Year), 154, 242n.5, 244n.28
kuromame (black soybean), 142, 183
marigold (kinsenka), 102
mist, spring (kasumi), 9, 10, 46, 77, 79, 167
momo (peach), 98, 102, 168, 173
Momonohi (Peach Day), 156, 157, 158
moon, misty spring (oborozukiyo), 46
nanakusa (seven grasses of spring), 135, 155–156, 183
Nanakusa (Seven Grasses), 155, 156
nashi no hana (pear blossom), 74
nawashiro (rice-seedling bed), 74, 230n.34
neko no koi (cat’s love), 23, 176–178
Nenohi (Day of the Rat), 32, 64, 74, 137, 155
New Year (shinnen), 28, 81, 102, 145, 155–156; auspicious / talismanic associations of, 142; beginning of spring and, 32, 94, 134; gate pine (kadomatsu) and, 137, 152, 156, 213; kabuki plays and, 166; seven herbs (nanakusa) and, 135
New Year, Major (Ōshōgatsu; first to seventh day of First Month), 154
New Year, Minor (Koshōgatsu), 154, 242n.5, 244n.28
New Year banquet (Gannichi no en), 223
night, spring (haru no yoru), 35
ninniku (garlic), 176
Noriyumi (Court Archery Festival), 223
oborozukiyo (misty spring moon), 46
Ōshōgatsu (Major New Year), 154
parsley, picking (seri tsumu), 74
peach (momo), 98, 102, 168, 173
Peach Day (Momonohi), 156, 157, 158
pear blossom (nashi no hana), 74
pheasant (kiji, kigisu), 74, 116, 117, 118; as food, 119–120, 237n.13; month and flower associated with, 65, 66
pilgrimage, first of year (hatsumōde), 153
plum blossom / tree (ume), 20, 31, 33, 34, 53, 74, 212, 228n.14; in Chinese poetry, 34–35; early, 99, 202; famous places (meisho) and, 167, 168; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; as “Friend of the Cold,” 150; month and bird associated with, 65; as one of “Four Gentlemen,” 150; rikka and, 102; talismanic functions of, 134, 150–151; as tree flower, 42, 110
pulling up small pines (komatsu-hiki), 21, 32, 137, 156, 242n.9; kabuki early-spring plays and, 166; in poems of twelve months, 64. See also Rat, Day of the
Rabbit Stick (Uzue; first Rabbit Day of First Month), 155, 160
rain, fine spring (harusame), 46, 176, 230n.34
Rat, Day of the (Nenohi), 32, 64, 74, 155
rice harvest, prayer for (ta-asobi), 14, 22, 154
rice-seedling bed (nawashiro), 74, 230n.34
risshun (beginning of spring), 74
Sagichō (Fire Festival), 155, 242n.5
sakura (cherry blossoms / tree), 7, 53, 86–87; bright-foliage (momiji) poems in counterpart to, 44; calendars and, 10; ephemerality of, 133, 134; famous places (meisho) and, 23, 167, 168, 171–172, 172; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in haikai, 176; in Kokinshū, 31, 35–36; love associations of, 47; month and bird associated with, 65, 66; as nationalist symbol, 248n.5; poetic places (utamakura) and, 70–71; popularity of, 151; in renga, 77; seasonal pyramid and, 178; Somei-Yoshino, 111, 169; television reports on, 218; as tree flower, 20, 42, 110; in twelve-layered robe, 58, 61
sakuradai (cherry bass), 183
sakurasō (Japanese woodland primrose), 110
sawarabi (young bracken), 183, 230n.34
Second Month (Kisaragi), 9, 60, 163; flower and bird associated with, 65, 66; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; harvest festival in, 227n.1; noh plays and, 94; renga topics for, 74; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64
sekishun (regret at passing of spring), 47
seri tsumu (picking parsley), 74
Seven Grasses (Nanakusa; seventh day of First Month), 155, 156
seven (spring) grasses (nanakusa), 135, 183
shinnen (New Year), 28, 81, 102, 145, 155–156; auspicious / talismanic associations of, 142; beginning of spring and, 32, 94, 134; gate pine (kadomatsu) and, 137, 152, 156, 213; kabuki plays and, 166; seven herbs (nanakusa) and, 135
shunsō (spring grass), 177
skylark (hibari), 65, 74, 193, 194, 194–195
Snake, first Day of the (Jōshi, Minohi; third day of Third Month), 102, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161. See also Doll’s Festival
snow: lingering (zansetsu), 46, 177; remaining (zanshun), 223
spring (haru): aristocratic rituals of, 21–22; beginning of (risshun), 74; birds associated with, 117; in Chinese poetry, 28; end of (boshun), 74; famous places (meisho) and, 167; food associated with, 183; in Kokinshū, 31, 32 34–36, 38–39; luni-solar calendar and, 9; modern solar calendar and, 10; passing spring (yuku haru), 31; psychological state of, 46; regret at passing of (sekishun), 47; in renga, 78; rikka and, 98; in twelve-layered robe
Stamping Song (Tōka; fourteenth to sixteenth day of First Month), 155, 242n.4
swallow (tsubame), 117, 118, 119
ta-asobi (prayer for rice harvest), 14, 22, 154
tanpopo (dandelion), 176
Third Month (Yayoi), 9, 60, 122, 163; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; kabuki plays and, 165; noh plays and, 94; renga topics for, 74; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64; Three Realms (Ten-chi-jin) cosmology and, 78. See also Doll’s Festival
Tōka (Stamping Song), 155, 242n.4
tree flowers (ko no hana), 20–21, 28, 42, 110
tsubaki (camellia), 61, 98, 103, 110, 167, 168
tsubame (swallow), 117, 118, 119
tsutsuji (azalea), 53, 74, 110, 111
uguisu (bush warbler), 7, 32, 33, 34, 46, 74, 212; famous places (meisho) and, 167; month and flower associated with, 65, 66; as semi-migratory bird, 116; spring association of, 117
ume (plum blossom / tree), 20, 31, 33, 34, 53, 74, 212, 228n.14; in Chinese poetry, 34–35; early, 99, 202; famous places (meisho) and, 167, 168; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; as “Friend of the Cold,” 150; month and bird associated with, 65; as one of “Four Gentlemen,” 150; rikka and, 102; talismanic functions of, 134, 150–151; as tree flower, 42, 110
wakakusa (young grass), 223
wakana (new herbs), 22, 28, 46, 74, 160, 212
warabi (bracken), 74
wasabi (Japanese horseradish), 176
White Horses (Aouma; seventh day of First Month), 155, 242n.3
wild fields, playing in (yayū), 223
wild flowers, spring (haru no kusa)
willow (yanagi), 61, 103; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in haikai, 176; month and bird associated with, 65; rikka and, 98. See also green willow
wisteria (fuji), 20, 21, 31, 46, 51, 229n.15; famous places (meisho) and, 167; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; ikebana and, 98; in Kokinshū, 36; noh play about, 123–124; poetic places (utamakura) and, 166; in renga, 74; rikka and, 99; talismanic functions of, 134; in twelve-layered robe, 58, 61; in waka, 151
wisteria waves (fujinami), 51
yamabuki (yellow kerria), 31, 36, 37, 46, 50–51, 61–62, 70, 74, 102, 188, 229n.16; in dress design, 61, 62; ikebana and, 98; as name of gold coin, 188; in poetry contest (uta-awase), 50–51; in renga, 74; rikka and, 102; in screen paintings, 70–71; in twelve-layered robe, 58
yanagi (willow), 61, 103; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in haikai, 176; month and bird associated with, 65; rikka and, 98
yayū (playing in wild fields), 223
yellow kerria (yamabuki), 31, 36, 37, 46, 50–51, 61–62, 70, 74, 102, 188, 229n.16; in dress design, 61, 62; ikebana and, 98; as name of gold coin, 188; in poetry contest (uta-awase), 50–51; in renga, 74; rikka and, 102; in screen paintings, 70–71; in twelve-layered robe, 58
yobukodori (cuckoo), 74, 96, 222, 232n.17
yokan (lingering cold), 223
yuku haru (passing spring), 31
zansetsu (lingering snow), 46, 177
zanshun (remaining snow), 223
Summer Words and Topics
ajisai (hydrangea), 98
ant (ari), 180
aoi (hollyhock), 222, 230n.34, 241n.38
ari (ant), 180
ayame (ayamegusa; Siberian iris), 53
bamboo shoots, young (takenoko), 137, 184
baseball night game (naitaa), 217
beer, 217
bonito (katsuo), 142, 183, 184–185, 247n.11; first (hatsugatsuo), 183
botan (fukamigusa; peony), 67, 98, 152, 163, 231n.7
butterfly (kochō), 179
camping (kyampu), 217
Chinese peony (shakuyaku), 98, 168
cicada (semi), 223
cooling off (nōryō), 39, 168, 245n.49
cormorant fishing (ukawa), 223
cuckoo, small (hototogisu), 28–29, 31, 32, 38, 46, 163; distinguished from cuckoo (yobukodori), 232n.17; fading of, 217; famous places (meisho) and, 168; in haikai, 176; love association of, 40, 47; as migratory bird, 116; month and flower associated with, 65; in screen paintings, 64; seasonal pyramid and, 178, 179; summer association of, 40, 117, 144
deutzia flower (unohana), 46, 47, 58, 65, 98
Dōyō (Summer Fatigue Day), 161
eggplant (nasubi, nasu), 184
evening shower (yūdachi), 51
fan (ōgi), 223
Fifth Month (Satsuki), 9, 28, 163, 227n.2, 229n.20; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; kabuki plays and, 165; as monsoon season, 39; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64; waiting for (Satsuki matsu), 31, 39. See also Tango Festival
firelight, night (tomoshi), 222, 230n.34
Fourth Month (Uzuki; Rabbit Moon), 9, 38, 163; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; noh plays and, 94; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64; small cuckoo’s arrival in, 38
fukamigusa (deep grass). See peony
grass, summer (natsukusa), 223
hachisu (lotus), 98, 136, 151–152, 168, 230n.34
hairy caterpillar (kemushi), 180
hanatachibana (mandarin-orange blossom), 38–39
hatsugatsuo (first bonito), 183
himuro (ice room), 222, 230n.34
hiyake (sunburn), 217
hollyhock (aoi), 222, 230n.34, 241n.38
hototogisu (small cuckoo), 28–29, 31, 32, 38, 46, 163; distinguished from cuckoo (yobukodori), 232n.17; fading of, 217; famous places (meisho) and, 168; in haikai, 176; love association of, 40, 47; as migratory bird, 116; month and flower associated with, 65; in screen paintings, 64; seasonal pyramid and, 178, 179; summer association of, 40, 117, 144
hydrangea (ajisai), 98
ice room (himuro), 222, 230n.34
insect-repelling flares (kayaribi), 222, 230n.34
izumi (wellspring), 222, 230n.34
Kamo Festival (Kamo matsuri), 223
kashiwa-mochi (oak-leaf rice cake), 161, 162, 184
katsuo (bonito), 142, 183, 184–185, 247n.11
kayaribi (insect-repelling flares), 222, 230n.34
kemushi (hairy caterpillar), 180
kiri no hana (paulownia flower), 67, 141, 176, 231n.7
kochō (butterfly), 179
koromogae (changing to summer clothes), 38, 153, 163
kuina (marsh hen), 65
kyampu (camping), 217
lily (yuri), 98
lizard (tokage), 180
lotus (hachisu), 98, 136, 151–152, 168, 230n.34
louse (shirami), 180, 191, 193
mandarin orange (tachibana), 46, 110, 229n.18; in haikai, 176; month and bird associated with, 65; talismanic functions of, 134; in twelve-layered robe, 58
mandarin-orange blossom (hanatachibana), 38–39
marsh hen (kuina), 65
moon, summer (natsu no tsuki), 53
mountain, summer (natsu-yama), 144
nadeshiko (pink), 29, 41, 58, 189; in gardens, 93; month and bird associated with, 65; old name for (tokonatsu), 103; in twelve-layered robe, 58; women associated with, 47 [usually autumn but can be summer]
naitaa (baseball night game), 217
namekuji (slug), 191
nasubi (nasu; eggplant), 184
natsu (summer): calendars and, 10–11; famous places (meisho) and, 167–168; food associated with, 184; in Kokinshū, 31, 38–39, 228n.7; luni-solar calendar and, 9, 10; modern solar calendar and, 10; negative aspects of, 12; psychological state of, 46; rikka and, 98; in twelve-layered robe, 58
natsu no tsuki (summer moon), 53
natsu no yo (summer night), 13, 223
natsu shattsu (short-sleeved shirt), 217
natsugoromo (summer robe), 223
natsukusa (summer grass), 223
natsu-yama (summer mountain), 144
night, summer (natsu no yo), 13, 223
nōryō (cooling off), 39, 168, 245n.49
oak-leaf rice cake (kashiwa-mochi), 161, 162, 184
ōgi (fan), 223
orange blossom. See mandarin-orange blossom
oyogi (swimming), 217
paulownia flower (kiri no hana), 67, 141, 176, 131n.7
peony (botan, fukamigusa), 67, 98, 152, 163, 231n.7
pink (nadeshiko), 29, 41, 58, 189; in gardens, 93; month and bird associated with, 65; old name for (tokonatsu), 103; in twelve-layered robe, 58; women associated with, 47 [usually autumn but can be summer]
rain, long summer / monsoon season (samidare), 9, 18, 39, 46, 47, 229n.20
rhododendron (satsuki), 111
rice seedlings (sanae), 52, 222, 230n.34; planting of (taue), 153
rice-seedling planting songs (taue-uta), 154
robe, summer (natsugoromo), 223
samidare (long summer rain / monsoon season), 9, 18, 39, 46, 47, 229n.20
sanae (rice seedlings), 52, 222, 230n.34
sangurasu (sunglasses), 217
satsuki (rhododendron), 111
Satsuki matsu (waiting for Fifth Month), 31, 39
semi (cicada), 223
shakuyaku (Chinese peony), 98, 168
shinju (green-leafed tree), 135–136, 223
shirami (louse), 180, 191, 193
shirt, short-sleeved (natsu shattsu), 217
shōbu (sweet flag), 53, 64, 110, 158, 163; in flower cards (hanafuda), 231n.7; rikka and, 98, 102; in twelve-layered robe, 58
Siberian iris (ayamegusa, ayame), 53
Sixth Month (Minazuki; Waterless Month), 9, 38, 163; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; Gion Festival, 12, 150, 245n.51; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64
slug (namekuji), 191
summer (natsu): calendars and, 10–11; famous places (meisho) and, 167–168; food associated with, 184; in Kokinshū, 31, 38–39, 228n.7; luni-solar calendar and, 9, 10; modern solar calendar and, 10; negative aspects of, 12; psychological state of, 46; rikka and, 98; in twelve-layered robe, 58
summer clothes, changing to (koromogae), 38, 153, 163
Summer Fatigue Day (Doyō), 161
sunburn (hiyake), 217
sunglasses (sangurasu), 217
sweet flag (shōbu), 53, 64, 110, 158, 163; in flower cards (hanafuda), 231n.7; rikka and, 98, 102; in twelve-layered robe, 58
swimming (oyogi), 217
tachibana (mandarin orange), 46, 110, 229n.18; in haikai, 176; month and bird associated with, 65; talismanic functions of, 134; in twelve-layered robe, 58
takenoko (young bamboo shoots), 137, 184
Tango Festival (Tango no sekku; Boy’s Day, fifth day of Fifth Month), 53, 102, 142, 155, 158; kabuki plays and, 165; as Sweet Flag Festival, 243n.19
taue (planting rice seedlings), 153
taue-uta (rice-seedling planting songs), 154
tokage (lizard), 180
tokonatsu (literally, “eternal summer” [old name for nadeshiko (pink)]), 103
tomoshi (night firelight), 222, 230n.34
tree, green-leafed (shinju), 135–136, 223
ukawa (cormorant fishing), 223
unohana (deutzia flower), 46, 47, 58, 65, 98
wellspring (izumi), 222, 230n.34
white-flowered gourd (yūgao), 92, 230n.31
yachting (yotto), 217
yūdachi (evening shower), 51
yūgao (white-flowered gourd), 92, 230n.31
yuri (lily), 98
Autumn Words and Topics
aki (autumn), 31, 39–44, 49; beginning of (risshū), 40; in Chinese poetry, 28; end of (boshū), 79, 159, 179, 223; famous places (meisho) and, 168; food associated with, 184; in Kokinshū, 31; in twelve-layered robe, 59, 60; late (banshū), 31; love associations of, 48; luni-solar calendar and, 9–10, 40; modern solar calendar and, 10; psychological state of, 46; in renga, 79; rikka and, 98
aki no shimo (autumn frost), 223
aki no ta (autumn rice field), 223
aki no yūbe (autumn evening), 49, 51, 86, 189, 223
akikaze (autumn wind), 31, 42, 46
akikusa (autumn grasses), 31, 41, 43–44, 46, 61, 68, 109, 152, 171
akisame (autumn rain), 51, 223
aki-yama (autumn mountain), 81, 144
asagao (morning glory), 20, 41, 230n.34; famous places (meisho) and, 168; seasonal clothing and, 63; women associated with, 47
ashi (reed), 133
autumn (aki), 31, 39–44, 49; beginning of (risshū), 40; in Chinese poetry, 28; end of (boshū), 79, 159, 179, 223; famous places (meisho) and, 168; food associated with, 184; in Kokinshū, 31; in twelve-layered robe, 59, 60; late (banshū), 31; love associations of, 48; luni-solar calendar and, 9–10, 40; modern solar calendar and, 10; psychological state of, 46; in renga, 79; rikka and, 98
banana plant (bashō; plantain), 124
banshū (late autumn), 31
bashō (banana plant, plantain), 124
bell cricket (suzumushi), 117, 179, 180
boneset (fujibakama), 41, 230n.34
boshū (end of autumn), 79, 159, 179, 223
bush clover (hagi), 3, 27, 31, 41; autumn association of, 42; ephemerality of, 134; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in gardens, 93; love pairing of, with stag, 47; month and bird associated with, 65; seasonal clothing and, 63; in twelve-layered robe, 59
change color or fade (utsurou), 43, 229n.16
chestnut (kuri), 184
Chōyō (Chrysanthemum Festival), 44, 102, 155, 159–160, 163, 164
chrysanthemum (kiku), 20, 31, 110–111, 212; annual observances and, 173; auspicious / talismanic functions of, 134, 139; autumn association of, 151, 229n.24; famous places (meisho) and, 168; flower banquet (kikka no en), 184; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; as one of “Four Gentlemen,” 150; poems about, 44; rikka and, 98; seasonal clothing and, 63; in twelve-layered robe, 59, 60
chrysanthemum doll (kiku ningyō), 112
Chrysanthemum Festival (Chōyō; ninth day of Ninth Month), 44, 102, 155, 159–160, 163, 164
Dead, Festival of the (Obon, Urabon; thirteenth to fifteenth days of Seventh Month), 153, 155, 161, 163, 165
deer (shika), 16, 17, 27, 46; in flower cards (hanafuda), 231n.7; as food, 183, 184; in Kokinshū, 31, 41; kuyō offerings to, 17, 120; love associations of, 42, 47; in mountains, 144; stag’s cry as autumn theme, 44
dew (tsuyu), 3, 18, 27, 63, 77
Eighth Month (Hazuki), 10, 11, 40, 93, 154, 163; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; moon viewing (tsuki-mi) in, 170, 171, 245n.48; noh plays and, 94; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64; seasonal almanacs and, 81
evening, autumn (aki no yūbe), 49, 51, 86, 189, 223
evening cicada (higurashi), 41, 179
foliage, bright (momiji, momichi), 7, 11, 28, 31, 43–44, 49; crimson color of, 46; famous places (meisho) and, 23, 168; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in haikai, 176; landscape and, 87; in screen paintings, 64; Sino-Japanese graphs for, 43; television reports on, 218; in twelve-layered robe, 59; viewing of (momiji-gari), 153
frost, autumn (aki no shimo), 223
fujibakama (boneset), 41, 230n.34
fulling cloth (tōi), 222, 230n.34
geese, wild (kari, karigane), 46, 116, 117–118, 237n.12; autumn association of, 28, 163; first (hatsukari), 65, 118; flying over mountains, 144; loneliness associated with, 41, 202–203; month and flower associated with, 65
grass flowers (kusa no hana), 20–21, 42, 110–111, 229n.15
grasses, autumn (akikusa, nanakusa; seven grasses), 31, 41, 43–44, 46, 61, 68, 109, 152, 171
Greeting Horses (Komamukae), 64
hagi (bush clover), 3, 27, 31, 41; autumn association of, 42; ephemerality of, 134; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in gardens, 93; love pairing of, with stag, 47; month and bird associated with, 65; seasonal clothing and, 63; in twelve-layered robe, 59
hahaso (konara oak), 223
hanasusuki (obana; miscanthus grass in ear), 3, 31, 41; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; offerings of, 170
harvest moon (meigetsu), 40, 171, 186, 188, 213
hatsukari (first wild geese), 65, 118
heat, lingering (zansho), 11, 51, 178
higurashi (evening cicada), 41, 179
imo (potato), 170
inazuma (lightning), 55
inekari (harvesting rice), 153
ivy (tsuta), 223
kaki (persimmon), 184
kangaroo grass (karukaya), 52, 222, 230n.34
kari (karigane; wild geese), 46, 116, 117–118, 237n.12; autumn association of, 28, 163; first (hatsukari), 65, 118; flying over mountains, 144; loneliness associated with, 41, 202–203; month and flower associated with, 65
karukaya (kangaroo grass), 52, 222, 230n.34
kikka no en (chrysanthemum-flower banquet), 184
Kikkōden (Tanabata; Star Festival), 40, 64, 155, 158–159, 214–215, 229n.21; rice cakes and, 161; seasonal almanacs and, 81; women and, 163
kiku (chrysanthemum), 20, 31, 110–111, 212; annual observances and, 173; auspicious / talismanic functions of, 134, 139; autumn association of, 151, 229n.24; famous places (meisho) and, 168; flower banquet (kikka no en), 184; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; as one of “Four Gentlemen,” 150; poems about, 44; rikka and, 98; seasonal clothing and, 63; in twelve-layered robe, 59, 60
kiku ningyō (chrysanthemum doll), 112
kiri (autumn mist, fog), 28, 46, 77
Komamukae (Greeting Horses), 64
konara oak (hahaso), 223
kuchiba (withered leaf), in twelve-layered robe, 59, 60
kudzu-vine flower (kuzubana), 41
kuri (chestnut), 184
kusa no hana (grass flowers), 20–21, 42, 110–111, 229n.15
kuzubana (kudzu-vine flower), 41
leaf, withered (kuchiba), in twelve-layered robe, 59, 60
lightning (inazuma), 55
matsumushi (pine cricket), 17, 41, 48, 117, 179
meigetsu (harvest moon), 40, 171, 186, 188, 213
miscanthus grass (susuki), 65, 68, 93, 186
miscanthus grass in ear (hanasusuki, obana), 3, 31, 41; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; offerings of, 170
mist, autumn (kiri), 28, 46, 77
momiji (momichi; bright foliage), 7, 11, 28, 31, 43–44, 49; crimson color of, 46; famous places (meisho) and, 23, 168; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; in haikai, 176; landscape and, 87; in screen paintings, 64; Sino-Japanese graphs for, 43; television reports on, 218; in twelve-layered robe, 59
momiji-gari (bright-foliage viewing), 153
moon (tsuki), 6, 19; autumn association of, 28, 31, 40–41, 44, 53; famous places (meisho) and, 168; harvest (meigetsu), 40, 171, 186, 188, 213; poetic places (utamakura) and, 68; in renga, 79; seasonal pyramid and, 178
moon viewing (tsuki-mi), 40, 153, 166, 168, 169–171
morning glory (asagao), 20, 41, 230n.34; famous places (meisho) and, 168; seasonal clothing and, 63; women associated with, 47
mountain, autumn (aki-yama), 81, 144
nadeshiko (pink), 29, 41, 189; in gardens, 93; month and bird associated with, 65; in twelve-layered robe, 58; women associated with, 47 [usually autumn but can be summer]
nanakusa (seven [autumn] grasses), 31, 41, 43–44, 46, 61, 68, 109, 152, 171
Ninth Month (Nagatsuki; Long Moon), 10, 11, 79, 163; beginning of autumn in, 40; chrysanthemum and, 229n.24; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; kabuki plays and, 165; noh plays and, 94; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64. See also Chrysanthemum Festival
nowaki (typhoon), 9, 11, 51, 227n.14, 230n.31
obana (hanasusuki; miscanthus grass in ear), 3, 31, 41; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; offerings of, 170
Obon (Urabon; Festival of the Dead), 153, 155, 161, 163, 165
ominaeshi (yellow valerian), 31, 41, 42; ephemerality of, 134; in gardens, 93; month and bird associated with, 65; seasonal clothing and, 63; in twelve-layered robe, 59; women associated with, 47
persimmon (kaki), 184
pine cricket (matsumushi), 17, 41, 48, 117, 179
pink (nadeshiko), 29, 41, 189; in gardens, 93; month and bird associated with, 65; in twelve-layered robe, 58; women associated with, 47 [usually autumn but can be summer]
plantain (bashō; banana plant), 124
potato (imo), 170
quail (uzura), 65, 193, 194–195
rain, autumn (akisame), 51, 223
reed (ashi, ogi), 133, 222, 230n.34
rice, harvesting (inekari), 153
rice field, autumn (aki no ta), 223
risshū (beginning of autumn), 40
satsumaimo (sweet potato), 184
seven (autumn) grasses (nanakusa), 31, 41, 43–44, 46, 61, 68, 109, 152, 171
Seventh Month (Fumizuki; Letter Moon), 9–10, 11, 40, 163; calendar change and, 214–215; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 64. See also Dead, Festival of the; Star Festival
shika (deer), 16, 17, 27, 46; in flower cards (hanafuda), 231n.7; as food, 183, 184; in Kokinshū, 31, 41; kuyō offerings to, 17, 120; love associations of, 42, 47; in mountains, 144; stag’s cry as autumn theme, 44
shiratsuyu (white dew), 31
Star Festival (Tanabata, Kikkōden; seventh day of Seventh Month), 40, 64, 155, 158–159, 214–215, 229n.21; rice cakes and, 161; seasonal almanacs and, 81; women and, 163
susuki (miscanthus grass), 65, 68, 93, 186
suzumushi (bell cricket), 117, 179, 180
sweet potato (satsumaimo), 184
Tanabata (Kikkōden; Star Festival), 40, 64, 155, 158–159, 214–215, 229n.21; rice cakes and, 161; seasonal almanacs and, 81; women and, 163
tōi (fulling cloth), 222, 230n.34
tsuki (moon), 6, 19; autumn association of, 28, 31, 40–41, 44, 53; famous places (meisho) and, 168; harvest (meigetsu), 40, 171, 186, 188, 213; poetic places (utamakura) and, 68; in renga, 79; seasonal pyramid and, 178
tsuki-mi (moon viewing), 40, 153, 166, 168, 169–171
tsuta (ivy), 223
tsuyu (dew), 3, 18, 27, 63, 77
typhoon (nowaki), 9, 11, 51, 227n.14, 230n.31
Urabon (Obon; Festival of the Dead), 153, 155, 161, 163, 165
utsurou (change color or fade), 43, 229n.16
uzura (quail), 65, 193, 194–195
white dew (shiratsuyu), 31
wind, autumn (akikaze), 31, 42, 46
yellow valerian (ominaeshi), 31, 41, 42; ephemerality of, 134; in gardens, 93; month and bird associated with, 65; seasonal clothing and, 63; twelve-layered robe and, 59; women associated with, 47
zansho (lingering heat), 11, 51, 178
Winter Words and Topics
ajiro (fishing weirs / wicker fish trap), 60, 64, 166, 167, 230n.34
arare (hail), 73–74
bedding (fusuma), 224
Buddha’s Name (butsumyō), 224
butsumyō-e (ritual for chanting Buddha’s name), 224
charcoal fire in ash (uzumibi), 223, 230n.34
charcoal-making oven (sumigama), 52, 230n.34
chidori (plover), 53–54, 65, 117, 168
Chinese aster (kangiku), 99, 168
Chinese dogwood (kara-mizuki), 99
chinquapin brushwood (shii-shiba), 127
chrysanthemum: lingering (zangiku), 65; winter (kangiku), 99, 168
cold hut (kanro), 223
dabchick (kaitsuburi, nio), 117
duck, wild (kamo; mallard), 49, 116, 119
Eleventh Month (Shimotsuki; Frost Month), 10, 45, 74; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; kabuki season opening in, 165; rikka and, 99; in screen paintings, 64
falconry (takagari), 115, 230n.34
field, withered (kareno), 60, 168, 224
fishing weirs/wicker fish trap (ajiro), 60, 64, 166, 167, 230n.34
fusuma (bedding), 224
fuyu (winter): famous places (meisho) and, 168; first sign of (hatsu-fuyu), 49; food associated with, 184; in Kokinshū, 31; luni-solar calendar and, 10; in Man’yōshū, 45; modern solar calendar and, 10; psychological state of, 46; rikka and, 99; severity or mildness of, 12; in twelve-layered robe, 60
fuyu no ashita (winter morning), 224
fuyu no tsuki (winter moon), 21, 50
Gencho (Wild Boar Day), 155, 242n.7
god dances (kagura), 127, 230n.34
god festival (kami matsuri), 64
hail (arare), 73–74
hatsu-fuyu (first sign of winter), 49
hika-rakuyō (falling leaves), 80
imperial procession to wild fields (no no miyuki), 224
kagura (god dances), 127, 230n.34
kaitsuburi (dabchick), 117
kami matsuri (god festival), 64
kamo (mallard, wild duck), 49, 116, 119
kangiku (Chinese aster, winter chrysanthemum), 99, 168
kanro (cold hut), 223
kanshō (winter pine), 224
kara-mizuki (Chinese dogwood), 99
kare-no (withered field), 60, 168, 224
leaves: fallen (ochiba), 31, 43, 73; falling (hika-rakuyō), 80
mallard (kamo; wild duck), 49, 116, 119
mandarin duck (oshidori), 49–50, 96, 117, 120–121, 139, 141
mizutori (waterfowl), 49, 65, 223, 230n.27
moon, winter (fuyu no tsuki), 21, 50
morning, winter (fuyu no ashita), 224
nandin (nanten), 99
nio (dabchick), 117
no no miyuki (imperial procession to wild fields), 224
ochiba (fallen leaves), 31, 43, 73
oshidori (mandarin duck), 49–50, 96, 117, 120–121, 139, 141
pine, winter (kanshō), 224
plover (chidori), 53–54, 65, 117, 168
Repulsing Demons (Tsuina; later, Setsubun), 155, 160, 244n.24
shigure (passing showers), 45, 46, 48, 223
shii-shiba (chinquapin brushwood), 127
shiragiku (white chrysanthemum), 60, 63
showers, passing (shigure), 45, 46, 48, 223
snow (yuki), 9, 31, 32, 87; cherry blossoms compared to, 45, 63; as descending object, 77, 79, 233n.24; famous places (meisho) and, 168; gently falling, 12; in haikai, 176; melting, 74; poetic places (utamakura) and, 167; in screen paintings, 64; seasonal pyramid and, 178; in Snow Country, 12
snow viewing (yuki-mi), 166, 168
sumigama (charcoal-making oven), 52, 230n.34
takagari (falconry), 115, 230n.34
Tenth Month (Kannazuki; Godless Month), 10, 45; Ebisu Festival (Ebisukō), 144; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; rikka and, 99; in screen paintings, 64. See also Wild Boar Day
Tsuina (Setsubun; Repulsing Demons), 155, 160, 244n.24
Twelfth Month (Shiwasu; Teacher Running), 10, 45; flower and bird associated with, 65; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67; rikka and, 99; in screen paintings, 64
uzumibi (charcoal fire in ash), 223, 230n.34
waterfowl (mizutori), 49, 65, 223, 230n.27
white chrysanthemum (shiragiku), 60, 63
Wild Boar Day (Gencho; first Boar Day of Tenth Month), 155, 242n.7
winter (fuyu): famous places (meisho) and, 168; first sign of (hatsu-fuyu), 49; food associated with, 184; in Kokinshū, 31; luni-solar calendar and, I0; in Man’yōshū, 45; modern solar calendar and, 10; psychological state of, 46; rikka and, 99; severity or mildness of, 12; in twelve-layered robe, 60
yuki (snow), 9, 31, 32, 87; cherry blossoms compared to, 45, 63; as descending object, 77, 79, 233n.24; famous places (meisho) and, 168; gently falling, 12; in haikai, 176; melting, 74; poetic places (utamakura) and, 167; in screen paintings, 64; seasonal pyramid and, 178; in Snow Country, 12
yuki-mi (snow viewing), 166, 168
zangiku (lingering chrysanthemum), 65
Auspicious Trans-Seasonal Words
bamboo (take), 21, 72, 102, 103, 212, 239n.5; as “Friend of the Cold,” 150; ikebana and, 98; as one of “Four Gentlemen,” 150; rikka and, 98, 99; talismanic functions of, 134, 137–138, 142, 145
carp (koi), 119, 142, 143, 202, 212
crane (tsuru), 21, 117, 145, 212; month and flower associated with, 65; protected status of, 119; in screen paintings, 22; talismanic functions of, 138–139, 140, 141
evergreen branch, sacred (sakaki), 126, 136
gate pine (kadomatsu), 137, 152, 156, 213
kadomatsu (gate pine), 137, 152, 156, 213
kalavinka (karyōbinka), 139, 141
kame (turtle), 21, 139, 145, 212
karyōbinka (kalavinka), 139, 141
koi (carp), 119, 142, 143, 202, 212
kujaku (peacock), 139, 152, 240n.10
matsu (pine), 21, 103, 212; black (kuromatsu), 136; crane (tsuru) and, 139, 140, 145; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; as “Friend of the Cold,” 150; old (oimatsu), 137; poetic places (utamakura) and, 166; red (akamatsu), 127, 136; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 22; talismanic functions of, 134, 135, 136–137, 142
peacock (kujaku), 139, 152, 240n.10
pine (matsu), 21, 103, 212; black (kuromatsu), 136; crane (tsuru) and, 139, 140, 145; in flower cards (hanafuda), 67, 231n.7; as “Friend of the Cold,” 150; old (oimatsu), 137; poetic places (utamakura) and, 166; red (akamatsu), 127, 136; rikka and, 98; in screen paintings, 22; talismanic functions of, 134, 135, 136–137, 142
sakaki (sacred evergreen branch), 126, 136
take (bamboo), 21, 72, 102, 103, 212, 239n.5; as “Friend of the Cold,” 150; ikebana and, 98; as one of “Four Gentlemen,” 150; rikka and, 98, 99; talismanic functions of, 134, 137–138, 142, 145
tsuru (crane), 21, 117, 145, 212; month and flower associated with, 65; protected status of, 119; in screen paintings, 22; talismanic functions of, 138–139, 140, 141